English For Engineering PDF

English for Engineering
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CONTENTS
Unit 1 ........................................................................................................................................................................7
Pre-Reading Tasks .......................................................................................................................................7
Reading.........................................................................................................................................................7
Everyday English ..........................................................................................................................................8
Ways with Words ..........................................................................................................................................8
Grammar Reference ...................................................................................................................................11
The Verb To Be.....................................................................................................................................11
The Demonstrative Pronoun and Adjective ..........................................................................................12
Controlled Practice:...............................................................................................................................12
Question Forms ....................................................................................................................................13
Unit 2 ......................................................................................................................................................................15
Pre-Reading Tasks .....................................................................................................................................15
Reading.......................................................................................................................................................15
Ways with Words ........................................................................................................................................16
The Personal Pronoun ..........................................................................................................................19
Controlled practice: ...............................................................................................................................20
Mood, Tense and Aspect......................................................................................................................21
Present Simple......................................................................................................................................21
Present Continuous ..............................................................................................................................22
Unit 3 ......................................................................................................................................................................27
Pre-Reading Tasks .....................................................................................................................................27
Reading.......................................................................................................................................................27
Ways with words:........................................................................................................................................28
Verbs which do not take a continuous aspect in English......................................................................29
The Imperative ......................................................................................................................................31
The Possessive Pronoun and the Posessive Adjective........................................................................33
Controlled Practice................................................................................................................................33
Unit 4 ......................................................................................................................................................................35
Pre-Reading Tasks: ....................................................................................................................................35
Reading 1....................................................................................................................................................35
Ways with words:........................................................................................................................................36
Reading 2....................................................................................................................................................37
Ways with words:........................................................................................................................................38
Classification of Nouns .........................................................................................................................43
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Number of Nouns: ................................................................................................................................ 44

The Genitive......................................................................................................................................... 45
Controlled Practice:.............................................................................................................................. 45
Test ........................................................................................................................................................................ 47
Unit 5...................................................................................................................................................................... 49
Pre-Reading Tasks .................................................................................................................................... 49
Reading...................................................................................................................................................... 49
Ways with words ........................................................................................................................................ 50
Grammar Reference .................................................................................................................................. 52
Past Simple .......................................................................................................................................... 52
Past Continuous................................................................................................................................... 53
Past Simple and Past Continuous ....................................................................................................... 55
Expressions of Quantity ....................................................................................................................... 57
Controlled Practice............................................................................................................................... 58
The Adjective ....................................................................................................................................... 59
The Order of adjectives in a series ...................................................................................................... 59
Unit 6...................................................................................................................................................................... 63
Reading...................................................................................................................................................... 63
Ways with words ........................................................................................................................................ 64
Present Perfect Simple ........................................................................................................................ 65
Present Perfect Simple and Past Simple ............................................................................................. 67
The Preposition .................................................................................................................................... 71
Prepositions of Time ............................................................................................................................ 72
Unit 7...................................................................................................................................................................... 77
Reading...................................................................................................................................................... 77
Ways with words: ....................................................................................................................................... 78
Present Perfect Continuous ................................................................................................................. 79
Modal Verbs ......................................................................................................................................... 83
Problematic Prepositions of Movement and Place .............................................................................. 87
Unit 8...................................................................................................................................................................... 89
Pre-Reading Task ...................................................................................................................................... 89
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Reading.......................................................................................................................................................89
Ways with words.........................................................................................................................................90
The Cardinal Numeral...........................................................................................................................92
Past Perfect Simple ..............................................................................................................................93
Past Perfect Continuous .......................................................................................................................94
Unit 9 ................................................................................................................................................................99
Pre-Reading Task.......................................................................................................................................99
Reading.......................................................................................................................................................99
Ways with words.......................................................................................................................................100
Grammar Reference .................................................................................................................................101
Future Simple......................................................................................................................................101
Controlled Practice:.............................................................................................................................103
Comparative and Superlative Adjectives ............................................................................................104
Comparative Sentences......................................................................................................................106
Test.......................................................................................................................................................................109
Unit 10 ..................................................................................................................................................................111
Pre-reading task........................................................................................................................................111
Reading.....................................................................................................................................................111
Ways with words.......................................................................................................................................112
Be going to Future ..............................................................................................................................114
Future Simple or Be Going To? ..........................................................................................................115
First Conditional ..................................................................................................................................116
Controlled Practice..............................................................................................................................116
Unit 11 ..................................................................................................................................................................119
Pre-Reading Task.....................................................................................................................................119
Reading.....................................................................................................................................................119
Ways with words.......................................................................................................................................120
The Ordinal Numeral...........................................................................................................................121
The Fractional Numeral ......................................................................................................................121
The Multiplicative Numeral..................................................................................................................121
Second Conditional.............................................................................................................................122
Unit 12 ..................................................................................................................................................................125
Pre-Reading Tasks ...................................................................................................................................125
Reading.....................................................................................................................................................125
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Ways with words ...................................................................................................................................... 126

Grammar Reference ................................................................................................................................ 127
The Article .......................................................................................................................................... 127
Controlled Practice:............................................................................................................................ 129
Third Conditional ................................................................................................................................ 131
Unit 13.................................................................................................................................................................. 135
Pre-Reading Tasks .................................................................................................................................. 135
Reading.................................................................................................................................................... 135
Ways with words ...................................................................................................................................... 136
The Adverb......................................................................................................................................... 139
Controlled Practice............................................................................................................................. 140
The Passive Voice ............................................................................................................................. 141
Unit 14.................................................................................................................................................................. 145
Reading.................................................................................................................................................... 145
Punctuation ........................................................................................................................................ 147
The Infinitive....................................................................................................................................... 152
The Participle ..................................................................................................................................... 152
The Gerund ........................................................................................................................................ 153
Unit 15.................................................................................................................................................................. 155
Reading and Practice..................................................................................................................................... 155
Ways with words ............................................................................................................................................ 160
Grammar Reference ...................................................................................................................................... 161
The Conjunction....................................................................................................................................... 161
Coordinating Conjunctions....................................................................................................................... 161
Subordinating Conjunctions ..................................................................................................................... 161
Controlled Practice................................................................................................................................... 162
Test ...................................................................................................................................................................... 165
Evaluation ............................................................................................................................................................ 167
Appendix 1........................................................................................................................................................... 169
Appendix 2........................................................................................................................................................... 179
Appendix 3........................................................................................................................................................... 189
Bibliography ......................................................................................................................................................... 191
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Unit 1
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In this unit you will learn:
© Social English
© The English Alphabet
© The Verb to be
© The Demonstrative Pronoun and the Demonstrative Adjective
© Question forms
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Pre-Reading Tasks
What’s your name?
How old are you?
Where do you live?
What do you specialize in?
Reading
Read the following text about
George Ionescu, a student in
Romania:
My name is George Ionescu and I
am a student in the Faculty of
Drilling-Production at
“Petroleum-Gas” University of Ploieşti. I come from Oradea, a town in the
North-West of Romania. I came here to study because this is the most
important petroleum university in the country, and even if I am very far
away from home, I want to learn many things here.
I’m studying French and English, and I can speak French well and a little
English. I intend to improve my English, as, on the one hand, it is very
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useful to speak foreign languages and on the other hand, I might need it for
my future job. In Romania there are lots of Romanian-American,
Romanian-Canadian or Romanian-British companies.
I’m enjoying my course a lot, but it’s very hard work! I live in the
university-hostel with three other students. They are older than me: Steve is
in the third year, Brian is in the second year and John is the oldest one: he is
in the fourth year. The courses started two weeks ago, so I’m what the other
hostel-mates call me - a freshman. After the course I want to work for a big
petroleum company but I don’t know which yet.
Everyday English
Practise saying the letters of the alphabet according to the vowel sounds:
/ei/ /i:/ /e/ /ai/ /∂u/ /u:/ /a:/

a b f i o q r
h c l y u
j d m w
l e n
k g s
p x
t z
v
Ways with Words

1. Can you keep a conversation going with someone for two or three
minutes? Choose a partner who you don’t know well, or imagine your
partner is a stranger. Work in small groups and find out things about your
partner.
2. Spell the name of George Ionescu. Then work in pairs. Spell your name
in English to your deskmate. Then find out how to spell his/her name.
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3. Find synonyms in the text for the following words: to study, to arrive,
class.
4. What do you think a good language learner can do? Choose beginnings
from A and suitable endings from B. There are many possible answers:
A good language learner:
A B
borrows books without a teacher.
writes things down in every way possible.
guesses words without being told to.
tries to study in real situations.
tries to learn every day possible.
practises speaking from films, TV and records.
5. What do you say to someone who does the things in column A. Choose
from the phrases in column B:
A B
answers the phone? “Get well soon!”
knocks on the door? “Cheers!”
says you are late? ”Excuse me!”
is in danger? “Don’t mention it!”
gets married? “Well done!”
passes an exam? “Congratulations!
drinks with you? “Sorry!”
is in your way? “Bless you!”
says “Good morning!’ “Thanks.”
says “How do you do!” “Look out!”
thanks you? “How do you do!”
is ill? “Hello?”
sneezes? “Sleep well!”
says “Good night.” “Good morning.”
says “Make yourself at home.” “Come in!”
says “Have a good weekend.” “Thanks. Same to you.”
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6. In the text about George Ionescu, you learned the expression on the one
hand .... on the other hand which means pe de o parte ... pe de altã parte.
Let’s learn more expressions containing the preposition on:
to be on duty = a fi de serviciu;
on account of = pe baza, din cauzã cã, luând în consideraţie cã;
on and on = fãrã întrerupere, la nesfârşit;
and so on = şi aşa mai departe;
on this ground = din acest motiv;
to turn on/ to switch on (the light, the radio, etc.) = a deschide/ a aprinde
(lumina, radioul,etc.);
on this assumption = pe baza acestei presupuneri;
on the basis of = pe baza;
on behalf of sb. = în numele cuiva, din partea cuiva;
on the contrary = din contrã;
on a large/small scale = pe scarã mare/micã;
on record = cunoscut;
on the score of = ca rezultat;
on the verge of = pe punctul de, pe cale, în pragul;
on the whole = în general, în întregime;
on demand = la cerere;
on condition that = cu condiţia;
on purpose = dinadins, intenţionat;
on principle = din principiu;
on the first attempt = la prima încercare;
on a sudden = brusc, deodatã, pe neaşteptate;
on trial = de probã.
7. Look at the last simple sentence in the text about George Ionescu. The
sentence is: I don’t know yet. Depending on the context in which it appears,
yet may be translated in different ways: încã, mai, în afarã de aceasta, pânã
în prezent, acum, totuşi, etc.
Let’s learn some expressions containing the word yet.
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not yet = nu încã;

nor yet = nici mãcar;
as yet = pânã acum;
it is strange and yet true = e ciudat şi totuşi e adevãrat.
Now practise these expressions in sentences of your own.
Grammar Reference
The Verb To Be
Form
Affirmative and negative
I am (‘m) a student.
am (‘m) not
You are (‘re)
We are not (aren’t)
They
He is (’s)
She is not (isn’t)
Interrogative
Where am I?
are you?
we?
they?
is he?
she?
it?
Short answer
Are you a student in Drilling?
Yes, I am. No, I’m not.
Is she an engineer?
Yes, she is. No, she isn’t.
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The Demonstrative Pronoun and Adjective

Form
Reference Singular Plural
“near” reference this these
“distant” reference that those
Controlled Practice:
1. Translate into English:
a. Eu sunt inginer. El este englez.
b. Acelea sunt colegele tale? Nu, acestea sunt colegele mele, Monica şi
Andra.
c. Acesta este un televizor.
d. Acela este un aparat de radio.
e. Noi suntem tehnicieni.
f. Sunt ei specialişti francezi? Nu, nu sunt.
g. Sunteţi voi ingineri mecanici? Nu, noi nu suntem, noi suntem fizicieni.
h. Cine este aici? John este aici. El este cel mai bun student din grupa
noastră. El are note foarte mari.
i. Cine nu este aici? Maria nu este aici şi nici George nu este.
j. Ele sunt chimiste. Cursurile acestea sunt ale lor. Acestea sunt cursurile
mele.
2. Read the following article on mobile rigs. Use your dictionary. Then fill
in the blanks with the correct forms of the verb to be:
Why mobile rigs can make reliable production units
Conversion of early generation MODUs into production units…….. a bold

step for operators of North Sea and other marginal field developments. Sea
and other severe environments, where maximum utilization…….. the
primary concern of the designer, can equal the performance of conventional
platforms. We.……. able today to know more about effects of wind, waves,
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and currents on vessel motion and mooring systems; people …….. ready to
use new risers and subsea equipment designs.
4. Complete the following text using the appropriate pronouns:
a. ….... is Adam’s pencil. It must be his because it’s got his name on it.
b. Are …... tools yours, John? Yes, they are. Thanks. They haven’t got my
name on them, but they belong to me.
c. ……. is a mill. It’s over here. ……. is a generator. It’s over there.
d. Is .…… an electric heater?” “No, that is an electric generator. ……. is an

electric heater.”
e. …... are metals. Those are substances.
Question Forms
Look at the following question words:
What do you do for a living? - I’m a chemist.
Who is your teacher of English? - Sandra Brown is.
Where is Paris? - In France.
When do you start the conference? - On Wednesday, April, 3rd.
Why are you learning English? - Because I need it for my job.
How do you come to Ploieşti? - By train.
Whose are these tools? - They are Peter’s.
What and which can be followed by a noun.

What time is it?
What kind of chemistry do you study?
Which pen do you want, the blue one or the green one?
How can be followed by an adjective or an adverb.
How old are you?
How often do you play football?
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1. Translate the following text into English:
a. De unde eşti? Sunt din Timişoara.
b. Când ai venit prima oarã în Ploieşti? Anul trecut.
c. Câţi ani ai? Douãzeci şi şase.
d. Ce mai faci? Sunt bine, mulţumesc.
e. De ce te grãbeşti?
2. Choose the appropriate question form in the following sentences:
a. What/Which time is the train due to arrive?
b. What/ How are you today?
c. Where/ When are you going now?
d. Who/How are you? I am John Smith.
e. What/ Which of these paintings do you like best?
3. Ask short questions on these statements, using who, what, where:
e.g. I’ve just received a letter./ Who from?
a. I want to take this book with me. (for)
b. Will you please open this box? (with)
c. I’m going to England next week. (by)
d. Please, get me a screwdriver. (from)
e. John is very angry. (with).
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Unit 2
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© English as a world language
© The Personal Pronoun
© Present Simple
© Present Continuous
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Pre-Reading Tasks
Try to think of the English-speaking countries in the world.
How many are they?
Do you know any countries in which English is used as the second

language?
What about countries in which English is spoken by many people?
Reading
Read the following text on English as a

world language. Try to find the personal
pronouns in the text:
Today, when English is one of the major

languages in the world, it doesn’t require
too much effort of our imagination to
realize that this is a relatively recent
thing - that in Shakespeare’s time, for
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example, only a few million people spoke English, and this was not thought
to be very important by the other nations of Europe, and it was unknown to
the rest of the world.
English has become a world language because of its establishment as a

mother tongue outside England, in all the continents of the world. People
started to import English in the seventeenth century, with the first
settlements in North America. Above all, it is the great growth of population
in the United States, assisted by massive immigration in the nineteenth and
twentieth centuries, that has given the English language its present status in
the world. As I could read in an article, one person in seven of the world’s
entire population speak English nowadays and most of them are quite fluent
in it. Incredibly enough, due to the extension of computerized systems and
softs which are mostly in English, 75% of the world’s mail and 60% of the
world’s telephone calls are in English. Again incredibly, yet true is the fact
that 200 million people speak English and every year there are twenty
million beginners. International literary or scientific publications are
generally printed in English and other languages such as German, Spanish
or French, yet again English is the predominant language. So, the quicker
you learn it, the more opportunities you may have to read interesting
materials connected to your field.
Ways with Words

1. We often say what we have done so far as a way of explaining our
achievements and successes. Work in pairs and ask your partner questions
about English:
Model: Have you improved your accent?
Yes, I think I have.
Have you:
a. been to an English-speaking country?
b. passed any exams in English?
c. managed to translate anything into English?
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d. had any conversations with English native speakers?

e. written any e-mails in English which you have sent to people?
f. used English in your studies or work?
g. read a scientific article in English?
h. managed to understand any English-speaking tourists?
i. learned any songs in English?
j. discovered any differences between English and your own language?
2. Comment on the personal qualities you need to succeed in learning a
foreign language.
Example:
You don’t have to be serious to learn English, you have to be co-operative.
confident energetic
determined well-organised
independent patient
courageous enthusiastic
serious charming
handsome steady
ambitious intelligent
−_________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
3. Choose the word which best completes each sentence:
a. If you want to become ... when you speak, you should forget about
making mistakes and try to speak as much as possible.
A. practical; B. fluent; C. handy; D. skillful.
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b. If you don’t understand everything you hear, then listening to a tape is a

... of time.
A. matter; B. problem; C. waste; D. loss.
c. If you’re not ... certain what someone has said, you should pretend that
you have understood.
A. very; B. fairly; C. surely; D. quite.
d. If you want to practise speaking a good idea is to tell a story or a ... to
someone.
A. joke; B. tale; C. laughter; D. fool.
e. When you ... an oral exam, it is best to speak loudly and not to stop after
each word.
A. make; B. take; C. speak; D. go.
4. In this unit you learned about English as a world language. Let’s learn
some expressions containing the word as:
as compared with = în comparaţie cu;
as a consequence of = ca o consecinţã a;
as if/ as though = ca şi cum;
as far as = întrucât, pe cât, în mãsura în care;
as far as it goes = în ceea ce priveşte;
as follows = precum/ dupã cum urmeazã;
as long as = atât timp cât;
as regards = în ceea ce priveşte;
as a rule = de regulã, în principiu;
as seen = dupã cum se vede;
as shown in Fig. 2 = cum s-a arãtat în Fig. 2;
as such = ca atare;
as well = deopotrivã, de asemenea;
as well as = cât şi, tot aşa ca;
as when = ca atunci când, ca în cazul în care;
as yet/ so far/ up to now. up to the present = pânã în prezent;
such as = astfel ca, ca de exemplu.
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5. Read the following sentence taken from the same text: English has
become a world language because of its establishment as a mother tongue
outside England, in all the continents of the world.
How do you translate in all the continents of the world? Now learn some
expressions with the adjective all.
beyond all doubt = în afarã de orice îndoialã;
all at once = dintr-o datã;
all the better = cu atât mai bine;
all in all = în întregime, cu totul;
all in good time = toate la timpul lor;
all the more as = cu atât mai mult cu cât;
all over = peste tot;
all worn out = complet uzat;
first of all = înainte de toate;
of all kinds = de toate felurile;
that is about all = ca, asta-i tot;
it is all one to them = le este tot una;
once for all = o datã pentru totdeauna.
Grammar Reference
The Personal Pronoun
The nominative. Form
Person Singular Plural
First person I we
Second person you you
Third person he they
she
it
The accusative/The dative. Form
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First person (to) me (to) us
Second person (to) you (to)
you
Third person (to) him (to)
(to) her them
(to) it
Controlled practice:
1. Translate the folowing sentences into English:
a. El este inginer la o fabricã de ciment.
b. Ei nu vorbesc engleza, dar noi îi putem ajuta.
c. L-am vãzut pe el la curs, dar pe ea n-am vãzut-o.
d. Mi-a dãruit o carte de geologie, pentru cã el avea douã exemplare.
e. Îl strig pe John, dar nu mă aude.
−_________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
2. Choose the appropriate forms of the personal pronoun:
a. He is studying English as he/we intends to join an American petroleum

company.
b. I gave her/him that book as he needed it.
c. She told me/ to me that she needed a day off.
d. I think I saw him/ he in the street yesterday.
e. Have you told they/ them the news?
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Mood, Tense and Aspect

Look at the first complex sentence in the text. Try to find the form of the
verb to require. Doesn’t require is a verb in the indicative mood. Its tense is
present and its aspect is simple.
Mood, tense and aspect are grammatical categories of the verb. Roughly
speaking, mood presents the attitude of the speaker towards an action or a
state expressed by the verb, tense gives an indication of when the action
happens and aspect reflects the status of action referring to duration, result,
etc.
Present Simple
Present Simple is used to express:
• a repeated action or habit (it is often used with adverbs of frequency
such as: always, constantly, continually, ever, frequently, forever,
hardly, never, normally, occasionally, often, rarely, regularly, seldom,
sometimes, usually, etc.):
I usually get up at 8.30.
Romanian people like to travel.
Most evenings we go out.
• a fact which is always true (general truths and states):
Wood floats on water.
The Earth moves round the Sun.
The Danube flows into the Black Sea.
• a fact which is true for a long time
I live in Ploiesti.
She works in a petroleum company.
Present Simple is used in explanations, demonstrations and stage directions:
Her drawing shows two parts of a hypebolic curve.
I add flour to the egg yolks and place the basin into the oven.
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The door bell rings. She listens quietly. A window opens and a masked man
enters the room.
Form
I work in a university.
do not (don’t) work
You work
We do not (don’t) work
They
He works
She does not (doesn’t)
work
Interrogative
Where do I work?
do you
we
they
does he
she
it
Short answer
Do you like summer?
Yes, I do.
Does she speak Italian?
No, she doesn’t.
Present Continuous
Present Continuous is used to express:
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• an activity happening now or around now

They are playing in their bedroom now.
I am designing a helix this week.
• a planned future arrangement:
I’m meeting you at 10 o’clock tomorrow.
Form
Present Continuous is formed with the present tense of the auxiliary verb be
followed by the indefinite participle of the main verb (verb+-ing).
I am (‘m) working.
am not (‘m)
not
You are (‘re)
We are not
They (aren‘t)
He is (‘s)
It
Interrogative
What am I doing?
are you
we
they
is he
she
it
Short answer
Are you coming?
Is she watching TV?
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Yes, she is. No, she isn’t.
1. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Simple or Present Continuous:
a. He usually (drink) coffee but today he (drink) tea.
b. It (rain) now. It often (rain) in summer.
c. He (come) to see me tonight; we (go) on a trip to Sinaia next week and we

(want) to make plans for it.
d. I (live) in Ploiesti, but this week, as I (attend) a course in Bucharest, I

