Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Russian For Everybody
Russian For Everybody
for
Everybody
J13111K
AIIJI
..
1994
Russian
for
Eve
Textbook
Edited by
V. Kostomarov
Seventh Edition
0
Russky Yazyk Publishers fiHWNI erS"TD" INQ
Moscow NIWYGIIK
1994
81 96
Stepanova, Z. N. Ievleva,
L. Trushina, R. L.
Adaptation L. Baker
Middlebury College
«Pyccnli 1984.
ISBN 5-200-02246-0
Preface
This textbook is an adaptation by an American teacher of a set of teaching materials prepared in Mos-
cow by a team of specialists at the Pushkin Russian Language Institute. The American adapter
has worked closely with members of the original team of authors to assure pedagogical effectiveness
and adherence to current norms of standard conversational Russian.
It is expected that most students will use this textbook in an organized course under the super-
vision of a teacher, but the materials should be effective also for use by an individual outside of a for-
mal course, particularly if used in conjunction with the supplementary materials available.
It is also expected that college or university courses meeting three hours per week should be able to
cover the textbook in one academic year, while high schools will probably find that the materials can be
comfortably covered in two years of study. The availability of a language laboratory for use by the stu-
dents at least one hour per week will greatly enhance their active control of the material, particularly in
the areas of listening comprehension and speaking.
This textbook of Russian is based entirely on the norms of contemporary conversational literary
Russian in Russia and uPc>n the principles of the communicative competence approach. The
vantages of learning first the conversational language cannot be underestimated. Students who have
mastered the elements of the conversational language, including pronunciation and intonation, can
easily master the additional elements necessary for mastery of the written literary language. However,
students who have learned first the more bookish literary norms very seldom make the transition to
a natural use of the conversational language.
Although the teacher may wish to emphasize the acquisition of certain language skills over others
in keeping with local circumstances or student interest, the aim of this textbook is a harmonious deve-
lopment of all four language skills: listening comprehension, speaking, reading, and writing. Based
upon the results of use of these materials in field testing, the authors are confident in asserting that
a conscientious mastery of this textbook and the supplementary booklet /1aBafune nozo6opUM u no'lu-
maeM!, together with the recorded supplement, can produce results in all four language skills previously
attained often in two years of college instruction. After mastering these materials the student can be ex-
pected to speak Russian comfortably and without offending the ears of native speakers on a broad
range of everyday and cultural topics, in both mono logic and dialogic speech situations, using the lan-
guage in a natural sounding fashion (including the use of particles, suitable word order, elliptical sen-
tences, etc.); to write Russian correctly on the same range of topics; to read texts of intermediate diffi-
culty; and to have a firm foundation for further study of Russian, either in formal classes or indi-
vidually. Those who are interested in Russian principally as a tool for reading in other disciplines
should be able to undertake reading in their own fields of interest with the help of a dictionary.
In adapting the materials for American academic use, the textbook has been reduced to 30 lessons
and six review lessons (one following each five lessons). We have, however, included four supplemen-
tary lessons at the end for schools with more than three contact hours per week. These lessons contain
5
no new grammar essential for conversational use. The grammar content of these lessons will, however,
be necessary for reading texts in the written literary language. In cases where only the basic lessons are
covered in a formal course, those students who will not be taking further courses but who wish to read
Russian, should be able to cover these lessons independently.
This course covers practically all major morphological paradigms and syntactic patterns, includ-
ing the role of word order in Russian. At the end of the course the student will also have a good under-
standing of Russian word formation and derivation to serve as a foundation for the acquisition of
further vocabulary.
The version for English-speaking students stresses those morphological and syntactic features
which many years of experience have shown to be most troublesome for such students. Although new
grammatical material is first presented in a manner to allow for an inductive assimilation by the observ-
ant student, linguistically sound explanations fully adequate for this level of instruction are given
throughout. A previous knowledge of grammatical or linguistic terminology is not required, since each
new concept is explained in an easily understandable fashion upon its first occurrence. Students who
master the material of this textbook should be able to avoid some of the mistakes of Russian made by
many Americans who have been studying the language for a number of years but who did not have the
proper foundation laid in the beginning.
The lexical units intended for active mastery total about 1,200. By "lexical units" we refer not to
a simple count of words, but to each item which requires memorization, including set expressions with
words which are also known individually. In this total each member of imperfective/perfective aspect
pairs is counted individually, as are masculine/feminine pairs such as the words referring to professions.
The total number of words is closer to 800. In addition 120 words are presented in the four supplemen-
tary lessons, as well as a few words which occur only for passive recognition. About 200 of the words in
the textbook can be considered international, so that their memorization will be simplified.
' While almost all of the words intended for active mastery are high-frequency items, a few words of
lower frequency are included for the purpose of making a particular lesson more interesting. While
these words will recur in later lessons in materials requiring only passive recognition, they will be used
in exercises requiring active recall only in thj: first few lessons immediately following their original oc-
currence.
Many of the morphological and syntactic patterns of the language are introduced first as lexical
items or as conversational patter_ns, so that their assimilation is made easier when these matters are
treated formally. In addition, the material is presented in a cyclical fashion, iil which the lexical items
and constructions are presented over a number of lessons, and then are carefully reintroduced from
time to time to help students remember them. A conscious attempt has been made to insure that all
really important words recur with sufftcient frequency to keep them fresh in the student's mind.
The textbook contains an introductory section: "Preliminary Lessons on the Russian Sound System
and Handwriting", five lessons which introduce the sound system one element at a time, stressing those
points at which the Russian system differs from that of English. Utilizing a phonetic transcription par-
alleled by the Russian symbols, these lessons provide for a gradual introduction to the sound system
and at the same time an opportunity to assimilate the Russian symbols in an easy and painless man-
ner. These lessons also contain an introduction to the Russian system of handwritten symbols, always
delaying the latter until after the· sounds themselves are mastered. It should be possible to cover each
of these five lessons in one class session.
Conscientious attention during these preliminary lessons will pay dividends later in the correctness
of pronunciation and intonation and in the ease with which students will recognize the written symbols
and reproduce them in writing. Each of these five lessons does contain a number of meaningful utter-
ances and short dialogs which can be used immediately in the classroom in real communication.
The lessons of the textbook proper are characterized by a common format:
6
I. "nte basic arammatical constructions treated in the lesson are presented in a box at the top of the
first pap of the lesson, almost always usina already familiar vocabulary. The relevant grammatical
constructions are printed in bold-face type.
2. Followina this there are brief phonetics and intonation drills which review the points of the Rus-
sian sound system known to be most troublesome for Americans. Almost all of the words used in these
drills are already known actively by the student.
3. The new grammatical structures of the lesson presented as simply and as graphically as poss-
ible. by means of pictures. model sentences. etc. Whenever possible these presentations are based on
familiar vocabulary. The relevant structures are presented in bold-face type.
4. Some of the new vocabulary is presented by means of pictures. model sentenceS, etc.• which
should make the meanin1 clear without alossina. Each new word is, however. printed at the bottom of
the page on which it first occurs, accompanied by an Enllish Bloss in most cases. Words are not
alossed. however. in the case of readily recopizable cognates: and whenever possible words are
glossed by means of a reference to a familiar Russian word (a synonym. antonym, or the related mem-
ber of an imperfective/perfective aspect pair).
5. The new arammatical constructions are presented one by one, first by means of model sentences
or tables. then in explanations and rules. There follow exercises desiped to lead to mastery of the par-
ticular grammar item involved. The order of presentation of srammatical items does not always corre-
spond to their relative importance. In some cases this order is dictated by methodoloaical considera-
•ions; it provides for a lf8dual build-up from simpler elements to more complex ones.
6. Notes on the use of- individual words-a section which provides special instructions on the
proper use of individual words or explanations of their· cultural content.
7. The basic text of the lesson (generally a narrative text, but sometimes involvina a dialog). This
text stresses the new grammatical and lexical items of the lesson: The topics of these texts acquaint the
student with the life of Russian people and with Russian traditions and customs.
8. Dialogs. based on the grammatical and lexical items of the lesson and aimed at leading to
natural use of these items in conversationar contexts.
9. Additional exercises based on the speeeh·pattems which occur in the dialogs and on the use of
individual words and set expressions.
10. Exercises aimed at allowing the student to use the newly learned words and structures in talk-
ing about himself. his family, his work. his studies. etc.
I I. Word study-a section aimed at helping the student to see the relationships between Russian
words and English words or between more than one Russian word. This section should help the student
in memorizing new words and in recognizing them in the future when they contain familiar roots or
derivational models.
12. A word list containing all of the new words and set expressions encountered in the lesson, pre-
sented without English glosses. for use as a check-list or reminder in reviewing the contents of the les-
son.
Following each live lessons there is a review lesson. which summarizes the grammatical content of
the relevant lessons and gives review exercises.
The appendices contain grammatical tables with the paradigms of the basic declension and con-
jugation patterns and a reference list of numerals: a complete Russian-English vocabulary, containing
all words presented in the and an Enllish-Russian vocabulary, containing only those words
presented for active mastery; an index of grammar topics treated.
In addition to the basic textbook. the following supplemental components are available:
I . The recorded supplement, containing the phonetics drills in the introductory lessons as well as
the phonetics drills and dialogs in lessons 1-18 of the basic textbook. (For a more complete recorded
supplement write to BABEL Productions. Box 746. Middlebury VT 05753 U.S.A.)
7
2. The Workbook containing the worksheets used in the listening comprehension tests provided in
the complete recorded supplement. the written exercises of each lesson. covering the new grammar struc-
tures and most of the new vocabulary. In addition to fill-the-blanks and transformation drills. En-
glish-Russian translations are included. These drills should be used only after the contents of the
lesson have been mastered orally.
3. The booklet containing additional materials to aid in the development of spoken Russian and
reading (J(tulaiime nozOtJOPf!M u no11umae.w.'). This booklet is recommended particularly for use in pro-
grams with more than three contact hours per week.
4. The 's manlllll, containing methodological sugestions, keys to the exercises and oral drills
(which do not duplicate those printed in the textbook) to aid in mastering the grammatical and lexical
content of the lesson. Also included are brief listening comprehension tests. which allow students to
check on their own mastery of the material. There are sometimes additional explanations. The exercises
in the m1111uol are coordinated with the complete recorded supplement.
Tacher's Preface to the Slxdl and Seventh Editions
Previous editions and reprintings of Russian for EW!rybody bavc been based on photo-offset print·
ing. using the original material typeset for the First Edition (1984). Changes between editions were mi-
nimal.
For the Sixth :1nd Seventh Editions type has been newly set for all components except for the
Teacher's Manual. ·
This edition has been prepared during a time of major and rapid changes in Russian reality. And
the fa.:t that type was being newly set has made it possible to represent many of these changes in the
materials:
I. Geographic names (for example, neuHHrpaJl has,- in all but a few places where historicism was
important, been chanpd to CauKT-nCTCp6ypr, ynKua ropwcoro has been changed to Taepcu• ynH-
ua).
2. The names of periodical publications have been changed to represent more closely present-day
reality.
3. Prices have been adjusted to represent more closely the situation that prevailed in 1992. (But
one must keep in mind that prices are still in a state of nux.)
4. Dates have been adjusted so as to make our cast of characters of an age suitable for the present
day.
Since the Teud1er's Manual is not being redone at present, the teacher must be aware of the above
chanaes when correcting written assignments and must not remain to closely bound by the answer keys
given in the Teacher's Munuol.
Also, teachers using either the Ruorded Supplement which accompanied the Teacher's Manuol or
the more extensive Audio Supplement offered by BABEL Productions must warn students to expect
a lack of coordination between recorded and printed material due to the above-listed changes.
The authors and editors would ·be grateful for any criticisms or suggestions. which may be sent to
the American co-author or to the following address: 101012. Mucx•u. nep., 1/S.
« R'JWK».
Robert L. Boker
BABEL Productions
Box 746
Middlebury fiT OS7SJ
U.S.A.
of Contents
PreUminary Lessons OD Russian Solllld System and Handwritillg.
LessoD 1 11
LessoD 20
Lesson 34
LessoD IV 46
58
1. 74
2. 84
.N!! 2. 90
3. 93
100
4. 104
110
5. 114
122
1-Review 1 126
6. 131
136
7. 140
147
8. 152
159
9. 163
169
10. 174
181
ll 186
11. 192
...» 202
12. 206
215
13. 219
227
14. 232
243
15. 247
256
Il1 261
268
274
17. 279
286
291
300
19. 305
311
10. : 315
322
/V 328
21. 334
342
22. 348
356
23. 360
366
24. 370
376
25. 382
389
V 395
26. 401
407
27. 413
420
28. 426
436
29. 443
450
456
463
J1/ 468
LESSON I
I. CAjwaiune! Listen!
,
[rna, ... am ,
... mu .. . Urn .. . mo ... om ... mu-mo .. . urn-om]
Ma ... aM ... My .. . yM .. . MO... OM... MY-MO .. . YM-OM
Listen now to the following contrasts between the Russian vowel sounds and their closest English
equivalents. Note the greater richness and sonority of the Russian sounds.
II. Listen!
[rna] Mama [am] [mil] [urn]
Ma aM prom moon room
My YM
-+'This same rich, full-voiced quality also characterizes all Russian voiced consonants, including the
[m] in the above examples. Voiced consonants are those in whose production the vocal cords vibrate. In
1 The symbol -+ indicates a listening comprehension drill in the supplementary recorded materials.
The answer sheets for these drills are in the Workbook.
12
Russian the vocal cords vibrate vigorously throughout the entire length of the consonant, while in
English there is a tendency for the vocal cords to vibrate only during the latter part of the consonant.
In order to become aware of the vibrations of the vocal cords. place your fingers over the voice box
area in the front part of the neck or close each ear with a finger. Do not open your lips until you can
feel the buzzing of the vocal cords! In order to achieve the required tension in the Russian accented
vowels and in the voiced consonants, you will need to exaggerate consciously at the beginning.
The accented Russian vowel [a] is similar to the first vowel sound in the word 'father', but the
mouth is somewhat more open. To produce the sound properly, place the tip of the tongue on the back
of the lower teeth.
Note that Russian vowel sounds are joined to consonant sounds smoothly, with no jerkiness and
no catch in the throat. This is true also of the beginnig of words whose first sound is a vowel. The onset
is smooth, without the catch in the throat which exists in some languages you may have studied.
Now practice the following syllables until you become aware ofthe tension in the vocal system and the
vibration of the vocal cords. Remember not to open the lips until you feel the buzzing ofthe.vocal cords.
In order to keep the quality of the vowel pure, make certain that your tongue and lower jaw are
held tense and do not move during the sound. Listen again to the accented Russian vowels [u] and [6].
V. CAywaiune! Listen!
[mu ... um .•. m6 •.. om]
My ... yM .•. MO ... OM
--+These two vowels are pronounced with a great deal more lip-rounding than are the corresponding
English sounds. The vowel [ia) is pronounced somewhat like the vowel in 'schoof, but the lips are
strongly protruded-you should be able to see your own lips. The back part of the tongue is raised
farther towards the back of the mouth than is the case in English.
VI. CAywaume u noBmop.Rumel Listen and repeat!
,
[mu,...,um ... mu, ... urn , ')
... mu ... um
My ... yM ... My ... yM ... My ... yM
The accented vowel [6] is pronounced somewhat like the vowel in 'saw', but the lips are rounded
and protruded more than in English. The lips are more rounded at the very beginning of the sound, giv-
13
ing it a very slight w-like on-glide, but this must not be exaggerated to the extent that it becomes a
separate element. This is the Russian vowel which speakers of English tend most to diphthongize by
giving it an off-glide. Remember to keep the sound pure by keeping the tongue and lower jaw tense
and motionless!
V. C11ywaume! Listen!
[pu-bu ... po-bo ... pa-ba ... bu ... bo ... bill
ny-6y ... no-6o ... na-6a ... 6y ... 6o ... 6a
-+
Now pronounce these sy!Jables, remembering to increase the tension in the throat without at the same
time increasing the strength of the air stream. Don't open your lips until the vocal cords are vibrating.
VI. C11ywaume u no6mopAume VI Listen and repeat VI
I. C11ywaume! Listen!
[na, .. . an
, , ,
... nu ... un .. . no ... on ... nam]
ua ... au ... uy ... yu .. . HO ... OH ... HaM
The Russian dental consonants differ from the corresponding English sounds in that the Russian
sounds are pronounced by the tongue against the upper teeth, while the English sounds are produced
against the alveolar ridge, the ridge of flesh just behind the upper teeth. To produce the Russian sounds
properly, place the tip of the tongue against the lower teeth and the blade of the tongue (the portion just
behind the tip) firmly against the back of the upper teeth; the middle and back portions of the tongue
must remain low. The area of contact of the blade of the tongue with the upper teeth is not large, but it
must be very firm. Now practice these items, remembering proper tongue placement and striving for full
voicing in both vowels and consonants.
[ta-da ... tu-du ... t6-d6 ... tam-dam ... t6m-d6m ... dam ... d6m]
Ta-,lla ... yY·JlY ... TO·,llO ... TaM-,!laM ... TOM·,llOM ... ,!laM ... ,llOM
I. C11jwaU1ne! Listen!
Mama
MaMa
Both English and Russian have strong stress, but in English the stressed syllable is marked more by
length than by tension and vigor.
The two languages also have different ways of distributing the speech energy over the length of
a word. English words of three or more syllables usually have three levels of stress: main stress, sec-
ondary stress, and unaccented syllables. The secondary stress will be found at least two syllables
away from the main stress. In Russian all of the stress energy is concentrated on one syllable of the
word. The energy builds up very rapidly just before the stressed syllable, and falls ofT even more ra-
pidly after the stress. Compare the following English word and its Russian equivalent to observe
this difference:
Note that in the English word the second-strongest syllable is two syllables away from the main
stress, while in the Russian word the second-strongest syllable is the one immediately before the
stressed syllable. This is due to the fact that it shares slightly in the build-up of energy on the main
syllable.
In materials printed for native speakers accents are not marked. In materials for teaching Russian
to foreigners, however, accents are generally marked in words of two or more syllables: AHTOH .llOMa.
Accents are generally not marked on capitalized letters: Aaaa [ana] 1 • Keep in mind, however, that
1 A horizontal bar above a symbol indicates length. In this case the tongue is kept in contact with
the teeth for a moment during the pronunciation of [fi].
16
these markings refer only to relative stress within a word. Within a sentence a more complex system
exists, with some one word usually being heavily stressed, while other words which are stressed when
pronounced in isolation will be basically unstressed in the over-all sentence stress distribution. In nei-
ther English nor Russian do we "read" all of the blank spaces as pauses-rather we pronounce whole
phrases as units, with strong and weak words within larger units.
In Russian the stress may occur on any one syllable, and within the forms of a particular word may
shift its position. The stress is an integral part of the word itself-it may differentiate between words or
between various forms of a single word. The stress must be learned when the word is learned-the best
way to do this is to let your ear do the learning for you, don't make it an intellectual process.
Unstressed vowels are, in general, shorter and less tense than the corresponding accented vowels.
Lack of stress has relatively little effect on the vowel [u], the unaccented variant being simply less teRSe
and full-sounding.
I. C.!ljnuafnne! Listen!
-- --,
3TO AOM.
[eb_dom]
If there are any syllables following the fall in pitch, they must remain at a low level.
--
3ro """'
MaMa.
The fall in tone may be more or less sharp, but in Russian this makes no difference in the meaning
or "tone" conveyed. To an American an abrupt fall in tone may seem to indicate gruffness or indiffer-
ence which is not intended by the Russian. It turns out, therefore, that what is neutral in English is non-
neutral in Russian, and vice versa. It is important for the student to strive to imitate the correct Russian
intonation as closely as possible. It is precisely in matters of intonation that inter-cultural misunder-
standing can easily occur-even if the message gets across, the receiver of the message may misinterpret
feelings and attitudes of the speaker.
-+In these preliminary lessons the type of intonation contour will be indicated by a small superscript
number, which will replace the accent mark for that word.
In the following exercise note that all of the sentenceS are read smoothly, and with no pauses be-
tween words (the symbol ....... will be used to re.nind you to join words in one smooth utterance). Note
also that when two vowels come together on the borderline between words, they ar: joined smoothly
and with no catch in the throat to separate them.
18
III. CAywaume! Listen!
This I That's a house. [ami.._.tJt] She's here.
31-o ,ZJ;OM. Oua 'fYT.
This I That's it. r 1 This I That's Anton.
3TOOH. 3ToAHTOH.
It's (over) there. [' 1
on__.tam] He's (over) there.
Ou TaM. Ou TaM.
' 1 ]
This I That's Mama. .... Mama's at home.
3TOMaMa. MaMa .n;6Ma.
This I That's she. She's at home.
3To OHa. Oua .n;6Ma.
.... This I That's Papa. [ ' 1
But Papa's (over)
3TOmina. A nana TaM. there.
[' 1
This I That's he. [' 1
Anna's here.
3TOOH. Auua TyT.
This I That's Anna. [a. . . . anton.._.tk] But Anton's (over)
3ToAuua. A AHTOH TaM. there.
--+
Now practice these sentences several times. Learn them by heart.
V. lfumaume! Read!
6y ... 6o ... 6a
uy ... HO ... HaM .. . ua.n;o ... .n;aH .. . ou6
TOM ... TOT ... llOTOM ... zy.n;a ... TOM-TOMa ... TYT-TY.lla
.n;a ... .n;aM ... .n;aMa ... .n;aHa ... TOM-,ZJ;OM ... TaM-,lJ;aM
....... 1 1 1
-.::1To nana. 3To ou. Ou TYT.
....... 1 ....... I Q , 1
-.::1TO MaMa. -.::1TO OHa. Ha TaM.
3To .n;JM. 3TO Ju. Ou
19
"' 1" 1 1
JTO AHToH. JTO oH. OH ,n;oMa.
1 1 1
3To AHHa. 3To oHa. 0Ha TYT.
,
M aMa 1 A ,. 1
,n;oMa. nana TyT.
AHHa Th. A AHTOH TiM.
Following are some Russian words which have closely related English counterparts (cognates).
Can you read them? But be certain to read them with a Russian accent! Cognates are fun to work with,
but present a special danger-the closer the word is to English, the greater will be the temptation to
fall back on English pronunciation habits (and the meanings may not always correspond exactly). (You
are not expected to learn these words!)
TOH Mo,n;a no:h
TOM ,n;aMa 6aHaH
,[{oH (a river) .n;liTa (date) no3Ma
TOHHa (ton)
hoM
LESSON II
A. The Russian Labio-Dental Fricative consonants [f] and [v]
I. CAjwailme!
[fu ...w... fo ... of ... fota ... faktJ
$y ... y$ .. . $o .. . o$ ... $oTO ... $aKT
' ... von
[fu-vu ... fo-vo ... fa-va .. . vot ' ... vam
' ... vad') a
$y-By ... $o-BO ... $a-Ba .. . BOT ..• BOH .•. BaM ... BO,ZJ;a
[dva ••. davno]
,l(Ba ... ,n;aBHO
(Labio-dental consonants are those produced by contact of the upper teeth with the lower lip.
Fricative consonants are those in whose production the air is not stopped off completely, but in
which there is a narrowed passage which causes the air stream to produce a hissing or rushing
sound.)
The Russian fricative consonants [f] and [v] are similar to their English counterparts except that
they are pronounced with slight lip-rounding. Remember to strive for full voicing when pronouncing
the voiced consonant [v].
20
B. The Dental Fricative Consonants [s] and [z]
I. Cllywaume!
[sa ... as .. . so ... OS... su ... us... sam... son... sup)
ca ... ac .. . co ... oc ... cy ... yc ... caM·:· coR... cyn
[nas ... vas ... nos ... sto ... sva ... svo]
Hac ••• BaC ••• HOC •• • CTO • • • CBa • • • CBO
The Russian dental fricative consonant [s] is similar to the Russian [t] in that it is pronounced
farther forward in the mouth than the corresponding English sound. The tip of the tongue should touch
the lower teeth slightly, while the blade of the tongue is brought near the upper teeth. The middle and
back parts of the tongue must be kept low.
Listen again to the last two items in this exercise:
II. Cllywailme!
[sva ... svo]
CBa ••• CBO
Your English speech habits will tempt you to turn [v] in these syllables into [f]. This is due to
the type of consonant assimilation which exists in English. (Assimilation is the process through which
a sound becomes similar to a nearby sound in some way.) Compare the last sounds in 'bats' and 'bags'.
The last letters are written the same, but are pronounced differently, [s] or [z], depending .on whether
they follow a voiceless or a voiced consonant. Russian does not have the sort of consonant assimilation
in which the first consonant determines the quality of the second, so you will need to practice to avoid
this habit in Russian.
I. Cllywailme!
. .
[sat ... sut. .. zavot ... zup ... gas... sup-zilp]
ca.zl... cy.zt ... 3aBO.zt ... 3)'6 ... ra3 ... cyrr-3y6
Russian voiced consonants which have voiceless counterparts do not normally occur at the end of
words. In this position they are replaced by their voiceless counterparts in pronunciation. (Since [m]
and [n] do not have voiceless counterparts, they are not affected by this rule.)
I. CAyutaume!
[ya, ... yu, ... yo, ... ye, ... a-ya
, , , , , , , ,
... u-yu ... o-yo ... e-ye ...
j( ••• 10 ... e ... e ••• •.. y-10 ... o-e ••• 3-e .••
[ya ... yem ... yest ... maya ... mayo ... payu ... payut ... payot]
... eM ..• ecT ••• Moil .. . Moe •. . nolO ... nolOT ... noeT
[payO'm ... d ayu' ... d ayo't ... '
may... d'ay ... ' ... svoy
moy ' .. . tvoy]
noeM •.. .n:aiO ..• .n:aeT . .. MaH ... .n:aH .. . MOH ... CBOH .. . TBOH
The Russian consonant (y) is similar to its English counterpart, but is produced with considerably
greater tension, and the tongue is closer to the front part of the mouth, even closer than for the Russian
vowel sound [i].
Russian does not have any single symbol for this consonant sound. Before a vowel sound the con-
sonant (y) is not represented by a separate symbol, but is combined with the vowel sound into one sym-
bol. Thus, four of the Russian vowels have two symbols each, one of which represents the vowel alone,
and one of which represents the consonant (y] plus the vowel sound. The latter occurs when the conson-
.
ant stands at the beginning of a word or after another vowel letter.
[a-ya] [u-yil] [6-yo] [e-ye]
y-10 o-e :re
When it comes after a vowel sound, with no other vowel sound following, [y] is represented by the
symbol i.
When practicing this exercise remember to strive for extra tension in both this consonant and in
the accented vowels. Also pay close attention to the last two items of the exercise-'do not let the [v] be-
come an (f)!
II. CAyutaume u noBmopftume I!
IV.
bank [bank]
6amc
When pronouncing the Russian [n] be sure to keep the tongue in firm contact with the teeth and do
not let it stray to the back part of the mouth, no matter what sound may follow.
--+
V. u noBmopllume!
[banka ... bank ... stayanka]
68.mca ... 6amc ... croilHKa
I. C.11jwailme u noemopftilme!
[on-ano ... on-ana-an;... dom-dom;-dama-damoy ... moy-maya]
OH-oHO ... OH·OHa-Aaaa ••. ,ZJ;OM-,ZJ;OMa-,ZJ;OMa-,ZJ;OMOH ... MOB-MOB
[sam-sama ... tvoy-tvaya ... svoy-svaya]
CaM-caMa ... TBOH-TBOB... CBOH-CBOB
[d?m; ... b?kv; ... ... vi?';t ... rMut .. . damoy ... tvaya ... payot]
,!J;OMa ... 6yiCBa ... <!»OTO ••• B.blXO,!J; •.• e.nyy .. . ,!J;OMOH ... TBOB... noerr
[kuda ... kakoy ... zavilt ... ivan... idut .. . mayo... vmaskvil]
Ky,ZJ;a .•• nKoii ... 3oayT ... Haaa ... H,ZJ;}'T .. . Moe... a Mocny
[kakay; ... bumag;]
KaKb ... 6yMara
25
K. Intonation Contour 1 in Various Parts of the Sentence
In Lesson I all sentences presented had the major sentence stress on the last word·. In some contexts
the sentence stress will occur on an earlier word in order to point this word out as conveying the new in-
formation of the utterance or to provide mild emphasis. Remember not to let the tone rise again follow-
ing the drop in tone on the main sentence stress of IC-1.
I. CAytuaume u noBmopflilme!
27
emphasis on the interrogative word in other cases will normally result in a very peremptory question or
one with special emotional overtones.
While practicing the items in this exercise, remember to strive for smoothness throughout the
whole sentence, with no extraneous pauses between words.
II. C.11jr.uailme u nOBmopftume I!
In the following exercise note that in some cases both short and long answers are given. As in
English, it is most common in conversational Russian to give in the answer only the new information
asked for. During the early stages of study, however, there may be times when your teacher will want
you to give full answers for the extra linguistic practice which this provides.
While practicing this exercise, remember to strive for smoothness throughout the sentences. Re-
member about the proper distribution of energy within the word, and that in each sentence there will be
one word picked out for special stress, while other words will be relatively unstressed (without losing
their own identity and relative vowel values).. Avoid extraneous pauses. Practice these items until you
know them by heart.
30
distract you from the sounds you have learned, and remember to strive for smoothness of reading,
without extraneous pauses. Don't read the blank spaces in these sentences as pauses.
ll. qumlzUme!
1. - Kn3 3To?
,.,._ 1 A' , 1
- JTO MOH nana. no MOJI MaMa.
2.- 3To?
...... • ' 1
- ..:7TO TBOH nana H MOJI MaMa.
2
3. - KTo .llOMa?
' 1 , TX 1 '
- MaMa H nana .llOMa. n JI .llOMa.
2
4. - KTO noeT?
rx , A1 • rx 1 ••
- nBaH H HHa nOIOT. n Mhl noeM.
2
5. - KTo eCT cyn?
t 1
- HBaH ecT cyn. H JI eM cyn.
2
6. - KTo eCT cyn?
1 1
- AHHa eCT cyn. 0Ha eCT TBoit cyn.
31
Note on punctuation:
Note that Russians use dashes to separate the various speeches in a conversation, rather than put-
ting quotation marks around each direct speech utterance. ·
In reading the following cognates· remember to do it with a Russian accent!
ra3 sll:Ja TOMaT (a kind of sauce) 3n6xa
Mail (a month) cpa3a Ta68.Ic aTba
HOC 3xo KOMnoT (stewed fruit) KOMaH.Qa
CTOn Macca cpoHTaH
TOCT MaCICa cpoite
nocT (duty) KOMnac KOM6aHH (farm equipment)
6aHIC nay:Ja
1 The first printed letter in each case is the standard printed form. The second variant is the Italic
form. You will note that the written forms are sometimes more similar to Italic printed forms than to
the standard printed forms.
32
Aa A a Oo Oo 33 33 Yy Yy
d:a
MMMM
Oo
nn nn 561i6
Ja
HH HH
Yr
TT Tr 11.11 lid
Ou- -
3ro MaMa.
3TO MtiMII.
"'f'& 0Ha TIM.
ASSIGNMENT:
I. Write a full line of each capital and lower-case.letter.
2. Write each sentence three times.
LESSON III
A. The Intonation of Questions without an Interrogative Word (IC-3)
I. CAywaiime!
II. CAyw_aiime!
Is Anna atlhome? .l!J!jshe who's singins?
In the Russian contour the syllables preceding the accented syllable of the emphasized word are
pronounced at the speaker's mid-level. The pitch rises very abruptly at the beginning of the accented
syllable and continues to rise within the syllable. The vowel of this syllable will also be somewhat longer
than usual. It is extremely important that any syllables following this accented syllable be pronounced
at a low level-the voice must not be allowed to rise again, no matter how long the sentence may be.
Ill. CAywaiime!
r -- r, r _,
3TO AOM? 3TO MIMI? Oaa non?
The main difficulty the American student will have in producing IC-3 is in making the rise in pitch
sharp enough and high enough. Subtle psychological factors are at work here. In American English we
tend to use a rather narrow range of pitches except in highly emotional or "gushy" speech. Although
we have rising intonation contours in English, none of them are as extreme as is IC-3. As a result even
non-emotional Russian speech may appear to be emotionally-charged or gushy to an American, and an
American student (particularly a man) may feel uncomfortable trying to produce IC-3. In order to mas-
ter IC-3 you will need to throw aside your inhibitions and be willing to exaggerate consciously.
An additional problem is created by the fact that our own intonation system tends to make us re-
act to any very strong intonation as a falling contour. For this reason you may find yourself making
sharp falling contours, even when trying your hardest to make sharp rising contours. (In so doing you
will be producing not questions but emotional exclamations.) --+
IV. CAjwaume!
3 3 3 3 3
3To_.noM? 3To.....,oa? 3To_oaa? Aaaa.......TaM? Oaa.......noh?
In this exercise the intonation shift occurs on the very last syllable. Strive to make the rise in pitch very
sharp-do not let it trail off gradually as we often do in English.
35
3*
V. IV!
In the fo11owing exercise contrast IC-3 and IC-1.
VI.
/'
---.....
-
3 1 3 1
....... ......... .._... ........
VIJ.
-+
While practicing this exercise make certain that the pitch remains low on the fina1 of the ques-
tions. (Otherwise you will expressing doubt, or surprise instead of neutra1 questions.)
VIJI. VII!
In fhe following drill practice contrasting IC-3 and IC-1, with the stress not on the 1ast
-+
IX.
3 --
r
1 __ , _
3 1 3 1
-
- 3 ? 1 3 ?- n· 1
In the next exercise the stressed is even ear1ier in the sentence-make certain not to 1et the
following the stressed rise above 1ow 1eve1.
In the next exercise the answers contain two intonation units or contours, which we syntag-
mas. Each syntagma expresses re1ative1y comp1ete thought and has its own contour. There is very
small pause the syntagmas. symbo1 1is used to show the boundary syntagmas.)
Xl.
,..<;,. 3 1, 1 11
- 1 1
"ls that "Yes, it's "Yes,
36
3 1, 1 11
- 1
- 3 ?- 1 , 1 1 1
- 3 ? 1 1, 1 1 1
The rise in tone of IC-3 oa:urs within the accented of the most important word of the
question, the word indicating the new information sought. Note in the following exercise how the
answer varies, depending on the location of the intonation shift in the question.
XII.
- - 1
-
3 1 1 •
- - 1
3 ....... 1 1
-
....... 3
-
1
1 1
.
- ....... - 1
- 0 3 ""?
- 1
1 1
Xl/1. XII!
/.
,. ' , ... nu-n
[na-n , ' u,. .. . no-n
, ' , ... m-n
,. '']
1
... ... ...
37
[ta-t , ' u, ... t'o-t' ' ... t't- t'')
, ', ... tu-t 1
... ... .. .
[d ' d'' .. . d'u- d''u .. . d' d'' .. . d't- d'']
1
... ... ...
