Republic of the Philippines

Laguna State Polytechnic University

Province of Laguna

COLLEGE OF NURSING & ALLIED HEALTH

RESEARCH
#1

Gutierrez, Abigael Patricia M.

BSN III – A

Mr. Leonid T. Talabis

1. Definition of Biostatistics

First of all, let us define Statistics; Statistics is a branch of mathematics that focuses

with the systematic method of collecting, classifying, presenting, analyzing and

interpreting quantitative or numeric data.

Biostatistics on the other hand, is the study or like a branch also of statistics as applied

to biological areas especially medical field. Biological laboratory experiments, medical

research (especially nursing research), all use statistical methods.

2. What are the branches/kinds of Statistics?

a. Descriptive Statistics – this kind of statistics includes collection, presentation, and

description of numerical data.

b. Inferential Statistics – this kind of statistics refers to aptitude of interpreting the

values derived from the descriptive techniques and utilizes them in drawing conclusions

about population on a representative sample.

3. Statistics VS Parameter

STATISTICS PARAMETER

1. A measurable characteristics of sample 1. A measurable characteristic of

population

2. Variable 2. Constant
3. It can be calculated 3. Usually unknown

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4. What are the common statistical data used in health administration? Give
example of each data.

 Daily Inpatient Census [DIPC]

Daily Inpatient Census is the daily number of inpatients at present at the time the

census was taken and the number of inpatients admitted and discharged after the daily

census was made the previous day. Hospital census is identical to DIPC is Inpatient

Service Day or IPSD. It is the total number of all inpatient who received hospital services

between hospital census time. IPSD is also known by several terms: inpatient day,

patient day, census day, or bed occupancy day.

Example 1: On midnight of July 5 after the daily hospital census was made, Juan dela

Cruz was admitted to the hospital. He was provided all the medical services required

and was discharged 12 noon of July 6.

a. Should Juan be included in the count for July 5 DIPC?

b. Should Juan be included in the count for July 6 IPSD?

Example 2: The pediatric ward provided the following statistics:

Statistics

July 1 Midnight Census 25

July 2 Admitted 5

Discharged 6

TRF-in 2

TRF-out 3

A&D 4

a. What is the census for July 2 in the pediatric ward?

b. What is the DIPC census for July 2?

 Total Inpatient Service Days [IPSD]

Total Inpatient Service Days [IPSD] is the sum of all patient service days for each of

the days in the period under consideration. The computation of total inpatient service

days starts with census of the previous day. To this previous census, the one patient day

is added for each admission and one patient day is also subtracted for each discharged

that occurred during that day. Transfer-in are added and transfer-out are subtracted to

the subtotal. Finally, one patient day must be added for each patient who was both

admitted and discharged between the two successive census time.

Example: 210 inpatients were present during the census time on the midnight of July 5.

20 patients were admitted to the hospital and 15 were discharged before the

census time on July 6. 8 inpatients were transferred-out of a clinical unit and transferred-

in to a clinical unit. 10 inpatients were admitted and discharged on the same day of July

6. Compute the IPSD on July 6.

Statistics

Census of July 5 210

Number of Patients Admitted on July 6 20

Number of Patients Discharged on July 6 15

Number of TRF-in Patients 8

Number of TRF-out Patients 8

Number of A&D Patients 10

 BED & BASSINET STATISTICS

Bed statistics are those patients not born in a hospital during the hospitalization. These

patients are categorized as Adults & Children [A&C] and they occupy inpatient beds.

Also included in statistics, are those babies born on the way to the hospital or at home,

admitted in a hospital assigned with inpatient bed. Although in reality these babies are

placed in bassinets. A&C patients do not refer only to newborn babies admitted in a

hospital. It also refers to those adult patients admitted in a hospital.

On the other hand bassinet statistics refers to those patents born in a hospital.

These patients are classified as newborn [NB]. They must be alive at birth and born in a

hospital. It is important then to know the number of available hospital inpatient beds and

the number of available hospital newborn bassinets, both occupied and vacant on any

day. The number of available hospital inpatient beds is called Inpatient Bed Count while

the number of available hospital newborn bassinets is called Newborn Bassinet Count.

The purpose of bed and bassinet statistics is to determine the percentage of bed and

bassinet occupancy. For A&C, the daily inpatient bed occupancy percentage can be

determined by the ratio of daily inpatient census and inpatient bed count multiplied by

100%. And for NB, the daily newborn bassinet occupancy percentage is determined by

the ratio of daily newborn census and newborn bassinet count multiplied by 100%
Example 1: On July 6 the bed count was 100 and the bassinet count is 20. The total

inpatient service day for A&C is 60 and NB is 5. Determine the,

a. daily inpatient bed occupancy percentage

b. daily newborn bassinet occupancy percentage

Example 2: In June, 1000 inpatients were served in a 50-bed hospital. Compute the bed

occupancy percentage for the month of June.

Example 3: In June, 500 newborn inpatients were served in a 20- bed hospital.Compute

the newborn occupancy percentage for the month of June.

 MORTALITY RATES

Mortality rate is also known as death rate. The mortality rate is dependent on the

number of hospital inpatient deaths and the number of discharges for a specified period

of time. Hospital inpatient deaths refer to those inpatients who died after admission in a

hospital or who expired during hospitalization. Hospital outpatient and fetal deaths are

excluded in the computation of mortality rates.