(stay) with my uncle in Calea Floreasca.
e. Pardon me, sir, but I (think) you (stand) on my feet.
f. Maria (come) from Spain this week.
g. She (speak) French, English and Italian.
h. I (cut) a cone now and she (draw) an asymptote.
i. What you (do) here? I (look) for my glasses.
j. Where you (live)? I (live) in Scotland.
−_________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
2. Complete this postcard using the correct form of the verbs on the right:
Greetings from Scotland! John and I …..... do

something different this year. We’re at the
Edinburgh Activity Centre, where we …….. a have

good time and at the same time we ……..
learn
different things. People…….. here every
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summer to learn more about their hobbies and come

interests.
I …….. photography and tennis this week do
and John …….. about computers. We …….. up learn, get

at half past eight every morning
and …….. lessons from ten to half past twelve. do

We …….. lunch at one, and then there are more
have
lessons.
So it’s hard work. But I …….. it here. We …..... like, have

a post-office in front of the Centre. The weather
is good. See you soon.
Love, Kate
3. What do you do in these situations?
a. When you miss a bus or a train, do you:
A. wait happily for the next one?;
B. shout angrily?;
C. blame someone else?
b. When you think about the future, do you:
A. dream of impossible success or wealth?;
B. plan your future career carefully?;
C. worry about what will go wrong?
c. When someone asks you a questions and you’re not sure of the answer,
do you:
A. admit you don’t know?;
B. give an answer you think may be right?;
C. try to change the subject?
25
d. When you forget to do something important for a friend or a member of

your family, do you:
A. hope they won’t notice?;
B. try to do something else for them?;
C. feel guilty?
e. When your boss or teacher is away, do you:
A. start laughing and joking?;
B. work hard as usual?;
C. do not work at all?
If most of your answers are A it means you are a very optimistic person. If
you chose mostly B, it means you are an ambitious person, and if you chose
mostly C, it means you are a pessimistic person.
26
Unit 3
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
© Getting a job
© Verbs which do not take a Continuous Aspect in English
© The Imperative
© The possessive pronoun and adjective
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Pre-Reading Tasks
What do you need in order to get a job?
Have you ever applied for a job? Has a friend of yours ever applied for a
job? Talk about the way you should introduce yourself or any other
problems you think may occur.
Reading
Read the following text on getting a job. Can

you notice the imperatives in the text?
A job starts with an application, but so many

of the application letters end up in the
wastepaper basket, as for example you may
feel frustrated if you use cheap, lined notepaper. You should know that you
are supposed to use A4, and preferably to type your CV and the
accompanying letter. The CV needs to be clear and not too long: one page is
enough. Don’t include all your personal details (such as for example
whether you are married or not, your hobbies, etc.). In the letter that you
send with the CV, show some enthusiasm for the job, and demonstrate that
you have read the job advertisement thoroughly. Stress how suitable you
consider you are for that job, but don’t write something which contradicts
27
the data you offered them in your CV! Then, good luck with the interview
itself!
Ways with words:

1. In the sentences below, use one suitable word from the list that follows.
Not all the words are possible:
a. I sent in my ...... to the the address given in the advertisement.
b. They told me I lacked ...... as I had never had that kind of job before.
c. The manager told me he couldn’t wait as he had ...... to do.
d. Not many people enjoy sitting at a/an ...... all day long.
e. Before I left that oil company, I handed in my ......
f. When I applied for this position, I asked my previous boss for a ......
g. You have to be well-dressed and punctual to succeed in a/an ......
h. My first ...... was helping in a shop at weekends.
i. In our company every ...... receives a month’s salary.
j. You could ...... over 2,000 a month as a sales representative in this
company.
qualifications; reference; experiences; application; work; employer;
interview; gain; resignation; job; diploma; department; applicant; earn;
wages; office; gain; desk; salary; employee.
−_________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
2. Read the sentence A job starts with an application again. Now learn some
expressions containing the preposition with:
with due regard for/ with all due deference to = cu tot respectul cuvenit;
with an eye to = urmãrind, fãrã a pierde din vedere;
28
with the exception of = cu excepţia cã;

with full steam on = cu toatã viteza înainte;
with reason = pe drept, pe bunã dreptate;
with reference/ respect to = în privinţa, referitor, cu privire la;
with a view of = în scopul de a;
as with = la fel ca şi;
together with = împreunã cu;
to do away with = a înlãtura, a termina cu.
3. Look at the following sentences belonging to this unit: You should know
that you are supposed to ...; In the letter that you send with the CV, show
some enthusiasm for ...
As you can see these are two meaning of the word that. In the first sentence
it introduces a direct object clause and in the other it introduces a relative
clause. Here are some expressions containing the word that:
that far = atât de departe;
that is the point = aceasta-i problema;
that much = cam atât;
that’s how it happened = aşa s-a întâmplat;
that is why (that’s why) = de aceea, din aceastã cauzã;
that is to say = adicã;
but for that = dacã nu ar fi fost asta;
for all that = cu toate acestea;
in order that = pentru ca, sã;
like that (just like that) = aşa;
Grammar Reference
Verbs which do not take a continuous aspect in English
There are verbs in English which generally are not used in the continuous
aspect:
29
• verbs of the senses (verbs of perception): see, hear, smell, taste, notice,
recognize, etc.
I smell gas.
• verbs of thinking: think, realize, know, understand, suppose, expect,
remember, forget, mind, etc.
I don’t remember your name.
• verbs of having and being: have, own, owe, belong to, possess, be,
contain, matter, hold, etc.
The house belongs to my mother.
I have a very good lathe.
• verbs of emotion: love, hate, like, dislike, refuse, want, wish, forgive,
etc.
I hate people calling me late at night.
He wants to buy a new tool.
a. Aceastã sticlã conţine acid boric.
b. Creionul Rotring este al Mariei.
c. Urãsc sã mi se cearã sã fac o lucrare de azi pe mâine.
d. Ea are doar un curs de chimie şi două de fizică.
e. Acest curs conţine 14 capitole.
−_________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
2. Decide which is the most appropriate form of the verb in the following
sentences:
30
a. I’m thinking/ I think of you.
b. She smells/ is smelling gas.
c. Mother is tasting/ tastes the soup to see if it needs more salt.
d. We have/ are having dinner now.
e. Could you call him back in twenty minutes as he has/ is having a bath
right now.
−_________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
The Imperative
The imperative is a mood which expresses an order, a command, a wish, a
greeting, a piece of advice, a threat:
Come here!
Leave me alone!
Watch your step!
Let’s go!
Form
The imperative has forms only for the second person singular and plural.
Affirmative Negative
Get ready! Don’t get ready!
Start working! Don’t start working!
1. Translate the following into English:
a. Serveşte-te şi serveşte-i şi pe ceilalţi!
31
b. Vino, te rog, la noi sã ne ajuţi sã rezolvãm o problemã de chimie

organicã.
c. Îi dai un deget şi îţi ia toatã mâna!
d. Scrie tu proiectul la calculator, pentru cã dupã aceea trebuie sã-l folosesc

şi eu.
e. Luaţi loc, vã rog, doamnã!
f. Nu pleca, pentru că nu am terminat proiectul!
g. Nu te apropia de firele acelea pentru că sunt sub tensiune.
h. Nu încerca să mă faci să mă răzgândesc, pentru că o faci degeaba.
i. Du-te şi vezi dacă au terminat cursul.
j. Grăbeşte-te, mai ai doar cinci minute!
−_________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
2. Make the following sentences negative:
a. Come here!
b. Get ready as we are in a hurry!
c. Be on time, because English people are never late.
d. Go home and we’ll finish this tomorrow.
e. Work faster as we need to finish this uuntil two o’clock.
32
−_________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
The Possessive Pronoun and the Posessive Adjective

The possessive pronoun. Form
First person mine ours
Second person yours yours
Third person his theirs
hers
its
The possesive adjective. Form

First person my our
Second person your your
Third person his their
her
its
Controlled Practice
1. Choose the appropriate possessive pronouns or adjectives:
a. My/ mine father’s car is new. Mine/my is very old and ugly.
b. We have been looking for these magazines. Someone took them from
your/our room. They belong to us We’re using the pictures for a project of
ours/yours.
c. There are five billion people in our/his world and they live in all different
corners ot it.
33
d. This is her/hers car. She bought it two months ago.
e. My results are better than yours/your.
f. Is that book yours/your as I think I saw you when you lent it to your/yours
friend, Tom.
g. I don’t think this is one of Emma’s pens. I know she has lost her/hers
calculator, but I haven’t heard her say she has lost a pen . What do you
think?
h. My/mine speciality is paleontology. I have specialized in the study of

prehistoric life through the evidence of fossils.
i. After we have acquired some knowledge about the oil industry and the
kind of work that is involved, we will prove ours/our knowledge later.
j. Your/yours article on drilling wells in blazing deserts is a good one.
−_________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
34
Unit 4
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
© Writing a CV
© Writing a letter of application
© Classification of Nouns
© Number of Nouns
© The Genitive
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Pre-Reading Tasks:
What information should your CV contain?
What information should your letter of application contain?
Reading 1
Read the following CV. Can you find any improvements? Work with your
mates and report your findings to the rest of the class:
CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL DETAILS
Name: Radu IONESCU
Address: 23 Bvd. Bucureşti
Ploieşti 2000 Prahova
Telephone: 044165342
35
Date of birth: 1 January 1974
Nationality: Romanian
Languages: Fluent English; Conversational French
Computer literacy: Wordperfect, Lotus 1-2-3, Windows 2000, Math-Cad;

Math-Lab.
EDUCATION
2001-2000: Master of Science - Drilling - ”Petroleum-Gas” University of

Ploieşti
1995-2000: “Petroleum-Gas” University of Ploieşti- Faculty of Well

Drilling and Production
“A” levels: Mathematics, Drilling, Recovery, Chemistry, Technical

Drawing
WORK HISTORY
Sept. 2000-Sept. 2001: drilling engineer at GPS Arad
Summer 1999-Summer 2000: college position: required to prepare accounts
Summer 1998: Bucharest Chemical Services - assistant
Summer 1997: Videle Well Drilling - technician
INTERESTS: aerobics, cinema, theatre, reading
REFERENCES: available on request.
Ways with words:

1. Here are some pieces of advice for you when you write your CV:
a. Bold is used selectively. Your name is obviously important, so you
should make sure it stands out.
b. When you state the languages you can speak, conversational and fluent
are the only words to use about them. Don’t use qualifications such as well,
36
very well, etc. If they really want to find out about your language skills, they
will surely test you.
c. Education and qualifications should be listed together. The “A” levels are
important, as they may show that you are suitable for that job, as you had
the best degrees in those objects which are of major importance for your
future job.
d. For the Work History section, it is vital to highlight your student
activities.
e. Don’t make up a list of names and addresses in your reference section.
You should mention references only if they are very impressive.
Reading 2
Here is the letter of application Radu Ionescu has written. Skim through the
letter and see what information the applicant is conveying about himself:
23 Bvd Bucureşti
Ploieşti 200 Prahova
Mr A. D. Vlad
Personnel Manager
Petrom Bucureşti
Dear Mr. A. D. Vlad
Ref.: drilling engineer vacancy
I am writing to apply for the position of drilling enginner that you advertised
in Bursa on 5 October 2001, as I believe it offers the carrer challenge which
I am seeking.
As you will see from my enclosed Curriculum Vitae, I graduated from

“Petroleum-Gas” University of Ploieşti last year, then I have had a
successful year working in a scientific environment with GPS Arad.
I would like to highlight the following skills which I believe would add
value to your organization:
Organizational skills - developed in my current job with GPS Arad.
37
Accounting skills - developed in my role as university officer where I

prepared annual reports and accounts and I was responsible for a budget of
1,000,000,000 lei per annum.
Interpersonal skills - developed through working in a team environment in

my current role and through a number of holiday positionswhen I was a
student.
I have a keen interest in drilling engineering and would appreciate the

opportunity of an interview to discuss why I believe I am good match for
your requirements.
I look forward to hearing from you.
Yours sincerely, Radu Ionescu
Ways with words:

1. Here are some lines from different letters of application of several
candidates for this job. Choose the most appropriate and convincing
sentence in each group. What do you think is wrong with some of the
sentences listed below?
a. I am familiar with this type of work./ I am totally knowledgeable about
this type of work./ I know this type of work.
b. I am well-liked by everybody and I am very convincing./ I can maintain
friendly relationships with people./ I am a friendly and tactful person.
c. I can make decisions when it is really necessary and I am very
responsive./ I always make the best decisions in my office, as I am a reliable
person./ I am not afraid to make decisions if necessary.
d. I feel sure my studies recommend me for this job./ I hope I am right for
this sort of work./ I am sure I am the most suitable person for this job.
e. I am quite interested in this kind of work./ I have a genuine interest in this
kind of work./ I am extremely interested in this type of work.
38
2. Here is an advertisement which was published in Bursa on 4 April 2001.

Look at it and write your CV. Then write the letter to cover your CV
applying for the vacancy:
CONSTRUCT Ltd.
Romanian-Canadian company providing
expertise, human resources and equipment
for the construction industry
requires
Human Resource Officers
Applications are accepted from recent graduates of Sociology or Bussiness

Studies with some background in income tax laws and computer literacy, or
company management.
Applicants should be willing to work in teams and should be able to meet
deadlines. Applicants should be fluent in English and French.
Please enclose a current CV and letter of application addressed to Mr
Ion Pop, Human Resources Manager, Construct (Romania) Ltd., 13,
Piaţa Romanã, Bucharest.
3. Read the following presentation of Beicip-Franlab. Apply for a job within
the company. Write your letter of application.
BEICIP-Franalb
Rueil-Malmaison Head Office
232, Avenue Napoléon Bonaparte
BP 213-92502 Rueil-Malmaison-Cedex-France
Phone : 33 (1) 47 08 80 00
Fax : 33 (1) 47 08 41 85
The industrial projects division is one of Beicip-Franlab’s four
operating divisions
The independent consulting services provided by the division cover all
industrial associated with the Oil & Gas and derived industries as well as the
global energy sector.
39
The fields of activities are:

• Energy system organization
• Oil and gas production
• Petroleum refining/distribution
• Natural gas processing
• Hydrocarbon transport, pipeline
• Petrochemicals, fertilizers
• Environment centres
The consulting services provided by the division are related to each

individual filed of expertize and can be combined according to the client’s
requirements depending on the project status :
• Sectoral and corporate planning
• Feasibility studies
• Project management
• Management services
• Specialized services
The industrial Projects Division resources are: a highly qualified and
experienced staff with an international experience of consultancy and
advisory services in fields of expertise:
• Economics, financial analysis
• Market, marketing
• Process and engineering
• Contracting
• Cost estimation/control
• Schedule control
• Environment
• Risk and safety
• Training
• Audits
40
• Valuation of assets
• Restructuring
And with efficient and quality softwares and models servicing:
• Data banks
• Market evaluation
• Energy planning and pricing
• Projects optimization (L.P. models)
• Economic and financial analysis
• Process and basic engineering
• Environmental/safety evaluation
• Engineering design/drawings (CAD)
• Project management
The company worked for governments, national and private companies,
multilateral or bilateral development organizations, bankers and is spread
out in over 100 countries. Some of these clients have, repeatedly, called
upon our expertise for more than two decades.
Among the services that Beicip-Franlab offers we may include
• sectoral and corporate planning (energy planning, energy
conservation, resource appraisal, market/end-use analysis, resource
allocation optimization, projects identification/ranking, costs/benefit
evaluation, economic/financial appraisal, projects strategical
screening, pricing policy, marketing, financing issues, multiclient
studies) and
• feasibility studies (market survey, feedstock availability,
scheme/technology evaluation, technical definition,
environmental/safety assessment, investment cost estimate,
operating cost estimate, economic/financial analysis, project
arrangement/schedule, financing opportunities).
• management services (technical audit, management policy, income
valuation, financial valuation, insurance)
• project management including:
41
project preparation: site or route selection, project definition

(basis of design, project base line plan, technical definition
(process units; basic design, utilities and offsites conceptual
design, infrastructure requirements), tender documents
(technical documents packaging, project arrangement plan,
contract drafting)
project contracting, evaluation of licensors’ bids, contractors’
bids, assistance with negotiation
project implementation (supervision of engineering studies,
supervision of construction work, quality control, budget and
schedule control, assistance in commissioning and start-up)
• petroleum R&D centres projects: definition of objectives,
architectural conept, lay out/infrastructure study, safety security,
environment, equipment specifications, budget estimation, assistance
in procurement, supervision of construction, commissioning and
start-up, personnel training, long-term co-operation
• environmental studies: environmental impact assessment,
environmental audit, plan for reducing emissions, soil remediation
project, life cycle analysis, industrial environmental planning)
• safety (safety audit, safety study, damage survey)
Beicip-Franlab does not ignore the importance of the traditional domains of
process and of project engineering but emphasizes the role of market experts
and economists involved in a study.
The methodologies developed over more than two decades, along with the
technical and economic computer models, are an assurance of optimized
long-term strategies or specific industrial projects.
Feasibility studies, and even more so, sectoral and corporate planning,
require the contribution of numerous and diverse expertise both in the
upstream and in the downstream sectors of the Oil & Gas industries.
This integrated competence found in one single company is a guarantee of
the coherence and reliability of Beicip-Franlab’s services.
42
Auditing industrial operations does not only require concentration on the

structural and financial aspects, but also focuses on the market, the practical
operation, the maintenance, the process, the organization and economic
issues of the company or the organization under consideration.
Beicip-Franlab has, through its long international experience of planning
studies and of project management, developed a comprehensive and
independent approach in providing management services to the directors of
Oil and Gas organizations and companies.
The French Petroleum Institute R&D experience over the last five decades
has been transferred to over ten Petroleum Research Centres projects world-
wide. These projects were implemented under the entire responsibility of
Beicip-Franlab which has thus been disseminating this know-how in the Oil
& Gas sector around the world.
The environment and safety activities of Beicip-Franlab have developed
since the late seventies by taking advantage of the various categories of in-
house experts as well as of The French Petroleum Institute’s works.
The inter-disciplinary competence of our division, including environment
generalists, covers the field of prevention, diagnosis, technological advice,
expert reporting on damage, as well as the setting-up of environment and
safety management programmes.
Grammar Reference
Classification of Nouns
Countable nouns Uncountable nouns
a girl water
a man sugar
a tool milk
a cup music
an apple weather
a guitar money
a pound oil/ petroleum
43
a car coal
a well gas
We can say two cups, four girls, ten pounds, twenty cars. We can count
them. We cannot count sugar, water or oil.
Countable nouns can be singular or plural:
This cup is empty.
These cups are full.
Uncountable nouns can only be singular:
The water is cold.
The weather is fine.
The coal has a good quality.
Number of Nouns:
Form
Variable nouns form the plural in the following way:
• -s is added to the singular:
books-books, tool-tools
• -es is added to the singular nouns ending in -s, -z, -x, -ch, -sh, nouns
ending in -y preceded by a consonant (-y changes to i), nouns ending in -
o:
bus-buses, box-boxes, match-matches, brush-brushes, city-cities; potato-
potatoes (But: photo-photos)
• -(e)s is added to nouns ending in -f(e) (which changes to -v):
knife-knives, leaf-leaves, shelf-shelves (But: roof-roofs)
Irregular plural nouns:
man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, goose-geese, louse-lice,
mouse-mice, child-children, ox-oxen
Foreign plurals
stimulus-stimuli, larva-larvae, stratum-strata, basis-bases, criterion-criteria,
phenomenon-phenomena, datum-data, etc.
44
The Genitive
The analytical genitive is used with the preposition of, used with neuter
nouns:
the tower of London, the colour of oil, the cover of the book, etc.
The synthetical genitive (‘s genitive) is used after:
• nouns denoting persons or other beings:
John’s lecture, my parents’ advice
• nouns denoting measurement, time, space, quantity, value:
a two months’ practice, yesterday’s newspaper, a pound’s worth of pears
• collective nouns:
the governement’s decisions, the Parliament’s laws
• geographical names, vehicles, natural phenomena, etc.:
England’s mountains, the spaceship’s crew, the afternoon’s heat.
1. Complete this newspaper article. Choose the correct singular or plural
form in the brakets:
Clayton Factory for Milchester
The Clayton Clothing Company is going to build a new factory in

Milchester. (This/These) news (was/were) announced by company chairman
Mr David Clayton yesterday. Mr Clayton spent the morning in Milchester
before returning to the Clayton headquarters at Granby.
The Clayton company (has/have) been in existence for 130 years and
(is/are) famous for its “Polymode” (good/s) The slogans “You’re never
alone with a pair of Polymode (trouser/s)” and “Plymode (jean/jeans)
(is/are) the (one/ones) for you” are well known. The company’s profit last
year of two million pounds (was/were) the highest in the clothing business.
Mr Clayton will not say how (much/many) new (job/s) there will be, but
(information/s) that there will be (work/s) (is/are) hard to find at the
moment, and 2,000 unemployed people (is/are) a high figure for a small
town.
45
2. Make the nouns in these sentences plural. Make all other changes which
are necessary:
a. This child is a naughty one.
b. That phenomenon was interpreted by the geologists.
c. I need to buy some kerosene for my stove.
d. When I entered the room, he was arranging this books on the shelf.
e. Where have you put that box?
a. Pãrintele acestor doi copii se numeşte Gilbert Stones.
b. S-au fãcut progrese semnificative în acest domeniu al cunoaşterii.
c. El foloseşte multe maşini-unelte.
d. La începutul secolului XX, nu erau foarte erau multe studente în colegii.
e. Tatãl studentului a venit la universitate sã vorbeascã cu profesorul de
chimie.
4. Use the correct form of the verb:
a. The audience (is, are) asked to pay attention to the speech.
b. My family (has, have) been living in that chalet for years.
c. The majority (was, were) against the war.
d. That team (is, are) all children.
e. Mathematics (was, were) my favourite subject.
f. Politics (is, are) a matter of no interest to me.
g. The police (has, have) been chasing the thieves for weeks.
h. The audience (has, have) just come back and (is, are) taking (its, their)
seats.
46
Test
1. Choose the best variant:
1. It ………….. a lot this winter, even if in Romania it generally …………
so much in this region.
A. is snowing/ snows; B. snows/ is snowing; C. is snowing/ doesn’t snow;
D. snows/ isn’t snowing.
2. This book ……….. to me and it ……….. five chapters.
A. belongs/ contains; B. is belonging/ is containing; C. belongs/ is
containing; D. is belonging/ contains.
3. I ……….. Speak English very well, but I ………..my best to make
myself understood by the others.
A. speak/ do; B. don’t speak/ do; C. am not speaking/ am doing; D. don’t
speak/ am doing.
4. Where …………? ….……. you should help us finish this?
A. are you going?/ don’t you think; B. do you go?/ aren’t you thinking;
C. do you go/ do you think; D. are you going/ aren’t you thinking?
5. ………… for ……… tools?
A. Do you look/ these; B. Don’t you look/ these; C. Are you looking/ those;
D. Are you looking/ these.
6. ……….. office is the big one? It’s John’s. It has been …………… for
two years.
A. Whose/ his; B. Which/ hers; C. Whose/ her; D. Which/ his.
7. There ………….. far too ………….. mistakes in your paper.
A. are/ much; B. aren’t/ many; C. are/ many; D. aren’t/ much.
8. I don’t understand who ………….. about.
A. you are talking; B. are you talking; C. you talk; D. do you talk.
9. If you ………… to practise English more, it is a good idea for you to
speak to …………. people. They came from England two days ago.
A. want/ these; B. want/ those; C. don’t want/ these; D. don’t want/ those.
47
George este student la Foraj. În acelaşi timp lucrează pentru o companie de

petrol la Bucureşti. El nu are mult timp liber, pentru că la sfârşitul
săptămânii are cursuri la universitate. Duminica, atunci când nu are multe
cursuri, încearcă să se gândească la ceea ce a învăţat în timpul săptămânii.
Astăzi este sâmbătă seară şi George este acasă cu familia lui. Ei iau cina şi
discută despre planurile lor de vacanţă.
Answer key:
1. C; 2. A; 3. B; 4. A.; 5. D; 6. A.; 7. C.; 8. A.; 9. A.
2. George is a student in Drilling. At the same time he works for a
petroleum company in Bucharest. He doesn’t have much free time, for at the
weekend he has courses at the university. On Sunday, when he doesn’t have
so many courses, he tries to think of what he has learnt during the week.
Today it’s Saturday evening and George is at home with his family. They
are having dinner and talking about their holiday plans.
1. 1 point + 1 point per ech good answer
2. 1 point + 9 points per translation.
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Unit 5
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© Drilling methods
© Past Simple
©Past Continuous
© Expressions of quantity
© The Adjective
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Pre-Reading Tasks
What system is used for water wells?
Which was the first oil well in Romania?
Reading
Read this text about cable-tool drilling.