[sa-s
' ,,
... su-s'u ... s6-s'6 ... si-s'i]
... ... ...
.
[za-z'' ... zu-z'u ... z6-z'o ... zi-z'i]
... ... ...
small apostrophe-like symbol ' after consonant letter will used throughout to indicate palatali-
zation.)
The secondary articulation, palatalization, must ·take place at exactly the same time as the ar-
ticulation ofthe consonant. lt is not something added on after the basic articulation. The middle ofthe
tongue must in position for the from the very beginning of the basic consonant sound. Soft con-
sonants are not consonants followed but consonants which contain themse/ves. Be-
cause of the raising of the middle part of the tongue, the area of contact of the tongue during the pro-
duction of soft consonants is greater than during the corresponding hard consonants.
This contact must firm, but brief. ---+
While practicing the following items sure to avoid superfluous the consonant and
vowe\-make soft consonant followed immediately vowel sound.
//.
, ',. ... -zvan ', t ... nu-n
[na-n , ',u ... zvan ',u ... no-n
, ', ... ano-an
, ',om]
... ... ... ... ...
[dn ,om
, ', t ',
... n ... an ... mn
,, , ,, , ,,
nt-n 1... ana-an 1 ... n
,.. ]
... ... ... ...
[sn'im ... dn'i ... ... zvan'im)
...
There are, however, cases in Russian when consonant is followed which serves as aseparate
consonant. lt is important for the student to to distinguish clearly in speech soft con-
sonant followed vowel and consonant followed (yj plus vowel.
1//.
, 'u-n ' o-n , ,, ' ,
, ' . , ... nt-n
, ', '
[na-n a-n ,
... nu-n , ' yu, ... no-n
,
1-n ... n ' e-n
, ' ,]
... ... ... .. .
(Note that hard consonants do not generally occur the vowel ---+
Now perfonn this exercise, avoiding superfluous where there should not one, and striving
for vigor in when it is present.
IV. //1!
From the point of view of the structure of the language, Russian has set of hard and soft con-
sonants, but the orthography does not have separate set of symbols for the fifteen soft consonants.
Instead the softness of the consonant is most frequently indicated means of set of five additional
vowel making total of ten vowel symbols:
38
"Hard series vowel" symbols:
"Soft series vowel" symbols:
But you must that this terminology is for the sake of convcnience only-the hardness is
characteristic of the consonant, not of the vowel.
"soft scries vowcl" indicate the consonant plus vowel sound only when thesc !lym·
bols come at the of word, after another vowel symbol, or aftcr the "soft sign"
... ... ...
... tvaya ... payu ... payot ... yest ... p'yit]
does not indicatc the vowel, as do the other "soft vowel" symbols.)
When the "soft vowel" follow consonant directly, they do not symbolize the presence of
they merely indicate the softness of the preceding consonant. You will need to careful to avoid
superfluous in such cascs.
... ... ... ...
' , ... no
', ... nu
[na ' , ... n1,,. ... ne
',]
When an independent follows another consonant, this will indicated most frequently the soft
sign symbol the consonant and the following vowel:
... ... ... ...
[n ' , ... n 'yu, ... n ' ·' ... n ' , ... n ' ')
(Although uscd in materials prepared for teaching Russian, the is almost never used in ma-
terials prepared for native speakers----one simply knows from experience when the stands
for [i:/yi:] and when it symbolizes
The production ofthe soft dental stop sounds [t'] and [d') follows the same principles as that ofsoft
[n']-the middle part of the tongue is raised vigorously toward the hard palate, providing wider area
of contact than in the casc of the corresponding hard consonant. that the contact must
firm but very brief. Americans often pronounce instead of [t'] the [ts] or sound similar to
that at the of'children'. Similarly they replace [d'] with [dz] or the sound at the of
'judge'. avoid this make sure that the is entirely contained within the basic consonant sound and
does not continue after it.
V.
[ta-t'a-t'ya ... tu-t'u-t'yit ... to-t'o-t'yo ... t'e-t'ye ... tt-t'i-t'yi]
... ... ... ...
[da-d'a-d'ya ... du-d'u-d'yu ... do-d'o-d'yo ... d'e-d'ye ... di-d'i-d'yiJ
... ... ... ...
. •7->t1• ...
[t1-1 "d''
sa""-1 1...
..1! d'' ... om-1 om ... 1 • t ... st u d'.ent]
d • "d' . "d'
... ... ...
---+
Now practice thesc items.
VI. V!
The next drill deals with the soft dental fricative consonants [s'] and [z1- to move the
tongue farther forward in the mouth than for the corresponding English sounds and to raisc middle
of the tongue vigorously toward the hard palate.
39
VII.
, t..C. , , , ',
[ sa-s za-z a-z '
,
su-s ,
' ,
u-s ' yu, ... zu-z
, ' ,
u-z' yu .. .]"
... ... ... .. .
, ,, ' , , ' , ,,
[so-s o-s ... zo-z o-z' , ... s',e-s' , ... z', , ... st-s 1.. . :zf-z'i]
... ... ... ... .. .
[sat-s'adu ... sut-s'uda ... fs'o ... fs'em-syem ... fs'e]
... 1 ...
' ''d''
[stn-s 1 1.. . mak s,,tm ... z,, ... z,.1ma, ... muz', ]
... ...
In the next exercise the soft consonants occur at the very end sure to keep the con-
tained within the consonant and do not allow superfluous fricative sound to follow the con-
sonant.
VIII.
[on-d'en' ... stakan-fstan' sat-s'at' yest-yes't' syest-syes't']
... ... ... ...
[zvan'it-zvan'it' mat' dat' znat' p'at' z'd'es' xat'et']
... ... ... ...
[s'id'et' p'et' p'it' xad'it' g6s't' yes't' s'es't']
... ... ...
(Note that when [s] or [z] stand [t'/d1 they too are softened assimilation to the following con-
sonant.)
--+
IX. VIII!
1.
... ... .... zav?t-n;zavotJ
... ... ...
[m;gaz'in ... muzikant ... kakoy-n;kakom]
... ...
[z'in; ... n'in; ... noviy ... kn'ig; ... nov;y; ... payil ... payot ... maks'im]
... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1.
[akno] [n;akn'e) [kn'ig;] [tvaya kn'ig;]
........
the book your book
new Is this
41
Practice the following items until you know heart.
/.
2
1. - "Who's at
•
at
• 3
"Is at
.......
1 •
at too."
2
2.- "Who's
1
3
"Js singing'!'
[maks'im]
1
- too."
3.- "Who's that?''
"That's
- . u 3 ?
"Is he
[on.....,.noviy.._.stud'ent]
1
"Yes."
2 •
.4. - "Who's that?''
"That 's
- . . 3 ?
"Js she
1
"No."
5. "Are you
.......stud'ent]
1
"Yes."
2
"What's your
[kak.......vazavut] 1
1
1 Since the words are read without pause. the [s] joins with the following sound to form long (z].
42
6. - "Where's Nina going'!'
- "Nina's going
• 2 ?
7. - "Where's book'!'
[gd'e. . . .
• • 1
- " Your book 's the windowsi/1."
[tvaya.._..kn'ig;.._..makn'e]
8. - "Is this your articler'
......tvaya.._..stat'ya]
1 1
- 1 "Yes, (it's article."
• 3 •
9. - "Is this your article'!'
1 1
1 "Yes,
10. - "Are Maxim and Nina singingr'
3
1 • 1
- 1 "Yes, they're singing."
II. 2
2 4.-
1. - . 1
- . . -
2
-
- 1
1 •
-
2 • ?
2. - . • 3? 5.-
1 • 1
- 1 . . 3 ...
3
-
1
1
2
3. - 6. -
1 •• -
. . 1
-
3
- 7. -
- -
43
.8. - 12. -
-
1 . 1
- '
9. - 13. -
- 1' 1 -
- 14.
u 1
- 1 ' 1
15.
10. -
- 0 .. . 16.
2 17,.. ' ' 2 ?
11. -
1
-
1/l. Read with Russian accent. ( the rules of word dynamics
in Russian.)
..
v
t!Jj
X1t
:;-;,
Notes on the fonnation of c:ertain letters:
1. letters and 1 do not occur at the of words.
44
2. Note the steps in the fonnation ·of and Note that (•) must always preceded
very sma\1 hook at the line.
J .9 p_9Cf 11! .2 .9 !l
3. Although the two dots are seldom printed the letter i in materials for native speakers and
seldom used in their writing, it is good idea for the student to write them in, at \east during the early
\essons. This vowel symbol occurs only in accented position and an accent mark is never written
over it.
4. careful not to confuse the writing of and :J. Make certain that the first bas round
and tbe second has an indentation in the back.
31
5. Note that and the are not loop letters and are no tatler than the \ower-case vowel
letters.
6. Note that is written as two opposing half-circles, not crossing one stroke with tbe other.
7. Note that the word • (1) is capitalized only if it sentence.
-
-Kro - AIOii IIIIIUI.
3no rpatc"k
- oom.
- Kro noir? - u
r
Jl
'F 45
etiC
/fm" k
11811& MocDy.
,...., MOCkey.
no.n.tL -ew"' /
ASSIGNMENT:
1. Write line of each capital and lower-case letter.
2. Write each sentence three times.
LESSON IV
The Soft and Consonants
In the case of the and consonants, palatalization is sb'mewhat simpler than in
the case of dental consonants, since the tongue is not involved in the articulation.
however, to make sure that the tongue is in position for the the basic articulation
/.
[ ma-m
,
a-m '
'r ,
... mu-m
r 'r
u-m ' yur ... mo-m
r
o-m ' r ... m 're-m ' r ... m1-m
'r r
1
'']
/.
[k', ... ge
', ... ', ... k''1 ... gt
,, ... xt'']
.. . re .. . .. . .. . .. .
[pak'et ... k'em ... k'ino ... k'iosk ... ... kn'ig'i ... s't'ix'i)
.. . .. . .. . .. . ... .. .
[x'im'ik-x'im'ik'i ... riz'ik-riz'ik'i ... naga-nog'i]
When pronouncing the following items to keep the articulation of [n] firmly on the teeth-
do not let it stray to the back of the mouth.
Il.
[blnk-vblnk'i ... d'en'g'i]
...
Unaccented Vowels (continuation)
1.
... ... ya-yizik ... yey-yiyo ... yivo]
... ... ... . ... 1
In unstressed Russian has only three vowels, [i/i], [u]. In unstressed following
soft consonants (including which is soft the very nature of its articulation), the system is reduced
even farther. The vowels and in this position are replaced the unstressed vowel [i]. lfyou have
mastered the dynamics of Russian stress and the principles of palatalization, you should have no
with this-the reduction in vowel sound is natural result of the interplay of these two factors
within the sound system of the language.
II.
... ya-yizik ... p'at'-p'it'i ... d'es'it' d'ev'it' pam'it']
.. . ...· ... ... .. .
1 the spelling here. This is special ending you will leam later.
47
,. t' , · , ... Yl"-:0
· , ... m,.tn,,, ... t''b''
[ m,,,esw-m
+-
1s ... 1 !1... s 1 .. . yimuj
.. .
&':. ,. d' ' 't ... v''d''t'
[ s,.1m' ,
.. . 1S 1g ... znayt 1 1 s,.1m,,1... vos
, ,.1m']
... ... ... ... ...
An exception exists when • is written at the very end of word.' In this case the vowel is pro-
nounced
1//.
['tm' 3 ... d''d' 3 ... t''t'3 ... s,.IVvun'3}
...
In unstressed syllables in English it is possible to pronounce either or an unaccented [i] without
changing the meaning (in such words as 'Episcopaf, for example). In Russian grammatical endings • is
pronounced as when unaccented. It is important that the student able to distinguish [i]
and [:J] in unaccented since this can make ditference in meaning.
--+-
IV.
.
[on_v} ''d''t 1 .. . an'i v'id'3t]
.. . .-. he sees they see
.. . an'i kup'3t]
... ' .- he wi/1 they will
[kn'ig3
, .........stoit
, ... kn'ig'i
, .......,stoy3t]
, the book costs the books cost
An exception to the general rule the quality of unstressed and occurs when these are the
very first letter of word. In this case one always pronounces the unaccented not [:J], no matter
,how far in front of the accented syllable this may
V.
[aftamat ... ... astanofk3 ... apt'im'ist]
... ... ...
Il.
[stra-s'istra ... tra-utra ... zdra-zdrastvuy ... pazdrav'it']
... ... ...
[rana ... tramvay ... v'era ... stro-stroit ... tro-mitro]
... ... ... ...
[roza ... urok ... stril-s'istril ... tril-trildna ... drilk ... rilsk'iy]
... ... ... ... ...
[stn,- s't's'"·;:
..... ... n·a..-
u;" ... ""ny · ... za'fitra ... spras''t'
1 ' d ]
prav
...
[frilkti ... katoriy ... brat ... dobriy ... nav'ema ... v'ikt:)r]
... ...
[nom'ir ... park ... tort ... sport ... t'iatr]
... ... ...
49
4-1022
F. The Soft "Fiap" Consonant [r']
soft [r'] is also vibrated or "tap" sound, but in addition to the basic articulation the middle
part of the tongue is raised toward the hard palate. This gives the tongue more restricted range of ac-
tion and makes it more difficult for the American tongue to deliver the required articulation.
Also, since the air passage is reduced, the sound may seem somewhat fricative. You must, however,
careful not to allow fricative sound to replace the required tap of the tip of the tongue.
1.
' tr' ' ... t ru- t''
[tra- r .. . tro- ' t r' ' .. . , ,,1... ra-r • ', , ',u J
ru-r
... ... .. . ... ...
, ',
[ro-r , ,,1... r ', , ' at
rat-r , ... r ' , d ... ' at
' ... k ur ' ' J
.. . ... ... .. . ... .. .
[kur'i ... ... kur'it .. , smatr'et' tr'et'iy ...
... ... ... ... ...
[vr',em' ... ro-r , ',o-r' , ... uro, k ... fi ,.1r', t ... s,.1r' , ... v',eru-v',er' u]
.. . .. . ... ... .. .
[kur'u ... ... d'v'er'i-d'v'er' vyinvar'e-yinvar' t'ip'er']
... ... ... .. .
Good day!
--\
Good
-- _,,
Good-bye!
'_,
2
[zdrastvuy] 1
He/lo! (familiar) 2
[zdristvuyt'i]
Hello! (polite) 2
1 Note that one ofthe letters which is written is dropped in the pronunciation ofthese forms. Rus-
sians normally use such greetings only upon the first encounter of the day, not on each following meet-
ing.
2 Familiar forms of address are used in addressing of one's family, close friend of
about the same age, child, or an animal. Polite forms of address are used to other persons or whcnever
more than one person is addressed.
50
2
[spas'ioo]
Thank
2 2
[prast"it'i] or [izv'in 'it'i]
Pardon
2 2
1zdrastvuy]
Nina, hello!
1
Anna Petrovna, hello!
variant of IC-2 is used in greetings and similar polite formulas, and when addressing pcrson
name. ln this variant of IC-2 thc strcssed is pronounced at higher level than in the va-
riant and thc tonc falls within thc accented (but does not fall as far as in IC-1).
/1. 1!
IC-3 in Requestioning
lf spcaker rcpcats pan or all of question thc answcr has not heard clearly, IC-3
will uscd i11 the repcated question, no matter what the intonation of the original question was. (We
do something similar in English, so this should eause no difficulty in Russian if the studcnt has mas-
tered thc sharp rise of IC-3.)
/.
1. - 3. - cigarettes
3 3
1 1
2
2. - 4. -
1
- to the theater
3 3
1 1
1 These forms arc uscd only if asking forgiveness, not when excusing oncsclffrom thc or Jeav-
ing room.
51
4*
1. Exercise the Contrast IC-3 and IC-1
/.
1. -
- "This is
3
1
-
2. - [yiyo] "Is that his
- 1, , 1
"No, that's his
- "What's his
1
3.-
- "That's an acquaintance
-
- . 1
2
- "What is he?''
1
- [x'im'ik] "He's
4.-
1
- [makomaya] "This is an aquaintance of (f.)
2
- [yiyo] "What's her·
52
1
-
2
1
- "She's physicist."
2
5. -
1
- (z'd'es']
is more conversational in tone.)
4
6. -
1
-
. 1
- "That's newspaper."
8. -
- the
4
-
9. (zdristvuyt'i]
-
v'ikt:)r] 1
- "Good Victor."
"Is Anna Petrovna at home?''
1
1 Note that when the greeting comes the there is only one syntagma. Do not let your-
self tricked into reading pause wherever Russian has comma-many of them are purely formal
device which does not correspond to actual speech.
53
4
1
-
10.
- ''Is this seat?"
- 1' '
2
-
-
11. - •• Where are cigarettes?''
1
3
12. [tvayi_s't'ix'i]
- "ls this your poetry (verses)?
1 1
-
3
13. [xat'it'i_s'igar'etu]
"Do you Want cigarette?'
2
[spas'iba] [ya_n'i_kur'J]
- "No, thanks. 1 don't
4
--- "How about you?''
l '
- "/ don 't either."
14. [dobriy_
Good day!
15. [dasv'idin'ia]
Good-bye!
2 2
16. (pras't'it'i] [izv'in'it'i]
or Pardon 1Excuse
/ll.
1. - - 1' '
54
2
- 8. -
, 1
- -
3
2. - • 3 ?
- 1 1. 1
1 • 1
2 -
4
1
1
4 -
-
1 1
9. -
4
3.- 2 • ? -
1
1
1
• 1 -
• 2 ? • 2 ?
- '10. -
1 1 1
-
3
2 • ?
4.- 1
..... • 1
-
?
- • • 3
11. - 2 1 .. 2 ?
1 . - Bl •
3 2
5.
1 • 1
- 1 12. -
2
-
1
2 2
13. -
2 • ? 1 2
6.- -
1
3 3
, .., 1 .....
14. -
1 2
7. - -
1 1
4 4
..... • 1 1 •
-
55
15. - -
1
-
. 1
3
2.
1
21. -
- 1 1
- 1
3
16. - erg 1
- 1 /' 1 •
- 1
1 1 •
2. 2.
17. - 22.
1 1 1
- - 1
2.
23. -
2. 1 1
18. - - 1
1 1 4
- -
19. -
2. • 3 ? - 1
4
- 1 /' 1
1 - 3. 1
20. - 24.
1 /' • 1 •
25.
IV.
S6
Note that the soft sign is not loop-letter and is no taller than the lower-case vowelletters.
soft sign never occurs at the of words. 6
6
- :no? - -
- tro? - -
- - Ollll IIOtlflll
tJn.q,
- -
- - NOJI C2WJU1
piiVlllf'.IL?- mJo.r.
-
-
- Hfl
-&
- :no
- - tro
no&.
/tma liDim"
57
1. Write half line of the soft sign.
2. Write each sentence three times.
LESSONV
[1]
Il.
[klup .. . glupiy .. . vuglu ... globus .. . polka .. .
... ... ...
[kalxos ... xalodniy ... d'iplom ... ploxa ... t'iplo ... glas]
... ...
58
[glavniy .. . klas ... kladu ... lam}X) .. . ladn;) ... data]
... .. . ...
[blla ... sta1i ... u1ipk;) ... b'etiy .. . dala-daJ... znai;)·ZDal)
... ... ... .. . ...
[yet ... v'id'il... g;)var'il]
... ...
(1']
//.
[il'i ... p'il'i ... kup'il'i ... vas'il'iy ... v'id'il'i ... yel'i ... s'el'i]
.. . .. . ... ... .. . ...
[s'id:el'i ... b'il'et ... dal'i ... zval'i ... d'el;)l'i ...
.. . .. . .. . ... .. .
[l'i ... l'id;) ... l'es ... l'et;) ... gul'at' n'id'e}';) ... l'ud'i ... 1'6t]
...
day-dat' yuk-I'uk ... yot-I'ot ... 1i-I'i-I'yi]
... ... ...
no-1'6-1'y6 ... la-1'a-1'ya ... 1'6t-1'y6t-1'y6t ... strait:il'i-strait'il')
... ... ...
[partrel'i-partrel' ... angl'iysk'iy ... xl'ep ... z'iml'a]
... ... ... ...
59
[kupl'u ... ... ... pal'to ... ... skol'k:)]
· ... ... ... ... ...
[.ZJ 1[sJ
looking carefully at the diagram above you can see easily why these two sounds have no soft
equivalents-tbey are hard nature. Since the middle ofthe tongue must low, it cannot
raised to the necessary position for palatalization. of the Russian spelling however, for the
"soft" vowelletters are written after these consonants, as is the soft sign Whatever may writ-
ten following • 1 to keep the consonants hard. When the vowel follows these conso-
nants, it will pronounced [i]. --+
//.
,., , ... xazu...
[zu .., , sk azu" , ... v,,lZU" ••• L.O, ••• zon
"" ,
... za"" ,
... za1']
v ,
... ...
[ska.ztt'i ... mom:) ... num:) ... ka.zdiy ... Zdat' zd'ot'i]
... ...
[7ii-Sil... ... su ... sutk:) ... p'isu ...
... ... ...
[x:)raso ... sapk:) ... saxm:)ti ... ·ses't' mastn:) ... Sistoy]
...
[sto 1 ••• uila ... bal'soy ... losk:) ... ... v'id'is ... id'os]
...
1 Note that the [§] in this word is represented different symbol.
60
D. The Intonation of Alternative Questions
Alternative questions (questions containing iwl = or) must pronounced as two syntagmas.
first syntagma is pronounced with IC-3, the rise being on the key word ofthe syntagma; the second syn-
tagma is pronounced with IC-2.
/.
3 1' 2 ?
1
......
.:JTO 3 '1' 2 ?
u ' 1' 2 ?
1
Russian Affricate Consonants [ts] and
Affricates are consonant sounds having two phases of articulation. first phase is stop sound,
the second phase fricative sound produced at the same place of articulation. lnstead of the clear-cut
release of stop consonant, the tongue is withdrawn from the point of contact very short distance for
very short period oftime and the air flows through this narrowed passage. It is important, however,
that the two phases form unit, that they pronounced in very rapid succession.
/.
[at'ets ... l'itso ... kan'ets]
IV.
[cist;:) ... citat' ucit' ciJav'ek ... ... zacem ... ocin']
... ... ... ...
... cas ... s'icas ... corniy ... uooniy ... ucu ... kr'icu]
.. . . .. .. . .. . ... .. .
[mal'cik ... kon'cit' pact'i ... ... d'ev;:)(:k;:) ... ack'i]
... .. . ... .. . ...
... ... ci-Cyi ... cu-Cyu ... nocyu ... kl'uc]
... ... ... ...
[doc· ... ... sa-ca .. . su-cu v' v' ... so-co .. . se-ce .. .
... .... ... ...
[ses't'-ces't' d'ev;:)(:k>d'evusk;:) ... v'et'ir-v'ecir .. . vrat'-vrac)
.. .
(t'ex-cex ... t'eSD;:)·CeSn;:) ... stat'ya-cya)
... ...
G. Intonation of Requests
Polite requests are normally pronounced with IC-3.
62
/. 3
[fxad'it'i]
Wait!
3
[p'isit'iJ
Write!
2
(skaz4t'i...... 1 gd'e
//. 2
[p;dazd 'it'i]
/.
-
-
' 2
-
- ' 3 ? 1
/.
4
[vaSi.._..im';]
first (polite address)
1
63
"( derived the father's
first
[ivinav'ic]
last
"lvanov."
[natsian:l'nas't']
- "(
Repeat the preceding exercise and the following items until you know them heart.
Il.
1. - / "What's /itt/e girl?'' (fam-
iliar)
1
"Masha."
3 '?
- "Do have sister?''
1
"1 do."
- .. 2?
"What's her
- "What's her Natasha."
4
-
- is Ivan Ivanovich."
2.
- '' Meet brother Va/ery".
1
"Vera."
1
- "Va/ery."
64
2
3. [al'o]
' • 3
- 1 ...... "Hel/o! Anna Petrovna?''
,..". ' 1
....... "This is Victor."
- "Hel/o, Victor."
- ...... 1 "Anna Petrovna, is Larisa at or
3 ' 2 ?
1 not?''
1
"No."
- ....... ....... 3 '? "Do you happen to know, where she is?''
1
- .... "At the institute."
3
"Where?''
1
- ........ 2
t the institute."
[spas'iba] [fs'ivo
- 2 "Thank Good-bye."
3 2-
4. [skazit'i......,pazalasta 1 cyi..._..eta__.v'es'i]
- •w 1 , 2?
1 This form of Hel/o is used only on the telephone. Can pronounced with either [1] or [1'].
z This form of Good-bye means literally •Best of everything!
65
S-1022
1
7. (schoo/gir/, pupil)
1
higher education)
(graduate student)
1
8. (shoo/boy, pupil)
1
(student, higher education)
(graduate student)
9. (teacher)
10.
(teaches in school)
Word-Study
/-IIIIIUl
66
4. -
--
---
--
--
-
-
5. -
-
6. -
-
-
7. -
-
-
8. -
-
-
-
-
9. -
-
10. -
-
11. -
12. -
-
13. -
-
14. -
15. -
-
-
16. -
-
s•
17. -
-
-
18. -
-
19. -
-
20. -
-
21. -
22.
23. -
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
68
J. Reading Rules
Although the Russian orthography refiects more closely thc pronunciation than is thc case in
English. it is still not truly phonctic rcpresentation of thc language. Nevenheless, fol-
lowing few simple rulcs one can rcad correctly. any new Russian \\'Ord, provided one knows which
is
Vowels: that thc soft \'Owcl •• rcprcscnt the co11sonant plus vowel
sourid only in the following situations:
1. whcn the lirst letter in word: 11 [yu], [yuk], (yolk;)], [ycm);
2. following vowel lettcrs: [ma}·il]. (mayu). (mayo].
3. at"tcr thc soft sign or hard sign: (s'im'ya). (s'im'}·u). [s'im'yoy].
(s'im'yc). [sycl].
Following consonant the soft vowellcttcrs mercly indicate the softness ol' the consonant.
and therc must 1101 an independent 'the vowel: (d':id'u). [ziv'om).
that and do not normally occur except in accented Elsewherc they are
replacc:d the unacccnted varieties of and
Consonaats: Russian consonants are pronounced hard hard vowel symbols and soft
soft vowel and the soft sign The hardness or softness of consonant is
an important component of word stem. that when rcad \\'ithout pause word
as
with is pronounced if writtcn with w il' the preceding word cnds in hard consonant:
(vinst'itut'i]. [iv:in ivan;)v'it). (sin i The hard consonant ofthe prc-
ceding word is kept hard pron"<;uncing the proper variantof vowel aftcr it.
Voked and Voiceless Coasonants, Assimilation and DeYoieiag:
V oic:eless n 10
Voiced 6 8 il ·1 •·
None of thcse voiced consonaniS is pronounced at the end of word pause. The voiceless
is pronounc:ed in this position: (mus]. ['las'et). (a\'ek].
None of these voiced c:onsonaniS is pronounced vOic:dess consoaant. Thc \'oiceless counter-
part is pronounccd instead: [ftaroy]. 8 (fSkOI'i). (sas'etka).
None of these voiced c:onsonants is pronounccd' CODIOII8JII exeept Jl,
and Note that whilc becomcs devoiccd voiccless consonants. it does cause preccding
69
voiceless consonant to voiced: [oilix] [gdomu]; but
fsvoy], [kvam].
Certain consonants are always hard or soft nature (due to the manner in which their arti-
culation occurs), no matter what letter may written after them:
Always hard: w, [zina], [Zivu], [ziv'os], [tsirk].
Atways soft: [s'icas], [yii'o].
Some Special Cases
gcnitive singular pronoun and the genitive singular modifier endings are pro-
nounced with [v] in place of [g]: [yivo], [n'iCivo],
comblnations are pronounced as if spelled
consonant here is actually /ong affricate, made holding the tongue at the point of contact for
fraction of second producing the fricative portion of the sound.)
Spelling Rules
The following rules concern spe/ling only and have no effect on pronunciation. But·you must know
them so well that they automatic. Otherwise leaming the cndings of Russian
words will more difficult than necessary for you.
Spelling Rule No 1: Following the letters w, (the three velar consonants and the
four so-called "hushing consonants"), the vowel 11, are not written. ln their place you
must write the corresponding hard or soft counterpart vowel symbol:
Spel6ng Rule No. 2: Following the letter never write After this letter is used
in cndings but occurs in the roots of some words 'circus').
SpeUing Rule No. 3: When adding endings after the three velar consonants always add
there is -q/-e choice: (But remem-
that in the noun endings for the prepositional case singular there is no hardfsoft choice:
Spelling Rule No. 4: adding after the four "hushing consonants" w, and after
when there is an -q/-e choice, always add if the accent is on this vowel, otherwise add
xopow6,
ASSIGNMENT
L. Most Russians do not close the hump of the letter (i. it is not closed circle like the English let-
ter which it
2f--
ynrwl
70
IUl
-Dwz.
- J(yt)tl -
.JJ,m;:t)(IJ,t ?-
-
.i
-
- IIOfiiiJI
11
- - -
-&
- - - ero
- -
-Jmo
- Kro -
- - Kro -
71
1. Write one line of the capital and lower-case 2. Write each sentence three times.
Review!
Do you all the following words?
...
1
1 / 1
1 1 1 1
1 / 1 ... ?)
First
... ?)
72
RUSSIAN ALPHABET
Printed ltalic Written Name of Printed ltalic Wriuen Name of
letter type letter letter leuer type letter letter
.J[",
IJI
rr :h Jl[""
J)1 :!1,
f!Jf/J
f
3 3 3 31 ..
il 7);;,
xpan:oe)
lf", 1.1
.,
ICa
., ""
6
Jla .i& Jl
NUMERALS: Note that some Russian numerals are written differently than their
English equivalents (note particularly 1, 7, 9):
12345678910
1 Does not occur at the beginning of words.
73
.N! 1 -
-
-
-
-
.....:
Read 17-18 concerning IC-1 in statement and 26 concerning IC-2 in questions with an inter-
rogative word. As you Iisten to and repeat the sentences from this lesson make certain that in state-
ments the tone does not rise falling. In questions make certain that the voice does not rise at the
end.
LLD
a:::D
a:::D
a::D
a::D
D:D
D:D
a:::D
a::::D
- -
- Nl 1.
-
lesson who what
(.Ni!) this 1that 1these 1those is 1are, it is building, house
and, too, also apartment,
= .N!I 1
74
- -
- -
ljiti
1 ::AI;
fl
:sil=
·-
1.1
= this 1that 1these 1those 1is 1are, it is
This 1it is Maxim
is here
(Capital Russian letters will sometimes used in this course to indicate struc-
tural units of Russian, such as the basic endings. These are based on the under-
lying structure of the language, not on the orthography. For example, refers to
the basic ending of one type of feminine nouns. In the writing system this may
spelled as or depending on whether the preceding consonant is hard or soft.
The orthography of Russian sometimes makes the grammar system seen more
complicated than it actually is when analyzed on the basis of the spoken
language.
Russian bold-face letters will sometimes used to represent the written sym-
bols of the language.)
1.3 Patronymics
Russians never have "second names" the way we do. Adult Russians with
whom one is not on first-name terms are usually addressed first name and pat-
ronymic. This form suffices for all except the most formal and official situations.
76
Words equivalent to 'Mr.', 'Mrs.', 'Miss' are seldom used (except to foreigners).
Patronymics are formed from the first name of the father. In this lesson we
meet:
whose father was also named
whose father was named
whose father was named
For men the basic ending is after soft consonant; if the con-
sonant is this disappears, since the first letter of the ending contains For
women the basic ending is after soft consonants).
What will the patronymics of and when they grow up?
ln conversational Russian many patronymics are shortened in pronunciation,
so that becomes In your own speech
imitate your teacher or the voices in the recorded materials.
(But commas do not separate compound subjects or compound predicates. See the
first two. examples in this section.)
(Exercises)
1.-
77
2. ...
3. (Model):
1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6.
4.
-1. 2. 3. .Nil 1. 4.
5. 6.
5.
1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6. .Nil 1. 7.
8. .Nil 1. 9. 10. 11.
12.
6. .N'!! 1?- Ng 1
1. 2. 3. 4.
5. .Nil1? 6.
7.
1. .Nil 1? 2. 3. 4.
5. 6. N2 1? 7. 8.
9. 10. .N'!! 1?
8.
1. 2. 3.
4. 5. .N2 1?
6. 7. 8.
9. 10.
9.
1. .J\121? 2. .J\121? 3. 4.
.N!! 1? 5. 6. 7. 8.
N.! 1? 9. 10. 11.
12:.
10.
1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6.
7. 8.
- -
-
- -
-
Let's chat.
Meet (Get. acquainted)!
=
longer expression is used in asking for clarification of the exact identity or nature of something
which is perceived but about which there is uncertainty in the mind of the speaker. (ln some cases
good English equivalent would 'Just what is...? 1 What exactly is ...?')
...? How do you say in Russian ...?
79
-
- "cigarettes"?
- "Cigarettes"
-
- "apartment, flat"
11.
14. -
12. - -
? -
? -
13.-
?-
?-
1 3. It is good practice to write smallline under the lower-case Note also that this letter must re-
tum to the line-it must not end up in the air like the English w.
4. The small tail on the letters must kept very small-it is not like the loop on such letters
as
5. Note that the tail on the capital must tum to the right, in the opposite direction to that ofthe
capital
1{
81
6-1022
6. particularly careful when writing the lower-case letters r and The tirst must have
rounded hump, the second must have squared-off top.
/ J
ff J
(QQ.'F".
't6U
.:.J
1
ASSIGNMENT:
1. Write line of each capital and lower-case letter.
2. Write each sentence three times.
82
R
(New Words and Expressions)
nima
R
1
•••?
•••? 1
1
.N"t 2 -
ero
-
-
-
-
-
Intonation Contour 3: Read 34-35 conceming the use of IC-3 in questions without an inter-
rogative word. Strive for very sharp rise in tone on the accented and make certain that any
following this rise are at Iow level.
Listen repeat!
3 3 • 3 3 3
3? , 3? , 3
3 3 3 3 3
3 3
...
3
Listen repeat!
1 1 1
2 ? ' 3 /' 2? , 3 /' 2?
Intonation Contour 4: Read 48 conceming the use of IC-4. to use it only in in-
complete questions introduced
repeat!
1 4 1 1 4
....
1 ? , 1 , 4 ? 1
.... -
- 1 4 0 ,t
84
--+ ero
--+
--+
Ero
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Nina is now at home. -
-
11
-
- ._01_ 01_ _
ij
2.1.
... ....
...
...
.. .
2.2.
...
Conjugation of Verbs
Verbs are words which express an action ("to read') or the existence of state or
condition ('to 'to live'). Conjugation refers to the way in which verbs change
form to express such relationships as who the actor is, when the action takes place,
etc. Person refers to the subject (actor): first person refers to the speaker(s) ('1',
'we'); second person to the person(s) addressed ('you'); third person to some per-
son(s) other than the speaker or person addressed ('he', 'she', 'it', 'they').
