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in the Philippines
STUDY REPORT
March 2007
CATARMAN
CATUBIG RIVER
NORTHERN SAMAR
SAMAR ISLAND
LEYTE ISLAND
Location Map
Contents
・DOE;Department of Energy
・NPC;National Power Corporation
・NPC-SPUG;National Power Corporation Small Power Utilities Group
・NIA;National Irrigation Administration
・PNOC;Philippine National Oil Corporation
・PNOC-EDC;Philippine National Oil Corporation-Energy Development Corporation
・TRANSCO;Transmission Company
・NEA;National Electrification Administration
・PSALM;Power Sector Assets and Liabilities Management Corporation
・ERC;Energy Regulatory Commission
・EPIRA;Electric Power Industry Reform Act
・PEP;Philippine Energy Plan
・WESM;Wholesale Electricity Spot Market
・IPP;Independent Power Producer
・NEDA;National Economic and Development Authority
・NORSAMELCO;Northern Samar Electric Cooperative, Inc.
・SIDC;Sorosoro Ibaba Development Cooperative
・LGU;Local Government Unit
・NGO;Non Government Organization
・DILG;Department of Interior and Local Government
・ER;Energy Regulation
・RWMHEE;Reforestation and Watershed Management, Health and Environment Enhancement
・REC;Rural Electrification Cooperative
・BAPA;Barangay Alternative Power Association
・LUWAS;Local Unit Water and Sanitation Systems
・RAIC;Regional Agri-Industrial Center
・PDIP;Provincial Development Investment Program
・PDMP;Provincial Development Management Plan
・PDC;Provincial Development Council
・RPS;Renewables Portfolio Standard
・JICA;Japan International Cooperation Agency
・JBIC;Japan Bank For International Cooperation
Executive Summary
To sustain the government’s efforts in providing a better quality of life to the Filipino
people, the eradication of poverty remains a top national concern and a big challenge to the
present administration in the Philippines. The Philippine government set plans that would attain
its target of completing the energization of all barangays by year 2008.
The Northern Samar province in the Eastern Visayas region, which is the study area for this
feasibility study on rural electrification, is one of the underdeveloped areas in the Philippines.
Its per capita income level is less than 50% of the average per capita income level in the
Philippines. Since the electrification rate of households in the northern mountainous area is only
less than 20%, it has targeted to increase the electrification rate in order to boost the growth of
agricultural activity and the development of the tourism industry.
JBIC has decided to fund the Exclusive Agricultural Development Project in the Catubig
watershed area in the municipalities of Catubig and Las Navas in Northern Samar. This project
aims to increase agricultural productivity, particularly of rice and other crops, increase the
income of residents and improve health and sanitary conditions. This will be addressed by the
development of an agricultural infrastructure centered on an irrigation system. This project will
commence in 2007 and will be completed in 2008. It is envisioned that there will be an
improvement in the quality of life of the people belonging to the poor sector upon the
development of the base infrastructure. Moreover, the acceleration of rural electrification is also
expected.
This study covers the feasibility of rural electrification by renewable energy, such as micro
hydro power supplied from the potential of the Catubig River and irrigation facilities and
biomass power energy supplied from agricultural products. The increase in agricultural
products is an expected outcome of the Exclusive Agricultural Development Project in the
Catubig watershed area.
As a result of this study total construction cost of rural electrification by hybrid system
between micro hydro power for the base load and biogas power for the peak load is estimated as
most competitive other than the cost of other alternatives such like expansion of distribution line
to the beneficiary, soro micro hydro power, soro biogas power and rice chaff power.
- S-1 -
Chapter 1 Introduction
To sustain the government’s efforts in providing a better quality of life to the Filipino
people, the eradication of poverty remains a top national concern and a big challenge to the
present administration in the Philippines. The Philippine government set plans that would attain
its target of completing the energization of all barangays by year 2008.
Two-thirds of the poverty group, which comprises about 40% of the population in the
Philippines, are engaged in the farming and fishing industries. Realization of rural
electrification is expected to bridge the gap between the rich and the poor, help eradicate
poverty in rural areas, provide a better quality of life and produce new sources of income.