Look at the tenses of the verbs. Translate
the text into Romanian:
When the first real oil well was drilled in

Pennsylvania, the United States, in 1859,
engineers used a system which was being
used for digging wells for water. They
punched a hole into the ground. They
used a cutting tool, a bit, on the end of a
drilling stem which they were raising and then let it fall; the bit cut and
crushed the dirt or rock at the bottom of the well. The moment the debris at
the bottom of the well was removed, the stem and bit were pulled up,. Then
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the bit was dropped again to crush more rock, and the process was repeated
over and over again.
This technique is used nowadays only when the wells are shallow and when
there is hard rock to cut through. Most modern wells are drilled by the
rotary drilling method.
Ways with words

1. Special terms:
Well: hole sunk into the earth to reach water, oil, or gas.
Bit: a cutting tool. There are different bits used in drilling for oil (diamond
drill bits, fishtails, roller bits, etc.) Each type is suitable for use in
penetrating different subsurface layers.
Cable-tool drilling: a system for drilling oil wells. A hole is punched into
the ground by dropping a cutting tool into dirt or rock.
Rotary drilling: another system for drilling oil wells. A cutting bit drills the
hole with a rotary or circular motion.
2. In the sentence: When the first real oil well was drilled in Pennsylvania,
the United States, in 1859, the preposition in introduces both an Adverbial
of place (in Pennsylvania) and an Adverbial of time (in 1859). Now let’s
learn some expressions containing the preposition in:
in all probability = dupã toate probabilitãţile;
in all together = în total;
in the beginning = la început;
in contrast to/with = în contrast cu;
in common with = în comun cu;
in itself = în sine;
in order to/ that = ca sã, pentru ca;
in particular = în special;
in the place of/ in lieu of = în loc de;
in practice = în principiu;
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in progress = în curs de;

in print = tipãrit;
in return for = în schimbul a;
in quantity = în cantitate;
in search of = în cãutare de;
in spite of = în ciuda faptului cã;
in such a manner = în aşa mod;
in sum = pe scurt, în douã vorbe;
in that = în aceea cã;
in token of = în semn de, ca dovadã;
in turn = cu rândul;
to be interested in = a fi interesat de;
to result in = a avea ca rezultat;
to succeed in (+doing sth.) = a avea succes în; a reuşi în.(e.g. She succeeded
in passing the exam).
3. How do you translate the debris at the bottom of the well? Now learn
some expressions containing the preposition at:
at best = în cel mai bun caz;
at a disadvantage = în dezavantaj;
at ease = liniştit, pe îndelete;
at full load = cu sarcinã plinã/ totalã;
at intervals = la intervale, intermitent;
at liberty = fãrã restricţii, liber;
at most = cel mult;
at once = imediat;
at request = la cerere;
at right angle = la unghi drept;
at stake = în joc;
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Grammar Reference
Past Simple
Past Simple is used to express
• a finished action in the past (it is often used with past time expressions:
last year/ month/ week/, five years/ two days/ four weeks ago, yesterday,
yesterday morning/ evening, in 1985, etc):
They discovered this machine in the late eighteenth century.
The chemists reported the results obtained yesterday.
The discovery of diffraction of X-rays by von Laue (1912) led to the
discovery of the Bragg Crystal spectometer.
• habitual, repeated actions in the past (with verbs denoting a permanent
characteristic);
She always wore red.
I met him every d1ay on my way to the office.
Past Simple is used to describe a series of actions which follow one another
in a story
Tom came into the room. He took off his shirt, put on a T-shirt and sat down
in the armchair. Suddenly he remembered something. He stood up and went
out of the room.
• (narrative past)
The form of the Past Tense Simple is the same for all persons.
Affirmative
The positive of regular verbs ends in -ed.
There are many common irregular verbs. In order to create this tense you
need the second form of the verb (see the list on page 169 – Appendix 1)
I arrived yesterday.
You went to Sinaia
We
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They
He/She
Negative
-the negative of the Past Tense Simple is formed with the auxiliary did+not
(didn’t).
I did not (didn’t) arrive yesterday.
You did not (didn’t) go to Sinaia
We
They
He/She
Interrogative
-the question in the Past Tense Simple is formed with the auxiliary did.
When did I arrive?
Where did you go?
we
they
he
she
Short answer
Did you go to work yesterday?
Yes, I did. No, I didn’t.
Did she report the results obtained?
Yes, she did. No, she didn’t.
Past Continuous
Past Continuous is used to express:
• an action in progress at some time in the past
What were you doing at 10 o’clock yesterday?
I was calculating the length of the diagonal of a square.
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When she arrived, he was sleeping.

• . past activity happening over a period of time
I was reading from 4 to 6.30 yesterday.
Form
was/ were (past tense of to be)+ verb+-ing (present participle)

I was working.
He was not (wasn’t)
She
You were
We were not
They (weren’t)
Interrogative
What was I doing?
he
she
were you
we
they
Short answer
Were you working at this time yesterday?
Yes, I was. No, I wasn’t.
Was she studying when you entered the room?
Yes, she was. No, she wasn’t.
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Past Simple and Past Continuous

I was doing my homework at 7 o’clock last night. (I was in the middle of the
activity.)
I did my homework yesterday. (I started and finished.)
They were producing drilling bits when those people started to buy shares in
their company.
She was looking at the pictures when her husband came into the room.
(producing and looking are long activities. Something happened in the
middle to interrupt them).
1. Decide which is the correct verb form:
a. I saw/was seeing a very good programme on TV last night.
b. While I was learning/ learnt for my Chemistry exam, somebody was

knocking/ knocked at the door.
c. How did you cut/ were you cutting your finger? While I was fixing/ fixed
the wire, I was dropping/ dropped the knife.
d. I was listening/ listened to the news on the radio when the phone was
starting/ started to ring.
e. An American jet pilot was taking off/ took off from Washington, but the
jet’s engines went/ were going wrong.
f. We produced/ were producing 10,000 drilling bits last year.
g. Chemistry played/ was playing an essential part in the development of the

refining process 20 years ago.
h. Our crew included/ was including a seismic shooter and the man who set
off/ was setting off the blast.
i. When the exploration was completed, the drilling crew moved/ was
moving in.
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j. The first important commercial product from crude petroleum was

kerosene, which quickly was replacing/ replaced whale oil in the kerosene
stoves in the 50’s.
2. Find the correct action for each person and make a sentence:
Example:
Copernicus- studying the planets
Copernicus studied the planets.
People Actions
Elvis Presley going to the moon
Shakespeare inventing the electric light
Picasso writing “Romeo and Juliet”
Neil Armostrong singing rock music
Americo Vespucci playing tennis
Artur Aish discovering America
Martin Luther King painting “Guernica”
Thomas Hardy working for Black people’s rights
Edison creating novels
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3. Supply the simple past tense or the continuous past tense of the verbs in
brackets:
The accident (happen) at 11.46 pm on September 21st at the corner St and

Brooks Bd, Milchester. Mr and Mrs Smith (be) on their way home. Mr
Smith (drive). It (not rain) at the time, but the roads (be) wet, as it had
rained before. At 11.46 pm Mr Michael Johnson (cycle) north along Brooks
Bd. He (have) his lights on. Mr Smith (not stop) at the traffic lights. As he
(turn) into Brooks Bd, he (hit) Mr Johnson and (knock) him off his bike. Mr
Johnson (be) not badly hurt, but his bike (be) damaged. Mr Smith (stop) and
(report) the accident. This (be) his first accident and now he is more careful
when he drives at night.
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Expressions of Quantity
some/any; much/many, a lot of/ lots of, few (a few)/ little (a little)
1. Countable nouns are used with some+ a plural noun in affirmative
sentences, and any+ a plural noun in negative and interrogative sentences:
I’ve got some tools.
Are there any books of Physics in the house?
We don’t need any apples for this pie.
Uncountable nouns are used with some in affirmative sentences and any in
interrogative and negative sentences, but only with a singular noun:
There is some coal in this mine.
Is there any gas in this well?
We haven’t got any butter in the house.
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2. Countable nouns are used with many in interrogative and negative

sentences:
How many geologists work for this petroleum company?
We haven’t discovered many new oil fields.
Uncountable nouns are used with much in interrogative and negative
sentences:
How much money have you got?
There wasn’t much disappointment that awaited the drillers at the bottom
of that dry hole.
3. Both countable and uncountable nouns are used with a lot of and lots of:
We’ve got a lot of uniforms.
There are lots of drilling bits.
There’s a lot of gasoline in this pipeline.
He’s got a lot of money.
4. Countable nouns are used with few/ a few, while uncountable nouns are
used with little/ a little:
I’ve got a few problems at the moment.
We only need a little money to buy this.
Controlled Practice
1. Complete the following sentences with some or any:
a. Would you like .……. more kerosene?
b. Could you give me .……. information about the train times?
c. If you have …….. trouble, just give me a ring.
d. Have you attended …….. good conferences recently?
e. I tried to buy …….. tools, but I couldn’t find …......
2. Put much, many, or a lot of into each gap:
a. Have you got ……... homework?
b. We don’t need ……. oil.

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c. There are …….. drilling books in our library.
d. I want …….. pencils because I’m going to draw a helix.
e. Is there …….. petrol in the car?

The Adjective
Adjectives are words that describe or modify another person or thing in the
sentence.
Position of adjectives.
Adjectives appear before the noun or noun phrase that they modify (e.g. an
interesting course, a difficult exercise, a strange coincidence). Sometimes
they appear in a string of adjectives, and when they do, they appear in a set
order according to category. As after you finish this course you may write
scientific articles in English it is of major importance for you to know the
correct order of adjectives in a sentence.
The Order of adjectives in a series
It would take a linguistic philosopher to explain why we say little yellow
house and not yellow little house or why we say blue Italian sports car and
not Italian blue sports car. The order in which adjectives in a series sort
themselves out is perplexing for people learning English as a second
language. It takes a lot of practice with a language before this order becomes
instinctive, because the order seems quite arbitrary. There is however a
pattern.
The categories in the following table can be described as follows:
Word Types of adjectives Examples
order
I. Determiners articles and other limiters four people, the sixth
(numerals, possessive chapter, her story,
adjectives, demonstrative this tool
adjectives, etc.)
II. Observation postdeterminers and real, perfect
limiter adjectives
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adjectives subject to interesting, beautiful,

subjective measure gorgeous
III. Size and shape adjectives subject to large, small, short,
objective measure round, square
IV. Age adjectives denoting age young, old, new,
ancient
V. Colour adjectives denoting red, black, yellow,
colour blue, green, brown,
orange, violet
VI. Origin denominal adjectives French, English,
denoting source of noun American, Spanish,
Polish, Romanian
VII. Material denominal adjectives wooden, metallic,
denoting what something woolen
is made of
VIII. Qualifier final limiter, often hunting cabin,
regarded as part of the passenger car, book
noun cover
1. Which words in column A can combine with words from column B?
A B A B A B
tall person heavy music Happy New Year!
high tree strong noise Merry Anniversary!
mountain loud traffic Christmas!
wall smoker Birthday!
building wind
price
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a. Ea avea o maşinã sport albastră.
b. Noi am citit un articol interesant de 5 pagini în “Petroleum Times”.
c. El colecţionează vase vechi, frumoase din porţelan.
d. Ai încercat să descifrezi acel text din engleza veche?
e. El confecţionează două bare din aluminiu.
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3. Read this text on digital integrated circuits. Pay attention to the adjective
order in this text. Translate it into Romanian:
A digital integrated circuit is designed to handle digital information. Most

digital integrated circuits operate on the binary system, such that one of only
two possible voltage levels can exist at the output. Input signals can be
either of these voltage levels. Digital logic circuits are switched from one
state to the other by a combination of several input signals, and logic
decisions are made according to which voltage level exists at the output for
a given combination of input signals.
Other types of digital circuit operate on the memory principle. in these ones,
if the output is triggered to one level by an input signal, it will then remain
at that level when the input signal is removed; that is, it will “remember”
that the last input signal was such as to trigger it to its output state.
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Unit 6
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© Advertising your petroleum product
© Present Perfect Simple
© Present Perfect Simple and Past Simple
© Prepositions
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Pre-Reading Tasks
If you create a new product, do you know how to advertise it in order to get
as many buyers as you expect?
How would you advertise the product your factory created?
Reading
Read this advertisement on Dirt Magnet

Plus. Identify the Present Perfect Simple of
the verbs:
Unique Products to maximize your well’s

production
As Clear Fluids International, we have been

leaders in the industry, supplying
technologically innovative fluids to improve
the flow rates in your well. So, we have decided to give ourselves a new
moniker, one that is more reflective of our speciality. We are now known as
“Well-Flow Technologies, Inc.”
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We have made substantial improvements to our field proven displacement

fluid, Dirt Magnet. The result? We have designed and produced Dirt
Magnet Plus.
The non-flammable fluid works effectively to eliminate all contaminating

solids from the casing and tubing. The use of Dirt Magnet Plus helps
prevent damage to the formation during completion and leads to higher
production rates. Is is insoluble in brines and, with low specific gravity,
floats solids to the surface in such a way as to have a better oil-drive. It is
also available in a low odour formulation.
Ways with words

1.Special terms
Flow: continuous stream or discharge.
Casing: pipe that is put inside the well as it is being drilled in order to
prevent contamination of fresh water (by salt, water, oil, and gas), washout
of the hole by drilling fluids, collapse of the hole, and so forth.
Drive: natural pressure which forces the oil to move.
2. In the sentence: Is is insoluble in brines and, with low specific gravity,
floats solids to the surface in such a way as to have a better oil-drive, the
expression in such a way as is translated by în aşa fel încât/ astfel încât.
Now learn more expressions containing the word way:
by way of = prin mijlocirea, în calitate de, cu ajutorul;
by the way = apropo;
in this way= în acest mod;
in every way = în toate privinţele;
in a general way = în genere/ în general;
in one way = într-un fel;
one way or another = într-un fel sau altul;
out of the way = afarã din cale/ drum;
under way = în curs de;
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way above = mult deasupra;

way ahead = mult înainte;
way below = mai jos;
way off = la o bunã distanţã;
to give way to = a ceda la;
to make one’s way = a-şi croi drum, a face carierã.
3. Read the sentence: So, we have decided to give ourselves a new moniker,
one that is more reflective of our speciality. So is a word which is generally
used in conversations instead of therefore which is used in written English.
Now let’s learn some expressions containing the word so:
so as/ that = aşa încât, astfel încât;
so far = pânã acum, pânã în prezent;
so far as = întrucât, în mãsura în care;
so it seems = aşa se pare;
so much = atât de mult;
so to say/ so to speak = aşa zicând, ca sã zicem aşa;
in a week or so = cam într-o sãptãmânã;
so on and so forth = şi aşa mai departe;
in so doing = procedând astfel/ aşa;
in so far as.. is concerned = întrucât priveşte.
Grammar Reference
Present Perfect Simple
Present Perfect Simple relates past actions and states to the present.
Present Perfect Simple is used to express:
• a past action when its result can be seen at the present time and is still
having an effect (Present Perfect of Result):
I have already seen that movie. (i.e. I can tell you the story).
He has fixed his car. (i.e. He can drive it now).
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• activities completed in the immediate past:

She has just met him in the laboratory. (But: She met him there a few
minutes ago.)
Has oil only been used by mankind in the last hundred years? (But: Why
was oil used on such a large scale in 1999?)
• activities at any time in a period up to now (Present Perfect of
Experience):
I have been to Scotland once.
He has never used such a big screwdriver.
• an action or state which began in the past and continues to the present
I’ve known you for five years/ since 1996. (Since means from a definite
point in the past till now, and for expresses a duration).
How long have you worked as a driller?
How long has it taken the oil industry to grow to its present size?
Form
have/has+verb+(past participle)
The past participle of regular verbs ends in -ed. There are many common
irregular verbs (see the list on page 169 – Appendix 1).

I have (‘ve) worked in a petroleum factory.
We have not (haven’t)
You
They
He has (‘s)
She has not (hasn’t)
Interrogative
Have I been to the United Kingdom?
we
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you
they
Has he
she
Short answer
Have you ever been to France?
Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.
Has she ever worked as a petroleum engineer?
Yes, she has. No, she hasn’t.
Present Perfect Simple and Past Simple
Look at the use of the Present Perfect and the Past Simple in the following
sentences:
I’ve lived in this flat for six months (I still do.)
I lived in this flat for two years. (Now I live somewhere else.)
F. Neagu has written very good short stories. (He is still alive.)
Shakespeare wrote very good plays. (He is dead.)
He has worked in this refinery for four years. (But: He started working in
this refinery in 1997.)
Have you found your books? (uncertainty)
Yes, I have.
Where did you find them? (certainty).
I found them behind a couple of other books, on the top shelf.
1. Make sentences and questions about the following people
Example:
Alice is a drilling engineer.
-supervise/ a drilling well in Oradea.
She has supervised a drilling well in Oradea.
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-write a report on that?

Has she written a report on that?
a. John is a journalist.
-meet/ lots of famous people.
-interview the President?
b. Laura is a safety inspector.
-check/ for dangerous levels of gas
-prevent a well from exploding?
c. Mike is a derrickman.
-control/ the top of the drill pipe.
d. Chris is a petroleum engineer
-deal with engineering problems special to the oil industry.
-work in a big petroleum company?
e. Her brother is a welder.
- be in charge of/ a team of ten members.
-make mistakes in joining together two pieces of metal?
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2. Complete this conversation by putting the verbs in brackets into the

present perfect or simple past:
Maria: Hello, Dan.
Dan: Hello. I (not hear) from you for a long time.
Maria: I (see) you in town two or three weeks months, but you (not see) me.
I (be) on a tram.
Dan: Well, how are you? I remember that you were learning for your
chemistry test. …. you (pass) it yet?
Maria: Yes, I have. I (pass) in December. I (not pass) my Physics exam yet.
But what about you, Dan? Anything exciting (happen) to you lately?
Dan: No, not really. My brother is still out of work.
Maria: He (graduate) from school in autumn?
Dan: Yes. He (not do) very well in his exams and he (not find) a job yet.
Maria: Are you still working at Scott’s?
Dan: Yes. They just (give) me a pay rise.
Maria: Well, that’s one piece of good news.
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3. Imagine that you are talking on the phone to an old friend who you
haven’t seen for about two or three weeks. Write down three of four items
of news about yourself that you can tell your friend.
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4. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Perfect Simple or the Simple
Past:
a. “I (fly) over Paris last week”. “You (see) the Eifel Tower?”
b. I (spend) four years in this company.
c. John (strike) a match, (light) his cigarette and (approach) his colleagues
quickly.
d. Mike is a famous singer. He (sell) over three million records.
e. How long you (work) as a drilling engineer? For eight years.
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5. Fill the blanks with since or for:
a. I haven’t seen you …….. weeks.
b. Henry has been in hospital …….. a week now.
c. I’ve been in this university …….. 1998.