Except for the verb 'to ('am', 'are', 'is'), English has no verb endings in
the present tense except the -s of the third-person singular form. Russian has
full set of forms to distinguish the various persons, singular and plural,
in the present tense.
yes not here is/are, there is/are (used in pointing out things)
no verses, poetry
86
All four verbs which you leam in this lesson to what is called the First
Conjugation. For the third-person singl.llar forms the ending is (pronounced [it]
when unaccented). The third-plural ending (spelled after vowelletters).
2.3
. ....
...
...
-
....
-
- 1 -
•.
Words ofthe have in the accusative case the basic ending (spelled
2.4
....._
uncle
88
- - ...
.
- -
- - ...
- -
?
?
- - ?
?
... ?
?
.Ne 2. - ?
2.5 Word Order in Questions with an lnterrogative Word
When the subject of question con-
1 2 3 taining an interrogative word is pro-
noun, the subject precede the verb.
But noun subject most often fo/lows
3 1 2" the verb.
3 2 1
2.5
N!l 1: N!! 2:
1. 2. 3.
4.
1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6. 7.
8. 9. 10.
instructor, teacher
1
89
2.6 Notes on Individual Words
Note that are often used in conversation_ not only of one's own
parents, but also ·or the parents of one's friends. Note also that these words are
not capitalized unless they sentence. ·
In words still felt to foreign borrowings Russians sometimes pronounce
in unaccentuated is the case in
.N!! 2
.N!! 2.
Ero
-
-
-
-
-
- -
-
Note that this word often sentence in continuing conversation, serving to turn at-
tention to another item or topic.
1 is 1are strolling, out playing 1out walking
that in an incomplete question is often an equivalent of 'And how ...?'
••• is particle which emphasizes the preceding word. It is always unaccented and
pronounced as one word with the preceding word. English equivalent would 'But where in
the world is...?', but more often the emphasis would expressed just tone ofvoice and special stress
on the word involved.
79
90
- - -
- ero
-
!?
2.7
- ... ...
- . ...
2.8
2.9
-
-
- -
...
- -
2.10
-
91
.
.
. ' '? .. .
. .. .
-
-
- -
-
2.12 Word Study
When you \ook for relationships Russian and English words, it is often more helpful to
look at the consonants than at the vowels, since the vowels changed more than the consonants in the
history of some languages:
in Russian word often corresponds to w in Eng/ish)
brotller (and Latin 'frater')
-lister
(and Latin 'mater')
CWII-IOD
-daugllter
(oina)
ei
•••?
1
........
iml 1
1 CWII
...
MY:JWIC8
/
.NJt 3
-
-
- ...
Read 12-13 concerning the quality of Russian accented vowe1s. In this exercise strive for vigor
and avoid diphthongization in the accented vowe1s.
. 1 1 1 . 3 1 1
The use of IC-3 in the first syntagma makes the contrast more emphatic.
. 1 1 1 . 3 1 1
1 1' 1 3
1 • 1
• 1
1 • 1 3
1 . 1
1 1 3 1
1 1
11 • 1 31 . 1
--
--
2.
3. yze
--
--
--
--
94
3.1 -
-
Speaking of professions, in some cases Russian has separate words for male
and female workers, but in most cases one word serves for both. In referring to
mixed groups the masculine form must used. While there are the feminine
words there are separate femi-
nine _forms for
Note that in Russian is always used of animate nouns, while in English we
use 'what' when asking about occupations.
3.1
....
....
95
and their gender will not indicated in word lists:
You can assume nouns ending in are (f.) unless they
have suffix or unless they are marked as (m.).
3.3 Familiar and Polite Address
Russian has two equivalents for 'you'. "familiar" (related to the ar-
chaic 'thou') is used in addressing member of one's own family, close friend of
about the same age, any child or animal. It is normally used for those whom one
would address first name or familiar form of the first name.
"polite" is used for all plurals and in addressing one person with whom
one is not on such familiar terms. lt must used when addressing person first
name and patronymic.
(Since can used for either polite singular or any plural, there may mo-
ments of amblguity in oral drilling- should the student answer with or Un-
less otherwise clear from the context, either is correct. But for the sake of simplici-
ty the following convention is suggested for use in purely oral exercises. stu-
dent should answer question containing using Likewise, if the question
contains the student should answer although may also correct.
3.4 Present Tense of First-Conjugation Verbs
- .
-
-
\ soft cons.
soft cons.
soft cons.
soft cons.
96
(Remember the use of the "soft series" vowelletters to indicate the softness of
the preceding consonant, and that and occur only in accented
unaccented after soft consonants both are pronounced [i). Also
that is always pronounced hard-the soft sign at the end ofthe has no
phonetic meaning.)
Note that the consonant the endings of the forms is al-
ways soft (ifit has soft variant). After vowelletters always write (not
All of the verbs leamed in Lesson 2 have the stress on the stem and are conju-
gated just like ...
Here we have case where the spoken language is simpler than the written lan-
guage, and the orthography misleads us. Actually all of the verb stems we are
dealing with here end in consonant. The orthography makes it seem that in the
verb the stem ends in and the ending is In reality the consonant
in to the stem:
= + [rabot;Jy-u)
[rabot;Jy-is]
The infinitive is the verb form which has no reference to person or time (in
English it is usually preceded 'to': 'to live', 'to work'). It is normally the dictio-
nary entry form. Most .Russian infinitives have the ending
Unfortunately the infinitive is not the most useful form to start from, for it
sometimes fails to reveal what consonant comes at the end of the stem in the present
tense. in this book you will given basic for1Jis, from which you can
make any form needed (including the infinitive): +,
+, +, +, +. In some cases the basic form is
an actual form of the verb, such as In the other cases given here the basic
form is an abstraction, from which actual forms can made adding the
proper endings (the + means that an ending must added in order to obtain
an actual form of the verb).
consonant which comes before the infinitive ending is normdlly lost:
+ etc.
(For couple oflessons you will given both the basic form and the infinitive
of new verbs. When you have become accustomed to this system, we willlist only
the basic form in lesson word lists. In the book-end vocabulary infinitives not
given if they would stand alphabetically next to the basic form (i. +,
They are given in cases like
3.4.
1. 2.-
... 3.
... 5.
3.
6. ... ... .N"!! 2. ...
.N"!! 1. ... ...
... ?
97
7-1022
7. ... ...
... ... ...
...
8. ... .... ... ,
... ...
9. ...
... ... , ... ,
10.- ... , ...
... ...
3.5 Verb Agreement with Compound Subject
3
compound subject is one consisting of two or more nouns or pronouns. Nor-
mally verb with compound subject is in the plural, but if the verb comes
the subject, as in second example, it may agree with the nearest noun or pro-
noun.
3.6 The Prepositional Case
-
With the exception of the nominative case, most Russian cases have uses both
with and without The prepositional case derives its name from the
fact that it is never used without preposition. Its major use is to indicate /ocation
when used with the prepositions ('in', 'at')·and ('on', 'at'):
Remember that before adding endings, any previous ending word may have
must removed. The basic ending for prepositional case is (the consonant
before the ending will softened, of course, if it has soft counterpart). For most
nouns the ending is spelled but for nouns which have written just before the
ending (actually the stem ends in the ending is spelled
3.6
1. 2.
3. 4.
98
5. 6.
.N2 1). 7. 8.
NQ 3). 9.
The negative particle immediately precedes that part of the sentence which is to
negated. While this will often the verb (as in the first example), it may also
other parts of the sentence.
3.8 Reading Rules and Spelling Rule No. 1
Review carefully the reading rules on 69-70 and learn spelling rule No. 1 on
page 70. Knowing the spelling rules so well that they become automatic will make
it much easier for you to learn to spell the words correctly, and they will
increasingly important as you learn to put endings on words.
3.9 Notes on lndividual Words
- -
- -
-
- -
-
The use of and can become confusing (particularly when used with
negation) ifyou think in terms ofspecific English equivalents. It's best to think in
terms of the ideas expressed: indicates continuing status, more of the same;
indicates change of status, new situation.
Note that the pronoun is not capitalized unless it begins sentence.
1 is used of teacher in elementary and secondary educa-
tion (grades 1-11) or of teacher in non-academic setting (such as music
teacher who gives private lessons); 1 is used in
higher education to refer to teacher ofnon-professorial rank. (American children
sometimes address their teachers as 'Teacher'-the Russian equivalents are never
used as forms of address.) Russian students address their teachers first name
and patronymic.-
3.10 The Use of the Dash
As you are aware, Russian does not use an equivalent of the verb 'to in·
equational sentences in the present tense. In its place dash is often used when
both the subject and the predicate nominative (the complement in an equational
sentence) are nouns. lt is not used if one ofthem is pronoun and tends not to
used if the predicate nominative is preceded negation.
99
7*
.N!! 2.
.N!! 3
.N!! 2.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- .N!! 3?
-
- -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- N!! 3?
- -
your U'am.)
phone conversation(s)
100
-
-
3.11. -
-
3.12. Replace the italicized words with words in parentheses at the end of the exer-
cises.
-
-
3.13. - -
-
- ...
-
-
-
- ...
... ,
... ,
Come in, please.
- "Thank you."
"Don't mention it. /You're welcome" (Note that is polite for-
mula with more than one meaning.)
101
3.14. -- N9 3?
-
3.15. or
-
-
3.16.
scholar
102
R
+
j
N!! 4-
-
MOR
-
-
Read 12-13 conceming the qua1ity of [6] and [U]. In this exercise stress lip-rounding. Remem-
ber the ru1es of word dynamics in Russian.
Pronounce the sentences as one syntagma, without intema1 pause. Do not allow the tone
to rise it falls.
N!! 3.
When declarative sentence is spoken as two syntagmas, the first syntagma may pronounced
with either IC-3 or IC-4. IC-3 is more common1y used in lively conversational Russian, IC-4, in more
formal style.
Pronounce the following sentences as two syntagmas, using IC-3 in the first syntagma.
1 1 N!! 3.
1 1
104
-
-
-
-
This/ It IS book.
w ?
word also
as indirect questions. The mark here refers to the de-
clause, but to. the whole this example the cen-
ter is the word Such are read as with-
out pause with the the ii:J. the
first clause.
1 already (that) Papa's at home.
4.3
1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6.
7. 8.
4.4
polite requests for or aid tend to
gate the verb the clause. The might 'You
to ... ?'
108
4.5 Word Order
Adverbs are words which modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. They
such questions as 'how', 'when', 'where'. most frequently
precede verb which they modify: the
adverb after the verb puts special emphasis it:
has many grammatical word order used for dif-
ferent purposes in where it must used to indicate the function of
the words in sentence. In word order plays an impprtant role indicat-
the most the new in the There is strong
for the to come at the end of the It is important
for the to learn to use the correct word order, particularly in
giving full put the known at the
of the followed the new (Normally in short
answers only the is given.)
- .NQ 2? -
- 2 -
.N!! 2.
But remember that word. order and intonation are closely interconnected. If
one uses intonation to·mark logical it is to put the new information
earlier in the sentence:
- 2? -
.NQ 2)
As you see, the new information receives the strong stress, wherever it comes in
the sentence.
4.6 AssimiJation of Consonants
In earlier lessons you have seen examples of the devoicing of normally voiced
consonants at the end of words or voiceless consonants
In this lesson you see the first example of the reverse procedure, the voicing
of normally voiceless consonants before voiced paired consonants: [oaix]
> > and similarly in ·
Voiceless consonants are not affected following consonant which does not
have voiceless counterpart, or before
109
4.9 The Use of Individual Words
that the second word does not change form:
(since the expression means literally 'house of rest'). The expression does not
refer to an old folks' home or nutsing home, but to resort or vacation center.
Part of all of the cost of vacation at such center may bome the worker's
union. Husband and wife do not necessarily vacation at the same time, as we see in
the story in this lesson.
normally dine sometime noon and two or three
o'clock, and this is the largest meal ofthe day. Supper is generally simpler meal
and does not include the soup course, which is considered almost for
dinner.
_ &_ = 'to late'. Sometimes Russian verb may correspond to
verb plus adjective or adverb in English-a further reminder ofthe danger oftry-
ing to translate word-for-word from one language to another. (ln the future we
will use this Jittle figure to remind you to attempt to translate word-for-word.)
...
-
- N'!! 2.
-
-
-
-
110
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4.10. -
-
N2 4, N2 3, N2 1)
- N!! 2?
-
N!1 3-
l1l
4.11. -
4.12. -
-
-
-
-
... ...
4.13. -
-
-
...?
-
-
...?
-
-
- ... ·
- ... ,
4.14. -
4.15. Ask your classmates questions about where they and their parents live and
work, when they take their meals, etc., but restrict yourself to the words and
forms you know.
112
4.16. Word Study
day. Sometimes root may appear without vowel in some forms, with vowel in
other forms (cf.
+, and [u] are close\y related, not only in the development of Russian, but
in the history of languages in general.
words beginning with ac--are related to English
words beginning with wh. The first letter of is just the voiced counterpart. The in
is the resu\t of palatalization of the
+
+
+
.N"t 5-
In this exercise read the sentences as one syntagma, without pauses. Do not let the tone rise again
after it falls. The longer the sentence, the faster the unaccented parts will read.
-
-
\Vindow pc1ssengcr
+ to ask
pj·m...i 1 •• Russian + to unswer
1 thc statc airline)
.airplane
115
-
Russian has only two classes of conjugation. Most verbs with the suffix (in-
finitives in belong to second while verbs whose stem ends in
consonant to the first conjugation.
For second-conjugation verbs the infinitive serve as the basic form, but
you must remember to drop the vowel suffix before adding endings
The final consonant of the stem is soft in the second conjugation in
forms, if the consonant has soft variant (while it is sometimes hard in the first
5.1
1. ... 2. ...
3. 4.
5. ... 6.
While Russian uses nouns for the male and female members of other national
groups, the words for Russian' are actually adjectives-serving as nouns. (Adjec-
tives are words which modify or qualify nouns.)
1. 2.
... 3. (Rus-
.... 4. 5.
Many feminine l}ouns with accent on the ending in the nominative singular and
many neuter nouns shift the accent in the nominative plural. Of these you know:
118
There is also small group of masculine nouns which have the ending (not
always accented) but which also have the stem extended in the nominative plural:
Study hint: Do not try to learn the plural forms as abstractions-make your ear
learn them for you using the recorded materials until the forms become second
nature to you.
Review Spelling Rule No. 2, on page 70.
5.5
1. . 2. ...
3. .... 4. .... 5.
.... 6. .... 7. ....
8. .... 9. 10.
•... 11. .... 12.
14.
The prepositional case ending for feminine nouns in is spelled (thus the
form is the same as the nominative plural for these words).
Nouns in have the prepositional case ending spelled just as do those ending
in
5.7
.N2 Ng 5.
1. 2.
3. 4.
5.
6. .N2 5). 7.
8.
5.8 Word Order, Adverbs (continuation)
-
-
The most usual position for an adverb is before the verb. Placing it after the
verb puts special emphasis on the adverb (fourth example). But within context the
placement of the adverb will depend on what is the given and what is the new in-
formation in sentence (fifth and sixth examples).
5.9 Word Order Accompanying Quoted Speech
When the words indicating the speaker come after the words quoted, the verb
must come before the subject.
Note that in their printed form Russian quotation marks differ from those
used in English. In handwriting the forms are similar to those in English, but are
reversed in sequence, and the first pair are placed at the bottom of the line of
writing:
120
. « 3 ?
1. 2. 3. 4.
5.
7. 8. 9.
10. 11.
12.
Turn direct questions into indirect questions.
1. 2.
3. 4.
5.
• ? 6. · « • ? 1. ·
121
8.
9. 10.
11. 12.
5.
...»
+ to tell (narrate)
then, afterwards Would you like ciga-
rettes?
122 only, just
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
.
... ?
- .N!! 5,
-
- .N!! 2.
-
- 1 •••
-
-
- .N!! 4?
(in) German
little 1 Here (you are).
123
-
-
5.12. -
- ...
- ...
-
...
- ...
- ...
- ...
5.13. -
-
-
5.14. -
-
.N!! 5, .N!! 3, .N!! 1,
5.15. -
- 2.
-
- ... ,
-
- ... ,
-
5.16. -
-
-
-
- etc.?
-
124
5.18. Find out from your classmates and teacher what languages they know and
how well they know them.
5.19 Word Study
tleet
+
(window = wind-eyi:)
+
••.? 1.
113blK
1ci6 1
REVIEW LESSON
1 (LESSONS 1-5)
1-5)
You know the three genders ofRussian nouns and the basic endings which characterize them in
the nominative case, as well as the use of the pronouns and as replacer pronouns:
zero ending (i.e., stems ending in hard or soft consonant with ending).
Feminine- ending or stem ending in soft consonant with zero ending and written
with
basic ending -0 (spelled
··-
You know that some borrowed words (which do not have masculine or feminine
Russian endings) do not decline, i.e. do not change form for or case:
You know that some nouns have fill vowel which is present only in forms which have zero
endings:
You know that Russian nouns decline (change form for case), and know the following cases and
their uses and the corresponding endings:
Nominative case:
Accusative case:
126
Prepositiona/ case with the prepositions 1
0
Pronouns and Fomw of Address
Personal pronouns:
Interrogative pronouns:
ou know how to use familiar and polite fonns of address.
that is used of animate nouns in all situations:-
You also know that the interrogative pronouns always require singular
ero,
that possessive modifiers are often omitted when the meaning is clear from
Negation
You know how to use the negative particle
Comp1ex
2.
JJH
Word Order
You know how to use proper word order: (1) putting the new information at the end (particu1arly
in answering questions); (2) in questions with an interrogative word
(3) the explanatory words accompanying quoted speech
Punctuation
You know the use of the comma, the dash in equationa\ sentences, and the Russian form of quota-
tion marks.
128
Russians ask for the meaning of foreign words and phrases with:
•••?, ••• ?
Russians ask for another's opinion ••• •••
REVIEW EXERCISES
1.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ero 6.
7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
13. 14. 15. 16.
2.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. MJ>I.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
11. 12.
3. -
-
1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6.
7. 8. 9.
10. 11. 12.
4.
1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
10.
5. Ask as as each of the (use
1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6.
7, 8.
9. 10.
11: 12. 13.
129
9-1022
14. 15.
6.
1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6. 7.
8. 9.
10. 11. 12.
13. 14. 15.
16. 17.
Nt
Read 69 conceming the devoicing of consonants at the end of words or voice1ess con-
sonants.
the of word in
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
/ /
1 1 1
/
, , 3 / , 3
1 1
' 1 1 1 1 1 1
' 3 1 3 1 3 1 1
car
street to go (wa1k)
to go (ride, drive) streetcar
131
9*
-
-
Here's our street. There are cars driving along and people walking (along it).
trolleybus to look out the window
(indeclinahle,
grandmother on foot
where (dir.) alone
home(ward) (dir.) together
132
When action actually observed at the moment of speech, both
of these verbs are the equivalents of both 'to go' and 'to come':
1 Here 1There goes Nina.
Both of these verbs are regular first-conjugation verbs, but both have infini-
tives which are formed irregularly. (Remember that the infinitive tends to
the most irregular form of the Russian verb.)
(The verb is used of purposeful, goal-oriented motion; + is used
only of walking for pleasure, 'to out walking.')
6.1
0 0
1.
2. ...
3. ...
4. ... ;:::;:=;::;:::::;:::::)
...
... ... ,
...
1. -
-
- ..
••• ? Who else...?
133
2. -
- ...
-
3. - ...
- ...
-
-
4. -
-
5.
- ...
-
- ...
6. -
- ...?
-
6.2. Location versus Direction
- -
- -
The Russian grammar and lexical system i:nakes consistent distinction
tween location and direction, contrast seldom expressed formal means in
English (but cf. the archaic forms 'whither', 'hither', 'thither').
6.2
1
1. ... 2.
.... 3.... 4. ... ,
5. ... ,
6.
1. 2.
3. 4.
5. 6.
7.
6.3.
-
This is regular verb of the second conjugation, but the infinitive has suffix
new to you, The accent pattem of this verb is different, however, from that of
In the present tense of the accent is on the ending in
134
first-person singu1ar form, but moves back to the stem in other forms. In word lists
and where the verb is presented in its basic form (in an "exp1oded form", with
hyphens the component parts) tbls type of accent pattem will indi-
cated in this textbook using the "grave" accent mark ( · ). however,
that the on1y effective way to learn the accent to word is to let your ear 1eam
it for you.
6.3
1.- ... 2.-
... ...
3. ...
6.4 Word Order in Answering Questions
-
-
The norma1 tendency of Russians to put the new information at the end of the
sentence does not to questions with an interrogative word, since the inter-
rogative word norma11y comes first in the question. But in the answers to. such
questions the student must acquire the of beginning the sentence with the
known information, followed the new information. An exception can
made in the spoken language p1acing the strongest sentence stress on the
new information ear1ier in the sentence:
- . . ? 1 •
But in writing the student should always use the neutral word order, with the new
information at the end.
In similar fashion, if one were to make up questions which would call forth as
an answer particu1ar senteilce, one shou1d assume that the new information is at
the end of the statement:
6.4
Answer the questions using the words given in parentheses. Observe proper Rus-
sian word order.
1. 2. 3.
4. 5.
Supply the questions to which the following sentences represent neutral answers.
1. 2.
3. N!! 2 4.
5.
6.5 Familiar Forms of First Names
Just as we do in English, Russians often address members of theis own fami-
1y and close friends not with the full first but with familiar form. The
135
Russian name Mawa is the familiar form of Some Russian names have
more than one common familiar fomi. Following are the names which you
know together with their corresponding familiar forms:
N2 6.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
136
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- .
-
, .- fih. .
-
-
-
-
-
-
-·
-
-
-
-
6.8 :-
-
6.9 -
...
...
...
...
6.10
.
... ,
.
... ,
6.11 -
-
6.12 -
-
-
-
6.13-
-
138
-
-
-
6.14
6.15
+
particu/ar/y the correspondence and English w ('tramway').
•••
•••?
7 -·
-
-
the of word in
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
-, .. - - -.
"'
What good briefcase!
... ...
In questions without an interrogative word the of the intonation shift will determine the
answer received.
u • •• • ? ( • )
3 1 1
.)
140
IW
141
·4
v 3 5 7
-
-
-
-
-
- -
The distinction which we observed in Lesson 6 between direction and location
1 1 operates also in the grammatical system. The preposi-
tions and are used with the accusative case to indicate direction but
with the prepositional case for location
This distinction is made not only for physical motion, but also in more abstract
concepts:
Note also that the following verbs are used with expressions of direction:
142
both place or activity, uses
two while we to terms of direc-
to activity located at place:
.
... to work at the library.
7.1 The
-
1. ... 2. ...
3. ... 4.
1. 2. 3.
4.
5. 6. 7.
8. 9.
r.
1. 2. 3.
Answer the questions using the words given in parentheses:
1. 2.
3. 4.
5. 6.
7.3 Adjective Endings in the Nominative Case
-
-
-
-
make the learning of the adjective endings as easy as you
learn Spelling Rules 3 and 4 (cf. 70). Remember also "that in Russian word
structure the vowels are "hard" / "soft" pair.
Just like the possessive modifiers etc.) Russian adjectives must agree with
the noun modified in gender, and case. In the adjective forms which you
are learning now the accent will always on the same
The basic forms are:
(spelled
if accented
(spelled
(spelled 1
(spelled
Note that for the feminine and neuter genders and the plural the first
vowel of the ending is the same vowel that we expect as typical of those genders
and of the plural, as seen in the third-person pronouns.
ou can see that if you know. the spelling rules heart you will need to learn
144
only one set of endings for the adjective-if you don't leam them you will need to
learn several sets of endings!
7.3
1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6. 7.
8. 9. 10.
Complete the sentences supplying the proper endings.
1. ... ... 2. ... ... 3. ...
... 4. ...
.... 5. ... ... ... ... 6. ...
... 7. ... ... 8. ...
...
7.4 Telling Time (to seven o'c/ock)
-
(conversational)
- What time is it?
(more bookish)
7.4
G 4 4
Read the fol/owing questions with correct intonation in order to obtain the an-
swers indicated.
1.- .N2
2.-
3.-
4.-
5.-
7.6 Verbs with the Suffixed Particle
+
Verbs with the pai'ticle conjugate regularly. After vowel sounds the particle
appears in shorter variant form Remember that both and are pro-
nounced with long hard affricate:
Most Russian surnames ai'e adjectives in origin and agree with the person(s) to
whom they refer. careful not to confuse the feminine last name with the patro-
nymic in
7.8 The Emphatic Particle
- No, nobody is
going to work. (There is not anybody going to work.)
-
-
Words prefixed with must accompanied the negative particle and
usually they immediately precede the negative particle. negation does
not result in Russian.)
146
7.8. Answer in the negative using words with the particle
1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6.
Usually of vehicle itself one uses but if the route is stressed one should
use
for class" at the university level is used at lower levels
or for private lessons).
in blg hurry.
With adverbs or adjectives this word means "very" But it can also used
with verbs to indicate intensity of action, 'very much' or some other equivalent de-
pending on the specific verb and context.
location (but
· N2 3
1 far girl
nice (of living being only) always
serious
147
10"
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- -
Good-bye.
(neut. pl.) classes (university /evel) (noun) downtown (area)
today 1 handsome
(partic/e) after all, you know Pardon me, please.
That's Don't mention it.
148
-- -
·-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
7.11
7.12-
-
-
7.13 -
7.14 - -
... !
- - .
.. .! ... !
find out!
149
7.15-
-
-.
7.16 1.
·2.
3. 1 1
4.
Prerax: An element added to the beginning of the word to modify its Iexical or grammatical
meaning:
Suffix: An element added to the end ofa root to modify the lexica\ meaning or to form word
to different part of speech:
d) An element added to stem to indicate the grammatical function of the word in the
sentence:
Stem: The root with its prefixes and suffixes, but without grammatical endings:
\50
etc.
( = Faith)
oovelty, new
( = of this day)
+
( There · is regular correspondence between and Eng/ish before e/i/y.)
( = this hour)
(=
-
38HRTHRX)
YPQJ( .Ni 8-
-
-
Read 15-16 concerning the place of articulation of the dental consonants particular-
ly careful when pronouncing vowels.
the of word
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
3 1 3 ?- 1
-
3?0' 1
- - -
-
3 1- 3 . 1
(jJ 000
announcer
to start,
broadcast,
ICOR'Iil + to end, fimsh
'lac$1 At what time? (bookish)
152
Kor
-
-
-
-
1. 2 2. 8 3.
... 5 4. ... 6 5. ...
3 6. ... 7. ...
8 8. 5
It is Wednesday.
- -
- -
-
. 1
-
What case is used to express the day on which something happens?
Note that Russians consider Monday to the first day of the week, and that
the days of the week are not capitalized. Also note the fill vowel in the preposition
in (to break up the difficult consonant cluster that would otherwise oc-
cur).
8.3
-
1. 2.
3. 4.
5. 6.
7.
1 [yivo]
Note that the neuter third-person singular accusative form is like the masculine
accusative form, not like the neuter nominative!
The usual position for the accusative pronouns is the verb (which is in
keeping with the general tendency of Russian word order, since pronouns, being
noun replacers, normally refer to the known rather than the unknown part of the
sentence): But they may found in other posi-
tions, depending on context and intonation or for greater emphasis.
156
8.4
1. N!i 1, ...
2. ... 3.
4.
... ? 5. ...
6. ... 7.
...
8. ,
Some Russian adjectives are used in short form, which has noun-type
endings, rather than the longer endings which you 1eamed for adjectives in 7.
While adjectives keep the always the same note that
157
the feminine form has the accent the ending. (Short-form adjectives are
used only as predicate adjectives, that is after verb Iike 'to in an equational
sentence: are never used as attrihutive adjectives, modifying nouri
directly: .
When used with short-form adjectives must plural, while long-form ad-
jectives used with this pronoun agree with the actual person(s) referred to in
gender and number:
8.7.
1. ... , 2. ... ,
3. ... , 4.
... ». 5. ... ,
6.
8.8 Use of the Infinitive after Certain Verbs
Anton Nikolaevich 't to
watch television.
Anton Nikolaevich comes to play chess.
When they watching television,
they chess.
English also uses the infinitive after the verb 'to and after going verbs,
but after the verbs 'to 'to ', etc., we more often use an word.
8.9 Capitalization
Note that in Russian the names of qays of the week are not capitalized unless
they begin sentence, nor are words derived from proper nouns, such as
Also, in contemporary Russian only the first word of most titles is capital-
ized (except for proper names in the title):
8.10 Word Order
.N2 2
7
If whole sentence consists of new information, the subject will at
the end of the sentence. lf there is an expression of time or place this will put at
the beginning of the sentence.
8.11 Culture through Language: Chess
Chess is much more widely played in Russia than in the United States and
is taken very seriously both adults and children. Many of the major players
in the history of the game have been Russians.
158
8.12 Notes on Individual Words
that the name of the game is not used as direct
object in Russian. Instead one uses the preposition with the accusative case.
1 1
that this noun always has the accent on the ending:
N2 2
-
-
...
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
8.13 -
- -
- -
-
- ...
-
- ...
000
8.15
8.16-
8.17
161
11-1022
8.18
+- +
cf English demonstrative words with th- (thus, that, there,
this, thither, etc.)
(check)mate
Days of the
..,..
- 1
-
1npoa/
•••
er6
.Ni! 9-
-
-
Read 16-17 conceming the dynamics ofword stress in Russian. Also to read prep-
ositions together with the folloWing nouns.
Non-final syntagmas which express complete thought are normally pronounced with IC-1.
• • • 1 1 1
1 1. 1 •
. 1 1 . • . 1
Non-final syntagmas which do not express complete thought are most often pronounced with
IC-3.
1
1
1
1
1
163
...?
The nonnal way of exp.ressing possession means literally 'At (me) is .. .' The pre-
position is used with the genitive case of the word indicating the possessor, and
the thing possessed is the subject in Russian. (The word is the only remaining
fonn of the verb 'to in the present tense.) .
The genitive case fonns of and the personal pronouns are the same as
the accusative forms, except that those of the third person are preceded the
letter
- 3 ' ? '
English verb 'to have' is often used with meanings other than that of pos- __ (1.
session, such as the meaning of the location of an object. In Russian appears
in this construction when possession itself is in question (since the form comes
from the verb 'to it is really question of existence). If the stress is some-
thing other than existence, such as the quality of something already known to
exist, the fonn is not used.
"Who has the <:;hess set?" "1 have (the chess set)".
-
"What kind of set is it you have?" "(/ have) new chess set."
In the second and third examples 'have' refers not to possession but to the loca-
tion or quality of something already known to exist, as we can tell from the definite
article 'the' and the possessive modifiers. Therefore is not used. Note that, al-
though Russian does not have separate words equivalent to the definite and indefi-
nite articles 'the', an', it does have other ways ofexpressing this contrast. Com-
pare also:
- . ... letter.
- The letter...
Here word order is used to express the definite 1indefinite contrast.
The construction + personal pronoun is often used in conversational Rus-
sian as an equivalent of the possessive modifier: =
Using this construction can help to make your Russian speech sound more
natural, less bookish.
(This construction cannot used in equational sentences, such as
9.1
1. ...
'2.
3. ...
4. 000
5.
6.
1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6. 7. 8.
1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6.
7. 8. 9.
1
166
Add to those which it is
1.- ... 2.- ...
3.- ... ... 4.- ...
...
1. ...
2.
...
3. ...
9.3 of it
Both the 1 1 1 of 'it', but _ &..
they have serve also have, of
course, other English equivalents: 'this 1that f these f those, he, she, they'.)
The form is used or or
It is Wednesday.
...
etc.)
(literal/y well!')
Instead of repeating modifier in order to make it agree with more than one
noun, it is in conversational Russian to use the modifier just once in the
plural.
9.6 The Conjunctions 1
-
-
that is used with mutually exclusive items, when the items are
not mutually exclusive. The above examples from this lesson should help you to
get feeling for the use of these conjunctions.
9.7 Notes on lndiv.idual Words
that (like this is an adjective·used as noun.
substance in gaseous state; used for cooking and heating gas, not for
'gasoline'.
farmers usually lived in villages, not on isolated farmsteads.
the Russian expression is an equivalent of 'in the country.'
.N2 6.
169
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
- ...
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
9.8 -
9.9. -
-
(... ... ...
9.11 -
-
-
-
9.12
...
...
9.13 -
-
-
-
-
-
-
9.14 -
-
9.15 -
-
- .. .
- .. .
...
9.16 l.
3.
4.
9.17 Word Study
Theater
est, is
+ +,
/
••• •••
•••
ra3
, .N! 1
-
N.! 10.
Read 24 concerning the vowel that if word with the letter·• follows
without pause word ending in hard consonant, this vowel is pronounced as Also review
reading rules, 69.
Even when read as two syntagmas, declarative sentences differ from questions consisting of the
same words, since the questions are spoken as one syntagma.
• 3 1 • 3 ?
• 3 . ?
3 1 • 1 • • • 3 ?
. . 3 1 • 1_ . .
3
..,...,
174
IC
The present tense in Russian changes form for person and number. The past
tense, however, changes only to agree with number, and, in the singular, with the
gender ofthe subject.lts forms are, therefore, more like those ofa pronoun than of
verb. The past-tense ending is which is added to the basic form. this are
added the same endings as are found the third-person pronouns:
As was the case in the formation of infinitives, consonant must removed be-
fore the is added.
ou are accustomed to the fact that in the present tense the verb is nor-
mally zero-form. It does, however, have explicit forms in the past tense:
Many verbs which have stems shift the accent to the feminine
ending in the past tense: 2ICIIJia. If the verb is negated in the
past tense, the accent will on the negative particle except in the feminine form:
The past tense of verbs with the particle f is formed simply adding the
proper variant of the particle following the gender or plural ending:
When the subject is or the gender depends on the person speaking or
being spoken to. With the verb is plural at all times.
10.1
·
1. 2.
3.
...
4. 8 ...
7 5. 3 ... 4 6.
1. ... 2.
... 3.
.. . 4. ...
5. 6.
177
12-1022
-
l.
2. ...
3. ... ? 4.
5.
... ?
10.2 The Accusative Case of Animate Nouns
-
- Baci-
JIRII
-
Masculine animate nouns with zero ending in the nominative have the end-
ing (spelled 1 in the accusative case. Feminine nouns have the same accu-
sative endings (spelled 1 for both animate and inanimate nouns. Feminine
nouns in have the same form in the accusative as in the nominative.
10.2
l. 2. 3. 4.
... ,
-
l. 2. 3.
4. 5.
6. 7. 8.
9. 10. ll. 12.
13.