The Northern Samar province in the Eastern Visayas region, which is the study area for
this feasibility study on rural electrification, is one of the underdeveloped areas in the
Philippines. Its per capita income level is less than 50% of the average per capita income level
in the Philippines. Since the electrification rate of households in the northern mountainous area
is only less than 20%, it has targeted to increase the electrification rate in order to boost the
growth of agricultural activity and the development of the tourism industry.
The main industry in this province is agriculture, with major crops including rice, corn,
coconut, banana and cassava. Although agriculture is the province’s main income source,
self-sufficiency in rice has not been attained. Therefore, rice has been imported from the
adjoining Leyte province.
Poor health and sanitary conditions, including that of the rural sewerage systems, have
brought some diseases to the residents, thereby contributing to the slow progress in the province.
Furthermore, since the roads in this area are unpaved, agricultural products can not be easily
transported during the rainy season. These factors contribute to the low income level in the
province.
JBIC has decided to fund the Exclusive Agricultural Development Project in the
Catubig watershed area in the municipalities of Catubig and Las Navas in Northern Samar. This
project aims to increase agricultural productivity, particularly of rice and other crops, increase
the income of residents and improve health and sanitary conditions. This will be addressed by
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the development of an agricultural infrastructure centered on an irrigation system. This project
will commence in 2007 and will be completed in 2008. It is envisioned that there will be an
improvement in the quality of life of the people belonging to the poor sector upon the
development of the base infrastructure. Moreover, the acceleration of rural electrification is also
expected.
This study covers the feasibility of rural electrification by renewable energy, such as
micro hydro power supplied from the potential of the Catubig River and irrigation facilities and
biomass power energy supplied from agricultural products. The increase in agricultural
products is an expected outcome of the Exclusive Agricultural Development Project in the
Catubig watershed area.
This study covers the feasibility of a scheme for implementation of this project, site
survey and collection of data on the following:
This study was conducted in the municipalities of Catubig and Las Navas, which are
located in the Northern Samar province, the mountainous region of north Samar Island.
To gather more information on case examples for renewable energy generation, the
study team visited a biogas power plant site, which is currently undergoing construction in the
Batangas province, and an existing micro hydro power plant in the Laguna province.
Two site surveys were conducted for this study. The first survey was conducted to have
a meeting, gather information and collect data from the concerned government units and branch
offices during the period October 10, 2006 to October 14, 2006.
-2-
The second survey was conducted to have a meeting with concerned government
officials and visit the proposed site and some unenergized barangays in Northern Samar, the
existing micro hydro power plant in Laguna and the biogas power plant site in Batangas. This
second survey was carried out from December 3, 2006 until December 12, 2006. The detailed
schedule of the site surveys is shown in the attached documents.
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Chapter 2 Socio-economic Development in Communities Hosting
Renewable Energy
The link between energy and the economy has never been more evident than now when
energy-related events tend to impact on a country’s economic performance. An increase in
prices of oil, for example, is bound to immediately affect the prices of basic commodities and
utilities such as water and electricity. The trickling effect goes on a wider scale as oil is a
primary input to run our transport facilities. Electricity is also a basic requirement to sustain our
industrial, commercial, and to a certain extent, agricultural activities. There is no doubt,
therefore, that energy is a fundamental tool in any country’s development and a priori in the
improvement of the people’s quality of life. Being aware of this fact, the government ensures
that energy development is preceded by a rationalized and integrated energy-environment and
economic planning approach.
The Philippine Energy Plan (PEP), which has a revolving time frame of ten years, is
guided and remains consistent with national development plans such as the Medium-Term
Philippine Development Plan (MTPDP) and Medium-Term Philippine Investment Plan
(MTPIP). It is also cognizant of the country’s commitment to international agreements such as
the UN Convention on Climate Change, the Kyoto Protocol and more recently, the
Johannesburg Plan of Action for Sustainable Development. The PEP, with the most recent
edition being the 2006 PEP Update, is annually modified by the Department of Energy (DOE)
and its attached agencies to integrate vital developments in the global and domestic economy.