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d. We haven’t had a test …..... October, 1999.
e. I have worked in this field …….. five years.
The Preposition
Prepositions are connecting words that show relationships between words in
a sentence. A preposition followed by a complement (object) forms a
prepositional phrase. Nouns, pronouns, noun phrases, gerunds or noun
clauses can be complements (objects) of prepositions.
Note that in English, prepositions usually precede their objects:
Put it on the chair and leave!
Look at him.
Because of you, I can't get any work done.
After telling the whole story, he disappeared.As the preposition in English
may be different from the preposition in Romanian, here is a text in which
you may learn about the use of the preposition in English: (Also see the list
with prepositions which are usually mistaken by Romanian students on page
179 – Appendix 2)
Now read the following text and pay attention to the use of the preposition
in English:
It seems generally accepted that Mathematics is indeed fundamental for all
engineering education, and for most schools all engineering students take
the same mathematics sequence.
Two areas of mathematics seem broadly basic to engineering: namely, the
calculus as used in the linear constant coefficient differential equation, and
statistical theory. The linear differential equation is a general form, useful to
engineering because we can obtain answers from it. Therefore, where this
form applies to the physical world, the use of mathematical prediction is
increasing over the experimental approach. Next is the area of the partial
differential equation, rigorously solvable in only a few special cases
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although approximation methods exist. Here the laboratory still depends on

many solutions where analytic methods are not yet fully available
Prepositions of Time
In the morning/ afternoon/ evening; January, February, etc.; summer,
winter, etc.; 1988; the 1930s; two weeks; two weeks’ time; your free (spare)
time; good/ bad weather
At six o ‘clock, etc.; midnight; Easter/ Christmas; the weekend; the moment
On Saturday, Monday, etc.; Tuesday morning, etc.; 11-th January, etc.
For seven minutes, etc.; a long time; ages
Since June, 25-th, etc.; my last birthday; I came here
During* the film; the class; the war; my holidays; summer
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* In a sentence containing a subject and a verb, during is replaced by while:
While I was coming to you...
1. Supply the right preposition:
a. She is very fond ... children.
b. The new teacher is very patient... us.
c. We are leaving to Sinaia ... July, 3-rd.
d. I was interested ... nuclear Physics.
e. What are you afraid ...?
f. I’m proud ... your success.
g. She has never been successful ... anything she has done so far.
h. We are going there early ... the morning, yet don’t expect us until late ...
night.
i. The results depended ... the stratigraphic trap.
j. A paleontologist is a person who has specialized ... paleontology.
2. Put one of these prepositions in each empty space:
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These ambulance men are making preparations …. taking a man to hospital,

on account …. his having been knocked down by a car. These young
doctors are having a discussion …. operating on the wounded man. They
take a lot od prode …. doing their job as perfectly as possible. This nurse is
giving trhe man an injection as a protection … getting tetanus. The man is
well again now. The doctor says he has no objection … his going home
tomorrow.
3. Write this story. Put for, on, to or nothing in each empty space:
A: I have arranged … someone to look after the shop while I am away.
B: Oh? Who?
A: James. I can always count… him to help.
B: That’s wonderful. Have you reminded… him that he can call… me to
come if he needs me?
A: Yes, thanks, but he can’t bear… anyone to feel that he owes him
anything.
B: How sad! I always long … someone to owe something to!
A: What do you mean?
B: I was only joking. But it seems… me to be a sign of something strange if
one wants… anyone to help one.
A: Well, I look… you to help James if he needs it – without forcing… him
to refuse.
B: Of course.
4. Put in the missing prepositions:

…….. a Monday evening …..... September 1931, …….. about eight o’clock,
the ship “Voyager” sank. The ship had been sailing …….. the end of
September, when she left London, and was on her way …….. England
.……. Australia. The only survivor was an Englishman called William
Batty, who saved himself …….. swimming two miles. He spent three years
…….. an island ……. the middle of the Indian Ocean.
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The island was quite small, and he could walk …..... the whole of it ……..
an hour. He climbed …….. the one hill and put a flag ….... it …….. a
signal. ……. night Batty slept .……. a cave, where he felt quite ……..
home …….. the day, he often fished …..... a home-made net. He cooked the
fish …….. a wood fire.
Batty stayed …….. the island ……... almost three years. …….. August
1934, a ship was sailing ……. the island, and the captain saw Batty’s signal.
The sailors found a man .……. a long blue coat …….. dark hair and a
beard, looking rather …..... a gorilla. Batty was soon home, and a few years
later he finally arrived in Australia …….. air .
5. Choose the nouns in column B which require the prepositions in column

A and then translate into Romanian:
A B
in work
on suspicion
under question
at joy
with love
above fire
out of one’s breath
by fail
without heart
off duty
A B
interest for
lack in
ambition in
delight for
advantage between
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influence at
witness over
arrangement of
agreement of
declaration upon
protection against
difference to
damage on
impatience to
A B
busy to
inferior of
satisfied at
advantageous to
superior at
mad with
new to
afraid to
excited in
interested about
A B
run in
deal with
talk after
take about
divide on
think about; of
climb by
pass up
rely into
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believe for
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Unit 7
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© Solar Energy
© Present Perfect Continuous
© Modal verbs
© Prepositions of place
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Pre-Reading Tasks
How can people use solar energy?
Can you convert solar energy into chemical energy?
Reading
Read the following text on the relation

between chemistry and energy research.
Look at the tenses of the verbs:
Chemistry is an integral part of any

major energy research programme.
Chemists have played a key role, and
will continue to do so, in the
development of the energy technologies
needed to assure future growth. In the
last few years success has been
established in coverting the solar
energy into chemical energy, even if several problems remained. Solar
energy technology can have a significant impact on the energy supply over a
40-50 year time interval and it could contribute about 25% of the projected
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U.S. energy demands in 2020. Two possible ways of using solar energy are
the use of sun heat and the solar cell.
Heat from the sun is focussed onto a boiler using many small flat mirrors,
arranged to form a dish shape. At Odello in the French Pyrenees, a solar
furnace produces temperatures over 3000oC, enough to melt special steels.
When sunlight shines onto layers of silicon it is directly converted into

electricity. Each cell generates only a very tiny voltage. Hundreds of cells
are needed in solar arrays to give enough power for satellites or remote
telecommunications equipment.
Ways with words:

1. Special terms:
Chemistry: the science of the composition, properties, and reactions of
substances.
Research: systematic investigation to discover facts or collect information.
Assure: promise or guarantee; convince, make (something) certain.
Furnace: enclosed chamber containing a very hot fire.
Silicon: brittle nonmetalic element widely used in chemistry and industry.
Layer: single thickness of some substance, as a cover or coating on a
surface.
2. Have you ever encountered the word programme spelled as program?
This is not a mistake. It’s just the difference between British English
(programme) and American English (program). There are several
differences in spelling words between British English and American
English.
Here are some of them:
British English American English
theatre theater
centre center
neighbour neighbor
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colour color
travelling traveling
organise organize
analyse analyze
3. Read again the following sentence: Hundreds of cells are needed in solar
arrays to give enough power for satelillites or remote telecommunications
equipment. How do you translate for? Is this a preposition or an adverb?
Now let’s learn a few expressions containing this word:
for about = circa, aproximativ, în jurul a;
for all that = totuşi, cu toate acestea;
for certain = sigur, cu siguranţã;
for example/ for instance = de exemplu;
for reasons given = pentru motivele date;
for the time being/ the present = pentru moment/ în prezent;
as for = cât despre;
not for the world/ not for the life of me = pentru nimic în lume;
to compete for = a concura pentru;
to mistake sth. for sth. else = a lua un lucru drept altul;
to provide for = a se îngriji de. a avea grijã de;
to take for granted = a lua de bunã, a lua drept sigur;
Grammar Reference
Present Perfect Continuous
Present Perfect Continuous is used to express:
• an activity begun in the past and still in progress at the moment of
speaking:
They have been creating new petroleum products for several years.
I’ve been waiting for an hour and he still hasn’t turned up.
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• an activity begun in the past which has only just finished and is relevant
to the current situation:
Sorry I’m late. Have you been waiting long?
Note: In both these uses a present perfect simple can be also used, especially
with those verbs which are not normally in the continuous aspect, in
negative sentences, and when reference is made to the number of things that
have been done: They have created/ have been creating new petroleum
products for several years.
• a repeated activity, in which case a nuance of reproach, irritation, etc.
can be present.
I’ve been calling you for the past twenty minutes. Why don’t you answer the
phone?
Its form consists of the present perfect of the auxiliary be and the indefinite
participle of the main verb (verb+-ing).
I have been working.

You have not been (haven’t been)
We
They
He has been
She has not been (hasn’t been)
Interrogative
What have I been doing?
have you
have we
have they
has he
has she
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1. Translate the following sentences into English. Use Present Perfect
Simple or Present Perfect Continuous:
a. Te caut de o orã. Pe unde ai umblat?
b. De atunci n-am mai primit nici o veste de la el.
c. Câte sape de foraj ai folosit pânã acum?
d. Locuim în România de trei ani.
e. N-am mai vãzut-o de când a terminat facultatea.
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2. Supply the simple present perfect or the continuous present perfect of the
verbs in brackets:
a. I’m tired. I (dig) all day.
b. Up to now I (visit) twenty countries.
c. I saw her in August, but (not see) her ever since.
d. How long you (learn) Chinese?
e. You’re out of breath. You (run)?
f. She still (not write) the report.;
g. What she (do) all afternoon?
h. They already (speak) to me about that experiment.
i. Your eyes are red. You (cry).
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3. Translate the following text into Romanian:
An important factor in the growth of the oil industry has been the
development of petrochemicals. Many products have been created by
chemists from petroleum. These include most of our modern plastics and
fertilers. Indeed, the increase in agricultural productivity - also known as the
green revolution - could not have taken place without petroleum-based
chemicals, including not only those that enrich the soil like fertilers but also
those that kill weeds, insects, and other pests such as herbicides,
insecticides, and pesticides.
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4. Choose the correct verb form:
a. How long have you been living/ have you lived in this house?
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b. Angela worked/ has been working in this petroleum company for ten
years and a half.
c. Alan has been/ has gone to South America.
d. He’s tired because he has worked/ has been working on the oil field all
day.
e. How long have you been learning/ have you learned English?
Modal Verbs
The modal verbs are a special kind of auxiliary verbs which express the
modality of the action and have some specific features. The following are
modal verbs:
can/ must/ / may/ need/ shall/ will/ would/ should
They have the following in common:
1. They “help” another verb. The verb form is the infinitive (without to)
She can drive.
He can speak English, French and Italian.
I must go.
“May I open the window?” “Yes, you may.”
2. Questions are formed by putting the modal verb in front of the subject.
There are no auxiliaries such as do/does/did, etc.
Can you type quickly?
Could you give me an example?
Should I go home now?
Need I invite them too?
3. The form is the same for all persons. Modals do not inflect (There is no -s
in the third person singular, and there are no -ing or -ed forms.)
She should learn more.
He can speak three foreign language well.
He insisted that Jack must go and see it himself.
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4. Negatives are formed by putting a negative word such as not/ n’t

immediately after the modal verb. There are no auxiliaries such as don’t/
doesn’t/ didn’t, etc.
I can’t spell your name.
She wouldn’t like to become a teacher like me.
1. Translate the following into English:
a. Ea trebuie sã plece.
b. El nu poate sã scrie în englezã.
c. Pot sã închid geamul?
d. Ea ar trebui sã se strãduiascã mai mult la examene.
e. Nu ştiu sã înot, dar ştiu sã schiez şi sã patinez.
f. Ei nu ştiu engleza, dar au început un curs anul acesta.
g. Vrei sã te cãsãtoreşti cu mine?
h. “Chiar trebuie sã ne ducem la curs la ora patru?” “Da, chiar trebuie.”
i. Nu vrem sã venim cu tine, pentru cã nu ne place la mare.
j. Tu vei sta unde îţi spun, dacã nu, o sã te pedepsesc.
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2. Choose the best variant which completes these sentences:
a. She can/may/ must go, otherwise she will miss the train.
b. I can’t/ couldn’t/may not help you at that time, as I was extremely busy.
c. Should/ Could/ Will I attend this optional course?
d. He cannot/ mustn’t/ may not come to this wedding, as he is in Portugal.
e. I’m afraid she may not/ can’t/ mustn’t help you at the moment, but I am
free now so could/ should/ may you tell me your problem?
a. El trebuie că a plecat.
b. Mă îndoiesc că el a putut face aşa ceva.
c. Eu ştiu să vorbesc franceza de când aveam patru ani.
d. Noi trebuie să ne grăbim, altfel întârziem la cursul de fizică şi nu mai

putem intra în sala de curs.
e. El poate să vină ma târziu, spunea că nu şi-a terminat lucrarea la chimie.
f. Noi vom vota să se schimbe constituţia.
g. Ei nu vor să meargă în excursie, li se pare prea scump.
h. E necesar să îmi las bagajele aici?
i. Aş putea să îl ajut, dar aştept să-mi ceară el ajutorul.
j. Nu ai voie să dai drumul la curent de aici. Instalaţia este defectă şi se

poate întâmpla vreun accident.
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6. Rewrite the following sentences using a modal. In some sentences more
than one modal is possible.
a. I promise to phone you next week. I will/’ll phone you next week.
b. At the age of nine, he still didn’t know how to read.
c. It’s essential that we leave on time tomorrow morning.
d. Are you able to come with me tonight?
e. It’s not a good idea for you to work so hard.
f. It’s possible that they’ll be here soon.
g. Why don’t we go and see a film tonight?
h. He said that he intended to write to me soon.
i. Is it possible for me to sit here?
j. He refuses to give me an answer.
k. It’s not necessary for you to apologize.
l. Am I allowed to smoke in here?
m. He knew how to speak four languages by the time he was twelve.
n. I want to help you but I am not able to.
o. I think it’s a good idea for me to stay in tonight: I’ve got a lot of work to
do.
p. I don’t know who she is but it’s possible that she is Rick’s sister.
r. Do not tell him any of this: it’s vital that it remains a secret.
s. I intend to finish this essay before I go to sleep.
t. It’s 7 o’clock. I assume that Clare will be here soon.
u. I know he’s in but he’s not answering the phone. I’m sure that he is
asleep.
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Problematic Prepositions of Movement and Place
Movement Place
to at
used wih verbs of movement: go, not used with verbs of
come, etc., even when the movement: I arrived at the
meaning is different: She goes to house.
university.
into/out of in (=contained by/ inside)
used with changes of place: She used with towns: I arrived in
walked out of the shop. London. But: I arrived at
London Airport. (=place)
across (=from one side to the by (=at the side of)
other: She went across the
promenade.)
towards (=in the direction of: I’m
going towards Cluj.)
1. Complete each sentence with the appropriate preposition:
87
a. I shut the door but left my key …..... it.
b. He strolled carelessly .……. the road.
c. They arrived late .……. the station.
d. She ran all the way …….. the shop.
e. I went …….. Paris last year.
f. I met her …….. the rock concert.
g. The baby crawled …….. the kitchen.
h. There’s a strike …….. our factory.
i. She has left. She must be …….. work.
j. The money fell ... my pocket.
2. Put in the missing prepositions:
…….. a Monday evening …..... September 1931, …….. about eight o’clock,
the ship “Voyager” sank. The ship had been sailing …….. the end of
September, when she left London, and was on her way …….. England
.……. Australia. The only survivor was an Englishman called Wilfred
Batty, who saved himself …….. swimming two miles. He spent three years
…….. an island ……. the middle of the Indian Ocean.
The island was quite small, and he could walk …..... the whole of it ……..
an hour. He climbed …….. the one hill and put a flag ….... it …….. a
signal. ……. night Batty slept .……. a cave, where he felt quite ……..
home …….. the day, he often fished …..... a home-made net. He cooked the
fish …….. a wood fire.
Batty stayed …….. the island ……... almost three years. …….. August
1934, a ship was sailing ……. the island, and the captain saw Batty’s signal.
The sailors found a man .……. a long blue coat …….. dark hair and a
beard, looking rather …..... a gorilla. Batty was soon home, and a few years
later he finally arrived in Australia …….. air.
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Unit 8
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
© Your catalogue at home
© The Cardinal Numeral
© Past Perfect Simple
© Past Perfect Continuous
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Pre-Reading Task
If you produce a certain petroleum product which is the best way to promote
your product?
Reading
Your catalogue at home
Here is a presentation of “Composite

Catalogue of Oil Field Equipment and
Services”. Translate the following text
into Romanian. Can you identify the
cardinal numerals in this text?
The key to a successful catalogue is a successful distribution. That’s why

your catalogue should be in the “Composite Catalogue of Oil Field
Equipment and Services”. It’s where your prospects turn when they’re ready
to buy.
When you are in “Composite Catalogue”, you’ll be assured that virtually all
your customers and prospects have your product information at their
fingertips when they need it.
We’ll print your catalogue and distribute it worldwide to 20,000 locations

where it will be available to specifiers and buyers 24 hours a day, every day
89
of the year. All for a fee that’s probably less than it would cost you to print
and mail half that many.
When you individually mail your own catalogue, consider this. Research
indicates that out of every 1,000 catalogues distributed by mail 330 never
reach the prospect. Another 36 are either lost, tossed or mistified after
delivery. So, when it comes time to purchase, only 13% of your prospects
can find your product information. You can avoid this costly problem if you
employ us to do this for you.
Ways with words

1. In this text you have encountered the pair of words: buy/by. They are
called homophones. Homophones are words with two spellings and two
meanings but only one pronunciation (scent/ sent/ cent, flower/flour, pair/
pear). At the same time there are homographs in English. Homographs are
those words which have one spelling but two pronunciations and two
distinct meanings or usages. For example the homograph of the verb to tear
( a rupe) is the noun tear (lacrimă).
Can you find homophones for the words listed below?
due, hair, hire, mail, parish, rain, whales, war, wax.
Answer key: dew, hare, male, perish, reign, Wales, were, whacks.
2. Read the following sentence: We’ll print your catalogue and distribute it
worldwide to 20,0000 locations. Worldwide is a compound word. A great
many new words are made by putting two little words together. The new
word may look hard at first, but you can get its meaning if you see the two
words from which it is made up.
We make many words from any, some, and every. Let’s look at the words
made with any:
any one anyone
any time anytime
any place anyplace
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any body anybody

any way anyway
any how anyhow
any where anywhere
any thing anything
Now practise and form new words from every, some and no.
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Can you find the two words which formed the compound words listed
below? Translate the compound words. Translate the words they are made
up of:
airplane, busman, another, backstop, courtroom, countryside, gentleman,
gatepost, hammerhead, headache, horse-race, mailman, snowmen,
ourselves, daylight, summertime, doorman, bedtime, birthday, playtime,
holiday.
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Sometimes compound words are written as one word, sometimes two, and
sometimes they are written with a hyphen (-). The stress is usually on the
first word such as in the case of post office, headache, horse-race.
Match a line in A with a line in B. Check the spelling in your dictionary.
A B A B
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pocket clock car paste

alarm hour tooth opener
traffic time tin park
traffic belt departure time
safety lights earth quake
rush money screw recorder
word processor tape driver
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Grammar Reference
The Cardinal Numeral
The form of the cardinal numeral
1 one 11 eleven 21 twenty-one 100 a (one) 1,000 a (one)
hundred* thousand*
2 two 12 twelve 22 twenty-two 103 a (one) 1,003 a (one)
hundred and two hundred and
three
3 three 13 thirteen 23 twenty-three 306 three 3,476 three
hundred and six thousand four
hundred and
seventy-six
4 four 14 fourteen 30 thirty 744 seven 4,578 four
hundred and thousand five
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fourty-four hundred and

seventy-eight
5 five 15 fifteen 40 fourty 999 nine 1,000,000 one
hundred and million
ninety nine
6 six 16 sixteen 50 fifty
7 seven 17 seveteen 60 sixty
8 eight 18 eighteen 70 seventy
9 nine 19 nineteen 80 eighty
10 ten 20 twenty 90 ninety
The numerals hundred and thousand do not take the plural form: 500 sheets
of paper - five hundred sheets of paper.
Notes:
1. When you read phone numbers, you should read them figure by figure.
For example: My phone number is 142357- My phone number is one four
two three five seven.
2. When you read years, you should read them in pairs of two figures.
For example: He died in 1987. - He died in nineteen eighty-seven.
1. Read the following numbers:
4,536; 867; 629,846,768; 32,467; 23,535; 756,464,654.
2. Read the following years:
1543; 1987; 2002; 1654; 1876.
Past Perfect Simple

Past Perfect Simple is used to express:
• an action completed before another action or moment in the past:
What happened to the mud that had burried the new deposits of oil?
He had read his lecture before he went to university.
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• an action which began before another moment in the past and continued
up to that time or into it:
In 1999 we had drilled 54 wells for five years.
He had lived in this flat since he was born.
Its form consists of had followed by the past participle of the main verb.
I had left.
You had not (hadn’t)
He/ She
We
They
Interrogative
What had I done?
you
he/she
we
they
Short answer
Had you read the novel before we saw the film?
Yes, I had. No, I hadn’t.
Had he spoken English before he started the Engineering English course?
Yes, he had. No, he hadn’t.
Past Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect Continuous is used to express:
• an action in the past begun before the time of speaking in the past and
still going on that time or possibly after:
Some men had been hauling the oil up to that time.
By that time we had been working on the project for two years.
They had been living for generations in that house.
94
Its form consists of the past perfect of the auxiliary be and the present
participle of the main perfect.