10.3 The Relative Adjective
178
relative adjective introduces an adjective clause clause which modifies
noun). The relative adjective must agree with the noun modified in gender and
But since it has its own function in the adjective clause, it11eed not agree
with the noun in case. In the first four examples both the noun and the relative ad-
jectives are subjects of their own clauses. Why, in the second set of examples, is the
relative adjective in different case than is the noun it refers to?
(Note that occurs only as an interrogative pronoun, not as the relative pro-
noun 'who'.)
10.3
1. 2. 3.
4.
5. 6.
7. 8.
9.
10.4 verbs +, -
179
12*
If the titles of books, films, broadcasts, etc., are quoted, they are
the word etc., is the
'is', it
occurs of 'there is 1there are'.
such we are or the or pres-
of the will if there is to
quality, etc. (Note that this 'there' is not adverb of place, but is
"empty" word, similar to the "empty it" Therefore it has the
180
10.9 Notes on Individual Words
means 'why' when referring to the goal or aim of an action;
means 'why' when referring to the reason for an action or state:
-
-
...
.N2 10,
Note capitalization:
The current practice is to capitalize only the first word in most titles and names
(other than personal names, of course):
Place names or personal names occurring within titles are, of course, capi-
talized:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+ to to newspapers
of Moscow, Muscovite
•••, ••• not only... , but also ...
182
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
10.10 -
-
10.11 -
-
-
10.12-
-
10.14
-
10.15.
10.16. N!! 7.
- ...
10.17
....
-
-
-
-
10.18 1.
2.
3.
10.19 Word Study
1 that in most patronymics formed from names in -llii the
becomes soft sign: .....
+ +
184
decimal
cinema
..., ...
+
1 •••?
1
6---10)
NOUDS
ou now know the accusative case of animate nouns in the singular:
(spelled ...)
Mawa Mawy Biluo. (spelled
1\mong the new nouns you know, the following are ICIIII6, The fol-
lowing nouns are used only in the plural: The noun is neuter. The
noun is an adjective in form.
You know the familiar forms of many names:
Surnames change form to agree with the person(s) referred to:
ou know that the titles of newspapers. films, etc., are declined unless preceded the
word etc.:
ou have encountered the use of emotive-expressive ("diminutive") suffixes:
You know the accusative case of personal and interrogative proilouns and the forms of pronouns
used with the preposition
Nominative Accusative With (Genitive)
Jl
ero
ou are acquainted with the use of the genitive forms with in conversational speech as replace-
ments for the possessive modifiers: =
...)
You know various equivalents of the English 'it':
The unchanging pronoun
The replacer pronouns
The "empty it" has no equivalent in the Russian sentence: 8
Modifiers
You know the nominative case endings, singular and plural, for adjectives. including the soft-stem
adjective the importance of the spelling rules, particularly when adding adjective
endings.
186
(spelled -oi) (spelled -u, (spelled (spelled
HOBU
You are acquainted with the use of plural modifier with two or more singular nouns:
past tense of agrees not with person but with gender and
+:
187
2. 'there is/there are':-B
In sentences whose English equivalents with the "empty" construction 'there is 1there are'
used with verb form in '-ing': 'Today there's
young girl working at the newsstand.' ·
Expressiom
You know the time expressions: telling time and telling at what time something happens/hap-
pened: Days of the
week and telling on what day something happens 1happened:
ou know that the names of days and months are not capitalized.
ou know the expressions
Word Order
In neutral statements, particularly in written form, the new information is put at the end of the
sentence:
-
-
-
In questions without an interrogative word the location of the intonation shift (JC-3) will indicate
the answer required:
3
- (-
3
- (-
When the whole sentence consists of new information, the subject wi\1 normally at the end:
188
ou know how to express the definite 1indefinite contrast means of word order:
-
-
N.! 8.
Conversational Expressions
1.
1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6. 7.
8. 9. 10.
2. Supp/y the necessary adjective endings.
1. ... ... ... 2. ... ... 2. ... ...
4. ... ... 5. ... ... 6.
.... 7. ... , .... 8.
... 9. ... ... 10. ...
11. ... 12. ...
... ... 13. ... ...
3. Change the fol/owing senterJces into past tense.
1. 2. 3.
4. 5.
189
6. 7.
8. 10 9.
10. 11. 12.
13. 4 14.
15. 16.
17. 18.
4. Complete the sentences with the proper forms of words gi'ven in parentheses.
1. ... 2. ...
3. ... 4.
... 5. ...
6. 7. ...
8. 9.
10.
1. .... 2.
3. .... 4.
5. .... 6.
7. 8.
7. Give long answers to the questions, using the numerals given in parentheses.
1. (2) 2. (10) 3.
(1) 4. (8) 5.
(9) 6. (3) 7.
(4) 8. (6) 9.
(7)
8. Complete the sentences with the proper forms of
1. ... .N!! 10. 2. ...
3. ...
4. ... 5.
... 6. ... .N!! 9. 7.
... 8. ... 9.
190
9. lnsert the proper forms of or
1. ... 2. .. .
... 3. ...?
4. ... ... 5. ... ,
-
-
-
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... •...
Read 50-51 concerning the variant of IC-2 used in salutations and when addressing person
name.
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 1
192
ChiHa
w
-
lmperfective Perfective
- Aspect Aspect
-
-
1
1
2 3, 4
2 3, 4
5, 6...
two
(for) how long 1 to build
+1 +
(for) long time +1
1
(S year
193
13-1022
+1 contemporary, modem
ancient
(indecl.) seldom, rarely
194
11.1 The "Special Modifier"
This is This briefcase
my briefcase. is mine.
is modifier meaning 'this / that', and must agree in gender, number and
case with the word modified. It has the same endings as the third-person pro-
nouns. (The masculine form has which does not occur in other
forms.)
The unchanging form which you already know is not modifier, but pro-
noun, which stands in of noun or whole idea. can used only as di-
rect modifier of some noun in the sentence (or in the immediate context):
-
Remember that in the expressions and the un-
changing form is used rather than the modifier.
(The term "special modifier" is used to include the possessive modifiers and
of other modifiers which have noun-like endings in the nominative and
accusative cases, adjective-like endings in other cases.)
Note that has in endings where other special modifiers you know
have
195
13°
You a1ready know the p1ura1 form = 'everybody', 'all' (the noun is
understood) and the neuter form = 'everything', 'all'.
Note the proper word order of when used with nouns and pronouns:
When used with masculine inanimate, feminine or neuter singu1ar nouns and
with any p1ura1 inanimate noun, specia1 modifiers take the same endings in the ac-
cusative as are taken nouns.
When used with masculine animate nouns the basic ending is (spelled
pronounced [v] where is written). Ifthe endings ofthe modifier are ac-
cented, the accent will on the /ast of the ending:
Where English uses an indefinite 'they' or 'one', Russian simply uses the third-
person plural verb form without pronoun. Use if you can ident-
ify the persons referred to! that the rep1acer pronouns are used on1y in
reterence to specific noun.)
This construction is often the equiva1ent of English passive constructions.
In such constructions the main attention is not on the actor, but on the action
itse1f.
196
11.5 1
etc.
For use with numerals 5 and above the word takes its form from another
root entirely (meaning "summer").
11.4-5. Supp/y the appropriate forms of
1. ... , .... 2.
7 ... 5 .... 3.
3 ... , 11 .... 4. 4 ... 5.
7 6. 9 .... 7.
4 8. 8
What case is used to express the length of time an action or state lasts? (Note
that if numeral is involved, it is the numeral which is in the accusative case, while
it in turn requires special form of the noun.)
Note the Russian equivalent for 'How long does it take to ... ' in the last two
examples.
11.6. Complete the sentences or answer the questions with the appro-
priate forms of words in parentheses.
5
10 3
10 4
4. 6
5. (1 2 4 5 10
7 11 2 7.
(4 8 10
9 10
197
-
-
__ Both of these adverbs are equivalents of '(for) time', but they express
different
measure of time completely contained in any time
period-past, future. the refers to generalized,
action, to specific single of an actio.n:
1
1. ... .... 2. ...
... 3. ?
4. ... 5.
6. ... ...
..
1
1. ... ...
2. ,
3. ...
... , 4.
5.
1
1. ...
2.
+ 1 to make
200
3. ... , 4.
1. .... 2.
3.
... 4.
... 5.
.... 6.- ? 7.
...
8.
.. »
N2 3.
-
-
...
-
-
...
-
-
- ...
...
-
- ...
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
11.12 -
- 10
11.13-
- 5
11)
11.14
11.15 -
-
203
11.16
Words to use:
11.17
...
11.18-
-
11.19 -
-
-
11.20
... »
11.21 1.
2.
3.
204
(Russian developedfrom long vowel [ii).
marine
= (the last portion is related to
contemporary Latin con = together, with; look up the derivation
of the English word in dictionary.)
+,
•••?
1
YPOKN! 12
Read 37-39 and 46 concerning palatalized consonants. In this drill remember to strive for very
soft consonants particularly and unaccented
1
1
+
must, to have to
206
(imp.) (imp.)
8 5
One ofthe main uses ofthe dative case is to express the indirect object ofa verb:
the person(s) in whose interest or for whose benefit sornething is done. The
exarnples have both direct objects and indirect objects.
Almost all verbs of communication require the dative case ofthe person(s) corn-
rnunicated to 1with. Note that the terrn "communication" is used in broad sense
and includes actions such as srniling.
fish 1 to pre-
meat pare, cook
fruit
. + to help
to clean = • in my opinion
208
f
209
14-1022
12.4 Simu1taneous vs. Consecutive Actions
Comp/ete the sentences with the verbs of the required aspect in the correct form.
1. - 1
2. -
3. 1 1
4.
5. ( 1 1
6.
7.
8. 1
1 9. 1
10. 1
11.
1 12.
1 13.
14. 1 15.
16.
1
17.
19.
12.6 Relationships Between lmperfective and Perfective Verb Stems
pair of corresponding imperfective and perfective verbs may related to
each other in various ways. In some cases perfective is formed from an imper-
fective stem means of prefix. (In the future in discussing word formation
and in word lists we separate both prefixes and suffixes with hyphens to
make the stem more obvious.)
+ (note, vowel
change to keep the prefix hard)
212
12.7
1. 2.
3. 4. 5.
6. 7.
8. 9.
10. 11.
12. 13.
14.
1. 2. 3.
4.
5. 6. 7.
12.8 New Types of Consonant Mutation in Second-Conjugation Verbs
c-w
The first new mutation presented the one you a1ready know
consonant made with the front part of the tongue becomes
.. hushing" sound. In the second examp1e two consonants made with the front
part of the tongue change together to become ..hushing" sound.
The other two mutations presented are new type: verb stems whose root ends
in lip-consonant keep the lip-consonant in the first-person singular
form, but add after it soft
12.8
-
1. 2.
3. 4.
5. 6.
7. 8.
9. 10.
11. 12.
213
There are mutations also in the first conjugation, but
here the mutation occurs in all forms of the present / future tense, not just in the
first-person singular form.
The orthography· of Russian masks the difference between first-conjugation
verbs such as and since it appears that they should conjugated
in the same way. Knowing the basic form clears up the confusion:
with the final consonant of the stem, lost before the consonant
ending of the past tense); with the vowel of the basic
form, lost before the vocalic endings of the future tense). (It is only when
vowel has been dropped in this way that the final consonant of the root under-
goes mutation.)
12.9
-
1. 2. 3.
4.
5. 6.
7. 8.
9.
ln the future tense we see reappear the which is present in the imperfective,
+, but the vowel of the root is absent in the perfective stem.
12.10
-
1.
3. 4.
5. 6.
7. 8.
The verb used not only of motion specifically on foot, but also as
generalized verb of motion when the emphasis is on de-stination rather than mode
oftravel-but only within the limits ofa particular city, never oftravel to other ci-
ties. We really do not know whether Vera and Anton go to work on foot or ve-
hicle in the example above. (Of course if vehicle is mentioned, one has to use
See also the first dialog on page 148.
214
12.12 Notes on Individual Words
the unchanging form of the first component of this word,
which is the form usually associated with use feminine nouiJ.s.
popular Russian weekly magazine with articles on wide range of
topics, short stories, poetry, and many illustrations.
N212.
·
-
-
-
- ...
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
delicious, tasty soccer, European football
to put (in /ying posititon)
quite, completely pot, sauce(pan)
Depa again, back
= + +
1
215
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- ...
- ...
-
-
-
-
-
••• = ...
(note accent) recently
then (in that case, at that time)
...? 1 wonder, ... ? = then, afterwards)
tea right away, immediately
some tea
216
-
-
12.13 -
-
12.14-
-
-
-
-
12.15
...
...
...
- ... -
...
12.16 -
-
2.
217
12.19 Word Study
•••?
••• ?
YPOK.Ni! 13
Review 37-39 concerning the palatalized dental consonants. Remember to strive for soft·
consonants particularly and unaccented
. 1 + it's necessary (1
need to ...)
219
7 v
!
thing razor
suitcase toothbrush
trousers, pants one's own
suit Let/Have...
shoe
220
80 _
1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6.
to give +1
just now past tense) to forget
+1 to receive to remember
+1 to take
.&& to answer · question
221
Complete the the the correct form.
1. 2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7. 8.
10.
11.
13.2. -
1.
2. ... 3. ...
4. ... 5.
... 6. ...
1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6. 7.
8. 9. 10.
1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6. 7. 8.
9. 10. 11.
1. ...
2. 3.
... 4. 5.
... 6. ... 7.
... 8. ... 9.
... lO. ...
11. ...
12. ... 13.
... 14.
... 15. ...
16. ... 17.
... 18.
... 19. ...
... 20.
... 21.
-
Second-conjugation verbs with the root ending in have in the first-person
singular form. Note that the same mutation occurs in the imperfective stem, which
be1ongs to the first +.
As with most verbs of communication, this verb takes the dative case of the
person answered. That to which answer is made is in the accusative case with the
preposition As direct object this verb can have only the actual words answered,
in the form of quotation or clause:
There are in Russian only two completely irregular verbs, all of the present or
future tense forms of which must simply rnemorized the student. The perfec-
tive equivalent of 'to give' is one of these.
(Use the verb
1. ... 2. ... 3.
... 4. ....
224
5. ... 6. ...
7. ...
8. ... 9. ...
... 11. ...
12.
13.7.
....
4.-
....
6.-
... ,
9.-
·
The imperfective aspect is used where the or
lack of of is expressed.
225
15-1022
13.8. Use the proper form of imperfective / perfective verbs chosen
from those in parentheses.
1.
2. 1
3. 1
5.
1 1
10.
1 1
11.
13.
1
14.
15. (
16.
(
17. ( 1 1
18. 19.
20.-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- -
-
-
13.10 -
-
-
13.11
...
13.12
?.....'
.. .!
.. .!
13.14
....? ; ' ... ; ' ''? ' '
13.15 -
13.16 1.
2.
3.
mental, mnemonic
JCOte.
230
1
.N'! 14
-
-
-
-
-
1 = 7
1 = 30
31
month
each, every 30
week
232
2 4
2 2
5
tense:
lmperfective Perfective
Present ... -
Tense
Future ...
Tense
7
6
Similarly: 1
-
-
1 to want + 1
to tire, get tired
to retum, to come
1 back
1
to get up, stand up, rise
234
14.1 The -Preposition in Time Expressions
1. 2.
3. 4.
5. 6.
7. 8.
14.2 The Verb 1
-
Everything about this verb is regular except that it changes from first conjuga-
tion to second conjugation between singular and plural. Note also that the accent
pattern changes at the same time.
to bathe
floor (story)
beach elevator/lift
+ to sunbathe without the elevator/lift
to get suntan) to go up, rise
235
As in English, this verb is used with the infinitives of verbs it governs.
The perfective, indicates the of desire. (Since the verb re-
fers to state of mind, it eannot have resultative perfective.)
In Russian verbs expressing mental states are used with adverbs expressing
quantity, but intensity: '1 very much want to .. .'
14.2
1. ... 2. ...
3. ... 4. ...
5.
6.
7. ...
8.
9. ... 10. 11.
12.
1.
2. ... 3.
4.
5. 6.
7.
... 8.
...
14.3 Accusative Adjective Endings
The only new ending for you here is that of the feminine singular,
(spelled
14.3
·
1. 2. 3.
4. 5.
6. 7.
the with appropriate of words
1.
2. 3.
4. 5.
6.
236
7.
8. 9.
10. ..
11.
12
As you see, the future tense has regular, unaccented endings ofthe
first conjugation, but the root (which you have seen in must learned
separately. (Cf. in Lesson 13).
14.5. (Use the verb in the future tense.)
1. ... 2. ...
3. ... 4.
... 5. ... 6.
7. 8.
The imperfective future is the only Russian tense form made up means of
helping verb. (The helping verb is never used with perfective infinitives!)
Congratulations! ou now know the formation of of the Russian tenses.
With the exception of few more types of consonant you know 99% of
all there is to learn about a:dding endings to Russian verbs. (Cf. the chart on
263).
Warning: the verb has no imperfective future, only perfective future
(see in section 14.2).
237
14.6
1. 2. 3.
4.
5. 6.
7. 8..
9.
1. 2. 3.
4.
5. 6.
7.
8.
14.7 Verb Speech
Let's
Verbs with the suffix (spelled 1 replace this suffix with
forms of the 1future. Such verbs take regular
= lf the is the suffix in
the it will present 1future forms.
238
14.8.
... ? .... 2.
3. ... ! 4. .•.
5. 6.
? .
14.9 Verbs with the Imperfectivizing Suffix
14.9
1. 8 2. ... 8
3. ... 6
7 4. 7
... 6 7
1. . 2.
.... 3. ... , 4.
... 5. ,
Verbs with the root are accented on the root and take regu1ar first-
conjugation endings. The final of the stem is, of course, lost before the
consonantal endings of the infinitive and past tense:
The past tense is the equiva1ent of'to tired'-the resu1t ofthe past
action is still re1evant in the present: 'I'm very tired'. Note, that in
the English equivalent we see an adjective with the verb 'to
14.10
+ 1
1. 7 10 2.
4 3. 6
239
8 4. ... 5.
9 7 30
+1
1. 2.
. 3. 6
.... 4. ....
5.
... 6. 6 . 7. ... ?
8 8.
1. 2. 3.
4. 5.
6. 7.
240
1. 2.
3. 4. 5.
6.
14.12 Indirect Speech with the Particle (Review)
(Review section 5.10 conceming the use of the particle
Using is the equivalent of adding so they should not both
used in the same sentence: Depa
14.12
3
-
3
-
1. 2.
3. 4. 5.
3
3
1. 2.
3.
4. 5.
6.
7.
« · · ? s. · · « ·
9.
3
241
1'-1022
14.13 The Form of Used with Numerals
= 30 31
1, 21, 31
2, 3, 4, 32, 33, 34
5, 6, 11, 12, 17, 35, 36
5.
6.
8. 10
f 11 9.
1 4 1
5 10.
242
12.
13.
1 14. 1
15.
-
-
-
-
--
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
in the summer(time) :F
243
16*
...
to invite
it seems
A\Jow me to invite •••
you. film based the play
uo ue Pavlovich Chekhov ( 1860-1904).
11
244
14.16 -
-
-
- ...
-
- ...
-
- .. .
14.17 -
-
-
?
-
- ...
-
?
-
14.18 ·_
-
14.19-
- .. .
- .. .
- .. .
- .. .
- ...
14.20-
-
-
-
-
245
14.21 1.
2.
also =
+ 1
+ +,
1
1
+ 1 +:
•••,
... +
+
CR
1
...
N!! 15 -
-
-
weather
247
Depe
in the winter(time)
1 in the autumn, fall
if [dos'] (pl. rain
it's raining
(court)yard snow
in the spring(time)
248
1 - 20°
2, 3, 4 (32)
5, 6
(35 - 10°
The basic ending for masculine and neuter nouns in the dative case is
(spelled 1 Feminine nouns (and
1 to write
(20) et11 to correspond
degree [ssa] U.S.A.
zero
quite, rather 1 +
outside to advise
(dir.) really?!
from where, how
249
masculines in 1 have the same forms as in the prepositional case:
9.
10. ll.
12.
ou have already noticed that many adverbs are formed from adjec-
tives expressing quality means of the ending These adverbs neuter
short-form adjectives (which is logical, since adverbs do not agree with other
words in the sentence). Normally only adjectives of quality form adverbs in the
manner. (Remember that adjectives of nationality have adverbs of the type
'in the Russian manner'). In the future adverbs in will not listed
separately from the related adjectives unless there is difference in the place
of accent.
Just as in English, Russian adverbs modify verb, an adjective, or another
adverb.
15.2.
1. 1 ...
... 2. ... ...
3. ... ...
4. ...
... 5. ... ...
... ,
1
250
15.3 -
With nouns and full-form adjectives one must use the appropriate forms
('such With adverbs and short-form adjectives use
15.3
1
1.... 2.... 3....
4.... 5. ...
' 16. ' ... ' '17 . ... ' 18 . ... '
9.
1. 2. ... 3.
... 4. ...
5. ... 6. ... 7.
8. ... 9. ...
10.
15.4 lmpersona1 Constructions
15.4
251
1. 2. 3. 4.
1. 2. 3.
4.
1. 2. 3.
1. 2.
3. ...
4. ... 5.
6.
... 7. ...
8. ...
the with the apprppriate of words
1. 2.
3.
4.
5.
15.5 The Relative Adjective in the Accusative Case
Remember that the relative adjective takes its gender and number
from the noun to which it refers, but its case is determined its function in its
clause.
15.5
1. 2.
3. 4.
5. 6.
7. 8.
9.
1 11.
12.
252
13.
14.
15.
4.-
1. ... ...
2.- ...
... 3.
...
4. ... 5....
6.
7. 8....
9. ...
10....
... unless
253
11. ...
12.
254
This use of verbs of the imperfective aspect may occur with many other verbs,
but it is not firm rule, and aspect use is closely tied to the meaning of the indi-
vidual verb.
but:
Certain verbs with the particle indicate mutual action, with two or more
subjects doing the same thing to each other.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
256
-
-
-
- 3-5
-
25
- 10
-
- 22
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 10---12
- 1
-
-
-
-
·
257
17-1022
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
15.14 -
.
...
- ... ? .
...
15.15 -
?
?
? -
?
? -
15.16 , 23
, 25
... , 30
, 21
, 12
, 22
... , 10
, 3
258
15.17-
...
- ...
- ...
15.19 -
15.20 -
-
15.21 -
... ?
- ... ?
- ... ?
- ... ?
15.22
15.23 -
- ...
- ...
259
17°
...
...
15.24-
...
- .. .
- .. .
15.25
+
(r
U/1-
•••,
•••,
+
1 etc.)
BJJIOC
m.
•••
1
•••?!
260
111 11-15)
ou know the dative case of nolins in the singular and of the personal and interrogative pronouns:
You know the use of the dative case for indirect object, for object with certain verbs
and to express the person in impersonal eonstructions (including expressions of
necessity):
You know the forms of certain nouns for use with numerals (including compound numerals and
that is not numeral but modifier):
You know that few nouns have special form for location: (but:
ou know that points of the compass are used with 1 1
You know the nouns (the latter masculine!). You know the special form
= 'some tea'
You know that some nouns are used only (or predominantly) in the singular
and that some are used only (or predominantly) in the plural
You know the reflexive possessive modifier used with all persons, singular and plural:
You know the accusative singular (all forms) and inanimate plural endings of adjectives and spe-
cial modifiers (including the relative adjective
You know the formation of adverbs from qualitative adjectives and the use
of adverbs. You know, that mental states are used with words expressing intensity, not quantity:
Impersonal Constructions
You know how to use impersonal (subjectless) constructions to describe an existing state or situa-
tion:
You have been introduced to the Russian system of verb aspects, and know that the perfective is
used for single complete act which results in an accomplishment, change of situation, and whose re-
sult is generally valid at the moment of speech You know of the use of
this aspect for consecutive complete actions
262
ou know that the imperfective is used other situations: general factual
progressive .. habltual
You know that after ending, conti-
nuing, imperfective infinitives may used:
ou know that the perfective going indicate the of the action, set-
ting out some destination. You also know that on some verbs the forms special type of
perfective which indicates short duration of the action:
You know that the imperfective aspect is normally used in certain negated contexts:
ou also know that the imperfective aspect is used if the of the action has annulled
and with expressions of necessity when the im-
plication is one of "it's time to ... ": 11
You know that perfective verbs are sometimes formed from imperfectives prefixation
sometimes imperfectives are formed from perfectives suffixation
+ ); and that in few cases the two aspects come different
1 1
You know the complete conjugation of Russian verbs in aspects:
Past Tense
Future Tense
lnfinitive
Form
You know how to make necessary.forms of ve.rb the form, removing stem-final con-
sonant endings beginning with consonant, stem-final vowel endings
ning with vowel:·
ou know the convention of indicating shifting accent pattem means of the grave accent
mark (' ):
ou know the following consonant mutations, and know that in second-conjugation they
occur only in the first-person singular form, while in verbs they in all
ture-tense forms:
263
You know the following new consonant-stem verbs:
You know the conjugation of verbs with the suffix following the vowel
You know the past tense forms of verbs based on the verb
(worked)
(used to work)
(wou/d go)
ou know the use of the present tense to indicate future action already firmly decided upon:
-
- (But:
264
Tinie Expressions
ou know the new time expressions and constructions:
Duration of time
...?
Repeated occasions:
Period of time after which something happens (in):
Season in which something happens:
expressions
<;omplex Sentences
ou know complex sentences:
(\) in which appears in the accusative case:
3
or
Conversational Expressions
You know the following conversational expressions:
Greeting people upon meeting:
Russians inquire about people's health and well-being:
neutral, not overly enthusiastic response to such question:
Russians express polite request for information or directions: ...
Russians extend an invitation:
Russians express intensified gratitude: gratitude which is at the same time
refusal of something offered or an
er6
Russians express curiosity: 'Why do you ask?'
Russians express surprise, disagreement, uncertainty:
(Not ·to confused with
Russians express opinions:
265
1. Use the 1
1. 2. 3.
... 4 .... ... 5.
... 6.. ...
7. 8....
9 .... 10.
... ...
15.
16.
4.
1. ... 2. ...
3. ...
4.
5. ... 6.
7. ...
8.
9.
266
5. Complete the with appropriate forms of verbs from those par-
1.
5
1 1 5 1 5
3.
1
5
1 6.
7.
8.
9. 1
10. 1 11.
( 1
12
1 1
2
14.
7 1 1
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
6. -
1. ...
2. ...
3. ... 4.
... 5 5. ...
6. ...
7. 8.
... 9.
7.
1. 2.
3.
4.
5.
267
N! 16 -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
whole
ago
268
-
that when the third-person forms ofthe personal pronoun are gov-
erned preposition, they are prefixed with
Note that when used with the preposition has special variant form
to (toward) =
to walk, go (multidirectional) too (excessively)
canoe tent
to love, like to sing
hike, walking tour
1 acquaintance
ski
song
269
16.1.
1. ... 2.
. 3.
4.- ...
5. ...
6.-0 7.
8.
16.2 Prepositional Case Forms of Special Modifiers
The clues for the endings of the special modifiers are found in the forms of the
third-person pronouns for the same case (minus the prefixed
} (spelled
(spelled
Note that one uses with the prepositional case forms of
etc.
16.2
(Use the pronoun
1. 2.
... 3. ...
4. ... 5.
... 6. 7.
270
16.3 The Use of and the Specific Possessive Modifiers
This sentence from the text of the lesson seems to violate the use of as we
have become accustomed to using it. We would expect since the possessive
modifier refers back to the subject. In the first and second persons one may use the
specific modifiers as well as the reflexive possessive modi-
fier (Using the specific modifiers is simply slightly more emphatic).
above sentence could as well have been:
In the third person, however, the reflexive modifier used if refer-
ence is back to the subject: use here
would indicate that they were talking about somebody else's hike rather than their
own.
Note, however, the use of in such sentences as the following:
This is an impersonal (subjectless) sentence. Nevertheless an
infinitive can have an implied subject (here and therefore this sort of sentence is
not an exception to the rule that refers back to the subject of the verb. 1t is the
re/evant verb, the infinitive, which concerns us in this sentence.
16.3. Give variants when spe-
cific modifiers).
1. ... 2.
3. 4.
... 5.
... 6. ...
7.
8.
1. 2. 5
3. 2 4. 5 5. 2
6. 10 7. 30
8. 9. 10. 22
5 4
1. 10 2. 12
7 3. 4.
5.
6. 5 3 7.
9 8
1.
2.
3.
5.
7.
8.
9.
10.
272
verbs have what are really two sub-aspects the imperfec-
tive. The verb refers to toward specific goal, spe-
cific The verb refer to completed round
trip-to some goal back (therefore two Such
the of using + This construc-
used in the past tense.
The perfective.ofthe unidirectional verb, refers only to the out for
particular goal and does not include the retum trip.
Note that in Russian one must keep in mind the present location of the person (1.
involved, something which we do not normally take into consideration in English ..
16.7
1. 2.
3. 4.
5.
6. 7.
"'
1.- ...
...
... 5.
6.- ...
... ...
6
When consonantal are added to this ·root (in the past tense infini-
tive) the vowel in the root changes, >
16.8.
... ... ... .. .
... 3. .. .
4.
, ...
16.9
- 2 2
1. 5 2. 1 3.
10 4. 3 5. 15
- 25 25
1. 21 2. 15 3. 30
4. 2 5.
16.10 Notes on Individual Words
adjective used as noun.
that feminine nouns in take the prepositional case end-
ing
(certain) acquaintance of mine'. The word
is often an equivalent of 'a/an', certain'.
with the accusative use for many time
expressions.
sport(s)-Remember that in Russian this noun is singular
= whole'; = 'the whole'; is somewhat emotionally col-
ored, while is neutral word.
N!! 16
-
(Love) 1
to surprised
274
-
-
-
-
- ...
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1 place
1
+1 to decide ... What, ...
trifles, the little things
275
18*
-
--,-.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
16.12 -
-
16.13
...
...
...
16.14-
-
-
16.15 -
-
-
16.16-
-
16.17 -
-
277
16.18 -
16.19 1.
2.
-love
(through),
+ CR
+
•••
... 1
+
.N!! 17 -
2-3
5... , 1
280
The endings for adjectives in the prepositional singular are the same as those
used for the special modifiers (cf. Lesson 16). Remember that the clues for them
found in the prepositional case forms of the third-person pronouns.
17.1
...
...
1. 2.
3. .... 4.
. 5. .... 6.
.... 7. .... 8.
.... 9.
10. ...
11. 12.
13. 14.
.... 15.
16.
1. 2.
3.
4. 5.
6.
7. 8.
9.
10. 11.
12.
13.
14. 15.
16.
17.
18.
17.2. of the Adjective Numeral
17.3. -
1.-
...
4.
...
•..
... ...
17.4 B=per/a
17.4
(1,
1. (1, 2. (2,
3. (2,
4. (3, 5. (2,
282
infinitive is frequently used with· the dative case to indicate appropriateness
of an action for that individual, as an equivalent of •should', •ought to', etc.
words etc. are understood.)
17.5
l. 2. ue
3. 4.
5.
6.
7.
17.6 Verbs +1 - 1
These two verbs although they come from the same root, have different mean- __ (;.\
ings and are used in different constructions. English-speaking student must
particularly careful to distinguish them, since they are both equivalents
of 'to ask'.
1 means to inquire, ask for information, and takes di-
rect object of the person asked. lt is followed
1 means to request, to ask for something or to ask someone to do
something, and is used in two different constructions:
(1) 'to ask someone for something'
(2) 1 + 'to ask someone to do something'
17.6
f
1. ... 2.
3. ... ,
4.
5. .... ,
6. ...
7. ...
+1 - 1
1. ... ,
2. ... 3. ...
4. ... 5.
6.
7. ...
8. ... 9. ...
283
10. ... 11.
12.
.
. 17.7 The Verb
17.7
+ ).
2. ... 3.
... 4.
... 5. ...
1. ... ... 2.
... 3.
4. ... 5.
... 6. ...
7.
17.8 - a/so
You know both and as equivalents of 'also', but they not inter-
Of the two, is the more restricted. 1t can used only when some
statement is made about more than one topic of conversation. ln the first
example the same statement is made about Vasily Nikolaevich and
Nina. Here is the equivalent of an English 'also 1too' which
stress.
In the second example more than one statement is made about one topic
of conversation (Vasily Nikolaevich). In this situation may not used. Here
the English equivalent is weakly stressed 'also 1too' or 'in addition'
Note that may used in either situation (but precedes the topic rather than
following it).
17.8. -
1. ...
2.
284
... ... 3.
4.
... 5.
... 6.
... 7.
8.
... 9.
10.
17.ll -
ou know that when forms of the third-person pronouns are
governed prepositions they are prefixed with an Tfiis does not occur when
= 'his' 'her', 'their'. (ln this·case the preposition really does not govern
the possessive, which means 'of him', 'of her', 'of them'.)
285
(1799-1837)-great Russian poet and the
father of modem Russian literature and the Russian literary language.
(1860-1900), (1844-1930)-Russian painters.
largest museum of Russian art, 1ocated in St. Petersburg.
Note the way of expressing the language in which book is written, and also
the fact that this construction is used in the questio!J when an adverb oflanguage is
expected in the answer.
m
,N'g 3
,...,..,IIf---t
-,!f-..&........_
.N'!! 3
hobby
1
to collect, gather from here
real, genuine particularly, especially
fiction and poetry
art
286
... ?.
-
-
-
.. ?
-
-
-
-
-
- ...
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
That's don't it. (when dis-
Pardon me for comfort or inconvenience is caused)
bothering you. museum
287
-
-
-
-
-
...
...
-
-
-
17.13 -
288
17.14
17.15 -
-
17.16
... ? ...
... ... ?
17.17
17.18
17.19
-- = other)
289
19-1022
•••
Ja
1 CJJo-
••• •••
+1
1.-
2.
•••
•••
••• +
DO D0 +1
1
+
N! 18 -
1 1
1 1
1
1 1
1
1 1
1
1
291
19*
Basic Form
1 1
1 1
1 1
.
[pe-te-u]
[em-ge-u]
=
cf section 18.4 technical secondary school
1 feel Iike ... state (adj.)
no longer / more
1 difficult, hard
l'ixko]
class, grade (grades 1-10) department (o.f' col/ege or univer-
1 to graduate from, sity)
finish (school) year of study (higher education)
evening division
vocational school
292
Formation of the Imperative
Formation of the imperative is very simple if you know the hasic of the
verb. For great many verbs, such as the basic form is in
fact the imperative form (with zero ending).
the following three rules in mind forming imperatives:
(1) The final consonant of the stem is softened (if it has soft variant):
(2) Mutations which occur the third-person p/ura/ will occur also in the im-
·perative (first-conjugation verbs only, of course):
(3) The accent of the imperative will as in the .first-person singu/ar:
Remembering these rules, it is simple matter to form the imperative. If the ac-
cent is on the of the first-person singular form, the imperative has zero
ending. But the soft sign will have to added to indicate the softness of the stem
except on stems in The intransitive particle is added according to
the regular rule.
