Transformer Voltage Regulation

UCF
Transformer Voltage Regulation (1)

Ideal: VP
n
VS
NP
n
NS

Non-ideal:
UCF
Transformer Voltage Regulation (2)

No load (open circuit): VP

VSnl 
n

Full load : VP
 VSfl  ( Reqs  jX eqs )I S
n
VSnl  VSfl VP / n  VSfl
Voltage regulation: VR  100%  100%
VSfl VSfl
UCF
Transformer Voltage Regulation (3)

VP
 VSfl  ReqsI S  jX eqsI S
n

VP / n  VSfl
Discussions: VR  100%
VSfl
(1) Load is lagging (inductive)

I    0
s

VP / n  VSfl  VR  0
UCF
Transformer Voltage Regulation (4)
VP
 VSfl  ReqsI S  jX eqsI S
n
(2) Load is resistive (unit power factor)

 0

VP / n  VSfl  VR  0
(3) Load is leading (capacitive)

I    0
s
VP / n may be  VSfl  VR may be <0
UCF
Discussions on Phasor Diagram
lagging load VP
 VS  ReqsIS  jXeqsIS
 n
I    0
s

leading load
I    0
s


Assume the angle of VS is 0.
VP
Real part: cos   VS  Reqs I S cos  I s  X eqs I S sin  I s
n
 VS  ( Reqs cos   X eqs sin  ) I S
VP
Imaginary part: sin   Reqs I S sin  I s  X eqs I S cos  I s
n
 ( Reqs sin   X eqs cos  ) I S
 Transformer VR Calculation – Case I
UCF

VP / n  VS
VR  100%
VS

Given: (1) VS (fixed)

(2) rated apparent power (VA) of the load
(3) power factor (pf) of the load
Find: IS and thenVP
IS : I S  Srated / VS
   cos1 ( pf ) ‘+’ lagging, ‘-’ leading
I  V  
S S

VP
 VS  ( Reqs  jX eqs ) I S
n
 Transformer VR Calculation – Case II (1)
UCF

VP / n  VS
VR  100%
VS
VP
 VS  ( Reqs  jX eqs ) I S
n
Given: (1) VP (fixed)
(2) IS of the load
(3) power factor (pf) of the load
Find: VS
IS :    cos1 ( pf ) ‘+’ lagging, ‘-’ leading
jIS
set V  0
S
I  V    
S S
IS  IS e
 UCF
Transformer VR Calculation – Case II (2)
lagging load VP
 VS  (Reqs  jXeqs )IS
 n
I    0
s  VS  ZeqsIS

VP
Imaginary part: sin   ( Reqs sin   X eqs cos  ) I S = Im( Z eqs I S )
n
  sin 1  ( Reqs sin   X eqs cos  ) I S / (VP / n)  = sin 1  Im( Z eqs I S ) / (VP / n) 

cos   VS  ( Reqs cos   X eqs sin  ) I S  VS  Re  Z eqs I S 

VP
Real part:
n

VS  cos   ( Reqs cos   X eqs sin  ) I S  cos   Re  Z eqs I S 

VP VP
n n
VP VP j VP
Or:  e VS   ZeqsIS
n n n
 Transformer VR Calculation – Case III
UCF

VP / n  VS
VR  100%
VS
VP
 VS  (Reqs  jXeqs )IS
n
Given: (1) VP (fixed)  VS  ZeqsIS
(2) ZL

Find: VS
VP VP j 0
Assume the angle of VP is 0.  e
n n
VP / n
IS 
Zeqs  ZL
ZL VP
VS  ZLIS 
Zeqs  ZL n
UCF
Example 3
For a 15 kVA, 2300/230 V, 60 Hz transformer, the equivalent circuit
parameters are:
Req  5, X eq  6, RC  100 k, X M  10 k
Find voltage regulation:
(1) The secondary voltage 230 V (fixed), full load at (a) 0.8 pf lagging;
(b)1.0 pf; (c) 0.8 pf leading;
(2) The primary voltage 2300 V (fixed), load current 65 A at
(a) 0.8 pf lagging; (b)1.0 pf; (c) 0.8 pf leading;
(3) The load resistance Z L  3+j2 .

trans3.m.
Per Unit System
UCF Per Unit System (1)

 Define Base Values

 Normalization:

Actual quantity
Quantity in per unit 
Base value of quantity
UCF Per Unit System (2)
Analysis Procedure:
(1) select VA base and voltage base
VA base
(2) current base 
voltage base
voltage base
(3) resistance base 
current base
(4) normalize all the quantities (or : get quantities per unit)
(5) perform a standard circuit analysis with all quantities
in per unit
(6) actual values of results 
base value  solved quantity in per unit
UCF Example 4 (1)
UCF Example 4 (2)

Process is in trans4.m.
UCF
Non-ideal Transformer in Per Unit System

Or
UCF
Voltage Regulation in Per Unit System

VSnl  VSfl VP / n  VSfl

Voltage regulation: VR  100%  100%
VSfl VSfl

VP, pu  VS , pu  ( Req , pu  jX eq, pu )I S , pu

Voltage regulation in per unit: VP, pu  VS , pu
VR  100%
VS , pu
 UCF
Per-Unit Phasor Diagram
lagging load VP , pu VP , pu  VS , pu  Req , pu I S , pu  jX eq , pu I S , pu
VS , pu
jX eq , pu I S , pu
Req , pu I S , pu
VP , pu jX eq , pu I S , pu
leading load

Req , pu I S , pu

VS , pu
Assume the angle of VS , pu is 0.

Real part: VP , pu cos   VS , pu  Req , pu I S , pu cos  I s  X eq , pu I S , pu sin  I s

 VS , pu  ( Req , pu cos   X eq , pu sin  ) I S , pu

Imaginary part: VP , pu sin   Req , pu I S , pu sin  I  X eq , pu I S , pu cos  I

s s

 ( Req , pu sin   X eq , pu cos  ) I S , pu