By that time I had been working for a year.
you had not (hadn’t)
he/she been
we
they
Interrogative
What had I been working on by that time,
you last year?
he/she
we
they
Short answer
Had you been working on that project by that time for a year?
Yes, I had. No, I hadn’t.
1. Decide the order in which these things happened. Then write two
sentences using after and the past perfect.
Example:
The bank clerk gave it to me./ She looked at my cheque./ She counted out the
money.
After the bank clerk had looked at my cheque, she counted the money.
After she had counted the money, she gave it to me.
a. The tourists got out of the coach./ They got back in the coach./ They took
photos.
95
b. The prisoner ran across the yard./ He jumped out of the window./ He
climbed over the wall.
c. The reporter wrote a report on the accident./ She interviewed the people
there./ She went to the scene of the accident.
d. The mechanic put a new tyre on./ He put the wheel back on./ He took the
wheel off the car.
e. The shop-assistant asked me which my size was./ She wrapped it./ She
showed it to me.
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a. Se cunoşteau de trei ani.
b. Pânã atunci lucrasem la proiectul acela de douã luni.
c. Ce s-a întâmplat dupã ce am plecat?
d. Îl aşteptam de o orã, când am aflat cã avusese un accident la sondã.
e. Despre ce vorbeaţi când ne-am întâlnit?
f. Noi cunoşteam adevărul în momentul în care te-ai decis tu să ni-l spui.
g. Abia se terminase ploaia că a şi început un vânt îngrozitor.
h. De îndată ce a terminat tema, a sunat telefonul.
i. Ei se cunoscuseră cu zece ani în urmă, la o conferinţă de petrol.
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j. Nu crezuse că o să i se întâmple tocmai lui să nu-şi amintească aşa nişte

noţiuni elementare de fizică.
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3. Use the simple past, or the simple/ continuous past perfect form of the
verbs in brackets to complete the sentences below:
a. Yesterday afternoon Joan (go) to school and (hand in) the paper she
(write).
b. As soon as they (have) lunch they (leave) the restaurant.
c. It was getting late, so we (decide) to go to bed.
d. She (say) that she (study) for two hours.
e. The man (sell) fifty newspapers for five minutes, as everybody (be)
interested in the story of the prime minister.
f. She (change) from Channel 1 to Channel 3 as she (already see) the movie
on Channel 1.
g. How long Monica (watch) TV by 12 o’ clock?
She (watch) TV for an hour.
h. We (sit down) to dinner when the doorbell (start) to ring.
i. How long you (work) outside when it (start) to rain?
j. It (be midnight). I (write) for five hours. No wonder I (be) so tired.
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Unit 9
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© Transporting oil
© Future Simple
© Comparative and Superlative Adjectives
© Comparative Sentences
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Pre-Reading Task
By what means do you transport oil?
Which is the cheapest means of transport for oil?
Reading
In this unit John Smith presents his

project on transporting oil to some
journalists. He presents possible
problems that may occur when
creating the pipelines. Read the
text thouroughly and be attentive at the tenses of the verbs:
Some pipelines will run above the surface, especially in rugged or

uninhibited areas, but many others will run beneath the ground. In farming
country with open fields, there may be no surface indication at all of the
black stream of oil under the growing crops. However, the pipelines will be
marked by pumping stations at an average distance of about seventy-five
miles - closer together in the mountainous areas, farther apart in flat
countryside. That’s is why I think we shall need special equipment for some
pipelines.
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We shall clean the pipes by a device called a pig. This mechanism, as you
probably know, has metal blades that scrape the inside of the pipe to keep it
clear of the tar-like substance that forms in it.
So, that’s about it. I think we still have some time for questions. So, I’m all
ears.
Ways with words

1. Special terms:
Stream: steady flow of liquid.
Pipeline: a system designed to transport a liquid or a gas through pipes.
Pig: a device to clean a pipeline connecting the oil field with a refinery or
shipping point.
Scrape: rub with something rough or sharp.
2. Read the following sentence again: However, the pipelines will be marked
by pumping stations. Now learn some expressions containing the word by:
by and by = treptat;
by all means = cu orice preţ;
by chance = din întâmplare;
by the end of week/ month/ year = spre sfârşitul sãptãmânii/ lunii/ anului;
by force = cu forţa;
by hearsay = din auzite;
by no less than = cu nu mai puţin de;
by no means = nicidecum, în nici un caz, cu nici un preţ;
by-pass = şunt, derivaţie, condesator legat în dervaţie;
by-pass system = sistem inelar/ cu cãi de ocolire;
by reason of = pe motiv cã, din cauzã cã;
by sight = din vedere;
by stages/ steps = discontinuu, în trepte;
by so much more = cu atât mai mult;
by then = pânã atunci, pânã la acea datã;
by this time = între timp, pânã la acea vreme;
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by turns = cu schimbul, pe rând;

by virtue of/ dint of = în virtutea, cu ajutorul, prin mijlocirea;
better by far = cu mult mai bine.
3. Read the following sentence again: I think we still have some time for
questions. Now learn some expressions containing the word time:
at the same time = în acelaşi timp;
for the first time = pentru prima datã;
at times = din timp în timp, la rãstimpuri;
by that time = pânã atunci, la vremea aceea;
some time or other = cândva;
the time is up = timpul a trecut, intervalul de timp s-a scurs;
time after time = în repetate rânduri;
time will tell = timpul va dovedi, timpul va hotârî;
for a long time = de mult timp;
all in good time = oricând;
from that time forth = de atunci înainte;
within the time = în decursul;
time-lag error = eroare de temporizare;
time release = declanşare temporizatã.
Grammar Reference
Future Simple
Future Simple is used to express:
• actions to be performed in the future.
I shall be thirty next year.
When will you graduate from university?
She will work for our company if we give her a good salary.
Notes:
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1. We use will and shall in many other ways, apart from predicting the
future: e.g.:
-intentions/ promises (I’ll buy you a bike for your birthday.)
-request/ invitations (Will you hold the door open for me, please?)
-offers (Shall I help you solve this problem?)
-suggestions (Shall we go to see that movie tomorrow?)
-threats (Just wait and see! You’ll regret this!)
-decisions (I’ll stop and ask the way.)
2. Future is not allowed in conditional and temporal clause:
If you help me, I’ll be grateful to you.
When it rains, we stay inside.
Form
I shall (‘ll) come.
We shall not (shan’t)
You will (‘ll)
He/ She will not (won’t)
They
Interrogative
When shall I help him?
we
will you
he/she
they
Short answer
Will you help me finish my drilling project?
Yes, I shall.
Note: No, I won’t is not common because it is impolite, it may mean I don’t
want to help you. That is why a polite answer would be: I’m afraid I can’t.
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a. Te voi chema când voi ajunge acasã.
b. Îl voi vedea sãptãmâna viitoare.
c. Azi avem repetiţie la ora douã.
d. Va deveni necesar sã gãsim noi resurse de energie.
e. Crezi cã veţi gãsi petrol aici?
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2. Match the sentences on the left with the functions on the right:
A B
1. We’ll have a thunderstorm tonight, a. stating a planned arrangement
I’m sure. - b.
2. Will there be a general strike? b. making a prediction
3. I’ll send you a card from Paris c. making a request
4. Will you send me an e-mail? d. expressing future hope
5. Shall I go to the library for you? e. expressing future uncertainty
6. Shall we take a drive into the f. offering
country later?
7. I’ll report you to the police next g. promising/ stating an intention
time.
8. The wedding will take place next h. making an invitation
Friday.
9. I hope you’ll come and see us on i. asking for a prediction
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Saturday.
10. Explain it to them again. Perhaps j. threatening
they’ll understand.
11. Will you have dinner with us on i. making a suggestion
Sunday?
Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

Form
Adjectives Positive Comparative Superlative
Short adjectives cheap cheaper the cheapest
small smaller the smallest
big° bigger the biggest
fat° fatter the fattest
old°° older/ elder the oldest/ the eldest
Adjectives that funny funnier the funniest
end in -y early earlier the earliest
heavy heavier the heaviest
Adjectives with careful more careful the most careful
two or more expensive more expensive the most expensive
syllables difficult more difficult the most difficult
interesting more interesting the most interesting
rapid more rapid the most rapid
Irregular good better the best
adjectives bad worse the worst
many/ much more the most
little less the least
far* farther/ further the farthest/ the
furthest
fore** former the foremost/ the
late*** later/latter first
near**** nearer the latest/ the last
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the nearest/ the next

° Short adjectives with one vowel and one consonant double the consonant:
fat/ fatter/ the fattest, hot/ hotter/ the hottest, etc.
°° Elder and the eldest are used only attributively, in family relationships
(My elder brother is twenty four).
* Farther/ the farthest are used to relate to distance (I live farther than you.);
further/ the furthest are used in relation to time, quantity. The latter has also
an abstract meaning. (Give me further details in order to understand it
better.)
** Former means of an earlier period or the first of two (In former times,
people used whale oil for lamps.); the foremost means chief (The foremost
welder in this factory is John.); the first means initial (Americans claim that
the first underground oil well was drilled in the United States.).
*** Later means the second of two (I’ve met John and Cindy: the former is
a student in Drilling, the latter is student in Foreign Languages); the latest
means the most recent (He bought the latest novel by J. Fowles.); the last
means final: ( Shakespeare’s last play.).
****The nearest is used for distance (Could you tell me the way to the
nearest oil pump?); the next refers to order. (The next bus comes in an hour.)
Examples:
There are two forces F1 and F2, the former is the greater./ This welder is the
foremost worker in our workshop./ this is Newton’s first law of motion.
This is a good conductor of electricity./ We need a better conductor./ This is
the best machine in the exhibition by far.
There is little advantage in using rotary drilling on this field./ There is less
oil in this tank than in the other one./ Forces are not of least importance for
an engineer.
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Comparative Sentences
In relation with the degrees of comparison, there are idiomatic expressions
with two comparatives which are very common in technical English texts:
Form:
the+ comparative ...... the+ comparative ...
The bigger the force, the greater the acceleration.
The more mass in the body, the less acceleration.
a. Cu cât mai repede învãţãm engleza, cu atât mai bine.
b. Ei fac în continuare investigaţii.
c. Presiunea este mai mare în al doilea caz decât în primul.
d. Cu cât diametrul conductorului este mai mare, cu atât intensitatea este

mai micã.
e. Avem nevoie de mai multe maşini-unelte.
f. Sondorul acesta este cel mai tânãr dintre toţi.
g. Problema aceasta este cea mai dificilã cu care m-am confruntat vreodatã.
h. Ideea ta e mai bunã, dar soluţia mea este mai ieftinã decât a ta.
i. Aceastã maşinã devine din ce în ce mai importantã.
j. Dintre cele douã unghiuri, primul este mai mic, iar al doilea este mai
mare.
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_____________________________________________________________
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2. Supply the comparative or superlative form of the adjective in brackets:
a. He is (lazy) student in the class.
b. She is looking for a (big) company than the one she is working in now.
c. He was unable to get (far) information.
d. The underground pressure was (big) than expected.
e. Today, (great) care is taken to prevent accidents.
f. (Many) heating devices are required to keep the oil from freezing in the
intense cold.
g. He needed (little) gasoline than he thought.
h. (Difficult) problem was solved by means of computerised technology.
i. She found (little) errors in John’s programme than in Mary’s one.
j. Darwin was one of (quarrelsome) scientists.
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3. Here are some of the things John said about the cities he visited. Some are
facts and some are his opinions. Complete his sentences:
a. London is, of course, much older …..... Los Angeles, but it isn’t ……..
than Athens. Athens is …….. oldest city I have ever seen.
b. London doesn’t have …….. buildings than Athens, but is has older ones
…….. the ones in Los Angeles and Tokyo.
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c. Tokyo’s exciting, but, for an architect, London is …….. exciting ……..

Tokyo, an, of course, Los Angeles is .……. ..……. exciting of all.
d. Los Angeles has …….. parks than Tokyo, but London has .……. ……..
parks. There are five in the city centre.
e. In comparison to our cities, these are …….. interesting from the point of
view of the buildings people built there.
4. Fill in the gaps with one of the phrases below:
Missing phrases: environmentally friendly; the most expensive; too

expensive; the largest; more environmentally sound
If one of your criteria in choosing a car is its design, the Mercedes is far
more attractive than any others. Yet at the same time you should think that,
even if their cars are very ellegant and …….., they are …….. for common
people. The Electrolite is ..…….. than the others as it is equipped with a
filter fitted to remove toxins from the waste water that escapes from it. The
latest Mercedes model is of course …….. and ……. yet if you want to have
a car for a life save your money and buy it.
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Test
Choose the best variant:
1. He …….. when I …….. the room.
A. read/ entered; B. was reading/ entered; C. was reading/ was entering.;
D. read/ entered.
2. She …….. since she ……… a child.
A. hasn’t been/ was; B. wasn’t/ was; C. wasn’t/ has been; D. hasn’t been.
3. He …….. to school by bus, but last week his car was broken and he
…….. the bus.
A. doesn’t go/ has taken; B. doesn’t go/ takes; C. isn’t going/ took;
D. doesn’t go/ took.
4. Where …….. ? I …….. for you everywhere.
A. have you been/ have looked; B. have you been/ have been looking;
C. were you/ looked; D. were you/ was looking.
5. I ……. be ……. time. The weather was very bad and I was stuck in a
traffic jam.
A. couldn’t/ on; B. wouldn’t/ in; C. couldn’t; in; D. shouldn’t/ on
6. What exactly are you interested……..?
A. in; B. about; C. on; D. for
7. I …….. what to do, so I …….. ask my superviser.
A. didn’t know/ have to; B. haven’t known/ must; C. don’t know/ had to;
D. didn’t know/ had to
8. If this solution is …….. than mine, I don’t mind. The …….. one will be
appreciated by everybody.
A. good/ good; B. better/ better; C. better/ best; D. better/ good.
9. I …….. possibly accept his offer, as it was ……. than the other one.
A. couldn’t/ worse; B. can/ the worst; C. wouldn’t/ bad; D. won’t/ worst;
10. The …….. I arrive home, the ……. I am.
A. soon/ happy; B. better/ happier; C. sooner/ happier; D. better/ happy.
11. What are you looking ……..? I …….. my keys and I can’t find them
anywhere.
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A. for/ have lost; B. at/ lost; C. in/ have lost; D. of/ lost.
12. Where ……. last summer? I …….. to the seaside.
A. did you go/ went; B. have you gone/ went; C. did you go/ have gone;
D. have gone/ have gone.
13. He was preoccupied …… solving that problem, so he ……. what I was
saying.
A. for/ hasn’t heard; B. with/ didn’t hear; C. in/ hasn’t heard; D. for/ didn’t
hear.
14. The train is …….. than the bus, but the plane is …….. of all.
A. faster/ the fastest; B. faster/ faster; C. faster/ the fastest; D. the faster/ the
fastest.
15. When …….. to John? Oh, I ……… to him for ages.
A. did you last write/ haven’t written; B. have you last written/ haven’t
written; C. did you last write/ wrote; D. have you last written/ wrote.
16. How much did you sell your car ……..?
A. at; B. with; C. of; D. for.
17. ……… the novel before we …….. the film?
A. Had you read/ saw; B. Have you read/ saw; C. Did you read/ saw;
D. Had you read/ had seen.
18. The translation of Cu cât mai repede învãţãm engleza, cu atât mai
bine. is :
A. The quicklier we teach English, the better it is; B. The quicklier we learn
English, the better it is.; C. The sooner we learn English, the better it is.;
D. The quick we learn English, the better it is.
Answer key:
1. B; 2. A; 3. D; 4. B; 5. A; 6. A; 7. D; 8. C.; 9. A; 10. C; 11. A.; 12. A.;
13. B.; 14. C.; 15. A.; 16. D; 17. A.; 18. B.
1 point + 0,50 points per each good answer
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Unit 10
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
© Exploring for petroleum
© Be going to Future
© Future Simple or be going to?
© First Conditional
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Pre-reading task
What do you know about geology?
What is a geologist in charge of?
Who helps geologists in their search for oil fields?
Reading
Read the following text about Mike

Howard who is a geologist. Identify
the future of the verbs:
Mike Howard works for an oil

company. His job involves exploring
the terrain where oil may occur.
Places such as canyons, where
different layers of rock are exposed,
often give him clues to the possible
presence of oil. He is aware of the
fact that as most petroleum is underground this will make oil exploration a
risky business and his job is to make sure that the company he works for
doesn’t waste its money.
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Right now he is going to test some cores that have been brought up from
below the surface of the earth. His team includes four other members:
another geologist, two paleontologists and a geophysicist who are also
involved in the search for oil. The paleontologists are going to make a
special study of some fossils now, while the geophysicist is dealing with the
effects of gravity. He is asking Mike Howard to come and see the results of
his test.
Ways with words

1. Special terms:
Layer: single thickness of some substance, as a cover or coating on a
surface.
Geology: the study of the physical features of the earth such as rocks,
mountains, and so on. A geologist is a specialist in the field of geology.
Paleontology: the study of prehistoric life through the evidence of fossils.
Geophysics: the study of some disciplines of geology combined with those
of physics.
Core: a sample of rocks obtained by a drill. The core can be studied for the
types of rocks and for evidence of fossils.
2. Read this sentence again: The paleontologists are going to make a special
study of some fossils now. Let’s learn some expressions in which the verb to
make occurs.
to make an attempt = a face o încercare;
to make the best of = a trage cât mai mult profit de pe urma, a profita la
maximum de;
to make believe = a face sã creadã;
to make it clear = a clarifica;
to make it possible = a face posibil;
to make for = a contribui;
to make out = a înţelege, a demonstra, a redacta;
112
to make over = a transfera, a ceda;

to make ready = a fi gata, a (se) pregãti;
to make a stand = a se opune;
to make sure of = a se asigura de;
to make short work of/ sth = a scurta, a face ceva repede, a termina, a
finaliza;
to make tight = a ermetiza, a etanşeiza, a închide etanş;
to make up one’s mind = a se hotãrî;
to make up for one’s losses = a-şi recupera pierderile;
to make up for lorst time = a recâştiga timpul pierdut;
to make as if/ though = a pãrea ca şi cum, a pretinde ca şi cum, a face ca şi
cum;
to make use of = a întrebuinţa;
to make way for/ to make room for = a face loc pentru.
3. Even if to do and to make are generally translated in the same way, there
are several expressions in which you cannot use the verb to make:
e.g. to do one’s best = a face tot ce-i posibil;
to do the donkey work = a munci din greu;
to do sbd. a good turn/ a favour = a face cuiva o favoare;
to do sth. with your eyes closed = a şti ceva foarte bine, a face ceva cu ochii
închişi;
to do harm = a face rãu;
to do wonders = a face minuni;
to have sth. to do with = a avea de-a face cu.
Put make or do before the following nouns:
…….. a phone call; .……. a mess; …….. my homework; …….. a mistake;
...…..a noise; .……. the shopping; …….. your best; …….. a cup of tea;
.……. your bed; .……. someone a favour; …..... an excuse; …..... sense;
….....up your mind; .……. an appointment; .…….sure.
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Grammar Reference
Be going to Future
Be going to Future is used
• to express a future decision, intention, or plan made before the moment
of speaking
We’re going to move to Bucharest.
How long are they going to drill that well in Videle?
She isn’t going to attend this Physics course.
Note:
The Present Continuous can be used in a similar way for a plan or
arrangement, particularly with the verbs go and come.
She’s coming on Monday.
I’m going home.
• when we can see or feel now that something is certain to happen in the
future
Look at those grey clouds! It’s going to rain.
Watch out! The box is going to fall.
Its form consists of the verb to be in Present+to+infinitive

I am (‘m) going to work.
am (‘m) not
He is (’s)
It
We are (‘re)
You are not (aren’t)
They
Interrogative
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When am I going to arrive?

is he/ she/ it
are we/you/ they
Short answer
Are you going to attend his lecture?
Future Simple or Be Going To?

Look at the use of Future Simple and to be going to in the following
sentences:
I’m going to improve my English. ( I decided that and I may have bought
books to improve my knowledge).
What language shall I learn? Er... I know. I’ll learn some English! That’s a
good idea. ( Idecided to learn English at the moment of speaking.)
Decide which is the correct verb form:
a. “My suitcase is so heavy!”
“Give it to me. I’ll/I’m going to carry it for you.”
b. I bought some warm boots because I’ll go/I’m going on an off-shore

drilling rig.
c. We’ll go/ We’re going to a conference next week.
d. I hear you and Mike will get/ are going to get married! Congratulations!
e. Where will you go/ are you going on holiday this year?”
“France. What about you?”
“We don’t know yet. Maybe we will go/ we are going to Spain.”
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First Conditional
The first conditional is used to express a possible condition and a probable
result in the future:
If my cheque comes, I’ll buy this car.
We’ll destroy the environment if you don’t look after it.
If he passes the baccalaureate, he’ll go to university.
Form
No future tense occurs in the conditional clause. This is replaced by the
present.
Main Clause If Clause
Present/ Future Present

If I work hard, I ’ll pass my exams.
she has enough money, buy that new book on MathCad.
she
we don’t hurry up, we be late
you are late, we won’t wait for you.
you are not polite, she talk to you anymore.
she doesn’t learn, she pass her exams in Mathematics.
Interrogative
What will you do if you don’t go to any university?
Where will she go she can’t find a job in the
petroleum field?
Controlled Practice
1. Answer the following questions with conditional sentences of the real
type:
a. What happens if you don’t pass this exam?
b. What presents will you buy if you go to that party?
116
c. What grade do you expect to get if you write a good paper?
d. What do you need to learn if you want to get that job?
e. What will you tell him if he asks you about your accident?
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2. Translate the folowing sentences into English:
a. Dacã voi putea, te voi ajuta la proiectul de an.
b. Dacã voi şti rãspunsul, o sã ţi-l spun.
c. Dacã vrei sã ne însoţeşti, eşti binevenit.
d. Voi pleca în vacanţã dacã voi avea bani.
e. Vei învãţa mai bine dacã accepţi sã te ajut.
−_________________________________________________________
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3. Put if, when, or as soon as into each gap, and put the verbs in brackets in
the correct tense:
John: Bye, darling. Have a good trip.
Maria: Thanks. I (ring) you ... I (arrive) at the hotel.
John: Good, but remember I’m going out.
Maria: Well, ... you (be) out ... I (ring), I (leave) a message on the answer
phone so you know I’ve arrived safely.
John: Great. What time do you expect you’ll be there?
Mary: ... the plane (arrive) on time, I (be) at the hotel at about 10.00. That’s
8.00 your time.
John: All right. And remember. Give me a ring .. you know the time of your
flight back, and I (pick) you up.
Maria: Thanks, darling. Bye!
−_________________________________________________________
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Unit 11
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© Taking trouble out of circulation
© The Ordinal Numeral
© The Fractional Numeral
© The Multiplicative Numeral
© Second Conditional
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Pre-Reading Task
How do you solve the problem of water circulation for condensers of power
stations?
Reading
Read the folowing text about the Delta Group, a company which is very
famous in Canada. Can you identify the ordinal and the fractional numerals
in the text?
Taking trouble out of circulation...
Two thirds of the problems associated with water circulation for condensers
of power stations and oil refineries from Canada are being solved by the use
of non-ferrous tubes manufactured by the tube division of the Delta Group.
The large range of trouble-free alloys available today is the result of over a
century’s experience in tube manufacture by James Booth â Company and
John Wilkes, Sons & Mapplebeck, members of the Delta Group.
119
More than three fourths of the power stations and oil refineries at home and
abroad owe much of their efficiency to being fitted with tubes from one of
these old established companies.
The Delta Group was founded in 1965, June, 3rd and since then it has been
specially developed to suit the varying conditions which have to be met in
service.
Ways with words

1. Special terms:
Condenser: electricity capacitor.
Alloy: mixture of two or more metals.
Tube: hollow cylinder.
2. Read this sentence again: Two thirds of the problems associated with
water circulation for condensers of power stations and oil refineries from
Canada are being solved by the use of non-ferrous tubes manufactured by
the tube division of the Delta Group. How do you translate from? Now learn
some expressions containing this preposition:
from first to last = de la A la Z, de la început pânã la sfârşit;
from this point of view = din acest punct de vedere;
from... to = de la... pânã la;
from experience = din experienţã;
apart from = în afarã de, separat de;
far from it = departe de acest lucru;
far be it from me = departe de mine.
3. How do you translate the phrase more than three fourths? Now learn
some expressions containing the word than:
other than = cu excepţia;
little more than = cu puţin mai mult decât;
rather than = mai degrabã decât;
no sooner... than = de îndatã ce... cã.
Now practisee these expressions in sentences of your own.
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Grammar Reference
The Ordinal Numeral
The form of the ordinal numeral
1st the first 11th the eleventh 21st the twenty-first
2nd the second 12th the twelfth 22nd the twenty-second
3rd the third 13th the thirteenth 23rd the twenty-third
4th the fourth 14th the fourteenth 30th the thirtieth
5th the fifth 15th the fifteenth 40th the fourtieth
6th the sixth 16th the sixteenth 50th the fiftieth
7th the seventh 17th the seveteenth 60th the sixtieth
8th the eighth 18th the eighteenth 70th the seventieh
9th the ninth 19th the nineteenth 80th the eightieth
10th the tenth 20th the twentieth 90th the ninetieth
100th the (one) hundredth 1,000th the (one) thousandth

622nd the (six) hundredth 1,000,000 the (one) millionth
and twenty-second
The Fractional Numeral