1. 2.
3. 4.
5. 6.
7. 8.
9.
10. 11.
18.16 If, however, the stem ends in consonant cluster, the ending is added:
1. 2. 3.
4.
5.
·verbs with the suffix following keep this suffix in the imperative
(although they lose it in the present tense):
1. 2.
3. 4.
However if the root of the verb ends in the imperative normally has zero
ending, even if the accent of the first-singular form is on the ending:
1. 2.
3.
4. 5.
6. 7.
8. 9.
10.
The following imperatives must simply learned:
294
1. 2.
3. 4.
5.
6.
7.
8. 9.
10.
11. 12.
13.
18.3 =
Sometimes suggestions for joint action involving going verbs have the particle
(This particle is not used in familiar address-it is related to the in the end-
ing of second-person plural verbs.)
295
18.4 Indirect Commands
1. 2.
3.
4.
5. 6.
7.
1. 2.
... 3. ...
4. ...
5.
6.
7. ...
8.
9.
18.5
ou are already well acquainted with situations in which Russians use two di-
rectional constructions (in the accusative) where English uses one directional
construction and one locational construction: 'Zina's hurrying to work at the insti-
tute'. The same principle prevails when one of the directional constructions is re-
placed an infinitive. 'Sasha wants to go to work at the plant'.
1. 2.
3.
4. 5.
6.
7. 8.
Remember that when impersonal constructions are formed not with verbs but
with predicate adverbs (such as the past and future
tenses are formed with Do not let the nearness to the per-
297
fective infinitive in the last example just above confuse you-it is not the future
tense of the verb which is being formed, but the future tense of the imperso-
of necessity.
In the past and future tenses of impersonal constructions with 1
1 must immediately after the predicate adverb itself:
18.7
1 - 1
1. 2. ...
3. ... 4.
5.
6.
7. ...
8. ...
9. ... 10. ...
11.
...
12.
1 1zero).
l. ... ... 2.
3.
... 4. .. .
5. .. .
6.
7. ...
8. 9.
Expressions of the point in time at which something occurs are normally in the
prepositional case ifthe length oftime involved is longer than day. Note that
is used with the preposition and that the word has special form of
the prepositional case:
N2 3,
soon
school year
to worried, con- most of all
cerned philological (of /anguages and /i-
teratures)
= early
300
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
18.13 -
18.14 -
-
- ... ,
- ...
- ... ,
- ...
18.15
18.16.
18.17-
-
302
·-
- ....
-
- ....
18.18 d(•.Ja
...
...
...
18.19 1.
·
2.
3.
.... ...,...-u••
lt.18CC
66.1WIIe lle ...
.. .... + .. .. /llo-c'I')"IH•'I'It 1(1'•
(6oii'IC8) t•u·.1 llci
lle'lipllee
,...
(........
• .teni? C!.oQpo
· · -aril'leCICIIii
303
/
Nt 19 -
-
-
...?
..
... ?
-
-
306
- -
-
-
-
- •
(sing.)
}
(spelled 1
(spelled 1
(Note that the endings are the same as in the prepositional case.)
19.1
1. 2.
3. 4.
5.
6. 7.
8. 9.
1
-
-
307
20°
_&_ This verb literally means 'to pleasing to', so it is used in construction
which is the reverse of that used with 'to like'. The perfective refers to the
ning of the feeling, 'we liked' ('it made good impression on us').
1. 2.
3. 4.
5.
6.
7. 8.
9. pa;J
1. ..
... ... ... ...
2.
·
- the past
1. 2. ...
3.
.... 4.
5. ...
6.
.... 7. ...
8. 9. ...
-
1. ... ... 2.- ...
, ' ? ... ' ' 3. ...
....
308
4. ... 5. ... 6.
... 7. ... 8. ...
9. 10.
1. Did you like the new modem buildings we saw in Moscow? 2. Her little
sons were here today. 1 liked them very much. 1 have always loved children very
much. 3. Do you like to sing Russian songs? 4. 1 have always lived in the north and
don't like hot weather. 5. 1 wonder whether she liked the new movie yesterday. 6.
1 used to like such children's books. 7. "Do you like these Russian songs?" "1 like
all Russian music very much".
19.3
Past and future tense equivalents of 'there is 1are' are formed simply with the
appropriate forms of
19.3.
... 2.
... 3.
... 4.
5.
19.4 in Future and Past Tenses
19.4.
1. ... 2.
... 3.
... 4.
... 5.
19.6-
Remember that must refer to some specific noun. Where re-
ference is to whole clause or whole idea must used.
Q. 19.7
Note the Russian equivalent of 'This's 1That's 1Here's what ... '.
19.8 Verb
-
This verb has (vowel-less) root, with fill vowel in the present
tense:
1
Remember that this construction is used only of people. For inanimates one
must use different verb (from the same root):
The perfective verb means 'to
ou have had now number of verbs which shift the accent to the ending in
the feminine form. In the future the grave accent mark ( ') will used to indicate
past tense with this type of shifting accent: =
=
19.8
1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6.
7.
the with appropriate forms of words
1. 2.
3.
4. 5.
...
310
6. 7.
), .N2 2?
/
l. ... 2.-
... ... 4.
... 5.
... ...
(fj)
fashion
in style
311
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
...?
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
10
lfust conjugation.f) to to envy
laugh How much do we owe?
312
-
-
-
- .
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
19.11 -
- ... !
- .. .!
19.12 -
19.13 -
-
-
19.14 -
19.15 1.
2.
3.
•••
10 1
1
+1
...
Ceplii
314
.N'!! 20 -
-
-
(= +
315
1 2 1 3
1
2, 3, 4
5, 6...
-
-
money
kopeck (100 to 1
mrrr 1 (watch costs 1cost ",_ 1
mrrr 1n6rrr•••? f. (city) square
+ (nepecU;
to transfer transport)
316
-
- , ,
ou are already acquainted with these forms from their use with the _preposi-
tion which always requires the genitive case. that the is prefixed
to the third-person pronoun forms only when they are actually govemed the
preposition: It is not prefixed to in their possessive
meaning 'his', 'her', 'their':
ou have already been using forms of the genitive case for some time without
being aware of it, either in expressions which you simply learned or after the nu-
merals 2, 3, 4; for masculine nouns the form is the same as the animate accusative.
} spelled 1
spelled 1
The following two genitive forms are irregular:
(Note that in the case of some feminine and neuter nouns the genitive form dif-
fers from the nominative plural in accent, while the endings are written the same:
20.1-2
l. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6. 7. 8.
9. 10.
1. 2.
3. 4.
to happen to see (suddenly, unexpectedly)
suddenly
317
5.
6.
7.
20.3 The Use of the Genitive Case of Modification 1Limitation 1Possession
'
The genitive case is of making noun act like an adjectivt}-it can be-
come an attribute, modifying or limiting in some way another noun. Often it is the
equivalent of 'of or an English possessive construction ('of Galina Vasilyevna' or
'Galina Vasilyevna's'). In other cases English can make noun serve as an attrib-
ute simply placing it before noun ('rest home').
20.3. the sentences with appropriate forms of words given in
parentheses.
1. 2.
3.
4. 5.
6.
7.
8. 9.
lO. 11.
20 4 . "' + Genitive
The negative of is which is always used with the genitive case of that
which does not exist or is not possessed. The result is an impersonal expression in
Russian, there being no subject (nominative case). This is really quite logical, since
non-existent thing can scarcely an active agent.
20.4
-
1. 2. 3.
4.
5. 6. 7.
8.
9. 10.
11. 12. 13.
318
1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6. 7.
8. 9. 10.
11. 12.
The genitive case is a1so used to express the absence of person or thing from
place where it could reasonably expected to This construction is not used
however when the verb 'to = 'to visit', 'to trave1 to' (which is not really ab-
sence):
The genitive case is also not used when both positive and negative sides are
given (here there is an active agent subject of the positive verb):
·
Students sometimes tend to overuse the genitive construction. the
genitive case replaces an absent or non-existent subject. lt is not used for negated
predicate nominatives (which establish the identity of thing or person):
20.5
-
1. 2.
3. 4.
5.
6.
-
1. 2. 3.
4. 5.
-
1. 2. 3.
4. 5.
Expressions of quantity also require the genitive case. Numerical expression fit
this category, are more complicated:
(1) is not numeral in form, it is modifier which agrees with its noun:
319
(2) 1 require the genitive singular of the noun governed:
(3) and higher require genitive plural of the noun govemed:
The following are the only genitive plural forms you are expected to know for
the present:
(4) In compound numeral the last cipher governs the noun:
Numerals from 11 to 19 require the genitive plural, since in the Russian word
the last part of the word refers to 10, 'two on ten'.
Remember that when numeral or an expression of quantity is subject, the
verb is normally neuter singular:
3 (But: 21
28
10
20.6. Complete the sentences with appropriate j'orms of words given in
parentheses and forms oj' the verb
1. ... 22 2. ... 5 3. 31
4. 5 5. 2
6. 31 7. 11 8.... 3
9. 21 10.
2 11. 21 12.
10 13. 14.
2 15. 1 16.
17. 3 18.
33 19. ...
20. 21 21.
10 22. 1
23. 2
20.7 The Expression of Cost
-
The amount which an item costs is expressed in the accusative case. Since the
accusative case of all numbers except is the same as the nominative, this will
obvious only when the 1ast part of the number is
20.7. Answer the questions using the words given in parentheses.
1. (91 1 2.
(42 32 3. (50 4.
5. (331 6.
7.
1 = =
320
(50 8. (50 9.
(23 21 10.
Many prepositions require the genitive case. When used with inanimate nouns
means 'at, (near)'.
20.8. Complete the sentences with appropriate forms of words given in
parentheses.
1. 2.
3.
4. 5.
6. 7.
8.
9. 10.
The verbs are the first words with the hard sign
which you have Jearned. Check on page 73 to see how this letter is written. Note
that this letter is no taller than lower-case vowel letters.
-
-
-
-
-
-
..
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
...
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
(small) change +1 +
following, next or (else) (referring to conse-
quences)
1 foreigner 1 1
to find
'#
324
20.11 -
-
-
-
-
20.12 -
20.13-
-
20.14-
- ...
- ...?
- ...
20.15
20.17-
-
20.18 -
-
325
20.19 -
5
(2, 10, 15, 23, 31, 3, 4, 5)
20.20-
20.21
20.22
-
-
20.23 1.
2.
3.
1
•••?
326
+ 1
...
+1
+ 1
+ 1
16-20)
Nouns
You know the following new nouns which are used in the plural only: (in the singu-
lar the latter has different meaning). You know the following new adjectives which can used as
nouns: ou know that the singular of is
You know two neuter nouns ending in (plural gonitive singular
You know that appositives must agree with the noun which they accompany, and that both compo-
nents of compound hyphenated nouns are declined:
You know that abbreviations made up of initials which end in vowel do not decline:
Pronouns
Nominative
Accusative
Genitive
Prepositiona/
Dative
ou know that when govemed preposition, the third-person pronouns are prefixed
etc. This does not occur when occur as possessives:
328
Modifiers
Nominative
Prepositional
Dative
Feminine
Nominative
Accusative
Prepositionalf
Dative
You know the declension (similar to that stem is to which are ad-
ded regular soft endings: etc.
You know that in compound hyphenated adjectives only the last stem declines:
ou know that in the first and second persons and the specific possessive modifiers
are when reference is to the subject of the relevant verb, while in the third
person must used always in this situation. You know that is used in possessive construc-
tions: "You also know that it is the immediately relevant verb which must
kept in mind, and that infinitives have implicit subjects:
329
You know how to fonn the pastand future of 1 1
1
ou know the use of certain acquaintance of mine', 'one of ac-
quaintances'). You also know the difference ('another' = 'one more') and
('another' = different').
Case Usage
ou know the fo\lowing new case uses:
Accusative:
(1) Expressions of cost:
(2) accusative of direction (even when one is expressed an infinitive):
Dative:
(1) Indirect object:
(2) Age: 7
(3) The person influenced or affected an impersonal verb or other impersonal expression:
You know the convention of using the grave accent mark to indicate shifting past tense accent. pat-
tern: =
You know the multidirectional verbs 1 (=
(2) f
(3) f
f +
1
You know how to form indirect command using
Time Expressioos
ou know the fo\lowing new time expressions:
etc.
Expressioll$
Russians express regret for physical discomfort or inconvenience caused:- n
20.
21.
pl.),
pl.), 22. (his
own)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
.N!! 21
Read 60 concerning the hard "hushing sounds" and and review the reading rules on
69-70.
9
21
334
f
to open
design, plan (indecl.)
author, originator snack bar
auditorium
335
COIC
16
-
-
21.1
1. 2.
3. 4. 5.
1 to drink to
juice to (can)
(open-faced) sandwich
16
1 to eat are not admitted
ice-cream ( + inf) would like to
336
6. 7.
8.
l. 2.
3. 4.
5. 6. 7.
8.
-
l. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6.
7. 8. 9.
10.
21.2 Genitive Forms of Adjectives and Special Modifiers
ou already know the genitive modifier endings for masculine and neuter from
several set expressions and as the endings for use with masculine accusa-
tive. For feminine the endings are the same as in the prepositional and dative
cases.
21.2
1. 2.
3. 4.
5. 6.
7.
8. 9.
The sixth and last case to studied is the instrumental, which you will using
for the present with the preposition cfco = 'with' ('together with', 'accompanied
337
22-1022
21.3. (Use appropriate
1. ... .. 2.
... 3. ...
4. .... 5.
... 6. ... ?
7. ... 8. ... ,
9. ?
10. ... 11.
12.
13.
21.4
the ofthe day:
1. 7 .... 2.
6 ... (1) .... 3.
9 ... 2 .... 4.
8 .... 5. 9
.... 6. 7 .... 7.
10 .... 8.
2 9. 4
night, at night
338
Comp/ete the sentences with words in parentheses choosing between
etc.
1. 2.
3. 3.30
4. 10.30 5.
11 6.
7.
8.
10 22
1. 8 2.
9 3. 2
4. 6 5.
4 6.
11 7. 10
8. 9
21.5 The Verb +
When verb root ends in this changes into before consonant endings
(i. in the past tense and infinitive).
21.5.
1. ... 2. ... 3.
... 4. ...
5.
6. ...
7. ... , 8.
... 9. .... ,
10.
The root of this verb contains vowel (as in the special modifier
The vowels in the imperative, past tense and infinitive are fill vowels.
21.6
1. ... ? 2. 3.
... 4. ... 5.
... , 6.- ...
7. ...
339
8. ...
9.
1. ... 2. ...
3. 4. ...
5. ...
6.
21.7 The Verb +
This is one of the two truly irregular verbs in Russian, the other being
Note that there are to this other irregular verb (but note third-
person plural).
This verb must not used with the names of meals, since there are specific
verbs for that purpose:
21.7
1. ... 2 ....
3. 4. ... , 5.
... 6.
... 7. ... , 8.
... [past] 9. ...
1. ... 2.
... 3. ...
4. ...
5. ...
6. 7.
8. ... , 9.
,
21.8 The Verb
This is new type of verb for you, verbs whose root ends in In these verbs
the mutation of the consonant takes place in al/ of the present tense except
before Note that the masculine past tense form is missing the usual As with
many verbs, the infinitive is the most irregular form, the resulting from
complex palatalization ofthe velar consonant with the normally found in infini-
tives.
This verb has
340
careful not to overuse this verb. Note that the Russian equivalent of '1 can't _
hear', ('see, remember') is Do not use the verb
in sent!Plces of this type.
21.8.
l. ... 2.
... 3. ...
4.
... 5. ...
6. 7.
8.
9.
ou see here that Russian numerals decline. However, with the exception
of this one expression, you will not expected to decline them actively during this
course. (Numerals ending in decline like feminine nouns of that class.)
Just as was the case with numerals, verbs whose subject is an indefinite quantity
are in the neuter singular form.
21.13
Note that some impersonal expressions followed infinitives.
adjective in form.
'almost', but is not the same as which = 'almost (not quite)'.
refers .to something which was barely avoided or averted (and most often
occurs referring to events, such as falling down, etc.):
1 Did you notice that many accent marks have been omitted in this \esson? Accent marks are not
printed in materials provided for Russians, and the foreign student should become accustomed as early
as to reading unaccented material. Therefore we have begun, on selective basis, to omit ac-
cent marks on words which you expected to know very actively now.
The reason (fact,
\em) is that ...
342
.
16
20
-
-
-
-
-
glad showing (of lilm)
co-&lp-u + 1 onc can, may
cup
= glass
at \ast, finally
1 except for 1 (performing) artist
+ ct1 1 after
to remain, stay to phonc. call
that doesn't matter, answering devicc
never mind
up to it turns out
beginning
343
-
-
-
-
-
- 20.30
- IJM"OTIATit •
-
&
-
-
-
..................
· PIIA MIE.CTO_ :
:-:-::...: --· : .
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+1 to 1
order for (in exchange for)
row or te/ephone)
office
344
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
21.16 -
-
-
21.17 - 5
-
21.18-
-
- 6
-
-
9 8
21.19 -
-
-
-'
-
21.20
...
21.21 -
- .
... , .
... , .
... , .
.. ., .
... , .
... ,
21.22 1.
3.
4.
eat
(nation,
night
.••
f
•••
1 6
f
38JI
f
347
.N2 22
... ...
... ... ••.
... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
Read 63-65 concerning the use of IC-4 in questions having an implication of request (ques-
tionnaire questions).
4
-
- -
4
- -
! !
348
! -
- :1·,
..
- -
-
38,3
36,6
to feel hea/th)
oneself (reflexive) operation
to lying, in bed + 1
1 to phone, call medicine
hospital to take medicine
to go to the hospital (as patient)
350
22.1 Prepositions of Direction, Location, and Direction From
1.
2.
3.
CJCJ ±+
Note that all prepositions denoting direction away from are used with the geni-
tive case.
22.1
1. 2. 3.
4. 5.
6. 7. 8.
1. 2. 3.
4. 5.
6. 7.
8. 9.
1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6. 7.
8. 9. 10. 11.
351
22.2 "'
-
-
1permission is expressed in Russian means of an impersonal
construction.
When expresses it should used with the imperfective.
When it 1 it should used with perfective verbs.
You ...
Although Russians are themselves often not precise in their usage, it is always
to use for permission or external and to use the verb
for one's for which the person himself takes responsibllity:
22.2
1. 2.
3. 4.
5. 6.
7. 6
1.-
2.-
....
4.- ... 5.-
20 ...
352
verbs to two-way trip, equiva-
to express without of time or
or the ability to perform the
22.3. - 1
1. .... 2.
... 3. ... ,
...
5. 11 .... 6.-
...
...?- 8. ...
9. .... 10. 10
..
...
22.4 + = order) to
22.4
Comp/ete tlre ll'itlr 11·/rere ltr 11·hkh cases tlrere
variants?
1. ...
2. ...
3. ...
4. ...
5. ...
353
23-1022
ou a1ready know how to express the actua1 duration of time means of the
accusative case with ln such cases the time span covered the
verb is the same as the time period mentioned.
For intended or resu1tant time one uses the accusative case with the preposition
In such cases the time span invo1ved begins after, as resu1t of, the action
rather than covering the same period as the action expressed the verb.
The verb has two perfectives: must have object and means 'to eat
up', 'eat all of.. .'. If there is no direct object, one must use
22.6.
1. ... 2.
... ...
4. ... 5.
6. ...
7. ... , 8. ...
reflexive pronoun is used when the action of the verb is reflected back
upon the subject as direct object, indirect object, or object of preposition. re-
flexive pronoun has no nominative case, and is used for all persons, singu1ar and
p1ural. Its forms parallel those of etc.)
The verb is transitive and must have direct object, which is
expressed means of when referring to hea1th ('How do you feel?').
354
22.7.
1. ... 2.
3. ... 4.
... 5.
...
7.
8. .... 9.
... ,
22.8 -
Note that these verbs, as well as the related verb of putting, are
also used of hospital stays.
22.8. - -
l. .... 2. ...
3. ... 4.
5. ... 6.
.. ;, 7. ...
8.
9. ...
355
Note that is not used in expressions of illness. fever. etc.
Normal body temperature in Russia is considered to 36.6. This is
not an exact equivalent of98.6 Fahrenheit temperature there is taken un-
der the arm, which gives slightly lower reading.
Note the special construction for expressing aches. Also note that the posses-
siye modifiers are not used in these constructions referring to parts of the body:.
12.11 Notes on Individual Words
1 = •to take along·
ero
-
-
- 37,5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 37,3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
t (col/oquial)
flu
357
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- -
22.12 -
37,3
37,6, 38,4)
22.13 -
- .
... ?
.
... ?
22.14 -
- 37,5.
-
22.15 -
-
# to hope
=
358
-
22.16 -
- 38,3.
-
22.17 1.
2.
3.
22.18 Word Study
+
+ + +, + (the root = to take)
1 1
1 +1
8c:erO xop6wero!
1
1
1
1 •••
359
.Ni 23
360
-
I!1JJ
} ,
The Russian suffix denotes an individua1 member of some group. Since its
meaning is singular, it is logica1 that it does not appear in plural forms.
If this suffix follows the nominative plural ending is
23.2 Nouns, Adjectives and Adverbs of Nationality and Language
23.2
1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6. (Tatarj.) 7.
8. 9. 10.
11. 12. 13.
(Ukrainian) 14. 15. (Tatar) 16.
(Ukrainian) 17.
1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6.
7. 8.
1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6. 7.
8. 9.
r. -
1. 2.
3. 4.
5. 6.
7. 8.
9.
1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6. 7.
8. 9.
362
23.3
ou already know that most truly Russian surnames are adjectives in form or
in origin, and they agree with the person involved:
This is also true of sumames in
Surnames such
as are adjectives in form and decline as adjectives.
Non-Russian sumames do not change for feminine or plural. In the text ofthis
lesson you meet who is Armenian.
23.4 The Instrumental Endings of Nouns
(spelled 1 1 feminine in ·
23.4
1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6.
7. 8. 9. 10.
One of the uses of the instrumental case without prepositions is to express the
instrument means of which something is accomplished. Do not confuse this use
with that ofthe instrumental with the preposition ('with' in the sense of'together
with', not 'with' = means of).
23.6 Agreement of the Verb to with
Note that only the second element declines, and that if there is preposition it
comes the two elements.
23.7 etc.).
1. .... 2.
3. ...
4.
... 5. 6.
.... 7. ... .... 8.
.... 9.
1
11.
12.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- ...........
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
post office 40
(postage) stamp mail
for (use of, purpose ot). money order
air mail letter to cash
+1 to send money order
50 post card
envelope air mail
international 1
to sign (one's name)
(pl. -8)
everything's in order
367
-
-
-
23.11 -
-
-
23.12 -
-
-
23.13-
(2 12 5 20 5 15
5 30
23.14 -
-
23.15
-
...?
...?
...?
...?
50
50
...
368
...
23.16 1.
2.
3.
4.
+ 1
1
+/ 1
1
1
369
24-1022
.N! 24
-
... ...
... ... ... .... ... ... ... ...
date
370
-
names of all months are masculine. Except for March through August, the
accent is on the endings.
24.2 Time Expressions-Point of Time when with Months
If only month is given, without date, use the prepositional case with
24.2. Complete the sentences with appropriate forms of words given in
parentheses.
1. 2.
3.
5.
6.
7.
electrician
amateur
to sitting
amateur concert 1
to remember, recall
372
8.
9.
10.
11. 12.
13.
1. (19.05) 2.
(15.11) 3.
(31.12) 4.
(14.02) 5. (1.09) 6:
(16.01) 7.
(6.10) 8. 9.
(1.07) 1
(12.08) 11. (29.04) 12.
(3.03)
24.4 The lnstrumental Case Endings of Modifiers
(spelled
(spelled
373
24.4. the sentences with ofwords given in
parentheses.
1.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8. 9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
-
With the verb the instrumental case is used to express 'as .. .', 'in the
capacity of.. .'.
With verbs of seeming, appearing, considering, etc., the instrumental case is
used of the adjective or noun which expresses the manner in which somebody or
something is viewed another person.
The perfective refers to the of the impression.
24.5
-
-
1. 2.
3. 4.
,5. 6.
7.
8.
-
1. 2. 3.
4.
-
1. 2.
3. 4.
5.
374
-
1. 2. 3.
4. 5.
The verb has no imperfective future. It has only the perfective future
In the past tense the imperfective is used to indicate condition which pre-
vailed; the perfective is used only when an actual attempt was made to accomplish
something.
24.8.
1. ...
2. ...
3.
4. ...
5.
... 6.
... 7.
8.
... 9.
.... .... 1
... 11.
375
24.9 Notes on Individual Words
+1 memory is continuing process, the
verb does not h.ave perfective in the resultative sense. The perfective
and its imperfective refer to recalling, bringing back into
memory something. that as rule is not used with
__
doesn't think about her every minute, only from time to time.)
term of praise used of either sex and in the plural, for which the
English equivalent will vary from one context to another.
Vadim's quite guy!
Larisa's great!
Well done! That's how to do it!
is only the girl friend of girl, not of fellow. For the girl friend of
fellow the most common expression is (Note that the plural
is
+ Thinking is usually continuing process, but the perfective can
used of single thought or of small amount of the activity.
-
-
-
-
concerto
-=F +1
composer
in the same house as they
376
·
-
-
-
2([])
..
.
-
...?
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
·
Admission is free. 1 = 1
377
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- .
-
extra amazing
1 1 conductor (music)
sit down agree, in agreement
was lucky.
1
to make an impression (on ... )
378
-
-
-
-
-
-
24.10 -
-
-
24.11 -
-
-
-
24.12 -
-
24.13 -
-
-
-
-
379
14.14 -
24.15 -
-
24.16-
24.17-
24.18 1.
2.
3.
4.
+1 1
380
+
+1
1 1
'IIICJI6
...?
1
Nt 25
-
-
-
-
cake to sleep
c\ock, watch to s\eepy
f to go to bed
to put to
382
-
- (6.30)
-
- (7 .30).
or
-
You have a1ready used mu1tidirectiona1 verbs to express: (1) genera1 action
without context of time or and (2) sing1e round
trip in the past tense, as an equiva1ent
Remember that it is on1y in the past tense that such verbs can refer to
sing/e round trip.
Mu1tidirectiona1 verbs can, however, used for reference to mu/tip/e round
trips in any time period, present, past or future. As you can see from the first
examp1e, the resu1t is sometimes the equiva1ent of 'to attend' (this shou1d not
used at the university 1eve1, however, where you shou1d continue to use
From the English point of view it appears that on1y one direction is invo1ved, but
the second ·trip can started the return part of the first trip must
made-therefore the motion is mu1tidirectiona1.
25.1
1. ... 2.
... ... ...
4.-
5. ...
6.
7. ...
8.- ...
9.
...
... 11.- ... ...
12.
383
1. ... 2. ...
5. ...
6. 7.
...
... 10.
.... ...
11. 20
12.
... 13.
25.2 ...
(=
25.2
1. 2.
3. 4.
5.
6.
7.
25.3 The Partic1es
-
"Did while 1 was out?" "Yes, called."
384
-
"ls Vadim going any this summer?" "Yes, he'll go somep/ace in the
south to vacation."
-
"Does Masha have any sort of books?" "Yes, she has some books".
The unaccented particles can suffixed to interrogative pro-
nouns, adverbs or modifiers to form what are sometimes called "indefinite pro-
nouns", etc. The term is misleading, however, since only one of the resulting forms
is actually indefinite in meaning.
1t is not helpful to try to distinguish the two particles equating them _ (;i
with 'any' and 'some', since English uses these words in different manner.
student should instead become thoroughly acquainted with the basic idea ex-
pressed each particle.
The particle expresses something specific but unidentified, either because the
speaker does not know the exact identity or because he finds it unnecessary to re-
veal it.
(It had to some definite person, whether or not we know
who it was.)
had to go in some definite direction, whether or
not we know what his goal was.)
particle (literally 'whatever it may expresses complete inde-
finiteness: ·
Did anyone (at all) call?
Are you going anyplace (at all) after
supper?
Tell us something or other ..
Do you have any kind of Russian
magazines?
In questions, commands, and in future-tense statements one normally uses
385
25- 1022
25.3.
1. ... 2. ...
3. ... 4.
... 5. ... 6.-
... 7. ...
8.- ...
... 9.
... 10. ...
11. ... 12.
... 13. ...
14. ... 15.
... 16. ...
conditional clause is one which contains condition upon which the situa-
tion expressed in the main clause depends. Both English and Russian have two
types of conditional situations:
(1) So-called "real conditions", as in the first example. The speaker views the
condition as or (Remember that in English in such clauses the
verb will generally in the present tense, even if future time is referred to.
Russian uses the tense required the actual time involved.)
(2) So-called "unreal conditions", as in the second example. The condition
was unrealized in the past or the speaker views it as unlikely to realized in the
future. Unreal conditions are expressed in the mood. (Mood is gram-
matical term referring to devices used to indicate the speaker's attitude toward
what he is saying-is it.a fact, is it something viewed as 1 is it
doubtful of realization, is it he wishes to have done?)
ln Russian the conditional mood is expressed using the particle in both
the clause the c/ause, together with the past tense form of
the verb. But remember that, just as with these forms have no actual tense
meaning. Thus the second example above could mean '1 would have gone to that
ballet if 1 had had ticket' or '1 would go to that ballet if 1 had ticket'.
The conditional particle (sometimes after words ending in vowel) is
never accented, and must not come first in sentence. ln the conditional clause it
usually comes immediately after ln the main clause it most frequently comes
after the verb, but it may also come after other independent words (such as nouns,
pronouns). It may not come after prepositions or particles (iricluding the negative
particle .
The particle is also used in certain constructions expressing wish, sug-
gestion, or non-categorical request:
386
1 like to
the Black Sea (if 1 do what 1 wanted to).
1t good to
at the sea (if we do what we really
1t good ifyou called Vadim/You ought
to Vadim.
As you see from the clauses parentheses, such viewed as
with the clause omitted. may also have
which the clause is omitted:
If we had known about that earlier (we would have ... ).
The requires forms, is very _ (1.
simple to use. But the must remember that 'would' is
always it is future from past of view,
with which you are already familiar:
Larisa said she for the tickets.
25.4
1nsert the particle in those sentences where it is necessary.
1. ... 2.
3. ...
...
4. ... 5.
...
6. ...
7.
8.
9. ...
... 10. ...
11. ...
12. ...
13. 14. ...
15. ...
16.
17.
18. ...
1. lfyou had arrived earlier, you could have bought ticket to the ballet. 2. If
you come to see us week, we'll show you. the pictures we made
we were the North. 3. wrote Nina told her he wou1d arrive Moscow
the 23rd of September. 4. 1 you would the South. If they
had me leave (or week! But 1'11 here two days. 5. 1 would very
much like to hear Dmitry Shostakovich's 6. you cold here?
lt would good to go the house. 7. If you have free after
38(
25*
p1ease come to see me. 8. If you had studied more, you wou1d have passed the
test. 9. Anna Petrovna called Nina and said she wou1d arrive home 1ate today
and that Nina wou1d have to prepare dinner. 10. If on1y 1 had known Zina's
address!
25.5 Telling Time on the Half Hour
(1.30).
(2.30).
This is the most common way of expressing time on the half hour in conversa-
tional Russian. Note that Russians are when they tell time-once
an hour has passed, they no longer mention that hour, but are 1ooking forward to
the next hour: = 1.30, i. the first hour has passed and ha1f of
the second.
25.5. Read
1. 6.30 2.
7.30. 3. 9.30.
10.30. 5. 8.30 6.
1.30. 7. 12.30.
11.30. 9. 4.30.
2.30. 11. 3.30. 12.
5.30,
25.6 Emphatic Pronoun = -sel[
·
Do not confuse the emphatic pronoun with the reflexive pronoun
(both are equiva1ents of '-se1f)! The emphatic pronoun usually precedes noun
but follows pronoun.
25.6.
1. ... 2....
3. ...
4. ...
5. ...
6. ...
7....
8.
9. 10.
... 11. ...
...
+1 to leave
1
to go visiting. calling to get used to
389
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+1
soup with beets. cabbage. etc.
= perhaps (you're right)
sugar pastry
1 to hungry, thirsty
391
-
-
-
25.9 -
-
25.10 -
-
-
25.11 -
-
-
- ...
-
- ...
-
- ... ,
25.12 -
-
-
-
25.13-
-
-
- ... ,
-
- ... ,
392
... ,
25.14 -
-
25.15 -
25.16 1.
2.
3.
MOJJOK6-milk
+j
caxap--saccharin, sugar
soporific
393
1
1 •••
+ 1
1
v 21-25)
ou now know the complete singu\ar declension of nouns, pronouns, and modifiers:
Nouns
Gen.
Prep.
Dat.
lnstr.
Notes:
(\) Feminine nouns in the same forms for genitive, prepositional and dative.
(2) Feminine nouns have the same forms in prepositional and dative.
(3) Nouns with stem ending in -ii following (i. nouns in have the prepositional
ending spelled
(4) few short masculine nouns have speciallocational forms:
You know the nouns and the noun wblch has no singular form.
You know the adjectives used as nouns
You know the plurals of nouns which have the suffix
You know that non-Russian sumames do not change for feminine or plural:
·
Pronouns
Personal Pronouns and Reflexive Pronoun
Gen.
Prep.
Dat.
Jnstr.
395
You know the emphatic pronoun
..
Prep.
Dat.
lnstr.
Fem.
Nom.
other
cases
396
You know the new short-form adjectives
You know that in compound ordinal (adjective) numerals only the last component is an adjective
in form and declines:
Language and Nationality
You know the use of the nouns, adjectives and adverbs of nationality and language, and the ex-
pression ... pyccaii 1
Case Usage
You know the following new uses of cases:
Accusative:
With the preposition ( = 'in exchange for'):
With the preposition
Genitive:
With additional prepositions:
lostrumeotal:
express instrument of action: f
With the preposition ( = 'with, accompanied With this preposition in
the formation of compound subjects:
With the preposition ( = 'for, to get'):
With certain
You know how to express "unreal conditions" with the conditional mood:
You know two verbs which lose the suffix in the past tense:
Nwnerals
You know how to express decimal numbers: 38,3
ou know the names of the months and the manner of expressing dates:
- (5.05)
- (23.09)
You know how to express duration of time and intended or resultant time:
21
You know the divisions ofthe day: (but 5 etc.) You
also know the twenty-four hour clock: 20
You know how to express time on the halfhour: (12.30).
(13.30).
ou know thc; additional time-related expressions:
Convenational Expressions
You know of expressions connected with illness (cf. Lesson 22) and with the post office
(cf. Lesson 23). You know additional expressions oftaking leave:
ou know additional ways of answering the phone: ou know how to express
holiday greetings: When Russians join persons already eating or
when they begin to eat they say:
398
Review of Declensions
1. Complete the with appropriate forms of words
1.