Mortality rates may be classified as:

1. GROSS DEATH RATE

• The percentage of the inpatients resulting in death in a hospital.

• Gross death rate for a certain period of time is the ratio of the total number of deaths

including newborn deaths and the total number of discharges including A&C

and newborn discharges multiplied by 100%

• Ex: 125 patients were discharged for the month of July, 6 of which were deaths.

Compute the gross death rate.

2. NET DEATH RATE [INSTITUTIONAL DEATH RATE]

Net death rate for a certain period of time is the ratio of the net inpatient death including

newborn death and the net discharges multiplied by 100. The net inpatient is determined
by subtracting the number of inpatient deaths who expired in less than 48 hours after

diagnosis, treatment of life threatening disorder or provision emergency and stabilizing

treatment from the total number of inpatient deaths. The net discharges is obtained by

subtracting the number of inpatient deaths who expired in less than 48 hours after

diagnosis, treatment of life threatening disorder or provision of emergency and stabilizing

treatment from the total number of inpatient deaths from the total number of discharges.

• Ex: On July, 125 patients were discharged. 6 of these 125 discharges were deaths, of

which 4 died less than 48 hours after admission. Compute the net death rate.

3. NEWBORN DEATH RATE

• Newborn death rate for a certain period of time is the ratio of the total number of

newborn deaths and the total number of newborn discharges. Newborn death is

sometimes called infant death rate or infant mortality rate.

• Ex: For the month of July, 150 newborn patients were discharged. Of these

discharges, 9 were reported newborn deaths. Compute the newborn death rate.

4. SURGICAL DEATH RATE

• Surgical death rate for a certain period of time may either be post operative death rate

or anesthesia death rate. Postoperative death rate is the ratio of the total surgical deaths

within 10 days postoperative and total patients operated multiplied by 100%. Anesthesia

death rate for a particular period of time is ratio of total deaths caused by anesthetic

agents and the total number of anesthetics administered.

•Ex: 155 inpatients underwent surgical operation on July 4. 6 died within 10 days

postoperative. Calculate the postoperative death rate for July 4.

•Ex: 55 anesthetic agents were administered which resulted to 2 deaths. Calculate the

anesthesia death for June.

5. OBSTETRICAL DEATH RATE [MATERNAL DEATH RATE]

•Obstetrical or maternal death rate for a certain period of time is the ratio of the total

number of maternal deaths and total maternal discharges multiplied by 100%

•Obstetrical or maternal deaths include death of any woman patient directly caused by

abortion, pregnancy, and delivery.

•Ex: The obstetrical unit of a certain hospital reported the following statistics in their

annual report:

Number of Patients Admitted 1893

Number of Discharges 1992

Number of Deliveries 1554

Number of Undelivered 45

Number of Deaths 2

 MORBIDITY RATES

Morbidity pertains to cases of a disease.

Morbidity rate may be calculated in 4 ways according to its prevalence, incidence,

complications, and fatality.

1. Prevalence Rate

Prevalence rate is the ratio between the number of cases of a known disease and the

entire population.

Prevalence= (number of cases)/population×100%

Ex: Suppose a total of 42,325 TB cases known in the country. Compute for the

prevalence of the disease if the current population is 95 million.

2. Incidence Rate

if prevalence refers to the existence of a known case of a disease, incidence rate refers

to the rate of newly reported cases of a disease.

Incidence= (number of newly reported cases)/(population at the midperiod)×100%

Ex: Of the country’s 95 million population, 150,000 newly reported cases of diabetes

mellitus were reported to the health department. Determine the incidence rate of

diabetes mellitus.

3. Complication Rate

Complication refers to disorder that arise after a patient is admitted to a hospital and

which modify his/her condition. Medical malpractice may result to a complication or

even death for a patient.

Complication rate= (complication cases)/(population at risk)×100%

Ex: Calculate the complication rate if 3 of the 62 cancer patients in a hospital had

undergone a surgical procedure due to complications.

4. Fatality Rate

Fatality rate is the rate of occurrence of death cases due to a

particular disease.

Fatality rate= (number of deaths caused by a certain disease)/(number of disease

cases reported)×100%

Ex: If there were 75,895 syphilis cases reported in the year 2012 and 3612 of which

resulted to death, what is the fatality rate of syphilis that year?

References:

Book Reference:

For numbers 1& 2: Simplified Approach to Statistics, Angeles, Evangelista, Beligan, Luluquisin,

Baciles, 2005
Electronic References:

 For number 3:

https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=statistics+vs+parameters+symbols&rlz=1C1SAVU

_tlPH707PH707&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjFzsqs8cTVAhXKu7wKH

Xx3COMQ_AUICigB&biw=1366&bih=613#imgrc=Tmp7HynSQmpfzM:

 For number 3: https://image.slidesharecdn.com/1-150527191343-lva1-

app6892/95/introduction-to-statistics-11-638.jpg?cb=1432754069

 For number 1:

http://inis.jinr.ru/sl/Cs_Computer%20science/CsBi_Bioinformatics/van%20Belle.%20Biost

atistics..%20A%20Methodology%20for%20the%20Health%20Sciences%20(Wiley,2004)(

ISBN%200471031852)(888s)_CsBi_.pdf

 For number 4:

https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=1021875934519795&id=29083130

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