The forms of the fractional numeral
Common fractions Decimal fractions
1/2 a (one) half 34.77 thirty-four point seventy-seven
3/6 three sixths 56.98 fifty-six point ninety-eight
2/3 two thirds 0.04 (nought) point nought four
8 6/5 eight six fifths 1.06 one point nought six
The Multiplicative Numeral

The forms of the multiplicative numeral
1x single, once
2 double/ twice/ twofold
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3x triple/ threefold, three times

4x fourfold, four times
10x tenfold, ten times
100x a hundredfold, a hundred times
1. Read the following numerals:
3 2/4; 5.879; 2 9/7; 11x; 43/42.
2. Read the following dates:
July, 12, 1987; January, 2, 2001; August, 8, 2002; May, 4, 1980; April, 27,
1974; March, 11, 1958.
Second Conditional
The second conditional is used to express an unreal or improbable condition
(hypothetical condition) and its probable result in the present or future. The
condition is unreal because it is different from the facts that we know. We
can always say But...
If I were Prime Minister, I’d increase taxes on properties such as castles,
palaces, ranches, etc. (But I’m not Prime Minister.)
If I lived in a big house, I’d have a party. (But my house is very small.)
Form
The verb in the main clause is in the present conditional (would+infinitive);
the verb in the conditional clause is in the past subjunctive which is similar
to the past simple with the exception of the verb to be which becomes were
for all the persons.
Main Clause If Clause
Present Conditional Past Subjunctive

If I had more money, I would (’d) buy a new computer.
she knew the answer, she tell it to us
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immediately.
I didn’t have debts, I wouldn’t have to work so hard.
Interrogative
What would you do if you were me?
Which countries would you visit you travelled round the
world?
1. Translate the following sentences into Romanian:
a. If I knew it, I would have told you the truth.
b. If she helped me I wouldn’t be late to work.
c. If it rained, we would go inside.
d. I’d like to hear her news if she were here.
e. If you could do it, you wouldn’t ask me to tell you how to do it.
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2. Translate the following sentences into English:
a. Dacã aş şti mai multe amãnunte despre acest anticlinal, ţi le-aş spune.
b. Dacã ai vrea, m-ai putea ajuta sã termin proiectul acesta?
c. Dacã ar fi aici, am termina treaba mai repede şi am putea ieşi la o cafea.
d. L-ar asculta dacã ar avea urechi de auzit.
e. Ne-ar face plãcere sã venim la petrecerea ta de terminare a facultãţii dacã

nu am avea altceva de fãcut.
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3. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses:
a. If I had a typewriter I (type) it myself.
b. If he worked more slowly he (not make) so many mistakes.
c. I (buy) shares in this company if I had some money.
d. I could tell you what this means if I (speak) Arab.
e. I (offer) to help if I thought I’d be of any use.
f. If you (change) your job would it affect your pension?
g. If you (speak) more slowly he would understand you.
h. If you (look) at the engine for a moment you would see what is missing.
i. You (save) me a lot of trouble if you told me where you are going.
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Unit 12
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© Working on an oil rig
© The Indefinite Article
© The Definite Article
© Zero Article
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Pre-Reading Tasks
Can you describe the kind of job a drilling engineer has? Which are his
duties?
Do you think this is an interesting or a boring job?
Reading
Now read a text about Graham

Macdonald, a Scottish drilling
engineer. Confrunt your
opinions with the opinions given
in this text by his boss:
Graham Macdonald is an
engineer. He works on an oil rig
in the North Sea. He works on
the rig for two weeks and then
he has two free weeks to spend
with his family at home in Glasgow. The rig is 100 miles off the coast of
Scotland. The oil company’s helicopter flies him to and from the Aberdeen
Airport. He does an important job, and he’s paid over $500 a week.
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Graham works twelve hours a day during his two weeks on the rig. His shift
finishes at midnight, when he goes to bed. Although the work is important,
it’s rather a boring job. He shares a cabin with three other men. One of them
is a friend of his, an American called Lee Driver, who comes from New
Mexico.
The weather on the rig can be pretty bad. Sometimes there are storms.
Everyone’s always glad to get back to the mainland.
Ways with words

1. Special terms:
Rig: apparatus for drilling for oil and gas
Shift: group of workers who work during a specified period
Cabin: small hut on the drilling rig where workers sleep at night.
2. How do you translate the sentence The oil company’s helicopter flies him
to and from the Aberdeen Airport? You have already learned some
expressions containing the preposition from. Let’s learn some more
containing the preposition to.
to advantage = cu profit/ folos;
to the best of one’s power/ ability = dupã puterea/ capacitatea cuiva;
to cut the matter short = pe scurt;
to date = la zi;
to the dot (of an i) = pânã în cele mai mici amãnunte;
to this effect = în acest scop;
to a fraction = pânã la milimetru;
to and fro = înainte şi înapoi, ici şi colo;
to hand = la îndemânã;
to little purpose = cu puţin efect, mai degeaba;
to my knowledge = dupã câte ştiu;
to one’s mind = dupã pãrerea cuiva;
to the letter = întocmai, ad litteram;
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to the utmost = (pânã) la maximum, în cea mai mare mãsurã;

to the very moment = chiar pânã în clipa;
short and to the point = scurt şi la obiect.
3. Read the following sentence again: The rig is 100 miles off the coast of
Scotland. How do you translate it? Now learn some expressions containing
the word off:
off hand = fãrã pregãtire anterioarã, întâmplãtor;
off the point = în afara subiectului;
all that’s off the point = toate acestea nu au legãturã cu problema;
far off = îndepãrtat;
on and off = la intervale neregulate;
to be off duty = a fi liber/ în afara serviciului;
to turn off/ switch off (the radio, the light) = a închide (radioul, lumina)
Grammar Reference
The Article
The use of articles in English is complex, and there are a lot of exceptions
that need to be known.
Here are the basic rules.
The Indefinite Article: a (before a word beginning with a consonant or

semi-vowel)/ an (before a word beginning with a vowel) is used
• to refer to a singular countable noun which is indefinite (either we don’t
know which one, or it doesn’t matter which one):
They live in a flat.
I’m reading a course for my exam now.
• to describe what something or someone is (a profession, religion, class):
That’s an instrument for measuring distance.
She is an engineer.
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He is a Christian.
• in phrases:
to be in a hurry, to have a headache, as a matter of fact, to develop a
disease, to have a good time, to take a seat, etc.
The Definite Article: the is used:
• before a singular or plural noun, when both the speaker and the listener
know which specific object is being referred to:
They live in the blue house on top of the hill.
The course I’m reading is very interesting.
Mind the baby!
• before nouns expressing certain public places, especially when referring
to them in a general way:
I went to the cinema last night.
I have to go to the bank to pay my bills.
• before proper nouns denoting a family (in the plural), countries (if they
are in the plural, or if they represent a union), denoting groups of
islands, chains of mountains, deserts, oceans, seas, rivers, channels,
hotels, shops, institutions, means of transport, newspapers and
magazines:
The Johnsons, the Netherlands, the United States, the Bahamas, the Alps,
the Sahara, the Pacific, the Suez Canal, the Hilton, the Orient Express, the
Time, etc
• before nouns converted from adjectives, denoting a class, nationality, or
an abstraction:
The rich should help the poor.
The English are very polite.
• in phrases:
to tell the time, by the way, at the moment, on the whole, on the one hand...
on the other hand, etc.
Zero Article: - is used with:
• plural and uncountable nouns when talking about things in general.
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Money is the root of all evil.

Gas is cheaper than electricity.
• proper nouns denoting persons, continents, countries, regions, towns,
mountains, lakes, streets, magazines and periodicals, months, festivals,
days of the week, etc.:
Mary/ Mount Everest, Europe, Oxford Street, Paris, January, Sunday,
Newsweek
• nouns like school, church, prison, when we imply the use made of the
building:
He goes to school (to learn).
• in phrases:
at night, at dawn, day by day, by sea, to be in trouble, by mistake, to make
friends, to shake hands, to take place, etc.
1. Decide which answer A, B or C best fits each space:
a. He is speaking to .... authority.
A. an; B. - ; C. the
b. In order to survive, plants need ... water.
A. - ; B. a; C. the
c. In order to fix the armchair he needs ... hammer and ... nails.
A. the/ the; B. a/ the; C. a/ some
d. I took ... seat and waited for ... director to come.
A. - /the; B. a/the; C. the/ a
e. I thought you had passed ... exam but it seems that it was ... hardest of all.
A. - /the; B. an/the; C. the/the
f. They had ... excellent dinner and had ... very good time at ... Hilton.
A. - /a/the; B. an/the/ - ; C. an/a/the

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g. He had ... degree in ... Physics and one in ... Mathematics, so he was one
of ... best teachers in our highschool.
A. - / - / - /the; B. a/ - / - /the; C. a/the/the/the
h. I did my homework and then went directly to ... bed as I was very tired.
A. - ; B. a; C. the
i. Everyone was impressed by ... sincerity with which he spoke, yet not
everyone admires .... sincerity in such ... way.
A. - / - / - ; B. a/ - / - ; C. the/ - /a
j. ... Smiths are at ... home now, yet they are busy at the moment.
A. - / - ; B. the/ - ; C. - /the;
2. Work in pairs to find one mistake in each of the following sentences:
a. He’s geologist, so he studies the physical features of the earth.
b. I want a government to do something about the problem of

unemployment.
c. Big cities are usually exciting when you see them for the first time: for
example, in London, you can have tea at the Ritz and then go to the theatre
in evening.
d. I must go to a bank to see my bank manager. I want to borrow one

hundred pounds.
e. She goes to the work in the City by train every day. Her office is in the
Baker Street.
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Third Conditional
The third conditional is used to express impossible condition referring to the
past; it contradicts reality, which can no longer be changed. The condition is
highly hypothetical.
Form
The verb in the main clause is in the past/perfect conditional (would+ have+
the third form of the verb), while the verb in the conditional clause is in the
past perfect subjunctive (a form similar to past perfect).
Main clause If clause

Past/Perfect conditional Past perfect subjunctive

If I had had more money, I would (‘d) this ellegant
have bought car..
she had known the answer, she would have the exam.
passed
I hadn’t made so many mistakes, I wouldn’t have failed the
driving licence
test.
Interrogative
What would you have if you had seen such a
done wonderful movie?
Which countries would you have you had travelled round
visited the world?
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1. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense:
a. If I (know) this from the beginning, I wouldn’t have asked you to do it for
me.
b. If it had rained it (be) a disaster.
c. If she (go) to university so late, she wouldn’t have had these problems in
her career.
d. If you (stay) on that drilling rig and (be confrunted with) such storms, I
don’t think you would argue against my leaving that place.
e. If I had known how to solve the problems in chemistry, I (pass) the exam
in the winter session.
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a. Dacã aş fi putut sã te ajut, aş fi fãcut-o încã de atunci.
b. Dacã ar fi ştiut rãspunsurile la toate întrebãrile, nu ar fi luat o notã aşa de

micã.
c. Dacã aş fi învãţat mai bine, nu aş fi picat acest examen.
d. Dacã nu ar fi nins, nu am fi plecat la munte de Crãciun.
e. V-aţi fi distrat mai bine, dacã nu aţi fi avut aceastã problemã de rezolvat
în acelaşi timp.
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3. Put the verbs in brackets into the corect tenses:
a. If I had known that you were in danger I (help) you.
b. If you (arrive) fifteen minutes earlier you would have got a seat.
c. I shouldn’t have believed you when telling me about that driller’s

accident if I (not see) it with my own eyes.
d. If he had asked you to do that job, you (accept)?
e. But for the fog we (reach) our destination ages ago.
f. If I (be) ready when he called he would have taken me with him.
g. If she listened to my directions she (not turn) the lights off.
h. If you had told me that he never paid his debts I (not lend) him the
money.
i. You wouldn’t have had so much trouble with your car if you (have) it
serviced regularly.
j. I (take) a taxi to the university if I had realized that it was such a long
way.
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4. Finish these sentences, taking care to use the correct tense. These are
mixed conditional sentences.
a. If he had taken my advice...
b. The substance would look better if...
c. I’d have brought my compass if...
d. If you had asked his permission...
e. If I buy this machine ...
f. If she practised more...
g. If the river rises any higher...
h. I would lend it to you if...
i. If the fire had been noticed earlier...
j. If she rings while I’m in the tunnel...
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Unit 13
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© Refining oil
© The Adverb
© The Passive Voice
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Pre-Reading Tasks
Think of the most important refineries in Romania. Where are they?
Think of the petroleum products these refineries produce. How many types
of petroleum products are produced in Romania?
Reading
Now read a general text on refining oil. Translate the text into Romanian:
One of the most distinctive and at the same time most characteristic sights
of the industrial age is the oil refinery.
Crude oil is a mixture of a number of different chemicals that are called

hydrocarbons because they are composed of atoms of hydrogen and carbon.
The mixture of crude oil contains fractions of the different hydrocarbon
molecules. In the refining process the different fractions of molecules in the
crude oil mixture are separated in such a way as to obtain usable products.
The impurities from the oil are also removed in the refining process.
The first step is called distillation. The oil is heated to a high temperature in
coil of pipe that pass over a furnace. Then the oil is piped into a tall
cylinder, called a fractionating tower. As the vapors rise, they
condense - that is, they turn into liquids again -at a particular temperature at
a particular level in the tower. Another process is called cracking which
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means breaking down the heavy molecules of such petroleum products as

kerosene or lubricating oil into the lighter molecules of gasoline. After the
basic fractionating or cracking process, further refining takes place,
particularly of gasoline products. There are several gasolines such as
regular, high-test, special, etc., their names indicating that one kind of
gasoline will vaporize more quickly and efficiently than another kind.
So when we speak about refining oil, we may say that in just a little over a
hundred years, oil products have asumed a central place in our industrialized
society and they will continue to do so until another fuel is discovered.
Ways with words

1. Special terms:
Refinery: the industrial plant in which oil is refined - processed and
purified - into commercially usable products.
Molecules: the smallest units in combinations of atoms.
Compound/Mixture: a compound of atoms which are chemically joined
together into molecules, like water (two atoms of hydrogen and one of
oxygen) or salt. A mixture combines several different molecules which are
not chemically joined together.
Hydrocarbons: substances made up of molecules formed from hydrogen nd
carbon.
Fractionating tower: a cylindrical tower at a refinery which is used to
separate the different fractions of crude petroleum.
Distillation: the process of separating ligthter molecules from heavier
molecules in a mixture by heating the mixture.
Cracking: the process of breaking down the heavy molecules of some
hydrocarbons into lighter molecules.
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2. In this text there are several occurences of the preposition after. At the
same time you may find the phrase to take place. Now learn more phrases
containing the preposition after and the verb to take:
after all = la urma urmelor;
after a while = dupã câtãva vreme;
day after day = zile în şir;
to look after = a avea grijã de;
soon after = curând dupã.
to take advantage of = a utiliza, a valorifica, a se prevala de, a se folosi de

ocazia;
to take an active part in = a lua parte activã la;
to take account of = a ţine seama de;
to take care of/ to take charge of = a-şi asuma rãspunderea, a avea grijã de;
to take control of = a-şi asuma controlul;
to take its course = a-şi urma cursul;
to take for granted = a lua drept sigur, a considera indiscutabil;
to take an interest in... = a manifesta interes faţã de...;
to take the liberty of (+-ing form) = a-şi lua libertatea de a… (e.g. She took
the liberty of doing it in her own way.);
to take into account/ consideration = a lua în consideraţie;
to take note/ notice of = a ţine seama de;
to take one’s own way = a-şi urma calea proprie;
to take on = a lua asupra sa, a se însãrcina;
to take over = a prelua;
to take a stand = a adopta un punct de vedere, a lua o poziţie;
to take warning = a fi prevenit;
to take a view of = a considera, a privi;
to take a weight off somebody’s mind = a elucida o problemã.
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3. In this text you learned several chemical elements such: hydrogen,

oxygen, carbon, etc. Let’s learn all the chemical elements in English:
1 hydrogen H 38 strotium Sr 75 rhenium Re
2 helium He 39 yttrium Y 76 osmium Os
3 lithium Li 40 zirconium Zr 77 iridium Ir
4 beryllium Be 41 niobium Nb 78 platinum Pt
5 boron B 42 molybdenum Mo 79 gold Au
6 carbon C 43 technetium Tc 80 mercury Hg
7 nitrogen N 44 ruthenium Ru 81 thallium Tl
8 oxygen O 45 rhodium Rh 82 lead Pb
9 fluorine F 46 palladium Pd 83 bismuth Bi
10 neon Ne 47 silver Ag 84 polonium Po
11 sodium Na 48 cadmium Cd 85 astatine At
12 magnesium Mg 49 indium In 86 radon Rn
13 aluminium Al 50 tin Sn 87 francium Fr
14 silicon Si 51 antimony Sb 88 radium Ra
15 phosphorus 52 tellurium Te 89 actinium Ac
16 sulphur S 53 iodine I 90 thorium Th
17 chlorine Cl 54 xenon Xe 91 protactinium Pa
18 argon Ar 55 caesium Cs 92 uranium U
19 potassium K 56 barium Ba 93 neptunium Np
20 calcium Ca 57 lanthanum La 94 plutonium Pu
21 scandium Sc 58 cerium Ce 95 americium Am
22 titanium Ti 59 praseodymium Pr 96 curium Cm
23 vanadium V 60 neodymium Nd 97 berkelium Bk
24 chromium Cr 61 promethium Pm 98 californium Cf
25 manganese Mn 62 samarium Sm 99 eisteinium Es
26 iron Fe 63 europium Eu 100 fernium Fm
27 cobalt Co 64 gadolinium Gd 101 mendelevium Md
28 nickel Ni 65 terbium Tb 102 nobelium No
29 copper Cu 66 dysprosium Dy 103 lawrencium Lr
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30 zinc Zn 67 holmium Ho 104 rutherfordium Rf

31 gallium Ga 68 erbium Er 105 dubnium Db
32 germanium Ge 69 thulium Tm 106 seaborgium Sg
33 arsenic As 70 ytterbium Yb 107 bohrium Bh
34 selenium Se 71 lutetium Lu 108 hassium Hs
35 bromine Br 72 hafnium Hf 109 meitnerium Mt
36 krypton Kr 73 tantalum Ta
37 rubidium Rb 74 tungsten W
Grammar Reference
The Adverb
The adverb shows a characteristic of an event or state, a quality thereof.
It can modify:
• a verb: We are talking about your report today.
• an adjective: He was bitterly dissapointed.
• a noun: Only John knows the whole truth.
• a pronoun: Me too.
• another adverb: She spoke extremely loud.
• a clause: Maybe I will come to your party.
Form
Simple Derived adverbs Compound adverbs Adverbial

adverbs phrases
far likewise everywhere at least
fast afloat outdoors at once
here homeward(s) outside by the way
late repeatedly thereby by all means
near hardly therefore in full
now monthly today in general
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then bitterly tomorrow in all probability

today happily wherein now and then
well excellently wherefore of old
Adverbs of manner: badly; carefully; excellently; fast

Adverbs of place: away; aboard; above; anywhere
Adverbs of time: already; after; afterwards; early
Adverbs of quantity, measure, degree and approximation: awfully;
extremely; enough; little
Adverbs of frequency: always; ever; every time; again; forever
Adverbs of cause, reason, result and concession: consequently; fore; for this
reason; hence; so that
Interrogative adverbs: how; where; when; wherefore; why.
Controlled Practice
1. Maria is writing to her friend Mary in England. She’s rather tired, and
she’s left some of the words out by mistake. Rewrite Maria’s letter to Mary
putting in the adverbs and adverb phrases on the right:
Dear Mary,
Thank you for your letter. Is it five months since I last really
wrote?
I’m sorry, but I’ve been very busy. lately
I’m working for my exams. already
I’ve planned my revision. carefully
I work until about ten o’clock in the evening. usually
I’ve finished for today. just
I don’t keep my plan. of course
I saw a marvellous film. yesterday
It was called “The English Patient”. Have you seen it? yet
I don’t go out. actually, often
Suzanne comes about once a week. here
140
We talk. a lot
I hope to visit England again. next year
I had a lovely time last year. there
It would be great to see you. again
I’m trying to save some money. hard
How are you? Is your apartment all right? Please reply. soon
Love, yours,
Maria
2. Complete the following conversation between John and Helen by
choosing the correct adjective or adverb in the brackets:
John: Well, the party is going very nice/nicely, isn’t it? Have one of these
sausages. They taste good/well.
Helen: No, thanks.
John: You don’t sound very happy/happily. And you look pale/paley. Are
you all right?
Helen: I feel rather tired/tiredly. And I’m hot/hotly.
John: It is getting a bit warm/warmly in here, isn’t it? Well I can easy/ easily
open this window here.
Helen: Thank you. Actually, my head aches quite bad/badly, too. I think it’s
slow/slowly getting worse.
John: I’m sure/surely the music isn’t helping too much. It seems rather
loud/loudly, doesn’t it? Look, would you like me to take you home?
Helen: No, that’s all right, thanks. But if I could sit quiet/quietly somewhere
for a few minutes, I might be OK.
John: I’ll ask Susan if there’s somewhere you can go.
The Passive Voice