Thus, any PEP update carefully considers macro-economic planning set by the relevant
government agencies in the Philippines such as the National Economic and Development
Authority (NEDA) for the Gross Domestic Product, Gross National Product and Gross Value
Added rates; National Statistics Office for the population growth and the Central Bank of the
Philippines for the foreign exchange rates. On the other hand, crude oil prices are taken from
international benchmarks.
Such is the link between energy and the economy that the Arroyo administration has
included energy independence as one of the components in its Five-Point Reform Package
together with macro-economic stability, good governance, job creation and social development.
With Philippine prospects for growth pegged at 5.5 percent in the next three years, all sectors in
government including energy are called upon to contribute their respective shares in ensuring
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the country’s sustainable growth. The DOE, the country’s energy policy making body,
commits to this over-arching goal as affirmed in its mission statement, to wit: “improving the
quality of life of the Filipino by formulating and implementing policies and programs to ensure
sustainable, stable, secure, sufficient, accessible and reasonably-priced energy.”
These are fleshed out in the two major goals as outlined in the Philippine Energy Plan
2005-2014 and affirmed in the 2006 PEP Update, to wit: attaining energy independence or a
sustained self-sufficiency level of 60 percent by year 2010 and beyond; and, promoting the
effective implementation of power sector reforms to bring about fair and reasonable energy
prices in a competitive environment.
In realizing the 60 percent self-sufficiency goal, the energy sector has laid out plans that
will accelerate the exploration, development and utilization of indigenous energy resources,
intensify renewable energy development; increase the use of alternative fuels; and, enhance
energy efficiency and conservation measures.
In the context of the study, the discussion will focus on the strategy of intensifying
renewable energy development. Anchored on the government’s Renewable Energy Policy
Framework (REPF) 2003-2013, the goal is to double the capacity share of renewable energy
sources within the REPF time frame through the following specific objectives:
Hydropower
Hydro energy, as defined in the REPF, is generated from the movement of masses of
water. Hydroelectric power plants convert energy contained in flowing water, such as rivers
and streams, into electricity. They are classified according to various capacities as follows: a)
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micro-hydro – 1 to 100 kW; b) mini-hydro – 101 kW to 10 MW; and c) large hydro- more than
10 MW.
Hydropower generation started in the country in the early 1900s in the northern
mountains of Luzon. This was followed by the construction of the Botocan hydroelectric plant
in Laguna in the 1930s but which was commissioned only during the 1940s as a result of the
war that crippled operations in the country. During the same decade and the 1950s, more
hydroelectric plants were commissioned by the state-owned National Power Corporation (NPC).
Below is a listing of the early hydro power projects built by the NPC, the Manila Electric
Company (MERALCO), the country’s largest electric utility provider, and some private
institutions, such as the Villa Escudero Plantation and Resort (Tiaong, Quezon ) and Camp John
Hay Development Corporation (Baguio City):
a) Early Micro-hydros
1) VILLA ESCUDERO HP
Operator/Owner : Villa Escudero Plantations
& Resort
Capacity : 75 kW
Year of Operation : 1937
2.) CALIBATO HP
Operator/Owner : PHILPODECO
Capacity : 80 kW
Year of Operation : 1939
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b) Early Mini-hydros
2) BALOGBOG MHP
Operator/Owner : PHILPODECO
Capacity : 650 kW
Year of Operation : 1928
3) PALACPAQUIN MHP
Operator/Owner : PHILPODECO
Capacity : 400 kW
Year of Operation : 1937
c) Large Hydros
1) BOTOCAN HP
Operator/Owner : MERALCO /NPC (1979)
Capacity : 16.96 MW
Year of Operation : 1930
2) CALIRAYA HP
Operator/Owner : NPC
Capacity : 32.0 MW
Initial Year of Operation : 1941
Complete Operation : 1950
-7-
Current Situation
In accordance with the REPF goals, the Philippines seeks to double its existing
hydropower capacity from 2,518 MW in 2002 to 5,468 MW in 2013 through indicative capacity
addition of 2,950 MW.