2.
(22 31 3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
(3
(12 12.
13.
(2
8
(8.30).
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
(8.30).
24.-
5 25.
2. ....:.
1. ... 2....
3. ...
4.
399
5. ... 6....
7.
3.
1. ...? 2.
. 3.
. 4. ... ,
4. .....
1.- ... 2. ...
...
... ...
4.-
5. ... 6.
... ...
8.- ...
... 9.
... 10.
...
5. ..... 1
1.-
... ...?
3.
... ...
... 6.
.... 7.
... ... 8.
... 9.
.....
1. ... ...
...
4.
5.
6. .....
1. 2. ...
3.- ...
... 4.
... 5. ...
6.
.N"!! 26
3 3 3 3
...
- -
-
-
1 1 to be-
come
401
26-1022
-
- country (nation)
1an, certain 1 to ask
occupation question(s)
younger/youngest
1 #
east f crane operator
Far East train station (terminal)
west
402
Qll 11 11 16).
-
-
In Russian equational sentences one frequently uses the instrumental case in-
stead of the nominative case for the complement of the verb in the past and
future tenses. With verbs meaning 'to become' (which include the verb
when change of status is implied) the instrumental should a/ways used in all
tenses.
Although the student may sometimes see other usage in his reading, the fol-
lowing guidelines should used in one's own speaking and writing:
(1) Remember that in the present tense of the nominative must used:
(2) With the infinitive the instrumental must used:
(3) In the future tense use the instrumental:
(4) In the past tense the instrumental is most frequently used, but the nomina-
tive may used of permanent status. But of nationality one must use the
nominative:
Remember that in Russian one must always use of animates, even though
we use 'what' when speaking of occupations in English: _. &
'What will you when you graduate from the
university?'
1. 2. 3.
4. 5.
1. ... ,
2. .. .,
3. ... ,
4.
... ,
5. ... ,
·
26.2 Prepositional Plural Declension
404
The prepositional plural ending for nouns of genders is (spelled
Remember to form prepositional p1ura1s from the nominative
not singular!
For modifiers the ending is (spelled As in other
forms, has where one would expect
26.2. Comp/ete the sentences with appropriate forms of words given in
parentheses.
1. 2.
3. 4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
26.3
Remember that mu1tidirectiona1 verbs indicate motion in more than one direc-
tion. Therefore they indicate round trips in such sentences as:
(=
(=
In these sentences both parts of the trip, there and back, are covered the one
verb. If the various parts of trip are described separate1y, using different verbs, as
in the heading of this section, then of course verbs must used.
Each verb now refers on1y to specific portion of comp1ex trip.
26.3. = "' J 0 =
"' 1
1. 0 0
2.
0 3.-
4. 0
405
5.
6.-
7 7.
0 8. 0
9.-
0
--
-
-
-
btllthcn,
dcputy (rcprcscntati\·cl rcsolutc. dctcrmin1.-d
the RUSiian Parllament
( - cts soon :ts
Just think it! country (nation)
construction sitc. construction pro-
jcct
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
'!
--
-
-
-
- ...
-
-
-
-
-
-- 011
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- ... ...
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- ...
-
26.7 -
26.8 -
-
-
-
26.9
-
-
410
- ...
-
- ...
-
26.10 -
-
- ... !
-
- ... !
16.11 -
- ...
')
-
')
-
')
-
26.11
- .1111(!
- ·
26.13 -
-
-
-
-
16.14 -·
-
-
-
-
27 18
411
26.15 -
-
')
-
- ...?
')
26.16 \.
2. 011
3.
4.
5.
6.
26.17 Word Studv
( «ill«'.t tlri.t t•r,•f/.,· /11('(/11:'1
..
.18'\'lo
o·rom anothcr countryl =
apple
Kp8110&-1118/-llaiiU
... IIO
BOIC1U
..r
OJIMH
+1
... ( = HO:\ICp 1
+1
II0e1Jl
+
1
412
Ne 27
Exclamations are normally pronounced with raiSed pitch level on the accented syllable of the
stressed word, followed lowering of tone toward the end of the exclamation (the fall in tone is
sharper than in IC-2).
413
50-- 200--
60-- 300--
70 400--
80-- 500--
90-- 600--
700--
800
900--
1000--
1957
4 1957
+ to wish
414
27.1 The lnstrumental Plural Declension
science, leaming
radio receiver
,
display
to receive, accept ticket-taker
to visitor
send toy
415
The instrumental plural ending for nouns of genders is (spelled
(Remember to form instrumental plurals from the nominative
not the nominative singular!) Note the irregular forms
For modifiers the ending is (spelled cf. As in
other forms, has where one would expect 1
27.1
-
1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6.
7. 8.
9. 10. 11.
12.
the sentences with appropriate of words given in parentheses.
1. 2.
3.
4. 5.
6.
7.
8.
9. 10.
11. 12.
13.
416
When only the year of an occurrence is indicated, use the prepositional case
with the preposition If the month is given, then the genitive·case of the year must
used.
When the century is clear from context, particularly in speaking of the current
century, Russians often omit the first two elements ofthe year
etc.). (But they never do as we do in English when we say 'nineteen fifty-seven').
Remember the manner in which Russians express dates entirely in numerals:
4.10.1957 or 4.10.57 =
Predicate adjectives must in the short neuter form when the subject is pro-
noun such as
27.5. Complete the sentences with appropriate forms of adjectives.
1. 2.
3.
4.
5. 6.
7. 8.
10.
11.
12.
root ofthis verb is very common one in Russian, but it is not always easy
to recognize it due to comp1ex phonetic changes which occured in the history of
Russian. You have a1ready seen this root in the variant from it occurs in
imperfectives: +, + + +.
You also know the related perfective verb
In perfective verbs with this root the disappears in future tense forms follo-
wing prefixes ending in vowel.
= 'to accept', 'receive' and implies some active willingness on the part
ofthe recipient or frame ofmind to receipt (as in receiving guests, etc.)
means just 'to receive' and implies simply passive
receipt, with the recipient not in any way
418
27.6.
l. ... 2.
3. ... 4.
... 5. ...
6.
... 7.
irregularity in the root of this verb is due simply to the palatalization of the
consonant because of the soft following it.
27.7.
... 2.
...
3. ... 4.
... , 5.
... 6.
... 7. ...
8;
27.8 Elliptical Sentences
=
BI.I =
Elliptical sentences (in which some has been omitted) are common in
conversational Russian when the meaning is clear from context. This is particular-
ly true in the case of the going verbs.
The suffix is used to form abstract nouns from adjective roots. Nouns
with this suffix are always (But note that does not belong to this
group, since here the is part of the root.)
27.10 Letter Writing
In the COf\Versations of this lesson you will find the forms of salutation and
closing used in official and personal letters.
Note that in writing official and formalletters it is customary to capitalize the
forms of and when used in polite address to single person.
419
27'
Note the order of in the address. and note that the addressee's name is
in the dative case. On the envelope the return address comes below that of the add-
ressee. (Cf. 423.)
17.11 Notes Individual Words
- 1957
-
- space ship
AII-Russia Center usual. ordinary
f [madel"] .1: lifc
420
1957
... ...»
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
yCIRx sua:ess
ol- to rejoice
(much) csteemed ............... What"s the matter?
/npe11-.1108-li-n to offer.
to wish suggest
suc:ccss
thus · •
well·known 1
to proud
421
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 81>1
-
-
- - Ma-
pltithl
-
-
-
-
-
21
useful
(.Ying. industry . . . . ]8
xoJiicno agriculture ... Respectfully youn...
422
15
N.! 1 .N2 7.
10, 7
27.12-
-
-
5, 50)
27.13 -
-
- ... ' ?
-
- ...
27.14 -
-
-
27.15-
-
dear to kiss
/
423
27.17
N2 14, N2 57.
N2 5, N2 82.
N2 44, N2 193.
27.18 1.
2.
3.
4.
etc.
+f
+,
thonsand
424
..........
.........
• . . .: ...... J8 ....
cr&IIO'IIIWA
..S.
---.t:
........ ycatx
ycohoa•
....,.........:
............. ............... xolikno
ciaacoe
rtell-oa-8-·n.
.......
4UC1Wil•l ...........
...... 011 ....... •.........
copcncoaOi
llll'hl4tCinwi
QICC'I'I8JieCiml
-....-n:
.
.....
C'lic:n... IWI.,_ + 1uo-cn-a-n
upeJa·.'lll'•il + 1
........... • Jll6ml
...,junc.
:sa: 311 wecn.
p8J18011. . . . . .
ICOII'I'pCNiip XOJilkno
1Copi1a nr.: n- CI8I'8U
pi&a
cyllellilp ...
,..:..:.
....
C'lic:n.8.
N!! 28 -.
Practice the fol\owing words which contain soft consonant before hard consonant.
... ...
... ... ... ...
Read 51 conceming the intonation of utterances in which speaker asks to have something
repeated he did not hear or understand what was said.
2 2 3
-
3 3 3
1 3
-
- ' 1 3?
' 1 3 ?
1 ' 3
-
-
-
-
-
-
426
5, 12... 20
At first glance the endings of the genitive plural may seem more confusing than
they actually are. In fact, you have already been using all of the endings of these
forms the above words. Much ofthe confusion is caused the writing system,
which makes it appear that there are more endings than there actually are. Also, in
the genitive plural you will find neuter nouns taking the same endings as feminine
nouns, while you are used to taking endings like masculine nouns.
It is handy to remember the following rule which holds true for most nouns: lf
the nominative singular has an exp/icit ending, the genitive plural will usually have
zero ending If the nominative singular has zero
ending, the genitive plural will usually have an explicit ending
There are only three basic endings for the genitive plural: and zero
ending. But sometimes it is necessary to add or to restore the root of the word
to its full form wben other endings are removed (though and are not endings).
Also, it is sometimes necessary to break up fill vowels consonant clusters which
result when endings are removed. This makes things appear more complicated
than they are.
to put (standing) 1
shelf
428
The basic ending is taken both masculine andfeminine nouns whose
nominative singular ends in soft consonant (spelled. with and masculine
nouns ending in "hushing sound" (spelled m, note that is not included
here!).
Many nouns in shift the accent to the genitive plural and all other plural
endings except nominative:
(ln the case of
the accent shift is to explained the fact that these
nouns have the accent on explicit endings.)
Complete the sentences with ofwords given in
parentheses.
1. 1.500 2.
4, 4.
5. 17
6. 7.
8. 5 9.
325 10. 11.
12.
13. 48 14.
15.
16.
17.
28.16 The basic ending (spelled appears on masculine nouns with
hard stems (except for those ending in "hushing sounds"):
Following observe Spelling Rule No. 4:
.
The soft variant is taken nouns in
If the accent is on the stem, .nouns like with an extended stem in the
plural, also take the soft variant:
28.16. Complete the sentences with appropriateforms ofwords given in
parentheses.
l. 12 3
15 2. 8 3.
10 4.
5. 6.
7.
429
8. 9 9. 14
10. 11.
12.
13. 6 14.
15.
5
ou are already accustomed to fill vowels in the nominative singular of mascu-
line nouns which have zero ending and in one feminine genitive plural as
well as in short-form adjectives and in the past tense
Until now fill vowels posed no particular since they were present
in the first form of the word which you learned.
430
Fill vowels must the of
when the vowel are removed to form the plural.
(Although rules which vowel to add, the ·should
of such forms to serve as models for
words the future.)
After the (the three velar always add
Before the same three velar the fill vowel will the
is ofthe m, which
case Rule N2 4 must observed:
but:
But that ifthe fill vowel replaces soft sign, must used
as fill vowel to keep the soft: ',
other the plural the fill vowel will
spelled the consonant was hard or soft:
(No&e that
does not add soft sign, as might expected.)
There are few clusters which do require fill vowel:
,43J
Although is generally replaced forms of in the plural, there is
special genitive plural form, which must used with numerals and
With the indefinite expressions of quantity and contempo-
rary conversational Russian uses (With one may use either
or
28.3.
1.
2.
3. 380' ...
1.500 ...?-
5.
... 6.
8.
?
28.4 The Genitive Forms of Nouns Used Only (or Mainly) in the Plural
The following genitive plural forms present new types, but will need to
learned since you do not know singular forms of these nouns or they present other
.irregularities.
You saw the genitive forms of the modifiers used in many of the sentences in
the preceding exercises. The endings are the same as in the prepositional case: basic
ending (spelled
28.9. -
1.
2.
3. ...
4. ... ....
5.
6. ...
7.
... ....
8. ...
9. 10.
1. 2.
434
3. 4.
5.
28.11
additiorial use of verbs is for
or random with
But if the is performed different people, each going direc-
tion at the same time, the unidirectiona/ verb must used, each
dual go direction at
435
28*
28.13 Verbs of
436
-
- 1755
-
- 30 7
-
-
1953
-
- 10
-
-
-
-
-
- are
-
-
-
-
... ?
-
·-
-
-
-
--
-
-'-
438
--
- .. H<t ••
33
-
-
-
...
-
-
-
-
-
439
28.16 -
-
-
28.17-
-
-
-
28.18
...?
... ?
...?
... ?
28.19 -
-
-
-
28.20
28.21
440
'ITO
28.11 -
--
-
-
--
-
28.13 -
-
28.14 1.
2.
3.
4.
+1
J"Opi mfl
1
...?
•••?
ICOJIJika 110 •••?
•••
•••?
•••?
1
.Ni 29
XOJIOUIIIX
Rcad 63 conccming the repctition of question answering it. lf the question does not
have an interrogative word. thc repctition of it the pcrson addressed must formed with the
particlc
-
.. 2 )
- w 3 • ?
:J :J
- -
2 2
-
:J 3
- -
443
-
} }
-
-
-
In the plural, animate nouns have the same form for the accusative as for
the genitive. (Remember that in the singular this is true only of masculine animate
nouns.)
29.1. Complete the sentences with appropriateforms ofwords given in
parentheses.
1.
2..
3.
4.
to engage in sports
+ to swim kind, sort
to ride (for pleasure) sport
to very interested in, crazy
(silig. ice skates about, carried away
+ to run
445
5.
6.
7.
m) 8.
9.
10.
Even with 2-3-4 the adjective will in the genitive plural (masc. & neut.) and
nominative plural (fem.), although the noun is in genitive singular.
29.2. Complete the sentences with appropriateforms ofwords given in
parentheses.
1. 3 2.
2 3. 2
4. 2
5. 3 2
29.3 The Dative Plural Forms of Nouns and Modifiers
3.
4. 5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
446
comparative degree ('more .. .', '-er') of both adjectives and adverbs is
most commonly formed means of the suffix (sometimes in conversa-
tional style).
1
1
1
1
1
The accent tends to shift to the suffix in the case of adjectives of two
but remains on the stem in the case of longer adjectives (but note
1. .... 2.
... 3.
.... 4. ...
5. ... ...
... 7.
.... 8. ...
9.
1
1
1
1
1
Sometimes the suffix 1 is lost the comparative is formed, and
mutation will take place if the stem then ends in consonant which undergoes
mutation: 1
Comp/ete the sentences withforms of comparative degree of ad-
jectives and adverbs.
1. 2.
3.
4. 3 5.
.... 6. 7.
447
Some comparative forms must simply memorized:
The comparative forms never change for gender, or case. They may
used only as predicate adjectives in equational sentences. There are, however,
few attributive adjectives formed from comparative roots, for use as direct modi-
fiers of nouns:
the better the older
the worse the younger
As you have seen, the second of two persons or things being compared is
normally in the genitive case. If, however, the first item compared is not in
the nominative case, the conjunction must used (this is form and it
must preceded comma):
1
448
The amount which two persons or things differ is expressed with and the
accusative case:
Note the equiva1ents of 'even' and 'much' which are used with comparatives:·
(even prettier).
1 o/der)
15,
... »
-
-
-
an eccentric (person) =
1 upset
1 decent / in- + to ill
to look (appear)
450
-
-
-
-
-
-
--
-
--
-
-
-
-
- 15 ...
-
15!
-
...
= ( The is an em-
1 if 1 were you phatic particle.)
age ... why ...
451
29•
-
N!! 28
-
- N.! 28.
-
-
-
N!! 32, 19.30.
-
-
-
-
-
452
29.7
... ...
...
...
...
29.8 -
29.9 -
-
29.10 -
-
453
29.11 -
-
29.12 70
...
29.13
29.14
Make up dia/og.
29.15 Which picture rej'ers to each oj' the
29.16 1.
2.
454
--
1 ...
lrregular comparatives
+ those with consonant muta-
tion:
.•.
1
+
1 +
Nt 30
Read 48 concerning the quality of the unaccented vowels written as and when they occur
first in word.
Remember that in many situations commas are purely formal written device in Russian and do
not always indicate pause in pronunciation. Read the following utterantes without pauses.
... ...
456
that (one) / '1<
(gen. (eye)glasses
1 '1< 1 mood
to change
(money into smaller denominations)
457
30.1 The Past Passive Verbal Adjective
1755
1953
Verbal adjectives are adjectives which are formed from verb stems. You have
already learned two adjectives which were originally verbal adjectives:
Past passive verbal adjectives are formed from the per.f'ective aspect of tran-
sitive verbs, and therefore they express qualities are the result o.f comp/ete
actions.
The short form of past passive verbal adjectives, which you see in the examples
here, is used to form passive constructions involving per.fective verbs. passive
construction is one in which the subject is the recipient of the action.
Compare:
The young architect designed the plan.
This plan has been designed young
architect.
Note that in passive construction the agent (doer) is expressed in the instru-
mental case. (Often in passive construction the agent will not mentioned at
all.)
The past passive verbal adjectives can used with present (zero form), past, or
future tense of the verb
This paper is 1has been very well writ-
ten.
This paper was 1had been very well writ-
ten.
This paper he very well
Although there are many situations in which either the zero form or the past
tense ofthe verb can used, there is subtle difference. The use with the ze-
ro form (the present tense) stresses the quality itself which results from the action.
The English equivalent will usually present tense or present perfect construc-
tion.
Using the verbal adjectives with the past tense puts more stress on the action
than the resultant quality (as is particularly true if the time of the action is men-
tioned). The English equivalent will generally an English simple past or past
perfect construction.
Past passive verbal adjectives are formed means of the suffixes:
458
Most first conjugation verbs with stems in or have the suffix If
the accent in the infinitive is on 1 the accent of the verbal adjective will
normally one nearer the beginning of the word. Compare:
but
However when the stem of the verb (without prefix) is only one long
the accent should learned separately (note that it may move to prefix, may
always on the ending, or may on prefix except for the feminine form):
30.la
\. 2.
3. 4.
5. 6.
7. 8.
9. 10.
11.
Complete the sentences with short forms past passive verbal adjectives.
1. 2.
3. 4.
5.
6. 7.
8.
9.
10.
Most stems in form the past passive verbal adjectives means of the
suffix if accented). Consonant mutations which occur in second-
conjugation verbs occur also in the past passive verbal adjectives. If the accent
shifts in the present 1future tense, it wil1 also shift onto the stem in the verbal adjec-
tive. If the accent is on the ending throughout, it will on the gender or plural
ending (except, of course, in the masculine, which has zero ending).
459
1. 2.
3. 4.
5. 6.
7.
Verbs with infinitives in the verb and those based on the root
take the suffix Accent will generally as in the past tense.
(past
(past
(past
(past
(past
(past
4.
5.
6.
In the plural surnames in and have noun-like endings only in the nomi-
native. All other forms take adjective endings. Note that when the accent is on
it will on the ending in all forms.
30.2. Complete the sentences with appropriateforms ofwords given in
parentheses.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. 7.
30.3
-
Note that in this type ofsentences (all frorn academic life) one does not include
in the present tense.
30.4 Equivalents of the wrong ...
30.4.
1. You're opening the wrong door. 2. At first Anton didn't notice that he had
bought the wrong kind ofshirt. 3. You're going the wrong way. ln order to get to
Red Square you need to go to the left. 4. I'm afraid I've taken somebody else's
book. ou don't happen to know whose this is? 5. ou're waiting at the wrong
bus stop-there isn't stop here of bus number three. 6. This is the wrong trolley-
bus. 1 advise you to transfer to trolleybus No. 19 at the next stop. 7. 1'11 have to re-
turn to the library. 1 checked out the wrong book. 8. You've bought the wrong
kind of stamps. For an overseas airmail letter you need 45 kopeck stamps.
9. You've given me the wrong key, this isn't the key to my room. 10. lt seems I've
taken somebody else's briefcase-these aren't my books.
30.5. ua
1. Vadim was late and arrived only at 12:30. 2. Larisa called us from Paris on
Thursday at 8 m. 3. On March 27 1 have to go to St. Petersburg. 4. Next time let's
go to the south not in July but in 5. 1 sent John letter last week, but he'll
get it only in another week. 6. "Let's go to Suzdal next week." let's,
ifthe weather's good." 7. "C1audia Petrovna went to work in the Far East in 1978,
in the summer 1 think." "No, you're wrong, she went there in the winter of 1979."
8. The first sputnik was in outer space on October 4, 1957. 9. do you have
the coldest weather?" "ln December and January." 10. MGU was founded in
1755.
462
30.6 Culture throu![h Language: Examinations
University students normally take examinations only at the end of course
(while in general secondary schools examinations are held following the 9th and
11th grades). ln most cases examinations are oral. with the student appearing be-
fore the professor or committee and answering questions on
which he picks t'rom among several lying face-down on
30.7 Notes lndividual Words
The English \'erb 'to enter· take direct object. The
Russian equivalent is going verb and must used in directional construction:
·Anton enteretl tl1e
1147
\905
..
463
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 1147
-
- 1755
-
-
...
- 847 60
465
30-1022
30.8 -
-
- .
...
- .... ?
- ... ?
30.9 -
-
30.10-
- 35
85 40
50 95
30.11 -
-
30.12 l.
2.
3.
4.
5.
466
30.13 Word Study
-
•••
+:
1 •••
+1 +
+1
i
1
+1
... •••
VI
Declension
You now know the complete declension, singular and plural, of nouns, modifiers (adjectives and
special modifiers), pronouns, and surnames in and (Cf. 494-500.)
Nouns
You know which fill vowels to add in forming the genitive plural of nouns: normally insert
But:
ou know that in the the accusative animate nouns of all genders is the same as the
genitive
You know the neuter noun You know the noun (gen.
which has no singular. You know the noun which has the nominative plural
Case Usage
You know the use of the case as complement of the in cquational sen-
tences (except in the present tense and in cases to nationality). You also know the use of this
case in complement with verbs meaning 'to become':
You know the use of the instrumental case to express the agent in passive construction:
ou know the use of the comparatives of adjectives and adverbs, with the second item of the
comparison in the genitive case: But if the first of the compared items is not in
thc nominative case, must used:
You know how to express 'even' and 'much' with comparatives and to express the amount
which the compared items differ:
1
6
Modifien
You know that predicate adjective will in the short form if the subject is or
You know that is modifier and does not require genitive case, while 'one of must
expressed with the genitive plural:
You know how to use the modifier (which may also used without noun) and the quan-
t!fier MHOI'O:
You know the use of the past passive verbal adjectives with the verb in passive constructions:
You know the verb which requires the genitive case ofwhat is wished someone:
469
You know the of putting:
You the verbs and
You that used two types of \.
2.
You the related form:
You the construction used with verbs of perception:
You know that the with is not normally used as an equivalent of 'have' when the
subject is
Numerals
You know the cardinal numerals 40-1,000 and the ordinal (adjective numerals) 40-90:
:- 1
-
Time Expressions
ou how to express the time of day the half hour:
You have reviewed tke of the time when occurred (cf. 462).
wroog•••'
You how to express the of 'the .. .' 'somebody else's.. .'
the particle with adjectives, adverbs with
470
Writing Letters
Conversational Expressions
You know the additional expressions for use when speaking on the telephone:
...
... , ...
17.
18.
22 19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27. 28.
29.
471
30.
31.
2. Review of Genitive P1ural and Animate Accusative Plural. Comp/ete the sen-
tences with appropriate forms of words given in parentheses.
1. 2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9. 27 75 10.
11.
12.
14.
15. 16.
17. 18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24. 25.
26.
27.
28. 29.
439 45
3. Complete the sentences with forms of comparative degree of adjectives and ad-
verbs.
1. 2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14. 15.
16.
472
17.
18.
4.
1.
2. 0 3.- 0
0!
5.- 6.
7. ...
... 8.
9.
1 11.
0
0
13.
0
5. Comp/ete the with short forms of past passive verbal adjectives.
1.
2.
NQ 315
3.
4.
5.
6.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16. 17.
Supplementary Lessons
LESSONS 31-34
The following lessons contain no new grammar structures which are vital for
use in the spoken 'language. The new points covered in these lessons are generally
used only in bookish style. In schools which have time it is suggested that these
lessons covered, but without the stress on active oral use which has been applied
in the main portion of the textbook. Also, students who are learning Russian
mainly for use in reading in other subject matters, will find it useful to work
through these lessons independently.
Even if Lessons 31-32 are not covered, the readings of Lessons 33 and 34 pro-
vide very suitable culmination for the course and read without difficulty.
.N2 31
Verbal Adverbs
lmperfective Perfective
performance (theatrical)
475
31.1 lmperfective Verbal Adverbs
or
Like verbal adjectives, verbal adverbs are formed from verb stems and retain
certain characteristics ofverbs (such as aspect). Since they are adverbs they do not
change form.
Imperfective verbal adverbs are formed adding the basic suffix to the
stem, with the last consonant of the stem softened (if it has soft variant). ln
the orthography this means adding unless spelling rules dictate
Verbs which lose the suffix in the present tense, do not lose the suffix in the
verbal adverb:
Verbal adverbs may take the same types of complements (direct object, indirect
object, etc.) as the verbs from which they are formed:
stage, scene
476
31.1
1.
2. 3.
4.
5. 6.
7.
8. 9.
10. 11.
12.
or
For the great majority of verbs the perfective verba1 adverb is formed ad-
ding to the stem the suffix (or you may occasionally see
For verbs with the suffix one must add to form the verbal
adverb:
very few verbs form the perfective verbal adverb in the same manner as they
do the imperfective verba1 adverbs, with the suffix
There will no confusion, however, since such verbal adverbs are based
on perfective stems.
Perfective verbal adverbs describe actions, usually occurring before
the action of the main verb takes place (whatever the tense of the latter may
.. .'
learned that Vasily Ni-
kolaevich is ill, .. .'
31.2
1. 2.
3.
4.
5.
6. 7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
477
31.3 The Preposition Used with Nouns Referring to an Activity
-
- .
...
+
--
famous =
incident
rehearsal director (theatrical)
simp\y to move (intransitive)
to continue
478
-
-
-
-
-
to cry immoblle
to teach face
to stop
sailor
to amuse
joyfully
happiness
479
N! 32
Present active verbal adjectives are formed removing the from the third-
person plural form of the present tense verb and adding and regular adjective
endings in the appropriate gender, number and case. Since they are formed from
the present tense, only imperfective verbs will have these verba\ adjectives:
Note that such verbal adjectives formed from second-conjugation verbs with
artist
480
shifting accent have the accent on the same as the infinitive
Such verbal adjectives from verbs with the suffix always have (never
no matter what the preceding sound may
Like the adverbs, the active verbal adjectives are generally not used in
the spoken language.
Active verbal adjective constructions can used to replace adjective clauses in-
troduced Like the equivalent clauses, they are always separated from
the rest of the sentence commas.
Active verbal adjectives always agree with the noun modified in gender, num-
and case. ou will that agrees in gender and number with
the noun to which it refers, but has its own function and therefore its own case in
its clause. (See the examples at the beginning of this section.)
few present active verbal adjectives have come to used as regular adjec-
tives:
32.1
1. 2.
3.
4. 5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
1
11.
12.
13.
14.
Past active verbal adjectives are formed replacing the of the past tense of
verb (of whichever aspect is appropriate) with and the regular
endings in the appropriate gender, and case:
to approach, go up to
481
31-1022
Note that, as with the present active verbal adjectives, the suffix (not oc-
curs only in this variant, no matter what sound precedes it:
The past active verbal adjectives of and its compounds must learned
specially: etc.)
32.2
1. 2.
3. .N2 38,
.N2 2. 4. 5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
-
-
-
-
-
482
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
483
31*
N2 33 -
.....-:f-
.·
playground
flower
484
33.1 Past Passive Verbal Adjectives Used as Attributive Adjectives
ln Lesson 30 you leamed the use ofthe short form ofpast passive verbal adjec-
tives in the predicate (with the verb in passive constructions. Past passive
verbal adjectives also used in long form, with full adjective endings, for
use in modifying nouns directly. In this function they replace clauses. If
they follow the noun modified, such constructions are separated from the rest of
the sentence commas.
As is true of the active verbal adjectives, the use of the long form this
tive is more characteristic of the written than of the spoken language.
make the long forms of the past passive verbal adjectives, simply add to the
short form of the past passive verbal adjectives the regular adjective endings in the
appropriate gender, and case. If the short form participle ends in
second is added the adjectives endings.
33.1
1.
2. 3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
+= to get mar-
convenient ried (of woman)
plan, \ayout (imp.j ua to get married (of
lover (of something)
to change a\tered) to grow (intran.vitive)
486
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
33.2-
-
-
-
33.3-
-
-
-
33.4 -
-
-
-
••• Jl
487
-
-
33.5 -
-
-
.N! 34
...
800
...
ray
+ to join, connect
=
ardently ring
tenderly
= to draw
heart air
...
-
('
-
- Otlfl
JlleW (t11. star
nepc.1 HltM'!
"-nn tower
in
front of
-- 8aeiuunl
Cathedral of
St. Basil the Blessed
col6p Cat-
bedral of the lntcr-
c:ession of the Vir-
gin
aoepOI
to adom. monument
490
- Czar
Czar Can-
..._n.
non
to weigh
-
tower
-- tall. high
- 81 height
- 100 Jle"f
the Kremlin Palace
-
- =•
co6p8lule meeting
m11in
·-
-
to bring
-
-
-
light, bright
bridge
pl.) gate(s)
-
-
- ...
across
under
earth, ground
492
-
-
-
-
-
sport competi-.
tion
-
1953
Word Study
name
cardias. core
+
+
493
Grammatical
NOUNS
MASCULINE Singular
(Remember the spelling rules!)
Nom. zero
Gen.
Prep.
Dat.
Instr.
Plural
Stem Hard Hard Soft Vowel+l
Case End. Anim. Inanim. .
Nom.
Gen. 1
Prep.
Dat.
Instr.
NEUTER Singular
Nom. -0
-0
Gen.
Prep.
Dat.
Instr.
Stem
End.
Hard Soft. Cons. + i Vowel+i .....
Case
Nom.
Gen. zero
Prep.
Dat.
Instr.
FEMININE Singular
Nom.
Gen.
Prep.
Dat.
Instr.
Nom.
Gen.
Prep.
Dat. }
lnstr.
49S
Plural
Stem
Ending
Soft ...
Case
Nom. .
Gen. 1 zero
Prep.
Dat.
Instr.
PRONOUNS
Stem Cons. +i
Ending Case lnterrogative
Case
Nom. Nom.
Case Personal
Nom.
Gen.
Prep.
Dat.
Instr.
1 See Lesson 28, sections 28. 1-4, conceming the genitive plural.
496
Case Personal Reflexive
Note: An is prefixed to the forms of the third-person pronouns whenever they are govemed any
preposition (but not to er6, ei!, in their possessive function ('his, her, its, their').
ADJECTIVES
Ending
Ending Ending
Case Accented Unaccented
Nom.
In-
anim.
Anim.
Gen.
Prep.
Dat.
lnstr.
497
32-1022
Stem Hard Soft ....,
Ending
Ending Ending
Case Accented Unaccented
Nom. pyCCI(oe
Gen.
Prep.
Dat.
Instr.
FEMININE
Nom.
PYCCI(YIO
Prep.
Dat.
Instr.
PLURAL
Nom.
Inanim.
Anim.
Gen.
Prep.
Dat.
Instr.
498
SPECIAL MODIFIERS
(Nominative and accusative cases have noun-type endings, other cases have adjec-
tive-type endings.)
MASCULINE
Nom.
Inanim.
Anim.
Gen.
Prep.
Dat. .
lnstr.
NEUTER
.
Nom
lnanim
Anim.
Gen.
Prep.
Dat.
Instr.
FEMININE
Nom.
Gen.
Prep. }
Dat.
lnstr. .
1 special modifiers and decline like
2 special modifier declines like
499
32°
PLURAL
Nom.
Inanim.
Anim.
Gen.
Prep.
Dat.
Instr.
SURNAMES IN
horizontallines within the chart indicate the division noun-type and
adjective-type endings.)
Nom.
}
Gen.
Prep.
Dat.
lnstr.
1 . • 1 "
Fonn
:... .. -
Present ' ,
\
Past
Masc.
Fem.
Pl.
lmper.
lnfin.
Fonn
Future Present
Past.
Masc.
Fem.
Neut.
Pl.
.
Imper. --
Infin.
ProiiOUII!I: Pronouns are, as rule, given only in the nominative case. Refer to the grammatical tab-
les, 496-497, for the full declension.
Adjeetives and Speeial Modifiers: Normally only the masculine·nominative singular form is given.
Accent in long form adjectives is always constant. In short form adjectives the accent often shifts. If
the accent is on the stem except for the feminine form, this will indicated with the grave accent mark
( · ): Other accent pattems will explicitly indicated:
Comparative forms which are used in the text are given in parentheses with the adjective
form:
indicate that an English equivalent is an adjective, hyphen is sometimes used following the
word: 'university-'.
Adverlls formed from adjectives of quality and ending in are given separately from the adjective
only if there is shift of accent: (unoxo).
VeriJs are given in an exploded form +) in order to impress upon the student the com-
ponent parts of the word, and are presented in the basic form in keeping with the presentation in the
textbook. Infinitives are, however, given ifthe formation is not obvious from the basic form. Such in-
finitives are listed separately and are cross-referenced. to form:
Unless specifically marked (perfective), single verb listed is to understood as imperfective. If
both of an imperfective 1perfective pair are given, they not marked with respect to aspect,
but the imperfective is always placed to the left of the slash (/), the perfective to the right. When per-
fective is formed means of prefixation, only the prefix may given to the right of the slash: ro-
/
ln very few cases verbs are not presented in an exploded form. This happens when the prefix has
fused with the stem, such as in
Students are expected to understand the one-stem verb system sufficiently to to form pre-
sent 1future forms, past tense, imperative and infinitive from the form. The acute accent mark
( · ) on basic form indicates afixed accent, either on the stem or on the endings of the present 1future;
grave accent mark ( ' ) indicates an accent which shifts one toward the front of the word in the
present 1future except in the first-person singular form:
eop6arr
If the past tense· accent is on the stem except in the feminine form, the grave accent .mark will
used: ...,.,, Other accent patterns will specifically indicated.
similar use will made ofthe accent marks to indicate the stress in short form past passive par-
ticiples:
:Jilurro,
If verb occurs in the with or without the particle this will indicated as follows:
ICOII'I-il + (cw).
which lose the suffix in the past tense are indicated as follows: oo-ric-(•y)-n.-aoric.