What voice is the verb in the sentence: The first step is called distillation?
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This is the passive voice. Translate it into Romanian. Now learn about the
passive voice in English.
The verbs which can accept the passive voice are transitive verbs and some
prepositional verbs such as: to account for, to attend to, to look at, to look
after, to send for, to speak to, etc.
There are some transitive verbs which cannot accept the pasive voice such
as: to have, to hold, to possess, to resemble, etc.
Its form consists of the respective tense of the auxiliary verb to be + the past
participle of the lexical verb.
The indicative mood
Simple Present I am called
Present Continuous I am being called
Present Perfect I have been called
Simple Past I was called
Past Continuous I was being called
Past Perfect I had been called
Simple Future I shall be called
The imperative mood
Let me be asked
1. Translate the following sentences into English:
a. Tu vei fi chematã de director mâine sã explici decizia ta.
b. El este întrebat dacã este vegetarian.
c. Soluţia a fost gãsitã de fratele meu.
d. Mi s-au furat banii.
e. Problema a fost rezolvatã recent prin introducerea pompei elicoidale.
f. Doctorul a fost chemat.
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g. El a fost ales preşedintele companiei în 1997.
h. Copiii sunt întrebaţi dacã ştiu în ce constã compoziţia acestei substanţe.
i. Se construiesc foarte multe case zilele acestea.
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2. Put the following sentences into the Passive:
a. Who drew this asymptote?
b. People in my town built this hospital last year.
c. John can’t have done this.
d. The soldiers shall hand in all their weapons.
e. Children had cast stones.
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3. Transfer these passive sentences into active ones. When no agent is given
supply one:
a. My drawings were shown at the art exhibition in 2000.
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b. When was your car stolen?
c. AIDS is thought to be curable.
d. The girl has been made to recite the poem and everybody has given her a
big hand.
e. The prisoners were forbidden to smoke when they were transferred into
the new building.
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Unit 14
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© Lake Erie Gas
© The Infinitive
© The Participle
© The Gerund
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Reading
Now that you learned so many things about the English grammar and you
also know a certain amount of words belonging to the petroleum
vocabulary, test yourself in the following way. Use your dictionary and try
to read and translate this article on the discovery of gas in Lake Erie,
Canada.
Lake Erie gas attractive to Canadian drillers
Lake Erie Production on the Canadian side has become more important
during the past 25 years as smaller onshore gas fields in Ontario have
become depleted.
During 1984, Lake Erie production accounted for more than 74% of the
province’s total 19.4 bcf of gas - and four companies have been active in
Lake Erie this year. These operators are: Consumers’ Gas Co. of Toronto;
Diamond Shamrock Exploration of Calgary; Pembina Resources of Calgary;
and Place Gas â Oil of Toronto.
Pembina was the most active company in the lake in 1985, drilling about 40
wells. The company operates about 185 producing wells in the producing
wells in the lake, most of these located in the eastern portion between Long
Point and the Niagara River.
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Consumers’ Gas which drilled about 20 wells in the lake this year and
operates more than 700 there, has been drilling in Lake Erie for 20 years.
Diamond Shamrock drilled six deep exploratory wells in the lake in 1985 on
a farm-in basis with Anschutz Resources of Calgary in order to earn 50%
interest in the 700,000-acre holding. The wells will be drilled about 10 miles
offshore and are scheduled for 4,500-5,000 ft to penetrate the Precambrian
basement.
Canadian operations. One of the world’s first offshore wells was drilled on
the Canadian side of Lake Erie in 1913 - and in the ensuing 72 years more
than 1,7000 wells have been drilled there, with total production of 190 bcf.
At the close of 1984, some 585 wells were producing or capped awaiting
pipeline hookups.
Lake Erie development continues as the most important natural gas province
in Southern Ontario.
Drilling activity. Lake Erie is the shallowest of the Great Lakes. It reaches
its maximum depth of 210 ft just east of Long Point in the eastern basin of
the lake. Most wells drilled in the lake have been close to shore- extending
existing onshore production.
Most wells have been drilled using what is designated as Lake Erie jack-
ups, in water depths of less than 80 ft. Although these jack-ups which are
elevated by employing either hydraulic power in waters down to
350 ft - water depth normally is restricted to about 80 ft because of
unconsolidated bottom sediments. A pre-load test of the jack-ups is required
to make certain they will remain stable during drilling operations.
Drilling in deeper waters is performed using drillbarges, or “floaters”,

weighing 2,000 tons or more and moored onstation by an anchoring system.
For example, Underwater Gas Developers operates three rigs in Lake Erie,
including the drillbarge Telesis, a 259-ft-long vessel with a rated 5,000-ft
drillling depth capacity. The vessel is held on-station using five 5,000 lb
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Bruce anchors attached to 1 1/8-in-dia., 1,200-ft-long cables controlled by

100-hp hydraulic winches.
During drilling, excess cement and rock cuttings can be discharged into the
lake. An inspector from the Ministry of Natural Resources is required to be
on location during periods of cementing casings, plugging, and completions.
An average 2,000-2,5000 ft Lake Erie well-including completion- costs

from $ 125,000 to $ 200,000.
The drilling season in Lake Erie extends from May to October, when the
lake freezes over.
(Andy Maslowski, Consulting Petroleum Geologist, Columbus, Ohio,

published in Ocean Industry, The Magazine for Offshore Business,
December 1985, p. 64)
Grammar Reference
Punctuation
There is a considerable amount of variation in punctuation practices. At one

extreme are writers who use as little punctuation as possible. At the other
extreme there are writers who use to much punctuation in an effort to o
make their meaning clear. Here are some punctuation rules.
1. Sentence - Level Punctuation
Punctuation Guidelines Examples
Marks
. ordinaly and Some of us think we should

independent clause is invest in this company.
made into a sentence by Others think it is useless.
beginning it with a
capital letter and ending
it with a period.
, Independent clauses The forecast promised
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may be combined into beautiful weather on the coast

one sentence by using of the North Sea, but it rained
the words and, but, yet, every day.
or, nor, and so. The Draw the figure and solve the
first clause is usually problem.
followed by a comma.
; The writer can indicate Some of us think we should

that independent invest in this company; others
clauses are closely think it is useless
connected by joining
them with a semicolon.
: When one independent There’s only one solution: we

clause is followed by must reduce next year’s
another that explains or budget.
exemplifies it, they can The conference addresses a
be separated by a colon. basic question: How can we
The second clause may take steps needed to protect
or may not begin with a the environment?
capital letter.
? Sentences that ask a Are they still drilling in that

question should be region?
followed by a question What percentage of oil have
mark. you recovered here?
! Sentences that express Watch out!

strong feeling may be That’s a rude thing to say!
followed by an
exclamation mark.
2. Separating Elements in Clauses
When one of the elements in a clause is compounded, that is, when there are
two or more subjects, predicates, objects, and so forth, punctuation is
necessary.
148

Marks
When two elements Tuition may be paid by check or
are compounded, charged to a major credit card.
they are usually I’m taking Chemistry and
joined together Physics and Maths this semester.
with a words such
as and, or or
without any
punctuation.
Occasionally more
than two elements
are joined in this
way.
, Compounds that England, Scotland, and Wales

contain more than share the island of Great
two elements are Brittain.
called series. Environmentally conscious
Commas are used businesses use recycled paper,
to separate items in photocopy on both sides of a
a series, with words sheet, and use ceramic cups.
such as and or or
usually occuring
between the last
two items.
; When the items in Students were selected on the

a series are very basis of grades; test of
long or have vocabulary, memory, and
internal reading; and teacher
punctuation, recommendations.
separation by
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commas can be
confusing, and
semicolons may be
used instead.
3. Word - Level Punctuation
The punctuation covered so far is used to clarify the structure of sentences,
There are also punctuation marks that are used with words.
Marks
‘ The apostrophe is The company’s management

used with nouns to resisted the union’s demands.
show possession.
An apostrophe is used He’s; didn’t; let’; Ma’am; four
in constructions to o’clock.
show where letters or 45’s; ABC’s.
numbers have been
omitted.
. A period is used to Prof. J. K. Lawrence; 24 ft., 4:00

mark shortened forms p.m.
like abbreviations and
initials.
- A hyphen is used to ... insta -

end a line of text when bility
part of a word must be
carried over the next
line
Hyphens are twenty-four, self-confidence
sometimes used to
form compound words
When two modifiers The study included first- and
containing hyphens second-year students.
150
are joined together,

common elements are
often not repeated.
Other uses of Punctuation Marks
Marks
“ When writers use the exact In 1841, Ralph Waldo

words of someone else, they Emerson wrote “I hate
must use quotation marks to quotations. Tell me what
set them off from the rest of you know.”
the text.
... If part of a quotation is She told him the

omitted, the omission must be following: “If you want
....
marked with points of ellipsis. to settle down, to get a
When the omission comes in proper job, to find the
the middle of a sentence, three proper wife... you should
points are used. When the give up your selfish
omission includes the end of ideas.”
one or more sentences, four “Work of the tyre that
points are used. B.W.R.A. is doing is of
greatest value when
carried out in a
sufficiently
comprehensive pattern,
and it is much to be
hoped that the framers of
codes will give it full
weight .... There are
many factors which
affect a pressure vessel
of the types commonly
151
used.”
[] When writers insert something “In a fault, it [the crust of

within a quoted passage, the the earth] has cracked
insertion should be set off with and caused different
brackets. layers of rock to slip.”
− The dash can be used to “Well − uh − I’d like to

indicate hesitations in speech. try again − if you let
me”, he offered.
The Infinitive
The infinitive is considered to be the base form of the verb.
Form
It appears as long infinitive (preceded by the particle to): I didn’t want to tell
you that. ot as short infinitive (not preceded by the particle to): She made me
do it eventually.
A special use of the infinitive is the split infinitive, where the adverb which
modifies the verb is inserted between the particle to and the verb proper: He
was too disappointed to really care about the circumstances of the accident.
The Participle
There are two participle forms in English:
• the -ing participle which denotes a continuous action or state:
I saw smoke coming through the door of the chemistry laboratory.
• the past participle (the third form of the verb) which denotes the action
as a result:
The police wanted the law respected.
Form
Active Voice Passive Voice
Indefinite asking being asked
Participle
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Perfect Participle having asked having been asked
The Gerund
• denotes an action simultaneous with the present, past or future expressed
by the finite verb:
I thanked him for letting me know.
• expresses anteriority after verbs as excuse, forgive, remember, thank,
etc.
Thank you for letting me know.
• has a passive meaning after verbs as desire, need, require, want, etc.
Your hair needs cutting.
Form
The Gerund is formed ith the help of the -ing suffix added to the verb.
Active Voice Passive Voice
Indefinite Gerund helping; reading being helped
being read
Perfect Gerund having helped having been helped
having read having been read
In order to improve your knowledge about Gerund/ Infinitive, you may look
at Appendix 3 (page 189).
a. Sper sã termin de învãţat ultimul curs.
b. El vrea sã plece mai repede, pentru cã are o treabã importantã de

rezolvat.
c. Te-a rugat sã scrii un raport, motivând de ce gândeşti aşa.
d. Iatã câteva formule pe care sã le învãţaţi.
e. Studentul a dovedit cã este foarte bun la matematicã.

153
f. Dacã nu faci maşina sã porneascã, ne stricãm buna dispoziţie.
g. Ploaia oprindu-se, putem pleca la universitate.
h. Te deranjeazã dacã închizi fereastra?
i. Îţi mulţumesc pentru cã m-ai ajutat sã rezolv acest exerciţiu la geometrie.
−_________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
2. Put the verbs between brackets in gerund or past participle:
a. Thank you for (to tell) me the truth.
b. After (to wait) for you for half an hour, I left the hotel
c. We need to have our roof tiles (to replace)
d. They stopped (to cut) the pipes, when they discovered that they had some
short ones too.
e. I don’t mind your (to stay) here and (to wait) for my daughter.
f. You are always late; you certainly must have your watch (to reapair).
g. I should like the World Championship (to win) by the Romanian team.;
h. Why are you loking at me? Go on (to work)!
i. I’ll make them (to answer) all my questions about Canadian drilling.
154
Unit 15
Reading and Practice

Imagine you work in a drilling company. Advertise your company’s
products. Read two presentations of two refining companies and then make
your own presentation:
1. Automatic Filter Systems

All our automatic filter systems include filter media, support materials,
pressure vessel, steel structure, piping, valves, instrumentation and a PLC-
controlled sequencing program. Additional equipment necessary for
effective automatic operation can also be added to the scope of delivery.
In situations where the best solution is not easily determined, Dahlman’s
extensive experience can always find the definitive technical and economic
solution.
Dahlman automatic filter systems are mostly used when:
• Relatively high dirt loads are present in the feed
• Continuous filtration is required
• The system operates at high temperature
• The product is hazardous, toxic or carcinogenic
• Environmental or ergonomic regulations apply
Automatic systems can be provided with various filter elements. Direct
filtration at a 0.2 micron absolute rating is possible using porous sintered
stainless steel filters. Dahlman Etched Disc Filters can handle special
applications. The systems are regenerated using high pressures. This
technology has been specifically developed and proven by Dahlman in
amine filtration applications at many refineries.
The range of filtering media in automatic filter systems can include:
• Porous sintered stainless steel
• Filter fabric, seamless woven
• Etched discs
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• Wedge wire tubes

• Dual media e.g. sand, anthracite, graphite
• Polypropylene candles
For every application Dahlman can assist you by this selection process and
supply you with the very best and most economical filter internals.
Control
The controllability of automatic filter systems is always tailored to the
plant’s specific requirements. Control via local control cabinet with a PLC
or by the DCS systems can be incorporated. All our systems are supplied
with sequence charts, narratives and software. The advantage of automatic
filter systems is that we will perform a thorough check on the operation
before delivery or start-up. This can be done by means of a functional test or
a factory acceptance test. That way the systems are delivered according to
the requirements, and performance guarantees can be given.
Benefits
Advantages of Dahlman automatic filter systems:
• Fully closed filter systems; no operator contact with the product
• Fully automatic control and operation; no operator involvement
• No moving parts; almost maintenance-free
• Process guarantee; laboratory-or field test-proven
• Shop-fabricated and delivered as a package; reduction of field
installation costs
• Regeneration by gas, steam or liquid; flexibility
• Several automatic systems for different applications
• Dual media filters
• Systems designed with sand, anthracite and graphite filter media
which are fluidised during backwashing. These systems are
generally used in water applications. Efficiencies of up to 98% at 2
microns can be achieved.
• Gas-assisted backflush filters (Used with various filter media, such
as sintered metal, etched discs and several fabric types. Dahlamn has
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considerable experience of these filter systems both in polishing

filtration applications and in cake filtration. Some systems are
designed to provide dry-cake discharge, while others are executed
with decanting vessels.)
• High-pressure bag filters (To clean gases from dust, Dahlman
designs and manufactures reverse jet bag filters used in several
(petro-)chemical processes. Fabrics and sintered metal are used as
the filter medium, depending on your specific process. Dahlman
specialises in high-pressure gas filters, and has been very successful
in supplying these for olefin plants and catalyst filtration. )
Some applications
Oil refining (Petro)chemicals Oil and gas
Amine Oleochemicals Seawater
FCC slurry oil Polymers Fuel gas
Heavy coker gas oils Fibres Reverse osmosis
Gas processing plants Speciality chemicals De-aeration
Dahlman Industrial Group B.V.

P.O. Box 438, NL 3140 AK Maassluis
Noordzee 8, NL 3144 DB Maassluis
Phone: +31-(0)10 599 11 11
Fax: +31-(0)10 599 11 00
E-mail: dahlman@dahlman.nl
Internet : www.dahlamn.nl
2. What is « hydrocracking ? »
Hydrocracking is a type of chemical plant designed to remove sulphur
(« desulphurize) and process vacuum oils produced in Tubular Tower
Distillation (TTD) installations. Hydrocracking provides for increase in the
extent of crude oil treatment at PKN ORLEN S.A. –to a level exceeding 80
per cent of clear product yield.
A hydrocracking Plant comprises the following technological sections :
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• Reactive Section – where two basic reactions occur:

hydrodesulphurisation and hydrocracking both are strongly
exothermic reactions, taking place in the presence of the catalyst
agent in a hydrogen atmosphere, under pressure of approximately 15
MPa and temperature of some 400oC. Intensifying the output and
modernizing the Hydrocracking Plant was possible through delivery
and application by Universal Oil Products USA of the most modern
catalyst agents available in the market: the nickel-tungsten
hydrocracking catalyst and the nickel-molybdenum desulphurising
catalyst;
• Defractionalisation Section –where extraction of dry gase, liquid
gases,m petroleum fractions, gas and heating oil fractions and
hydrocracking residuals take place;
• Amine Wash section – where liquid gases and hydrogen gases are
desulphurised.
The following are Hydrocracking Products, used as sulphur-free fuel
components or stock for further processing:
• Hydrogen gases – hydrogen and light hydrocarbons (mostly
methane)
• Liquid gases – hydrocarbons, such as propane-butane, with
applications including compounding of commercial liquid gases;
• Light petrol – hydrocarbons with boiling range up to 85oC, used as a
stock for isomerisation or compounding of petrols;
• Naphta – hydrocarbons with boiling range between 75o C and 180oC,
used as a stock for catalytic reforming or compounding petrols;
• Kerosene fractions – hydrocarbons with boiling range between
150oC and 300o, used as component of gas oil or aviation fuel;
• Light gas oil – hydrocarbons with boiling range between 170oC and
330oC, used as a component of high-quality diesel oil;
• Heavy gas oil – Hydrocarbons with boiling range between 250oC
and 370oC, used as a valuable component of diesel oil;
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• Hydrocracking residuals – hydrocarbons with boiling range above

365oC, used as high-quality stock for catalytic cracking or pyrolysis
Summary of the hydrocracking plant modernization and intensification

results
Processing capacity from 2,6 million to 3,4 million tons per
rising year
Two-fold increase in from 640,000 tons to 1,230,000 tons per
production of sulphur- year
free diesel (gas) oil
Increase in production By more than 2000,000 tons per year
of desulphurised stock
for FKK installations
Reduction of national By approximately 21,000 tons yearly
sulphur dioxide
atmospheric emissions
Hydrocracking plant after modernization
Total capacity 3,400,000 tons per year

Liquid gas 50,000 tons per year
Light petrol 65,000 tons per year
Naphta 520,000 tons per year
Kerosene fractions 250,000 tons per year
Light gas oil 940,000 tons per year
Heavy gas oil 280,000 tons per year
Hydrocracking residuals 1,250,000 tons per year
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Ways with words

1. An antonym is a word that means the opposite of another. For example,
the opposite of short is long, the opposite of old is young. Complete the
following sentences with one suitable word meaning the opposite of the
word in capital letters:
a. Jack much prefers being EMPLOYED to being .……..….
b. Alex did a number of TEMPORARY jobs before he managed to find a
……..….. position.
c. The first shop he opened was a big success but the second was a total
……..…..
d. Many people would rather work ………….than FULL-TIME.
e. The management said salaries had INCREASED, but official reports
showed that as a matter of fact they had .………….
2. Word sets. Try to think of the word time. Now think of words connected
to time. In this way you may create a word set which may include among
other words: day, month, year, century, year, etc. Now complete the
following sentences with one appropriate word connected with the subject
of money:
a. They refused to accept a cheque so I had to pay in ………....
b. When she started with the company her …………. was only $000 a year.
Now it’s at least four times that.
c. When Mr Michael retired he received a .………… of $00 a month.
d. Pierre is very worried because he is in ……….... nobody will lend him
any money.
e. If you want a new car why not go and see your bank manager about a
………....
Here is a list of words and expressions to do with money. Use your
dictionary and divide them into the following categories:
-borrowing money; saving and investing money; having a personal bank
account.
Sometimes the same word will fit different categories:
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-to withdraw money; a building society; a current account; a cheque card; a

mortgage; to cash a cheque; to buy shares in a company; the Stock Market;
to put money in; a monthly statement; a deposit account; to earn 15%
interest.
Grammar Reference
The Conjunction
Conjunctions join words, phrases and clauses:
He slipped and fell on the floor.
Please watch my baggage while I buy my train ticket.
Coordinating Conjunctions
• Coordinating conjunctions join units that are equal grammatically (
have the same function in the sentence):
He slipped and fell on the floor. (And joins two verbs)
He moved quickly but quietly. (But joins two adverbs)
• Conjunctions both...and, not only... (but also), either...or,
neither...nor make the connection more intense. They are also called
correlative conjunctions:
Both Lisa and I will go to the party.
Neither money nor power can make him happy.
Subordinating Conjunctions
• Subordinating conjunctions join elements of unequal rank. Here are
some common subordinating conjunctions: after, although, as, as
much as, because, before, how, if, since, that, unless, what, when,
where, who, whom
She never saw him after he left town.
She has been very ill since her operation.
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Controlled Practice
Complete each sentence with an appropriate coordinate or subordinate
conjunction:
A journey to the National Parks of the United States is a rare and
unforgettable walk on the wild side. It is to feel once more the power of the
old myths, to once again know that the land is the cradle of life, a. ……….
nature is the hand setting b. ……… craddle endlessly rocking.
To the west, on the Olympic Peninsula, is the brooding, primordial coastline
of Olympic National Park. The great rocks rising from the sea were once a
part of the landmass. c. …….. the relentless sea chiseled away the softer
stone, creating the haunting monoliths rising from the tides. Along this
coast, and beyond, into the Olympic Mountains, is one of the most diverse
wilderness areas in North America. Within the park are alpine meadows,
majestic white-robed peaks, d. …….. some sixty active glaciers slow-
sliding their relentless way down from the heights. On the western slopes of
the mountains, there is a remarkable rainforest. In Wyoming are the rugged,
majestic battlements and spires of the Teton Mountains. e. …….. most
mountain ranges, the Tetons have no foothills. They rise dramatically to a
height of almost 14,000 feet. Although relatively small, the Colorado River
must surely be the most powerful river of them all. For the Colorado River
carved the Grand Canyon. To travel from one end of the canyon to the other
would be a journey of 277 serpentine miles. Sometimes the walls of the
canyon are less than a half mile wide.
Far to the south and the east of the Colorado are the gentle waters of f.
…….. may be the most unusual river in the world. The Seminoles called it
"Pa-hay-okee," g. …….. "Grassy Water." Here is the central feature of
Everglades National Park. A river that is 100 miles long, 50 miles wide, and
averages only 6 inches deep. Slowly flowing through the entire southern
reaches of the Florida Peninsula, the Everglades teems with an extraordinary
variety of life. Within its labyrinth of cypress swamps, hammocks, islands
and hyacinth pools, live more than 350 species of birds.
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Sea. Mountain. River. Each has had a powerful impact on human

experience. h. …….. perhaps the most ancient influence has been the forest.
Within the National Parks of North America there are vast reaches of forest.
On the slopes of the Sierra Nevada, the giant sequoias are the survivors of a
forest realm that has endured for millennia. Some of these patriarchs have
stood for more than 2000 years. They are the largest living things on earth.
Far to the east, there is a more gentle forest. In the ancient mountains of
southern Appalachia, in Shenandoah National Park i. …….. in Great Smoky
Mountains National Park, are seemingly endless groves of oak, hickory,
maple and other hardwoods. To walk these cool, serene, vaulted byways is
to feel an intimacy with nature rarely found in this modern world where man
and nature are too often strangers. These are softer mountains, laying
comfortably on the earth as if sleeping within their counterpanes of mist.
The Cherokee called these woodlands "The Place of Blue Smoke." Bryce
Canyon seems like an enchanted city built by mythical giants long departed.
There are castles and whimsical skylines, arches, minarets, towers, all cut
from stone by the delicate, j. …….. powerful hand of water, time and wind.
Some of the walls are 600 feet long and 200 feet high. Within the avenues
of the city are magnificent silent shapes k. ……… seem to have once been
alive.
Eighty miles west of Bryce Canyon are the massive walls and towers of
Zion National Park. l. …….. the formations of Bryce are delicately carved,
the temples of Zion seem to have been hacked from the earth with bold,
powerful strokes. Vertical canyon walls rise thousands of feet from the
valley floor.
m. …….1794, n. ……..Captain George Vancouver first explored these
shores, the glacier has receded more than 75 miles. No longer shrouded in
ice, the bay is a theater where one of nature's most spectacular dramas is
performed. Here is where glaciers come to die.
The lands and landscapes of Yosemite are a banquet for the eye o. ……..for
the soul. Here within the valley and in the high country are stone cliffs
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towering taller than anything man has made. Waterfalls dance in the heights
like angels in lace and then fall thundering through the sunlight into the lap
of the valley. Here are glacial lakes and alpine meadows and streams of
liquid crystal. Among the marvels of Yosemite are two so powerful they
will dwell in the eye of the mind forever.
164
Test
Choose the best variant:
1. I went to …….. cinema last night.
A. -; B. the; C. a; D. an.
2. He would have helped you if he ………
A. had been able to; B. could; C. has been able to; D. wanted.
3. If it ……… tomorrow we’ll postpone our businees trip.
A. rained; B. rains; C. will rain; D. had rained.
4. If I ………. in your place, I would gladly acept his invitation.
A. was; B. had been; C. were; D. has been.
5. On …….. one hand I would like to start such a project, on ……… other
I think I shan’t have the time to finish it.
A. the/ a; B. the/ the; C. -; -; D. a/ the.
6. I saw smoke ……… through the door of …….. chemistry laboratory.
A. come/ the; B. come/ -; C. coming/ -; D. coming/ the.
7. Have you …….. finished your homework ………?
A. -/ yet; B. just/ -; C. already/ -; D. -/ already.
8. ……… the truth, I would have told it to you.
A. Have I known; B. Did I know; C. Had I known; D. Should I know.
9. I couldn’t make ……… a story, so I had to tell them the truth.
A. up; B. in; C. out; D. of.
10. …….. had I entered the door …….. the phone started to ring.
A. Hardly/ when; B. scarcely/ then; C. hardly/ than; D. hard/ when.
11. No sooner …….. on that drilling rig when he ………. promoted.
A. had he moved/ has been; B. had he moved/ was; C. was he moved/ was;
D. he had moved/ was.
12. The doctor …….. several hours ago.
A. has been sent for; B. had been sent for; C. was sent for; D. was being
sent for.
13. In case you ……… my advice, call me at this number.
A. will need; B. need; C. has needed; D. needed.
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14. Do you think we ……… call him so late?