Performance Assessment
In the country’s quest for alternative clean sources of energy and correspondingly
reduced dependence on imported fuels, hydropower generation presents a vital option. In 2004,
hydropower resources contributed 15.9 percent to the country’s total power generation with the
commissioning of the 345-MW San Roque Hydropower plant in Pangasinan and 350-MW
Kalayaan 3 and 4 in Laguna. Fuel oil displacement of the sector reached 14.8 million barrels
of fuel oil (MMBFOE). Currently, the country has 134 hydropower plants in operation,
broken down into 21 large hydropower plants, 52 mini-hydropower plants and 61
micro-hydropower plants.
-8-
Measurable Sectoral Targets
Indicative Projects
Potential sites for mini and micro-hydro projects are evenly distributed in all the
country’s administrative regions. These were identified by the DOE, NPC and the National
Electrification Administration (NEA). In 1995, the DOE conducted a water resource inventory
study to validate NEA’s and NPC’s identified potential sites for promotion to private investors.
Meanwhile, a study conducted by the United States Renewable Energy Laboratory (US-NREL)
likewise revealed that micro-hydro potential sites are well distributed all over the country. The
study gained the support of the local government units (LGUs), non-government organizations
(NGOs), electric cooperatives (ECs) and the state-university based Affiliated Non-Conventional
Energy Centers (ANECs) by also conducting local identification projects.
-9-
Table-2.2 Indicative Hydropower Capacity Addition
Potential Year
Region Project Location
Capacity (MW) Available
CAR Pasil HEP Kalinga 22.0 2011
Talubin MHP Mt. Province 5.6 2012
Can-eo MHP Mt. Province 5.9 2012
Agbulu HEP* Apayao 360.0 2012
Nalatang HEP* Benguet 75.0 2014
Binongan HEP* Abra 175.0 2014
I Upper Agno MHP* Pangasinan 5.0 2008
II Adalam HEP Quirino 46.0 2010
Diduyon HEP* Quirino 345.0 2011
Abuan HEP* Isabela 60.0 2013
Ilaguen HEP* Isabela 88.0 2014
III Dinalugan MHP Aurora 0.5 2007
Debutunan MHP Aurora 0.5 2010
IV-A Kanan HEP* Infanta, Quezon 113.0 2008
IV-B Batang-Batang MHP Palawan 3.5 2006
Langogan MHP* Palawan 6.8 2010
Babuyan Island MHP* Palawan 5.6 2010
Catuiran HEP* Mindoro Oriental 18.0 2011
Aglubang HEP* Mindoro Oriental 13.6 2011
Cabinbin MHP* Palawan 0.8 2013
V Kapipian MHP Catanduanes 3.0 2006
Colasi MHP* Camarines 0.96 2008
Dugui MHP* Catanduanes 3.5 2009
Cawayan II MHP* Sorsogon 2.5 2012
Hitoma MHP* Catanduanes 3.0 2012
VI Igbolo MHP* Iloilo 4.0 2010
Timbaban HEP* Aklan 23.5 2011
Villasiga HEP* Antique 16.5 2012
VII Pacuan HEP Negros Oriental 33.0 2007
Siaton MHP* Negros Oriental 5.4 2011
Okoy HEP* Negros Oriental 12.0 2012
Sicopong HEP* Negros Oriental 17.8 2012
VIII Bugtong MHP* Samar 1.0 2009
Amandaraga MHP* Eastern Samar 4.0 2012
IX Lower Dapitan MHP Zamboanga Norte 3.8 2006
Salug Daku 1 MHP* Zamboanga Sur 2.5 2008
Salug Daku 2 MHP Zamboanga Sur 2.5 2008
Middle Dapitan MHP Zamboanga Norte 4.4 2008
Salug Daku 3 MHP Zamboanga Sur 6.0 2010
Salug Daku 4 MHP Zamboanga Sur 6.0 2010
Upper Dapitan MHP Zamboanga Norte 3.6 2011
Ingin MHP* Zamboanga Norte 3.0 2012
* With feasibility study
- 10 -
Potential
Year
Region Project Location Capacity
Available
(MW)
X Tuasan MHP Camiguin 0.5 2008
Misamis
Larangan MHP Occidental 8.5 2008
Culaman MHP Bukidnon 10.0 2008
Odiongan 3 MHP* Misamis Oriental 10.0 2008
Cabulig MHP* Misamis Oriental 3.5 2009
Tagoloan HEP* Bukidnon 68.0 2010
Impasugong HEP Bukidnon 68.0 2010