Where the case govemed verb is not easily this is indicated using an appropri-
ate form of or
Prepositlons are entered with the case governed indicated in the same manner as verb govemment:
le:l .
and Used
acc.-accusative case fam.-familiar (address)
adj.- adjective fut.-future tense
adv.-adverb gen.-genitive case
anim.-animate gram.-grammar, grammatical
asp.-aspect • IC- lntonation Contour 1Construction
c.f.-see imper.-imperative
comp.-comparative degree impers.- impersonal
conj.- conjugation 1conjunction imp.-imperfective aspect
cons.-consonant inanim.- inanimate
constr.-construction ind.- indirect
dat.-dative case indecl.-
dem._.:. demonstrative in/-infmitive
dim.-diminutive (emotive-expressive suffixes in instr.-instrumental case
general) interr.- interrogative
dir.- direct 1directional 1direction intrans.- intransitive
educ.- education /oc.-location
expr.- expression m.-masculine gender
.f.-- feminine gender multidir.- multidirectional
504
11. ·- noun pronl/n(".- pronunciution
negative re.fl.- renective
ne11t.-neuter gender rel.- relative
11om.- nominative case spe(·.- special
506
to (repeated/y), to visit, frequent
8.19, 11.11 to take 13.5; 13.17
quick, fast 20, 29.4
to enter 1 1go in 18, 30.7
indec/. office IV, 25; War and 21
bureau of good services, domestic services (train) station, terminal 26
bureau 25 to concemed, worried 18
(way) over there 16
question 13.17; +
to answer questions 13
eighteenth 18
into, to 11, 7.1, 7.2, 22.1; in, at 3.6, eighteen 18
3.17, 7.1, 7.2, 22.1, 31.3; per, eight 8.19
17.4 eighty 27.2
(train) car 26 eight hundred 27.2
vase 11, 30 Sunday 8
adj. used as noun bathroom 9.9 the east 26.17; the
uwe, pol. or your 1yours V, Far East 26 \
4 eightieth 27.2
suddenly 20 eighth 8.19
partic/e you know, after all 7.10, 7.17 here 1there is 1are 11, 2; Fine!
century 34 That's great! 6; ... This is
great 28 what... 16, 19.7
29. J7. impression 24
[imp. + to re- however, but then, incidentally 26
turn, to come back 14 (gen. physician, doctor 12, 22.11.
to amuse 31 neut. time 7, 10, 19.10, 20.2;
. merry, cheerful 30; What time is it? 7, 11;
it's jolly; to have good time, to enjoy oneself How long does it take to ...?
21 11.6; all the time, constantly 11,
in the spring(time) 15 11.11: seasons of the year 16;
all, all of, the whole 11.2, 11.22; lkero xop6- at this 1that time 20;
wero! Good-bye! V-65, 22 in our days 24; during 23
evening 11, 21.4 everybody, all 7.10, 7.17, 10, 11.2
evening- 10.6, 18 everything, all 9.19, 11.2, 27.5; all
in the evening 4, 21.4; the same, nevertheless 9, 18.11
tonight 10; yesterday always 7.17, 11.7
last night 10 in all, only 16-276; xop(lmel:o! Good-
(gen. thing V, 13 bye! V-65, 22
grown up, adult 15.12, 15.26; neverthe1ess, in spite of that, all the
adults 15.12 same 18.11
cf +1 to recall 24.9
sort, kind 29; sport 29 +1 to get up, stand
34 up, rise 14.9, 14.10, 14.24
to see 9.19, 10.4, 21.8, 26.4 to meet (encounter)
wine 25 25.29; to see in the Ne:w
delicious, tasty 12 Year 25
1 together 6, 27 + to meet
instead of 25.18 (encounter, gather) 25
attention 29.17 Tuesday 8. 19
grandson 23 second 2.12
granddaughter 23 entrance of 11, 28;
on time 21 admission is free 24
during 23 1
water 9.19 3.17, 30.7
+ to retum come in, please 3
16.20 yesterday 10.19
air 34 you III, IV, 3.3
age 29.17; At to look (appear) 29
my age! 29
501
to go out. exit. get off (transportation) 20:
IIWin J8 to get married
ll'omun) (imp. 33 111. 2:
118 yes. phone) Hello! 25:
............... + ..........,.. ra:.e- 10
to to newspapers 10.19: .....r.a..- ...-. + /.iii.II-Yr .1111.11-Yr> to give 17.7:
to give sick-leave cer- Let's (talk)! 1. 7. 8. 14.11
tificate 22 JI88IIO (for) long time. since lon" timc ago 8.5.
(..._,.: ........_) to drink 21.6 11.7 ·
• ..,..._ expression 17 (({ /3.6 50/: :WJ. J18JI8.
exhibition. display 27: fimp. +) to givc 13.6. 13. 17. 18.1:
- 3118n..••Let us know ... 24
AII·Russla Exhlbllion Cenler ..u.eeven 10
+ to perfonn, appear 8.19 • (• ctc. R Vl
to tppevr on 8 JIL'IIICO (...,...._) far 7. 29.4
+1 to leam, memorizc .............. funher 27:
IV, 30 -x We wish you funher success. 27
exit 11 farther. further 29.4
lbl•XOJI-ti•n j (aWwe.ll, ablwJia. ..:am.; ....,....n./110-
,. . m..
to give as gift 30
2.12, 11.11, 20.6
OI'N(.VtNl to exit, go out, get - nt!lll., IWO
Ju to get married woman) twentieth 20
33 . . . .n. twenty 15
two 11.1·1. 20.6
twelfth 12
.1111r11611Q8n. twelve 12.13. 12.20
J11e111o door 30
raJ gas (in .ftate) 11. 9.9 Jl8knl two hundrcd 27.2
newspaper 111. IV. 1 + Cll intrun.v. 10 move 31
raWnn.di:
•·apiw
(neck)tie 4
newsstand 10
garage V. 7.10
.uop•
J180P (gen. yard. courtyard 15.12
(gen . ...,...) palac:e 34:
.aaopeu 34: 34:
Kpe-
,._. where 111. 1. 4.16 34
somewhere 14. 25.3 (little) girl V. 19
•·eO.IJor gcologist 11 girl 7
repoiunJ heroinc 19: heroine ninety 27.2
mother 19 ninctieth 27.2
repbli hero 34 nineteenth 19
8'080p-il-n. ,. to talk. spcak. say V. 5.20. 12. nineteen 19
23.10
pl1one) 6
gen.pl.
roeoplrr... This is...
33-1022
(gen. model, sample 1 division (section) 18;
to note, at- the evening division 18
tention to 32 cf +
donnitory 28.25 rest 4; rest home, resort vaca-
+ (ew) 1 to announce tion center 4.9
20.24, 29 +1 to rest, vacation 4.2,
+1 to explain 30 13
usual, ordinary 27 father (gen. O'I'Q8) 2
usually 8 to
for sure, for certain, without fail, open 21.5
15· post card 23.17
OIIOIQII pl. (gen. 12 cf +
huge 31 from where, how 15.12, 22;
oJUii) one, alone 1, 6.6, 11.2, How do you know? 15
14.13, 20.6, 28.1; fiiend of +1 to send 23
mine, one of my friends 16.10, 26.6; 1eave (vacation) 18.20
one of 28; another (one more) 17.12; from here 17
in the same bouse 24 from there 26, 34
oJUii... ••• some... otbers 30 patronymic V-5, 19.17
e1eventh 11 1 waiter 1waitress 26
eleven 11.22 very, very much 4, 7.10, 13.9, 14.2
once (upon time) 29 (gen. (eye)glasses 30; wear-
it tums out 21.23 ing glasses 30
(pl. window, windowsiiiiii, 5.20;
to look out of the window 6;
on. the windowsill 13
near 28 pavilion 27
(gen. 10, 24 tent 16
it 1, 1.2, 9.3 . indecl. (over)coat 4
she, it, 1, 1.2, 9.3 monument 24, 34
tbey III, 1.2, 9.3 memory; as memento
it neut. 1.2, 9.3 of 30.14
+1 + to 1ate 4.2, 1, 11-34, 2.6
4.9, 7.2, 14.20 Pans 5
opera IV, 34 park IV, 1
operation (surgical) 22; 1 oue- (pl. passport IV, 23.9
p8auoo to operate on 22 1 passenger 5
+ cf + ped!igogica1 18
again 12, 21.15 pension 3; retired 3
original 30 first 1; ••• he was the first to ...
orchestra 25 27.11
autumn, fall 28; in the autumn, in to
the fall 15 trans1ate; Trans-
+1 late into Russian.
to examine patient) 22 money order 23.17
to found 30 (cf 501) to
oeO&uo especial1y, particularly 17 transmit, broadcast, tell, infonn that 24, 26;
+ to re- Give... my regards.
main, stay 21.23 28
+/ trans. to broadcast, program 8
leave 25.18 + ew to correspond (ex-
the rest, remaining 34.7 change letters) 15.27
+ 1
intrans. to stop to stay, put up (find accom- to transfer (to another vehicle)
modations) 28.25, 31.4 20.10
stop (bus, etc.) 6 cf
cf + ew to transfer
(away) from 21.23, 22.1 (to another vehicle) 20.10
+1 to answer (gen. pl. song 16, 28.2
5, 13.4; to recite 30 t;{. noi +
514
on foot 6.1 perhaps 25 .
pastry 25 1. please V, 3; Don't mention it. 1.
writer, author 17, 30 You're welcome. 3,.10; 3. Here (you are). 5; 4.
(lllllllj, to write 15.8 That's don't mention it." 7
written 1 elderly 10.9, 10.19
(pl. letter 1 DO:J88JJR)
(imp. to call (summon) 20
OJJU-ai + to swim 29.6 (imp. to
swimming 34 phone, call 21.11
to cry 31 late 21, 29.4
ardently 34 congratulatory
plan 30; map (of city) 33 telegram 29
plan, layout city) 33 +1 to
(phonograph) record 17 congratulate 19, 25.7; ...
to ..0) Congratulate... for (me). 33
21 (imp.
poor (quality) 5, 7 to introduce (make acquainted) 28
playground 33 Meet.
(gen.pl. (city) square 20 (Get acquainted.) V, 1-79
OJUOC above zero 15 in Spanish 5
14 in ltalian 5
along, around (over the surface 28; noi to sing 11, 16.10
(music) books, books on to go,
(music) 17 set out for 12.5, 12.7, 16.7;
in English v . 1, 5 1 to go to (start) school, to
(imp. start studying, working 15, 18
to thank 26 until 28
to visit, spend short +
time 11 to show 9.19, ll
0011e3JJO was lucky 24 1
review 30 to seem 24.5
+1 to repeat, review +1 to buy,
30.14 shop for 10, 12.6
to go out, extinguished 24.7 useful 27
to talk chat 1 clinic 22
weather 15; in good shelf 28
weather 16.10 half 25; (it's) 5:30
+ to out walking/playing (for 25.5; at 5:30 25.5
to take walk (imp.
p.-cf. to put, lay 12, 22.18;
gift, present 30 to send to the hospital (as patient) 22;
to go up, rise 14.24 to put to 25
+1 to
1 to wait (for) 6, 24 receive 13, 27.6;
to cash money order 23
to go up to, to remember 13.17, 21.8, 24.9
approach 32
girl friend (of girl) 24.9 to help 12.2, 12.20, 25
+ (i:1;p. +) to think 18, 24.9; in my opinion, 1 think 12
Just think of it! 26 cf.
Monday 8.19
· in German 5
to approach, go up to 32 +1
to go, set out to uderstand 5, 31;
for 7, 13, 14.11, 17.3 1 don't know the first thing about...
(cf. 501) (i/ there is direct 30
object it will in partitive genitive) to eat 22.6 (imp. to like
(pl. train 26 pleasing to) (the of the
cf. 19.2
cf. cf. + 31
515
+ (imp.• +) to eatlhave to
dinner 12 feel (of hea/th) 22
How one get cf.
to ... ? 28 poet 34
(irnp. therefore 8.19
1. + inf. 1 to ask, re- npau, right (in one's opinion) 8.7
quest (someone to do 17.6, 28.10; 2. "Truth" 1, 10.9;
•••? ls it true tbat ...? 19; lsn"t tbat
Wbat did you ask Maxim to do? 28.1 3; 3. so? 25
to ask for 17.6; correct 28
••• to tbe pbone... holiday 25; holi-
26 day! 25
briefcase 4.16
in Russian V, 1.5 inf. to offer, sug-
everything's in order gest 27.19
23.17 fine, excel\ent 13
ca- instructor, teacher V-66,
+ ) to 33 2, 3
(plane) 29; greeting(s) 28.25;
to proceed for boarding 29 to give... greetings, regards 28
visitor 27 + to get
+) to used to, become accustomed to 25
send 27.7 + to in-
after 21 vite 14, 20, 21
1ast series) 30.14 (imp. 1. to prepare;
+ to listen blt) 17 2. to cook
1. to look, watch 8, (imp.
12; 2. to look at (turn attention to) to arrive, come 12.5, 12.7
25.10; 3. to look up (as in dictionary) +1
12, 17 to arrive, come 11, R 111, 20, 26.5
(imp. +
+ irif. to advise 15.7 Lj:
to burry off, set off in hurry decent 29
25.10 +1
(imp. to to rcceive, acccpt; take (medtcine)
stand, put standing 28.13 22.18, 27.6
(imp. to build 11 to bring 34
+1 ({ +
to enter (enroll in at) 18.11, 1
18.20 WJJit; to come, arrive 8.6; 8.19,
dishes 32 12.5
+ to send 27 pleasant 15; Pleased to
to dance blt) 14 meet you. 4
+ (CII) (imp. + (CII) to 1ose 20 1
then (afterwards) 5, 12, 13 to spend
4 free time 1 16
+ (imp. +) to have / eat program (schedu1e) IV, 9
supper 14 501;
in French 5 to sell 17.7
hike, walking tour, trip 16; to + to continue 2, 31.4
go on hike 16 design, plan 21
to wa1k 1
around blt) R V
to look Iike, 19.10, 19.17 to make an impression 24.19
why 4.16, 10.9; ... That's
wby ... 29 to go, pass through 29, 33; npom
to clean 12.8 to proceed for boarding 29
post office 23.17; mail 23 industry 27
a1most 15 (to fi/1 2
516
1 1. + + to converse, talk 21
inf./ to ask, request to do conversation 3.17; pii]I'OIIOp
something) 17.6, 28.10; 2.. phone conversation(s) 3
ooopociwl What did you ask +1 + to change (break
Maxim to do? 28.10; 3. to ask down into denominations) 30
for something) 17 .6, 28.10 various, different (not the same) 23.10
avenue 11 inf. to permit, allow 14;
pardonjforgive me IV-51, 7 Allow me to invite
simply 31 you. 14
(gen. pl. request 26.6; district 28
• .1 have request to make of early 18, 29.4
you. 26.6 earlier, former1y, previously 10, 29.4
+ f
vocational school 18.10, 18.11 to sign (one's in receipt of something) 23
professional 24 +1
(pl. professor V-66, 3 to tell, narrate 5.20, 11
+ (imp. +) to read 11 upset 29.17
last, past 16.20 to grow intrans. 33
straight (ahead) 29 chi1d 19
31 revo1ution V, 28, 30
cf. rare, infrequent 11, 17,29.4
(theatrica1 director) (film, stage) 31
let... , have ... 13.7 peie (schedu1ed) flight 29
vacation pass 13-7 river 9
cf. rehearsa1 31
to drink 21.6; restaurant IV, 12
to thirsty 25 pew-lii + to decide 16
fiftieth 27.2 decisive, determined, resolute,
fifteenth 15 strong-willed 26
fifteen 15 pe111-ii +) to decide 16
Friday 8.19 to draw (art) 34
fifth 5 drawing, design 32
five 5.20 gender R1
fifty 27.2 (gen. parents 2
five hundred 27.2 to 19.7
native language 23.10;
home town 34; c1ose re1a-
tives 30; brother (related
work, job; paper, composition 3; h/ood) 23
test, quiz 2; at 30;
work 3 for 30
+ 1. to work (as) 3, 24.5; 1. to poJI• f. ro1e 31
work at, in 3 Russia 28
all the same 9, 18.11 shirt 4
glad 21 (gen. 19
radial layout 34 arm, hand 22.11
indecl. radio 2.6, 27.11; on the ra- the Russian language V,
dio RII, 27.11 5; Russian V, 5;
radio amateur, ham radio in Russian V, 2, 5
operator 27 Russian-English 17
radio receiver 27.11, 27.19 (for writing) 23.17
to rejoice 27 frsh 12
joyfully, glad1y 31 • row 21
time (occasion) 16; once 16; alongside, close at hand, nearby,
(week) 17.4; next to 20, 23
(for) the first time 19.2, 20, 31;
again, once more 21.15;
each 1every time 25; the next
time 25 f from (down from, off of) 22.1, 22.18;
really?! 15.12 How much do we owe? 19
517
v.·itlt (together withl 21. :!3.5:
1\e.ll What time is it'! (lor how
What"s the matter with you'! 22-357; long'!) 7. 11; How
my wifc and 1 25.2 long does it take to .. .'! 11.6:
garden. orchard 11. 7. 10. 9.9; How much do we owe? 19
kindergarten 7 soon 18
sit down! 24 it's boring 21
+ to follov.·ing. ncxt 20
plant 33 too (excessively) 16
v. :!5 (l(en. dictionary 17
-sclf (empllUticJ 25.6 word list 1
IV. 30 word 17
incidcnt 31.4
am:.ltcur 24 to happc:n 20
airplane 5 C:..'lyw-aii + to listcn to 1. :!. :!6.4:
1/JI!J tojimn u/udje('(ii'I!S Hello! phonel S
the most 19.5 to hear 10.4. 10.19. 21.8.
sugar :!5 26.4
light(s) 24 to laugh 19
t'rcc. unoccupicd. vacunt 10: (imp.
25 to to 24.8
onc's own 13.3. 16.3, 17.9; some- 1110- 1. to
body clsc's 30.4 look, watch 6.3. 7. 10.4: 12: 2. to look
+ to take an exam 18.11 at. glance at (turn attention to) 25.10: 3.
501): to to look up (U.f in dictionary) 17
pass an exam 1&.11 - 1:(
change (j'rom tl 26.17 first. at first 8.19
+ (imp. + ) to do. muke 11 15: 31. IIJU!T it's
showing 21.14 snowing 15
t'e/lexil'l' prmr. :!:!. 7. 22.18. :!5.6
north 13 (imp. +) 10 collect. gather 17
CC:I'OJlHR toduy 7.17: tonight. this
c\·eninl! 10 to mc:et. gather. 21
7 +
just nov.·: right away. immcdiately 2. to gathcr. collcct 17. 21: +
10.9 + il!f: to intcnd to 25
secret V. 12. :!1 · .. ct:
urc 27 + inf. to ad\'ise 15.7.
27 15.26
seventeenth 17 Sovict 1 .
scvcnteen 17 contemporary, modern 11.22
sc\·cn 7 quite. completely 12: not at all
27.:! 15
sc,·cn hundrcd :!7.2 cor.18CCJJ in agreement, agree 24
familv 3 + to connect, join 34-7
Seplcmber 24 regret; unfortunately
34 16.20
scrious 7 juice 21
lp/. sistcr V. :!.12 to.uir soldier 34
- LoOpoiC forty 27.2
cigarctic IV. 1; fortieth 27.2
Would you likc cigurettcs'? 5 c:od.a (pl. 1c:oc:iJIICa neighbur 3
signal v. 27 JlllanOr. Make up
to sitting 24 dialog. 13
lil'iiiK nicc 7 thank you; no, thank you 1V. 3. 14;
30 liom.wOe you very much. 13
(imp. to tell. (cmrr; to slecp 25.11!;
say V. 5. 12: •••.? Plcase tell mc. to sleepy 25;
12: ... Tell me. please ... c:nan. to go to 25; JIIOJIOIICiin.
5-1:!4 caan. to put to 25
how .much 1how many 7: (theatrieal) 31
511!
c-noi + ... to consider (that... );
occupation 26; ... to consider somebody 8.19, 24.5
What's ... occupation? 26 U.S.A. 15
to hurry 7.1 cf SOJ) to eat 21.7,
match 13 22.6
c-noi (imp. +) to sing 32 C:W'JJI congress, convention 34
calm. peaceful4, 15; cf.
Good night! 22 c-wrp-ii + (imp. +) to play 8, 14.11
sing. spon(s) IV, 10, 16.10; ..8) son 2.12
sport 29 here dir. 10
24 to sit down; to get on
information office. 26 (vehicle) 28, 30
+1
to ask ifor information) 5. 12.2. 12.8. 17.6
sputnik. satellite 27
cpaJy at uncc, immc:diatcly 22
Wednesday 8
ncutcr gcnder Rl
,1 110- to put (in po.ti-
rion) 28.13. 28.25 !!.19. 15.3; thc wrong 13.
stadium 33 30.4; not the same way as 15. :!5
(drinking) glass 21 u 15.3; i1·o Just
\Vhilt is th;lt'! 1-79. !!.19; Kro i·ro
1 /(f!.ll to hi..'Comc :!6.1
who is thut'? :!-90. 8.19;
station 20 diiT.:r.:rtt l·rom. 1101 lik.: 15; IIC
+ to grow old(er) 33 the kind 30.4
11 taxi 111. 1'1
,.,: 1 talc11t 1
oldcr, uldest 26 r·a:\1 thcrc 1. 1. 1
old 7, 10.9. 29.4 1'81111-eR·U•'Ib 110· IO tlallCC 1
\fJ/. 23.9
article (piec(' oj' 111 Tatar :!J
stvlc 32 your yours /imr. 11. 3.
st<tte grant 28 thcatcr 1\'. 11
vcrscs. poctry IV, 2 tl1ca 1rici\1 1
c·ro :!7.2. 27.19 tclc\·isiot1 ( !1;
to cost 20.7 to w;ltch TV 110 011 TV
(gl!/1. 9; in the \i. :!3
drawcr 9 t.:lcphone V. 3; 110
(city) 26 phonc ); fliiY
(/ir... cigarettes 1
Stolichniyc phone 29; = HOI'IIC:p
r1umhcr :!6
to standing 11.11. 11.22 tcmpcraturc V. 2:!.1
country (nation) 26.17 :!9. 6
construction worker 3 11<1\\' 10.9 .
construction- 18 WUrm 14.24. l-'
1 to build, construct 11 rep-liii + (cw) 1to- to losc lg.:t lostl 20
construction sitc 26 1\'. 1. 23.10
luni••f'r.ritl' le•'C/) 111. V-66. tcchnical school 18.1
,
chair 10 school 18
stewardess IV. 5.11 ro ur telscl 2U
Saturday 8.19 pal'ticlt•] 25.3; 29
souvenir IV. 27 comrade 26
ro.-.'18 then (ul that timc. thut casc) 12-:!16.
cyn soup 12
12.:!0
stage. sccne 31 iilso. too 2. 17.8
happy, fortunate 29; only. just S: ••• ... not only ...
Bon ,voyage! 29.17 but also 1 us soon 26;
happiness, luck, good fortune 27,31; just 15
fonunate1y 24
519
cake 25 + Cll 1 to smile 7, 12
(cf. 499) that (one) 30.4; department store 30
the wrong (one) 30.4 university V, 7; 11
streetcar 6 1
transport R IV 1esson 1, 1, 7.10
(cf. 499) third 3, 17.2 ycn)'ra: ycn)'r domestic services
three 3, 20.6 bureau 25
thirtieth 24 to hear (suddenly,
thirty 14 unexpectedly) 27.11
thirteenth 13 success 27 .19;
thirteen 13 We wish you further success. 27
three hundred 27.2 +/ to tired,
trolleybus 6 tire, get tired 14.9, 14.10, 14.24
difficult, hard 18, 29.4 moming 21.4; 6 6:00a.m. 21.4;
toilet 9 Good moming! IV, 15
there dir. 13; the wrong way (direc- in the-moming 4.16, 21.4
tion) 30.4 (yxoaj', 1
tourist IV, 30 ywni, to go away, depart 8.6,
here 1, 11-30 8.19
shoe 13 textbook 30
(cf. 496) (/am. you) V, 3.3 schoo1 year 18
thousand 27.2, 27.19, 28.7 (gen. 1 pupil (grades
1-11) V-66 ·
scho1ar, scientist 11.22
schoo1 18.12
at, V, 2, 9.1, 16.7, 20.8, 22.1, 28.12; 1 teacher 3.9
•• (who) has... V, 9.1; to study, 1eam (subject
in her room 9.1; here, in our country 15 matter, in depth) 12, 23.8
esteemed (letter salutation) 27 to study
yaure-e esteem; Sincere1y pupil / student) 11.11, 11.22, 23.8
yours ... 27 1 + inf. to 1eam
to catch sight of; to ... 23.8
see (suddenly, unexpectedly) 20.10
+ Cll to crazy about, carried
away very interested in 29.5, 29.17
hobby, passion 17 fact 11
amazing 24 1ast name, sumame V, 19
+ Cll / to surprised fantasy R V
16, 29 Fahrenheit 15.13
convenient 33 (gen. February 24
p1easure 9; with physicist IV, 3
p1easure 9; with t':JJIICa physics 11
great p1easure 24 .. physica1, physics-18
+ to go away, 1eave phi1o1ogica1 (of modern /an-
22, 26.5 guages and literature) 18
a1ready 3.9, 8.5, 11. 7; no 1onger 3.9 movie, film V, 9; ballet film
supper 12, 21.7; for supper 12 24
to eat/have supper 4.2, 4.9, 21.7 inde.cl. 11, 21
+ to find out, 1eam 7.17 phonetics 1
ywnit; (imp. camera V
to go away, de- photograph IV, 11
part 12 phrase IV
Ukraine 23 France V
1 Ukrainian 23 1 Frenchman, French
Ukrainian 23; in woman 5
Ukrainian 23 French 5; .... in French
+ to adom, 34 5
street 6; outside, outdoors 15; (gen. fruit 12
outside, outdoors dir. 15 soccer 12
520
date? 24; 'IIICJii•••? On what date ...? 24
( 1 to clean 12.8
character (personality) 26 +f to read 1, 2
chemist IV what 1, 4.3, 4.16, 10.1; Just
chemistry 11 what is this? 1-79; what else 1
bread 12.20 Why do you ask? 14;
to go, walk multidir. Why (are you surprised)? 18; What do
16.6, 17.3, 22.3, 25.1 you mean! 24; 3&•••? What kind of... ?
economy 27; agri- 28
culture 27 conj. that 4.3
hockey IV, 15 rel. pron. that, which 13.2
cold 9.19, 15 [conditional conj.] 18.4, 22.4, 28.10
xoplwndl good; well 5, 7, 29.4; ce6il to feel one's hea/th)
Well, 8; Wonder- 22.7
ful! 6; 8cel"6 Good-bye! V-65, 22 (gen. an eccentric (person) 29
( + inf) (cf. 501) to want IV, 8, 14.2, almost 21.15
28.10; would like to 21
impers. 1 feellike. m
18.7
xcni although 22 champagne 25
of Khokhloma 30 (gen. chess, chess set 8.11,
.-pin to play chess 8.12
fiction and poetry 17 sixtieth 27.2
worse, worst 29 sixteenth 16
worse 29.4 sixteen 16
sixth 6
six 6
sixty 27.2
flower 33 six hundred 27.2
1 to kiss 27; Love. (letter decorative 30
closing) 21 school (grades 1-11) V, 3, 7.2
whole 16. 1 driver (professional) V, 3
center, downtown (area) 7.17 noisy 30
circus 33
brush 13
tea 12.20; some tea 12. 22.6
••• hour 7.17; What
time is it? 7; •••? At what examination V, 18.11; en-
time ...? 8 trance exam 18.11
frequently, often 11, 29.4 an Estonian 23
pl.. gen. watch, clock 25 Estonia 23
cup 21 Estonian 23
(cf. 499) interr. whose V, (gen. floor (story) 14
4.1, 4.16, 11.1, 17.2 pron. this/that/these/those, it 1, 1.1, 9.3,
(pl. cf. person 10.9; 11.1, 19.6, 27.5
young man 10.9 (cf. 499) this/that 11.1
than 29.4
suitcase 13
across; in (after) 14.1, 20, 34;
in week 14.1; orepe3 Z at the south 13
third stop 20 south-west 28
black 14; Black Sea 14
(gen. Thursday 8.19
fourth 4
four 4, 20.6 (cf. 496) 11, III-45, 3.9, 9.8
four hundred 27.2 (pl. apple 26.17
fourteenth 14 8WIC (gen. Janguage, tongue V, 5.11;
fourteen 14 ••• anoce books in ... 17.12
'IIICJIO date (when) 24; 'IIICJio? What's the (gen. January 24
521
ENGLISH-RUSSIAN VOCABULARY
airplane 5
airport 29
•1 an (cf 499) 1, 11.2, (the whole) (cf 499) 10, 11.2, 11.22,
16.10; (expressed word orderJ 9.1"; (per) 16.1.0, 28.8; 7.10, 7.17, 11.2;
17.4 (everything) 9.19, 11.2, 27.5; thesame
22.18 9, 18.11; not at 15
to imper. aDow, to 14
21.8, 21.33.'22.2, 24.8• almost quite) 15, 21.15: (something
abnormal 22 averted or avoided) 21.15
(eonceming) 5.6, 16.1; How alone (cf 499)
•••? 28 along (over the surface 28
34 alongside 20
academic year 18 already 3.9, 8.5, 11.7
academy 27 1, 17.18;
accept, to + 1 34; not only... also... ...
22.18, 27.6; 30 ... 10
aeross 34 although 22
aeeustomed, to get always 7
25 amateur 24.19; amateur eoncert
to 22.10 24;
aehievement 27
aequaiat, to amateur radio operator, radio amateur
28; to get aequainted 1 27
1.4, 16, 23 amazing 24
aequaintance 1 IV, 16.1 Ameriean, an 1 5
16.20 Amer:can adj. 15
aequainted 24 an-cf
addition, in- cf also anclent 11
address (pl. 23 and 11-30, 1.3, 7.10, 17.8; 1,
admission is free 24.20 11-30, IV-55, 1.3, 2-90, 5.3, 9.6
to + 21.23 announce, to 1
ad81t adj. 15.12, 15.26; adalts 20.24, 29
15.12, 15.27 announcer 8
advise, to 1 + inf 15. 7 another one) 8, 17.12, 23.10·
15.24 ' (one more) 11.8, 17.12; one anothe;
aJYair (pl. 18.20 23.7
afraid, to J8 answe'r, to +1 JUJ
after 21; (when) 12.4; after 5, 13.4
particle 7.10, 7.17 answering device 21
aftemoon, in 4 any-cf 25.3
afterwards 5 anything: not ... anything 10
again 12; 21.15 anyway, the same 9, 18.11
age 29; At my age! apartment (Oat) 1.4
29 appear, to (perform) 8.19; (seem)
ago 16.6 1 24.5
acree (ln agreenaent widl) 24 appendidtis
appetite 25;
V, 22
appecit!
agree, to (make date)
+ i/'1{. 32 25
agrieulture 27 apple (pl. 26.17
aid, to +1 to 1
12.2, 12.20 ' 32
air 34 April 24
air maU, 23; air maU enve1ope an:hitect 21
23; air maU letter 23 architecture 34
arm (p}'lcy; 22.11
522
Armenian, an 1 17, 20.4, 20.5, 21.1; to situated, lo-
23.1 cated 17.12;
Armenian adj. 23; in Armenian 11.11, 11.22; 22.8, 22.24; if
23 1 were (you)... Jl 29 00
524
congress 28; 34 degree (of 15.13
connect, to + 34 delicious 12, 29.4
conservatory 18 depart, to- cf to go away
consider, to 1. 2. ... department (higher education)
8.19, 24.5 18.10
constant1y 11. 7, 11.17 department store 30
construct, to 1 11; 28, depend on, to 28
30.1 deputy (representative) 26
construction- 18 deslgn (p1an) 21; (picture) 32
construction worker 3 determined (strong-willed) 26
construction engineer 26 dictionary (gen. 17
construction site 26 different (not one) 8, 17.12, 23.10;
contemporary 11.22 (various) 23.10; (not same as)
continue + 31 15
convenient 33 difficult 18, 29.4
convention (conference) 28 dine, to +1 4.2, 4.9, 21.7
conversation 3 dinner 12, 21.7; for dinner 12; to
converse, to + 21 eat/bave dinner 4.2, 4.9, 21.7
cook, to 1 12.8; dip1oma 32
30.1 director (of organization)
correct 28 23; (theatrical) 31
comspood, to (exchonge /etters) disheS (sing. 32
+ 15.27 display 27
cosmic 27 dissatisfied 28
cosmonaut 27.11 district 28
COSIIIOS 27.11 divan 24
cost, to 20.6 diversion 17
coucb 24 division (section) 18; evening division
country ( i' city), in 9.9; (nation) 18
26.17 do, to + 1 2, 11
course (higher educ.) 18.10; to take course doctor (gen. 12, 22.1 1;
+ 30; to give course + 22.1 1
30; of course 9.19 doll, nested wooden 30
crane operator 1 26 don't••• 13.8
crazy to (passionately interested in) door f 30
25.9, 25.17 dormitory 28.25
cry, to 31 downtown (area) 7.17
cu1ture 27 draw, to 34
cup 21 drawer: in drawer 9
drawing 32
D dream, to (aspire) + 23
drink, to 21.6
dance, to blt) 14.24 drive, to intrans .. unidir.
date (of 24; Wbat's 11-30, 6.1, 17.3; 17 .3,
date? On wbat date•.•? 25.1
...? 24 drlver (professional) 3
date: to make date to... during 23
+ i'!f. 32
daughter cf 495) 2.12, 5.5
day (gen. 8.19, 21.4; Good day!
IV, 15; in our days 14.4; 23.7
24 early 18, 10, 29.4
daytime, in 4 east 26.17
dear 27, 29.4; (in of- easy 18.20, 29.4
ficia/letter) 27 eat, to cf 501) / (to eat up),
(gen. 24 (without dir. obj. or with partitive genitive) 21.7,
decent 29 21.23, 22.6
26 eccentric, an (person) (gen. 29
dedde, to +1 16 economy 27
decorative 30 eight 8
525
eighteen 18 Exeuse me! IV-51. 7: 17
eighteenth 18 exercise 1
eighth 8 exhihit, exhihition 27
eight hundred 27.2 exit. to /
eightieth 27.2 u:J 20
eighty 27.2 expensive 29.4
either: not either ... IV. 9; elther••• or••• ... explaia, to +/ ltO·
... 16 . .11v 30
elderly 10.9. 10.19 extiiaguished, to 24
electri!=ian 24.19 extra 24
elevator 14
eleven 11
eleventh 11
else: Who else? 6; What else?