A. should; B. need; C. had to; D. must.
15. The paper addresses a basic question…….. How can we take steps
needed to protect the environment?
A. : ; B. .; C. ,; D. - .
16. She took the liberty ……… it in her own way.
A. of doing; B. to do; C. of to do; D. to doing.
17. She spoke………
A. extreme loud; B. extremely loud; C. extremely loudly; D. extreme
loudly.
18. He was looking at me as if he ……… that easy equation.
A. didn’t understand; B. hasn’t understood; C. hadn’t understood;
D. understood.
Answer key:
1. B; 2. A; 3. B; 4. C; 5. B; 6. D.; 7. A; 8. C; 9. A.; 10. A; 11. B; 12. C;
13. B.; 14. A.; 15. A; 16. A; 17. B; 18. C.
1 point + 0,50 points per each good answer
166
Evaluation
1. What have you learnt from this book?
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2. What did you enjoy about it?
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3. What didn’t you enjoy about it?
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167
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4. Write down two or three recommendations or suggestions for doing it

differently.
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168
Appendix 1
Irregular verbs
Base form Past Simple Past Translation
Participle
to be was/were been a fi
to beat beat beaten a bate
a lovi
a învinge
to become became become a deveni
to bend bent bent a (se) îndoi
to begin began begun a începe
to bid bid bid a ordona
bade bidden a porunci
a oferi
to bind bound bound a uni
a lega
a obliga
to blow blew blown a sufla
a arde (fuzibilul unei
siguranţe)
to break broke broken a sparge
a rupe
a sfãrâma
a concasa
a degrada
to bring brought brought a aduce
a produce
to build built built a clãdi
a construi
to burn burnt burnt a arde
169
a calcina
a ataca
to burst burst burst a izbucni
a exploda
a crãpa
to buy bought bought a cumpãra
to cast cast cast a arunca
a turna
to catch caught caught a prinde
a capta
a bloca
a colecta
to choose chose chosen a selecta
a alege
to cleave cleft cleft a (se) despica
clove cloven a (se) scinda
a separa
to come came come a veni
a ajunge
cost cost cost a costa
to creep crept crept a (se) târî
a aluneca
a se alungi
to cut cut cut a tãia
a fasona
a secţiona
a opri (un motor)
to deal dealt dealt a se ocupa (cu)
a contracta
a distribui
a repartiza
170
to dig dug dug a sãpa

a excava
a explora
to do did done a face
to draw drew drawn a desena
a schiţa
a atrage
to dream dreamt dreamt a visa
to drink drank drunk a bea
to drive drove driven a acţiona
a conduce
to eat ate eaten a mânca
to fall fell fallen a cãdea
a da la rebut
to feed fed fed a alimenta
a hrãni
a aproviziona
to feel felt felt a (se) simţi
to fight fought fought a combate
a (se) lupta
to find found found a gãsi
a descoperi
a constata
to fling flung flung a lansa
a arunca
a izbucni
to fly flew flown a zbura
a lansa
to forecast forecast forecast a prevedea
to forbid forbade forbidden a interzice
to forget forgot forgotten a uita
171
to freeze froze frozen a îngheţa

a refrigera
to get got got a obţine
a primi
a deveni (a ajunge)
to give gave given a da
a acorda
a transmite
a aviza
a preda
to go went gone a merge
a funcţiona
a circula
to grow grew grown a se mãri
a dezvolta
to hang hung hung a suspenda
a agãţa
a pune receptorul în furcã
to have had had a avea
to hear heard heard a auzi
to hew hewed hewed a ciopli
hewn a degroşa
a tãia
to hide hid hidden a ascunde
to hit hit hit a lovi
a ciocni
a izbi
to hold held held a ţine
a bloca
a opri
a fixa
172
a cuprinde
to hurt hurt hurt a rãni
a lovi
a avaria
to keep kept kept a ţine
a reţine
a menţine
a întreţine
to knit knit knit a înnoda
a tricota
a îmbina
to know knew known a şti
a cunoaşte
to lay laid laid a pune
a aşeza
a întinde
to lead led led a conduce
a avansa
a comanda
to lean leant leant a înclina
a (se) apleca
a se sprijini
to learn learnt learnt a învãţa
to leave left left a pleca
a pãrãsi
to lend lent lent a împrumuta
to let let let a lãsa
a permite
to lie lay lain a se afla
a consta în
light lit lit a aprinde
173
to lose lost lost a pierde

to make made made a fabrica
a face
to mean meant meant a însemna
a vrea să spunã
to meet met met a (se) întâlni
a intersecta
a încrucişa
to pay paid paid a plãti
a achita
to put put put a pune
a aşeza
to read read read a citi
to ride rode ridden a cãlãri
to ring rang rung a suna
a chema (la telefon)
to rise rose risen a (se) ridica
a (se) urca
a rãsãri
to run ran run a alerga
a funcţiona
a administra
to say said said a spune
to saw sawed sawn a tãia cu ferãstrãul
to see saw seen a vedea
to seek sought sought a cãuta
a cerceta
to sell sold sold a vinde
to send sent sent a trimite
to set set set a regla
a ajusta
174
a stabili
to shake shook shaken a bate
a scutura
a vibra
to shear sheared shorn a tãia
a mãrgini
a forfeca
to shed shed shed a arunca
a difuza
a vãrsa
to shine shone shone a strãluci
a polisa
to show showed shown a arãta
a manifesta
to shoot shot shot a împuşca
a filma
to shrink shrank shrunk a se contracta
a freta
to shut shut shut a închide
to sing sang sung a cânta
to sink sank sunk a (se) scufunda
a îngropa
to sit sat sat a sta jos
to sleep slept slept a dormi
to slide slid slid a aluneca
a glisa
to sling slung slung a arunca
a lansa
to smell smelt smelt a mirosi
to smite smote smitten a izbi
to speak spoke spoken a vorbi
175
to speed sped sped a accelera

to spell spelt spelt a scrie literã cu literã
a silabisi
to spend spent spent a petrece
a cheltui
a întrebuinţa
to spill spilt spilt a vãrsa
a risipi
a turna
to split split split a cliva
a scinda
a despica
a disocia
to spin spun spun a centrifuga
a roti
a presa
to spread spread spread a rãspândi
a acoperi
a extinde
to spring sprang sprung a sãri
a izvorî
a se arcui
to stand stood stood a sta (vertical)
a rezista
a suporta
to steal stole stolen a fura
to stick stuck stuck a (se) lipi
a se fixa
to strike struck struck a lovi
a izbi
to string strung strung a înşira
176
a lega
a încorda
to strive strove striven a se strãdui
a se lupta
to swear swore sworn a jura
to swell swelled swollen a (se) umfla
a creşte
to swim swam swum a înota
to swing swung swung a oscila
a (se) balansa
a pendula
to take took taken a lua
a capta
a necesita
to teach taught taught a preda
to tear tore torn a rupe
to tell told told a spune
to think thought thought a reflecta
a gândi
a socoti cã
to throw threw thrown a arunca
to thrust thrust thrust a împinge
a înfige
a apãsa
to understand understood understood a înţelege
to wake woke woken a (se) trezi
to wear wore worn a purta
a uza
a toci
to weep wept wept a plânge
a picura
177
a se prelinge
to win won won a câştiga
to wind wound wound a rãni
to wring wrung wrung a stoarce
a rãsuci
a smulge
to write wrote written a scrie
178
Appendix 2
WORD+PREPOSITION (sb.= somebody; sth.= somenthing)
(break sth.) by accident
according to (the weather forecast)
to account for sth.
an advertisement for sth
afraid of (storms)
at the age of (twenty)
to agree with sb. on sth.
to apply for (a job)
appropriate for sth.
to argue with sb. about sth.
to arrive at (the railway station)
to arrive in (Europe)
as a result
to ask for sth.
to assist in sth.
attentive at sth./ sb.
at the beginning of sth.
in the beginning
to be afraid of. sb./ sth.
to be at home
to be aware of sth.
to be bored with sth./sb.
to be careful about sth.
to be fed up with sth.
to be full of (energy)
to be fond of sb.
to be good at sth.
to be in charge of sth.
to be in love with sb.
179
to be in a mess
to be interested in sth.
to be impressed by sth.
to be married to sb.
to be on strike
to be out of order
to be patient with sb./ sth.
to be proud of sth./ sb.
to be similar to sth.
to be tired of sth.
to believe in sth.
to belong to sb.
to benefit from sth.
to go by bus/ train/plane, etc.
in the (20-th) century
certain of sth.
change for (a dollar)
to come from England/ Romania
to compare sth. with sth. else
to complain about sth.
in (good/bad) condition
in/ under these conditions
in contrast with sth./ sb.
to cooperate with sb.
to cope with sth.
to deal with sth.
to debate on sth.
deficiency in sth./ deficient in sth.
to depend on sb./ sth.
to develop into sth.
to die of sth.
180
to be different from sb./sth.

in the distance
to distinguish sth. from sth. else
to dream about sb./sth.
in the end
at the end of sth.
to a (certain/great) extent
to fight against sb./ sth.
to fight against sb./ sth.
on a flight to (Paris)
to fight against sb./sth.
to find put about sv./ sth.
to forget about sb./sth.
to get in touch with sb.
to get on (well) with sb.
to go out with sb.
to go home
to have a degree in sth.
to have an interview for a job
to invite sb. to (a party) or for (dinner)
in the North/ South, etc.
to laugh at sb./ sth.
to listen to sth./ sb.
to live on the third/fourth floor
to look after sb.
to look at sth.
to look for sth.
to look forward to doing sth.
to merge with sth.
by mistake
at the/that moment
181
to operate on sb.
to originate in sth.
owing to sth.
to participate in sth.
to pay ($5000) for sth.
to point at sb./ sth.
to point sth. (a gun) at sb.
preoccupation with sth.
to rely on sb./ sth
representative of sb./ sth.
resistance to sth./ sb.
to search for sth./ sb.
to sell sth. for ($300)
to share sth. with sb.
similar to sb./ sth.
to speak to sb. about sth.
to specialize in sth.
to spend money on sth.
a story about sth.
to suffer from sth.
to talk to sb. about sth.
thanks to sb./ sth.
on television
to think about (What are you thinking about?)
to think of (What do you thinf of von Laue?)
to throw sth. at sb.
a ticket for sth.
in view of sth.
to wait for sb./ sth.
on the way (to school)
to work as (a teacher)
182
to work for (an organization)

to worry about sth./ sb.
to write (an e-mail, a letter) to sb.
Verbs with Obligatory Preposition:

ABOUT:
argue, complain, doubt, fret, grieve, know, say, see, set, speak, talk, tell,
think, worry, write.
AFTER:
aspire, crave, hanker, hunger, hunt, look, take, yearn.
AGAINST:
clamour, defend, exclaim, fight, guard, indemnify, insure, murmur, mutter,
protect, revolt, thunder, warn.
AT:
aim, assess, buy/sell (sth) at a price, call, drive, fire a shot, gaze, glance,
knock, laugh, mock, point, puff, rage, rejoice, repine, rush, shoot, smile,
sneer, stay, strike, throw, work.
BY:
begin, buy / sell (sth) by the pound etc, divide, finish, pass, profit, pull,
swear, walk.
FOR:
account, answer, ask, atone, bargain, call, care, cry, die, do, fall, fish, hope,
lament, languish, leave, long, look, last, pay, pine, prepare, reach, sail,
search, send, sigh, stand, start, strive, take, wait, wish.
FROM:
absolve, banish, borrow, cry, derive, descent, differ, differentiate,
distinguish, ensue, exact, excerpt, expect, extricate, flee, learn, manufacture,
obtain, purchase, purge, receive, recover, refrain, select, spring, suffer,
withdraw.
IN:
183
abound, believe, confide, consist, deal, employ (sb), entangle, hammer,

insert, interfere, paint, succeed, write.
INTO:
alter, break, change, divide, look, merge, pitch, put, thrust, turn.
OF:
accuse, acquit, allow, approve, avail (oneself), become, beware, complain,
consist, cure, deprive, die, disapprove, dispose, doubt, dream, hear, learn,
relieve, remind, speak, suspect, talk, think.
ON:
act, agree, bet, comment, concentrate, congratulate, count, depend, embark,
gloat, inculcate, insist, jar, operate, rely, stumble, tattle, tell.
OVER:
brood, cry, exult, muse, quarrel, rule, ruminate.
TO:
adapt, adhere, adjust, agree, allude, amount, announce, apologise, appeal,
aspire, attach, attend, attest, belong, cling, come, compare, complain,
consent, correspond, drink, entitle, explain, give, go, help (oneself), lead,
listen, nod, object, oppose, point, prove, refer, reply, resort, respond, return,
seem, set (to work), speak, stick, subscribe, succeed, take, tend.
WITH:
agree, combine, compare, comply, connect, contend, contrast, correspond,
deal, differ, disagree, do, fight, interfere, intermeddle, join, meet
(~hardships), mingle, quarrel, quiver, reconcile, rhyme, shiver, side,
sympathize, talk, tremble, trifle, vie.
UPON:
act, bear, call, chance, depend, enter, fall, fix, force, frown, impose, insist,
look, play (~one’s feelings), rest, smile (about fate), trample.
184
Adjectives with Obligatory Preposition:

Addicted to
adequate for (smth.)
adequate to (smb.)
adverse to
affected by
amazed at
ambitious after
annoyed at
anxious about (smth.)
anxious for (smb.)
appalled by
apprehensive of (i.e. worried about)
apt for
ashamed of
averse to
bad at
beneficial to
bent on
busy with
capabale of
certain of
charmed at (smth.)
charmed with (smb.)
clever at (mathematics)
compatible with
concerned about /with
concerned for (smb)
connected with
consistent with
185
contended with
convenient for (smth.)
convenient to (smb.)
crazy about
cruel to
deficient in (smth.)
delighted at
derogatory to
devoid of
dexterous at
diffident in
disappointed at
disgusted by (smth.)
disgusted with (smb.)
displeased at
dissatisfied with
doubtful of (smb.)
dying for
eager for/about
earnest about
enraged by
essential for
excited at/over
fit for
frightened at
full of
good at
greedy of
hostile to (smb.)
hungry for
identical to/with
186
ignorant of
immersed in (debts)
immune against
immune from
impolite to
inadequate for smth/to smb
incensed at/with
inclined to /for
inconceivable to
independent of smb
indignant at/with
infatuate with
intent on
irritated at
offended at
opposite from
parallel to
paralyzed with
partial to
particular about
pleased at smth
prepared for
proficient in
prone to
resolved on
rude to
secure of
skillful at/in
slow at
solicitous about
sorry about smth, sorry for smb
187
subject to
suffering from
sufficient for
suited to
sure about smth
sure of smb
sympathetic to
tired with
true to
unfit for
unjust to
vexed at smth, vexed with smb
188
Appendix 3
Verbs which are always followed by a GERUND:
The drilling engineer denied experiencing a gusher.
admit defer dispute find miss recall
appreciate delay enoy finish pardon risk
avoid deny escape forgive postpone suggest
celebrate detest excuse mention practice understand
consider dislike explain mind prevent
Verbs wich are always followed by an INFINITIVE:

The regional Electricity companies expect to earn an additional 23% profit
this year.
afford decide intend plan refuse
agree expect need pretend seem
appear hope offer promise want
Verbs which are followed by either an INFINITIVE or a GERUND

Nowadays many countries prefer to generate/generating electricty from
renewable sources of energy.
begin continue prefer start
189
190
Bibliography
1. Dãnilã, Viorica, Engleza tehnicã, Editura tehnicã, Bucureşti, 1982
2. Dãnilã, Viorica, Engleza pentru ingineri şi tehnicieni, Editura tehnicã,
Bucureşti, 1967
3. Deighton, Lee C., Vocabulary Development, Macmillan, New York,
1984
4. Eastwod, J., A Basic English Grammar. Exercises, Oxford University
Press, Oxford, 1984
5. Hall, Eugene J., The Language of the Petroleum Industry in English,
Prentice Hall Inc, New Jersey, 1976
6. Hill, L.A., Advanced Stories for Reproduction, Oxford University
Press, Oxford, 1977
7. Lougheed, Lin, The Great Preposition Mystery, Grammar Review for
Intermediate/ Advanced Students of EFL, English Teaching Division,
Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs, Washington, D.C., 1985
8. Mistzal, Marius, Test Your English Grammar, Teora, Bucuresti, 1996
9. Sanford, Adrian B, Bishop, Katherine V., Reading Comprehension,
Macmillan, New York, 1984
10. Soars, John & Liz, Headway, pre-intermediate, Student’s Book,
Oxford University Press, Hong Kong, 1991
11. Soars, John & Liz, Headway, upper-intermediate, Student’s Book,
Oxford University Press, Hong, 1991
12. Thomson, A.J., A. V. Martinet, A Practical English Grammar,
Exercises 1, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1986
13. Vince, Michael, Excel at First Certificate, Student’s Book,
Heinemann, Oxford, London Edinburgh, 1989
14. Zdrenghea, M, Greere, A, A Practical English Grammar, Ed.
Clusium, Cluj, 1997
15. ***, English for Science and Technology, Cavallioti Publishing
House, The British Council, Bucharest, 1996
191
16. ***, Sinteze şi exerciţii pentru examenele de bacalaureat şi

admitere, Editura Amarcord, Timişoara, 1998
17. http://ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/adjectives.htm
HTU UTH
18. http://www.randomhouse.com
HTU UTH
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English for Engineering

Number of Nouns: ................................................................................................................................ 44

Ways with words ...................................................................................................................................... 126

What’s your name?

How old are you?

Where do you live?

What do you specialize in?

/ei/ /i:/ /e/ /ai/ /∂u/ /u:/ /a:/

Ways with Words

not yet = nu încã;

The Demonstrative Pronoun and Adjective

Why mobile rigs can make reliable production units

Conversion of early generation MODUs into production units…….. a bold

4. Complete the following text using the appropriate pronouns:

d. Is .…… an electric heater?” “No, that is an electric generator. ……. is an

e. …... are metals. Those are substances.

What and which can be followed by a noun.

a. De unde eşti? Sunt din Timişoara.

b. Când ai venit prima oarã în Ploieşti? Anul trecut.

c. Câţi ani ai? Douãzeci şi şase.

d. Ce mai faci? Sunt bine, mulţumesc.

2. Choose the appropriate question form in the following sentences:

a. What/Which time is the train due to arrive?

b. What/ How are you today?

c. Where/ When are you going now?

d. Who/How are you? I am John Smith.

e. What/ Which of these paintings do you like best?

3. Ask short questions on these statements, using who, what, where:

e.g. I’ve just received a letter./ Who from?

a. I want to take this book with me. (for)

b. Will you please open this box? (with)

c. I’m going to England next week. (by)

d. Please, get me a screwdriver. (from)

e. John is very angry. (with).

Try to think of the English-speaking countries in the world.

How many are they?

Do you know any countries in which English is used as the second

What about countries in which English is spoken by many people?

Read the following text on English as a

Today, when English is one of the major

English has become a world language because of its establishment as a

Ways with Words

d. had any conversations with English native speakers?

b. If you don’t understand everything you hear, then listening to a tape is a

Person Singular Plural

a. El este inginer la o fabricã de ciment.

b. Ei nu vorbesc engleza, dar noi îi putem ajuta.

c. L-am vãzut pe el la curs, dar pe ea n-am vãzut-o.

d. Mi-a dãruit o carte de geologie, pentru cã el avea douã exemplare.

e. Îl strig pe John, dar nu mă aude.

2. Choose the appropriate forms of the personal pronoun:

a. He is studying English as he/we intends to join an American petroleum

b. I gave her/him that book as he needed it.

c. She told me/ to me that she needed a day off.

d. I think I saw him/ he in the street yesterday.

e. Have you told they/ them the news?

Mood, Tense and Aspect

• an activity happening now or around now

Yes, she is. No, she isn’t.

a. He usually (drink) coffee but today he (drink) tea.

b. It (rain) now. It often (rain) in summer.

c. He (come) to see me tonight; we (go) on a trip to Sinaia next week and we

d. I (live) in Ploiesti, but this week, as I (attend) a course in Bucharest, I