1 or else 20; else's 30.4 F
· (t-mplrutic purti(·/es): 2; .111 26; 29
encounter, to- ('(. meet face (pl . • 31
end. to + 1 8.2. 11 factory 7.2
engage in sports, to + Cll 29.5 fact 11; faet is that ••• ...
englneer 12 21
5; in Fahrenheit: ( ... 15.13
V. 1; English-Russian 30 fail: fail 15
Englishman 23.1 fall (autumn) 28; in the fall (autumn)
Entllshwoman 23
enjoy OIK.'self, to impers. 21 famlly 3.
enroll in, to +i 1(1'00 f81110U 31
18.11. 18.20 far: Far East 26: far (from)
enter, to cmr 7. 29.4
1\\'t>U 3.17. 30.7; ('/: also to enmll 20.12. 20.27
in · · fasllion 19
entire: an entire 16.11: the entire (t:t: in fashion 19
499) 11.2. 11.22. 16.10. 28.1! father (g(•n. 12
entirely 12 favor (request) (ll('/1. 111. 26.6:
entrance, entry 1(\'t'ci 11. 24 1 have request to make of you. 1 have favor to
en\-elope 23 ask of you. 26.6
envy, to tm.11_i· 19 favorite 23
especially 17 fear, to 18
27: muc:h esteemed 24
27 feel. to (t,(tme's 111.'(//tlr)
Estoaia 23 22.7
Estonian, an 1 23 few, 8 28
Estonian uq;. 23; ln Estonian faction and poetry
23 17
Europe 28 flfteen 15
even 10: (ll'itlr ct,mpurutil'es) 29.4 flfteenth 15
evening 11, 21.4; thiseveningce- fiftla S
10: ln the evening 4: fiftleth 27.2
Good eveniq! 1!. 15 fifty 27.2
evening· 10 film (movie) 9: is showlng; playlng
every 14.4 .21.1 5
7.10. 7.17. 11.2 finally 21.23
C\'erything 9.19. 11.2. 27.5: everything that fiDII, to
13.2 20
examination (in) "" 18.11: entrance fincl out, to + 7.17
exam 18 · fine! 13
examine, to patient) + to + 8.2. 11
1 IUNo 22 flrst 1; (at) tirst 8.19; was the
example: for example 8 to••• ... 27.11
excellent 13 12.12
except for 21 flve 5.20
526
five hundred 27.2 G
Oat (apartment) 1
Oight (schedulecl) 29 garage (gen. 7
Ooor (story) (gen. 14 garden 11, 7.10, 9.9
Oower (gen. garden- 34
33 gas (in gaseous state) 9.9
Ou 22 gate(s) (neut. gen. 34
to unidir. 29 to
folk- 30 17; intrans.
following 20 17, 21;
foot 22.11; + 25
foot 6.1 gay, it's 21
football- cf soceer genuine 17.21
for-cf dative case (in exchangefor) 17, geologist 11
21; ifor the use of. purpose 23; (to German, 1 28
get) 24.6; for dinner 12; Con- German 5; in German 5
gratulate••• for me. ... get, to 13,
33 27.6; 30.1; to get
foreign 17.21 30; to get off (vehicle)
foreigner 1 20
forest 9, 11 20; to get to (reac'b)
forget, to 13.5 +1 20;
13.17 ' 28; to get up (rise) +1
Forglve me! IV-51, 7; 14.9, 14.10, 14.24
IV-51, 17 gift (gen. 30
former1y 10, 29.4 gir1 (little) V, 19; 7; girl friend
fortieth 27.2 girl) 24.9;
fortune: good fortune 27 17 .12, 24.9
fortunately 24 to give (cf 501) 13.6, 13.17,
forty 27.2 17.7, 18.1; 30.1; (to give
. found, to 30; 28 as gift) 1 30; to give up
four 4 (yield) +1
four hundred 27.2 30.14; to give course 30
fourteen 14 glad 21
-fourteenth 14 glance at, to 25.1
fourth 4 glass (drinking) 21
foyer indec/. 21 glasses (gen. 30; wearing
free (IIROCCupled) 10; 25; glasses 30
free (of charge) 24.19 go, to:
French 5; in French unidir. Il, 6.1,
5 7.10, 12.5, 12.11, 16.8; 16.7,
Frenchman / Frenchwoman 1 17.3, 22.3, 25.1; (to set outp.)
.•. 12.5, 12.7, 16.8;
frequent, to + .11 0 unidir. Il, 6.1,
frequently 11, 29.4 17.3
Friday 8 17.3, 25.1; (to set out
friend (pl. 17.12 (c.f a/so acquaint- 7, 13, 14.11,
ance); girl friend girl) 24.9; 17.3
17.12, 24.9 goes... ... 6.1
friendship 17.12 to go away
from: from inside 22.1; from off of 8.6, 12; 0
22.18; away from 21.23, 22.1; from 22, 26.5 ·
where 22; from here 17; from to go back- cf retum
there 34 to go in
front: in front of 34 3.17, 30.7
fruit (gen. 12.12 to go out
fun: it's fun, to have fun; 20
21 to go out extinguished)
further-cf success 24.7
future adj. 11.22 to go up + 14.24
527
to go up to 34
IV, 6; phone) V,
32 21; 5; 25
to go to sdtool sdtool) help, to +1
15 12.2, 12.20, 25
to go to hospital (a.s patient) her poss. pron. 2
IV, 1; 1; dir. 10; from
22 17; is/are 11, 2
to go to hero ;34
25 19;
good 5, 9, 29.4; Good 20.10
IV, 15-258; Good day! 16; to go bike
IV, 15-258; Good 16
15-258; Good hiU: HiUs 28
22 IV, poss. pron. IV, 2
7; V, 22 historical 24
grade (in sclroo/, 1-JJ) 18.10 bistory 30
graduate ftom, to 17
etc.) 11, 18 15
graduate 1 V 25; boUday!
23 25
9, 23.10 (cf (at) 1, 2; bome(ward)
6.6, 23.10 11, 6
23 hope, to 22
state 28 bospital 22; to go to (as
great 28 patient)
28.25; Pass my to••• 22; to put the
28 pital 1
grow, to intrans. 33 22
15.13, 15.27; bot (to the touch) 9, 15.12; weather)
15.13 15.12, 15.27, 29.4
guest (gen. 25.18 botel 28
GUM (2-3-4 ... 7.17
30 bouse 1, 1
bow 11, 4.16, 15.3; How's your family?
11, How do you kuow?
15; How •••? 28
balf 25; it's past 26.
25.5; at balf past buge 31
25.5 bumauities 28
bam radio operator 27 bundred 27.2
band 22.11 bungry, to (cf 50/) 25
7 to 7.1
bappen, to 20 burt, to 22.10
happiness 27 bushand 2
(satisfied), that•••
22 1
bard (difficult) 18, 29.4;
18 1 (cf. 496) 11, 3
to V, 9.1, 9.19, 10.7, 19.3, 22.10, ice cream 21.1 5
30.3 ice rink (gen. 33
[with inanimates-cf 28.12] ice skate 29
Have do it). 13.7 ice skate, to + 29.6
to, to need to + inf 12.3, if (whether) 5JO, 14.12, 15.6; (conditional)
13.1, 19.4 15.26, 25.4; ifl were you
(cf 496) l, 1 ... 29
head 22 Ul 22; to iU + 29.6; to
22.18 + 31
to 10.4, 10.19, immediately 12; 22
21.8, 26.4, 27.11 31
528
lmpressioa 24; to make impres- ldss, to 27
sion klteheD 9.19
to V, 3; yon [particle]
24.19 7.10, 7.17; 1 the fint •••
iD 3.6, 3.17, 7.1, 7.2, 22.1, 31.3 30 .
dir. Il, 3, 7.2, 22.1; hour (after kopeek 20
an hour has passed) 14.1; iD Rllllliaa the 28
V, 1.5
31-5 L
26
iDeorrect 28 28
iDdeceDt 29 laDguage (gen. V, 5
iDdeecl 15-258, 15.27 large 9.19, 29.4
iDdustry sing. 27 last (in series) 30.14; (past)
iDexpeDSiYe 29.4 16.20; last V, 19; at 18st
iDflueDza 22 21.23
illform tltat, to (cf. late 1 21, 29.4; to IJe late
501) 26 4.2, 4.9,
illformatioa 1oflice 26 7.2, 20
iDfreqaelltly 11, 29.4 laugh, to 19
illstead: (Let's look) i.tead. lay (put), to
14.11 12, 22.18, 28.13
of 25 layout (plaa) 33
V, 3 leam, to:
iDteDd, to + inf 25 (subjeet, matter) V, 5.20,
iDterest 26; with (great) 11.11, 23.8; 12, 23.8;
26 (memorize) + 1 30;
iDterest, to 28.15 (leam to•••) + inf 23.8;
iuterested: to IJe Yery iD (flod oat) 7.17
29.5, 29.17 leave 18.20
8 leave (go away), to:
23.17 1
iDYite, to 14, 21; 8.6, 12;
30.1 0 22, 26.5;
it 1, 1, 1.1, 9.3; 1.1, 9.3, (transitive) + 1
19.6; "empty it" 9.3, 15.3 25.18
1ecture 1.1
lecture 28
J left: to the left 29
leg pl. 22.11
(gen. 24 less 29.4
joiD (couect), to + 34 (grades 1-JJ) 1, 7.10; (higher
joly 21, 30 educ.) 7.10; (classes) (neut.pl.)
joDJDa!_ 1 7
joUI'DaiiSt 27 let, to (permit) + inf..p. 14;
joytidly 31 Let (him do it). 13.7;
juice 21 Let's (talk). 1
July 24 1, 14.11; Let's (talk).
June 24 14.11
jast (oaly) 5; jast DOW 15 letter 1. (alphallet) 11; 2. (epistle)
(pl. 1
3.17; to take oat from
the Ubrary 1
key (gen. 28 (cf 13.9
30 Ue to
kiDd (sort) 29; what 11, 4.16, 7, 22.8, 22.18, 25.10
15.3; ...? 28 lie 14
kiDd (good): so kiDd,••• ... 25 lie, to in lying position) 22.8,
7 22.18
kiosk 10 Ufe 27
529
34-1022
Uft 14 24
Ught(s) pl. 24; it's light 34 may: one may 21.23, 22.2; one may
Uke, to 19.2 (cf a/so to not 22.2
love); l'd Uke to.•• ... 21 9.19; 25
Uke: not Uke 15 mean, to (signify): means.... ... ? 8;
Usten, to blt) 11m0 2, 17, 26.4 What do you mean, ("cold'')?
Uterature 17; artistic 1imagiaadve 15; What do you 1 24
Uterature (fiction and poetry) meat 12
17 medical cerdficate 22; to fiD
Uttle (small) 9.19; out· medlcal cerdficate
22 +1
Uttle: Uttle V, 5, 13.9; (too) Uttle 22
9, 13.9, 13.17, 29.4; Uttle medical 28
(gen. 16 medicine 22
to 3 meet, to {get acqualnfed) 1
lobby indecl. 21 V, 1, 23; (to encounter) +
loeaW, to 17.12; 1 + 1
11.11, 11.22; 22.8, 25, 29; (to gather) +
22.24 1
loag (for along time) 11.7, 11.22; (for) 21; to meet New Year
11; lfow long does lt tUe ? + 25
...)? 11.6; along time memento: u memento of 30
ago, since long time ago 8.5, 11.7 memorize, to +1 30
longer: longer 3.9; 18 mention: Don't mention it. (answering thanks)
look, 6.3, 7, 8, 10.4, 3-101; (answering apo/ogy)
12; to look at (11n attention to) 1 17
25.10; to look out window menu indec/. 26
1 6; to look up (some- merry 21, 30
thing) metro indecl. 6
17; to look Uke 19.10, mllk 25
19.17; (to appear) 27
29 mind: Never mind. 21
lose, to + 20 111lnas 15
Jost, to get Tep·m + CJI/ 20 minute 6, 11; Walt minute.
·lot: • lot 13.9, 28.9 26 ·
love, to 16.20, 17.10, 19.2 model 27
lover (of something) 33 Monday 8.19
luck 27 (gen. 20
lucky, to •.".was lucky impers. 24 money order 23
month 14, 18.8
(to) 34
magazine 1 mood 30; I'm in good mood.
mail: 23 30
make, to 11, 15; make an impres- more 10, 29.4; more
sion- cf impression 1Oj once more 21.1 S; one more
mama 1, 2 17; more 18
man m. 10.9; (person) (4 1s, 21.4; 11101'11-
10.9; youag man 10.9 ing 4.16, 21.4
many (people) 15, 28.9 Moscow 11, 3
March 24 10
married, to get (of Moscow-River 28
imp.f 33; (of woman) 1 most: the most... (cf superlative formation, 19.5)
33 most of aD 18
mateh 13 mother cf 495) 2.12, 5.5.
mathematidan 11 mountain
. mathe111alics 30 28
matter (afl'alr) 18.20; lt doesn't move, to intrans. 31
matter. 21; What's matter with movie (film) 9; the movies indec/. IV,
(you)? 22.12; What's matter? 1 movie theater 11
27 13.9, 28.9; very much (intensity)
530
13.9, 14.2; (with comparatives) 9
1 29.4 114) 111, 2
Muscovite, 1 8 noisy 30
17 nor: oeither•••nor••• ... ... 17
musie 2 normal 22
musical 24 13
musieian 24 not IV, 2
must + inf 12.3, 13.1, 19.4; note, to (tum _to)
(cf necessary) 32
my (cf 499) 11, 4 10
notiee, to +1 28
N (gen. 24
now 2, 10.9; (imp/ying contrast with past)
ume: fint (cf 494) V, 19; last 10.9 ·
V, 19; What's (your) nowhere 7; dir. 7
IV, 8, 10.9; What's the of (yoar (identifying) 1;
street)? 10.9, (mathematical) 24
10.19, 19.8 nursery 20
Danle, to
19.8
narrate, to +1
5.20, 11 obUgatorily 15
national 27.19 oeeasion (time) (gen.pl. 16
nationa6ty V, 23; Wbat's oeeupation (profession) 26;
natioaality? 23 What's your oeeupation?
nath'e la111uage 23 26
near 28; (elose to) 1; oeeupied 26, 29.4
(alongside) 20, 23 (gen. 10, 24
neeessary of-cfgen. case, 20.3; of eourse 9.19
26, 28; it's neeessary to••• to) offer, to
inf 13.1, 13.8, 15.3, 18.7 27.19
neektie 4 often 11, 29.4
need, to- cf neeessary 8; (to apo/ogy).
1 3 7; 17; ("How'11 your family?")
neither••• ••• ... ... 17 11;
nested wooden doll 30 23.L7
never 7 old 7, 10.9, 29.4; to grow o1dj
nevertheless 18.11; (all same) older + 33
18.11 older 1oldest 26, 29.4
new III, 7, 29.4; What's new? old-fashioned 12
26; New Year 25; to see in on III, 3.6, 7.2, 22.1, 31.3; dir.
New Year 25; for 7.2, 22.1
New Year's 29 onee 16; 29; onee more
News neut. pl. 10.9, 10.19 21.15; at onee 12; 22
news-, 1 one (gen. (cfp. 499) 1, 6.6, 11.2,
newspaper IV, 1 14.13, 20.6, 28.7; ODe of 28.15; ODe
newsreel 21.14 23.7
1 oneself ref/.pron. (cfp. 497) 22.7, 22.18, 25.6
next (foUowing) 20; 5; (in all) 16-276
11.22 to + 1
niee (of 7 21.5; 28, 30.1
night 21.4; at 21.4; 1ast night opera 34
10; last (12-4/ 5 operate on, to +1 22
a.m.) 21.4 22
9 opinion: my 12
nine bundred 27.2 or V, 2
19 or else 20
19 ordJard 11, 9.9
27.2 25
ninety 27.2 order: order. 23.17
531
34•
onler, to + physician (gen. 12, 22.11;
21 22.11
ordinary 27 physicist IV, 3
original adj. 30 physics 11
originator 21.15 physics- 18
23 pin (souvenir) (gen. 30
other differeot) 8, 17.12, 23.10; pity: it's pity 10.19
eadl other 23.7 place v, 16.20, 26; is takiog
to-cf inf + dat. 17.5 place 12
our (cfp 499) 4 place, to
out of doors f outside dir. 15; 12, 28.13; 30.1
15 plao (project) 21; (layout) 33;
over there 16 (dty 34
owe: How much do we owe? 19 plan, to + + inf 25
ooe's (cfp. 499) 13.3, 16.3, 17.9 plane (airplane) 5
plant (factory) 7
plant, to +1 33
play, to +f + 6, 8, 14.13; to play
Palekh- 30 (dless) 14.13; to out
(saucepao) 12.20 playing 2.12; film is playiog
(gen. 13.17 21
1, 2 playgrouod 33
paper 11; (newspaper) IV, 1 pleasaot 4, 15
Pardoo me! IV, 17; IV, 17 please V, 3; .. 25;
parents (gen. 2 Pleased to meet you. 4
Parls 5 pleasure 9; with (great) pleasure
park 1 9, 24
partkularly 17 plus 15
pass-cf vacatioo pass poet 34
pass, to (time) trans. 1 poetry (gen. IV, 2
10, 16; to pass po1ycUDic 22
exam (cf 50/) 18.11 poor (not goodfwell) 5, 7,
passeoger 5 29.4
passport 23 post card 23.17
past 10; (last) 16.20 post office 23.17
pastry adj. in 25 pot (saucepan) 12.20
patrooymic (gen.p/. v, 19 prepare, to 1 12.8;
21 30.1
to 71 prepared 30
phooe 29 present (gift) 30
21 previously 10, 29.4
pedagogical 18 7.17
'( writing instrument) 23.17 (math., chess) 30
pencil (gen. 23 problem: problem is that••• ...
3; peosion 3 21
people proceed, to (for
6.6, 10.9; maoy 1few people 1 29
28.3 profession- cj. occupation
per 17.4 professiooal 24
perform, to (appear) + 8.19; professor (pl. V-66, 3
24 program 8; (sdledu1e)
(theatrical) 31 9
perhaps 9.19; 25 project 21
to inj.p. 14 prospect (aveoue) 11
person 10.9 proud, to 21, 28
philological 18 pupil f V-66
phone- cf telephone put, to (lying) 1
phonograph record 17 12, 22.18, 22.13; (standing)
photograph 11 28.13, 28.35; to put io the hospi-
physical 18 tal 1 22; to
532
put to 1 25; to request to make of you.
put up (stay) 28.25 26.6
request, to: 1. (somehody to...)
17.6, 28.10; 2. (something
Q f no-
17.6, 28.10
question 13.17; to ask quesdons resemble, to 19.10;19.17
+ (cj. 501; resolute 26
26.6 resort 4.9
quiddy 20, 29.4 Respectfully yours... ... 27
quite (rather) 15; (completely) rest 4; rest home (resort) 4.9
12 rest, to 1 4.2, 13
restaurant 12
R redred 3, 7.3
retum, to intrans.
radio indecl. 2; f radio 14, 16.20
15; radio receiver 27.11, 27.19; review R 1
radlo amateur 27 review, to +f 30.14
rain (gen. 15; it's ralning revolution 30
15 ride, to-cf. to go (for pleasure) 29.6
rapidly 20, 29.4 right (in opinions) 8.7; (cor-
rare 17, 29.4 rect) 28; to the right 29;
rarely 11, 29.4 right away 12;
rather: Let's ratller... 14.11; rise, to (get up)
(quite) 15 14.9, 14.10, 14.25; (to go up)
razor (gen.pl. 13 14.24
reach, to (get to river 9
20; 28 role 31
read, to +f 1, 2, 11 room 9; (in hotel) (pl. 28
ready 30 rouble (gen. 19
ready: to get ready 1 12.8; row 21
30.1 run, to + 29; (We have) run out of
real 17 (coffee). 13.9
really 15-258, 15.27; reaDy?! Russian V, 5; in Russian V, 5;
15.12 Russian 5;
reason: reason is that... ... 21 17
recaU, to +f 24.9
recendy 12
receive, to
30.1; (receive signals)
13, 27.6; s
+1 sad. 31
27.6 salad 25
recite, to +f 30.14 same: in same hoase 24; aU
record (phonograph) 17 same 9, 18.11
red 20.24 samovar 30
regards 28; Give my regards to... sandwich 21.23
28 satellite 27
region 28 satisfied 22
rehearsa1 31 Saturday 8.19
rejoice,' to 1 27 saucepan 12.20
relate, ·to (narrate) 1 say, to V,
5.20, 11 5.20, 12, 23.10
remain, to + f scene 31
21.23 scholar 11.22
remarkable 28 scholarship (sdpend) cf. grant 28
rememher, to 13.17, 21.8, 24.9; (re- school (grades 1-11) V, 3; (studies, dalles)
call) +/ 24.9 (neut. pl.; gen. 7; school year
repeat, to 30.14 18
representadve, 26 science 27.19
request (gen. 26.6; 1 have scieatist 11.22
533
sea (pl. 11.22; at the seashore down 28; sit down!
11 24
seat (place) (pl. V, 16 situated, to 17.12
second adj. 2.12 six 6
secondary teehnical school 18.1 six hundred 27.2
second-lulnd llookstore sixteea 16
17 sixteenth 16
secret 31 sixth 6
see, to 9.19, 10.4, 20.11, sixtieth 27.2
21.8, 26.4; to go to see use just going verb + sixty 27.2
16.6; to see in the New Year skate (ice) 29; to skate +
25 29; ice skating rink 33
seem, to 24.5; it ski 16, 29.6; to ski
seems 14 29;6
seldom 11, 29.4 sleep, to 25.18
-self reflexive (cf 497) 22.7, 22.18, 25.6; sleepy, to 25
25.6 slowly 20, 29.4
sell, to +1 (cf 501; small 9.19; 29.4
17.7; small change f sing. 20
30.1 smile, to + f 7, 12
send, to + 23; smoke, to (tobacco) IV, 22
27.7; snack 21.14
30.1 snow 15; it's snowing
24 15
serious 7; not serious 7 so (thus) 8.1 15.3; 1 think so.
set out for, to: 5; 1 don't think so.
5, 11; ls that so? 25
12.5, 12.7, 16.8; soccer 12
0 13, 14.11, 17.3 sofa 24
setting-up exercises 29 .6, 29.17 soldier pl. 34
seven 7 some: 1. certain) 2. cf. some (people)
seven hundred 27.2 25.3; some•••others...
seventeen 17 ... 30
seventeenth 17 else's 30.4
seventh 7 sometimes 15
seventieth 27.2 son (pl. 2.12
seventy 27.2 song pl. 16
several 28 SOOD 18, 29.4; 85 SOOD as
she (cf 496) 1, 1 26
shelf 28 sorry, (l'm) 10.19
ship 27 sort (type) 29; What sort of••• 11, 4.16,
shirt 4 7, 15.3; ... ? 28
shoe 13 so-so 11; 29
shop for, to 10 li
should-i'!f.+ dat. 17.5 soup 11, 12
show, south 13
9.19, 11; film is showing south-west adj. 28
1 21 souvenir 27; as souvenir of
showing (of 21.14
.sick 22; to sick + 29.6; Soviet adj. 1
to sick 31 26
sign, to (one's to receipt) space 27
+ Spaniard 23
23 Spanish 5; in Spanish 5
signal 27 speak, to V, 5; (to appear, perform)
simply 31 8
sing, to 11, 16.10 spend, to (time}
singer 21 10, 16
sister (pl. V, 2.12 spite: in spite of that 18.11
sit, to sitting) 24.19; to sit sport(s) 10, 16.10; sport
534
29; to engage iD sports + 8
29 suntan, to get 14
spring(time): in the spring(time) 15 supper 12; for"supper 12; to eat/
sputnik 27 ha-.e 111pper +1 4
square (dty-) (gen. pl. 20 Supreme So-.iet 26
stadium 33 sure: for sure 15
stage (theater) 31- sum8Die V, 19
st8Dip (postage) 27 surprised, to
stiUICI (news-) 10 16, 29 .
staod, to stiUICiing) 11.11, surprising 24
11.22; to stand up +1 swim, to 14, 29.6; verb ofmo-
14.9, 14.10, 14.24; to stand (put) tion, multidir. + 29.6
28.13, 28.25; swimming pool 28
30.1
st8r (pl. 34
start, to + f
8.2, 11, 12.10, table (gen. 9.
21; 30.1 take, to (pick up)
state- (go-.enmental) 18 1
StatiOD (subway) 20; (traio terminal) 13.5, 16.20; 30.1; to take out
26 13.9;
stay, to How loog does it take to•••?
21.23; to put up 28.25 ... )? 11.6; to take an ex8DI
stewanless 5 18.11; to take medicine
stiU 3.9 +f
stipead cf. 28 22.18, 27,6; to take course
stomach (gen. 22 + 30; to take place
stop (bus-, etc.) 6 28
stop, to 3 1.4 talent, 3!
store 7 talk, to V, 5.20, 23.10; (cen-
story (Roor) (gen. 14 Yerse) + 21
straight (ahead) 29 tasty 12, 29.4; not tuty
street 6 12
streetcar 6 Tatar in Tatar 23
stroU, to + 2 Tatar, (pl. 23.1,
student f III, 10; to student 23.9
11.11, 11.22, 23.8 taxi neut. indecl. 6
stutly, to: tea 12.20; some tea 12, 22.6
1. (subject + V, 5.20, teach, to + 30; to teach course
11.11, 23.8; 12, 23.8; 30
1. studellt) 11.11, (grades 1-11) (pl.
11.22, 23.8; 3.9; (higher education)
3. (prepare lessons) 13.17, V, 2
18.20, 23.8 telegram 23
style 19; ln style 19 telephone 3; 1on the telephone
to, to (newspapers, etc.) 3; 1 use yonr te1ephone?
+f 22; telephone
10.19 29; to ·call to the phone
subway (metro) indecl. 6 1
27.19; We wlsh you 20; 1 26
27 telephone, to 1 21,
such 15.3 22.11 .
suddenly 20 tele-.ision (set) 8; to watch tele-.ision
sugar 25 8; tele-
suggest, to +f Yision 8
21.19 teU, to 1. f
suit clothes) 13 5.20, 12; Tell me, please•••
saitcase 13 ... V, 5; ...? 12; 2.
summer(time) 15; in the summer 14 (narrate) +1
to 14.15, 14.24 5.20, 11; 3. (to con-.ey message)
535
(cf. 501) At tlme•••? ...? 8; (for)
26 . dme- cf. long; aU the dme
telllperature 22.10 11.11;
tea 8, 10.19 at this 1that dme 20; ln ou tillle
1 time to bave
teaderly 34 8 good tlme
teDDis 29.6 20
teat 16 dme 2 (occasion) 16; every dme
test-cf. examiaadon 25; (for) the flrst tlme 1
30 19.2, 20, 31; the next tlme
th88 29.4 pu25
thank, to 26; dre, to (get dred) +1
youl IV, 3; 14.9, 14.10, 14.24
26; No, thank you. 14; you to: 11, 3, 7.2, 22.1; (onto)
very IIIUdl. 13 7.2, 22.1; (to.,...., to
that (that 1. (cf. 499) 11.1; 1. (cf. 22.1; (Up to) 20.27
499) 30.4; 3. C(Jnj. 4.3; 4. re/. today 7.17
topther
27.5; why••• ... 29 to11et 9
theater 11 tomorrow 12.20
theater-, theatrieal 18 tonight 1
theJr 2 too (also, iD addiilon) 11-30,1.3, 17.8; (also)
(afterwuds) 5, 12.20; (at that dme, in 2, 17.8; (excellllively)
that ease) 12-216 13
there 1, 11, 1; dir. 13; there is/are tourist 30
(pointing out) 11-30, 2; 1here 1are (there 22.1
town (pl. 9.19
V, 9.1, 9.19, 10.7, 19.3, 22.10, toy 27
30.3; is 1are not 20.4 tram
therefore 8 train (pl.
they (cf. 497) 11, 1 transfer, to (to another vehiche)
(gen. pl. V, 13; Uttle things +
16; How are things? 20.12
18 to +1 (cf.
tldnk. to +1 5, 24.9; tlo 501) 24,
think? 5; 1 think so. triOes (gen.
5; 1 don't think so. 5; 6
11; Just think of it! trousers (gen. 13.17
26 truth 10.9
third adj. (cf. 499) 8.19
thirsty, to 25 tum out: it tums out that 21.23
thirteen 13 -cf. teletision
·thirteenth 13 twelfth 12
24 twelve 12
thirty 14
twendeth 20
this (cf. 499) 11.11; this/that is, these/
those are 1, 1.1, 9.3, 27.5; is. •• twenty 15
phone) 6; Dis is two m., neut., f. 2.12, 11.11
wbat tells). two bundred 27.2
19.7
thousand 27.2
3, 20.6
27.2 u
11aul'lllay (gen. 8.19
thus 8.19 Ukrainiaa 23; la Ukrainian
dcket (to) 10, 20.10 23
tieket om«:e 21.26 Ukrainian, 23
ticket-taker 27 uaattraetive 7
tie (neck.tie) 4 4
dme 1 (pl. cf.p. 494) 1, 10, 19.10, uacle IV, 2, 23.10
20.2; Wllat t1me is it? 1 uader 34
7, 11; lllldertlroand (metro) indecl. 6
536
88dentallll, to +1 Wll'lll 14.24. 15. 29.4
5. 31 wntdt (dock) (gen. 25
..ror...tely 16.20 wnldJ. to 12;
............. 8 Wntdl out! 20.9
llllhenlty v.7 . wnter (U('(', 9.19
........,.. 11 wny: .-ot the way .... 25
..._ icllll •.• 15.6 wny ..., dlere 16 ·
a80CC8pled 10, 2S .. 497) 11. 3
IIIIPitnnnllt 15 15: ln ....... wendler
uadl1. 20.27; Uadl....._ 16.10
"'lpL 24; 2. COII}. noa ... 28 W.._...y (cu't'. 8
........ 14 week '14.24
., ta 20.27 Voa're .._.. (do8't _ . . . it).
•llllt (...,.W) 29.17 3.17. 10
IS well (healthy) 22.18: odv.
... 17 we) s. 29.4
_. to. to l8t +1 Well..•• .... 9
2s- 27.19
...ral 27 west 26
27 I,4.10.4.16.10.1;J81wllat
......, (cf.
who): WUt do J811 thlllk? 5:
Wllnt's yoar 111. 8-161.
10.9: WUt's J88r lalt JNiwa
v 19; Wllnt!! ....? 16: WUt niJout...?
28: Whnt ...! ...! 7. IS.3:
Y8C8IIt 10. 25 Whnt klnd of... ...? 11. 4.6. 7. 15.3:
......... 4; (leate) 18.20: (ldlool ...? 28
vaeatlen) (gen. 30: vaca- when 4.16. 9.2. 12.4
tloll ceater 4.9: vncntloa p8ll where 1. 111. 1. 4.16: 2. dir. 11. 6: 3.
13.9 from where IS.I3
vacalioa., to + 4.2 wllerens 1. 11-30. IV-48. 1.3. 9.6
vnna. 23.10 whether (purtit'le) 5.10. 14.12. IS.6
, ... 30 whlda: whnt kiad of -(:t: whnt klnd: re/. udj.
vegetablen (gen. 12.12 10.3. 13.2. 15.5: interr. whlda one
,.,.. (gen. IV. 2 7.17
very. Yei'Y ...ch 4. 7.10. 13.9. 14.2 _ . 1. (...._) 9.2. 12.4: 2. (('nntriiSI) 1.
'illqe 9.9 11. IV. 1.3. 5.3. 9.6
vfslt, to (to frequeat) + · _,. whlte 14
11.11 who (((. 496) 11. 2.3. 10.1. 10.3: J81t who ls
villdaa, to 10 """·"'' 25: to vlsit· dlll? 2-90: Who
1nt ,. A.'cl/6 25 · elle...? ...? 6: rel. odj. 10.3.
vllitor 27 13.2. 15.5 .
vocnllonal nehool whole: the whole (c:.f. 499) 11.2. 11.22.
18.10. 18.11 16.10. 28.8: whole 16.10
volleyllall 29 (cf. 499) V, 4.1. 4.16. 11.1, 7.2
why (for what rennoa) 4.16. 10.9:
w 18: (purpo.,e. 10.9.
10.19: nat's why... ... 29
wait, to wife 2
1 i 6. 24. Wnlt mlnute! wlndow (pl. 5.20: to look out of the
6 wlndow 1 6
walk, to unidir. (wi!.:t. 11. 6.1. wladowlill: on the wlndowsill 111
7.10. 12.5. 12.11. 16.7: multidir. 16.7. 25
17.3. 22.3. 25.1: to out wnlldat ry- wintel(time): iD the wlnter 15.26
.'1-iiA 2.12. 6.1 wilh., to + IUI.II_ir 27.11
· wnlklna toar 16 wlth ll'itlr) 21. 23.5: meons
wnat, to (t'j: 501: = heginning of instr. ('ase 23.5
tlesire: imp. fut.) IV. 8. 14.2. 28.10 withoat 14. 20.6: ........ r.u ...
wnr 21 · 15: widlaat -lnt-c:.t:
537
woman 10 wro111 way 13, 30.4; the dlrectioo
woader: 1 woader.... ...? 12 30.4; the wroag (cf. 499)
wooderful (reJDarkable) 28; 30.4; the WIOIII klod of 30.4
derfull 13
woodea, of wood 32
woods pl. 9, 11
wonl (pl. 17 year ... gen. pl. 11.5, 18.8; year
work 3 of study (higher educ.); 18.10
work, to 3, 24.5; to go to work yes III, 2
yesterday 10.19
18 yet 3.9; oot yet 1 3.9
world 20 yoofam. (cf.p. 496) V, (c.f 497)
worried, to 18 III, IV, 3.3 .
wone 29.4 you111 10.9, 29.4; yoq
worst 29.4 man 1mea 1
would: 1. for repeated action-imp. past tense; :10.9
:Z. in indirect speech-fut. tense 14.7; 3. would yoqer 1 26, 29.4
h"ke to ( + inf.) 21 your fam. (cf. 499) 11, 3, 4; pol. (cf.
write, to 1 15.8 499) v. 4
writer 30; 21.15
(in opinions)
wrong with
8.7;
22-357; the
z
zero (gen. 15
INDEX
See pages 504-505 for abbreviations and symbols used. For infonnation on the use ofindividual
words, refer to the vocabularies, where reference is made to lesson and section or page.
(Mawa,
cj.
(patronymic
1
Depa (dim.
1
cj. /
cf.
cf.
544