Odiongan 2 MHP* Misamis Oriental 5.0 2012
Liangan HEP Lanao Norte 11.9 2012
Bulanog Batang HEP* Bukidnon 132.0 2012
Agus III HEP* Lanao Norte/Sur 225.0 2014
XI Sibulan A Davao del Sur 16.5 2008
Sibulan B Davao del Sur 24.0 2008
Taytayan MHP Compostela Valley 0.6 2009
Tandik MHP* Compostela Valley 5.0 2010
Siguil B Sarangani 15.0 2010
Talaingod MHP Davao del Norte 10.0 2010
Suwawan HEP Davao City 40.0 2011
Tamogan HEP Davao City 60.0 2011
Camanlangan MHP Compostela Valley 1.0 2012
Balutakay MHP Davao del Sur 0.2 2012
XII Magpet MHP* Cotabato 10.0 2007
Libungan MHP North Cotabato 10.0 2010
Pulangi V HEP* North Cotabato 300.0 2012
XIII Taguibo MHP Agusan Norte 7.0 2008
Lake Mainit HEP Agusan Norte 22.0 2009
Pugo HEP* Agusan Norte 18.0 2010
ARMM Kanapnapan Fall MHP Lanao Sur 10.0 2008
* With feasibility study
The 2006 Plan Update identifies 70 hydropower projects with a total potential capacity
of 2,603.5 MW (Table-2.2). This is composed of 34 large hydropower projects, 27
mini-hydropower projects and nine micro-hydropower projects. About 37 of these indicative
projects have existing feasibility studies.
- 11 -
Wind Power
Wind energy refers to the energy that can be derived from the wind, which can then be
converted into useful electrical or mechanical energy. In the Philippines, there are six regions
identified with wind electric potential. These include the following:
The first large-scale wind power plant in the Philippines and in Southeast Asia is
located in Bangui, Ilocos Norte. This 25-MW plant is developed by Northwind Power
Development Corporation.
During the first wind contracting round in 2004, 16 potential wind power sites were
offered to private investors. The estimated total capacity of these sites is 345 MW. Six
pre-commercial contracts (PCCs) were since then issued by the Department of Energy (DOE) to
various developers.
Nineteen additional wind power sites with an estimated total capacity of 3,270 MW
were identified during the second batch. Six private investors signified their interest in
developing some of these sites.
Solar Power
Solar energy is defined as energy derived form solar radiation which can be converted
into useful thermal or electrical energy. Considering that the Philippines is situated near the
equator, there is a nationwide potential for harnessing solar energy. Presently, there is a
960-kW CEPALCO solar power plant which is located in Cagayan de Oro in Mindanao and
connected to the grid.
- 12 -
There are eight solar energy programs, seven of which are funded by foreign donors.
As part of the Solar Electrification Project, a 28-kWp centralized photovoltaic (PV) plant was
also installed in Pangan-an Island, Cebu to supply electricity to about 200 households.
The Solar Power Technology Support (SPOTS) Project was designed to install solar
energy systems in about 80 Agrarian Reform Communities (ARCs). There are 5,600 solar
energy systems completed in 154 barangays under this program.
Biomass
The Philippines has significant biomass resources which can be harnessed to develop
energy systems. The DOE has identified a biomass (bagasse) potential of 250 million barrels
of fuel oil equivalent (MMBFOE) in the country. In terms of capacity, the country has a total
installed capacity of 235.7 MW from the different regions, with Western Visayas having the
biggest potential of 127.8 MW.
While the documentation of biomass energy systems is still an ongoing activity, the
DOE has listed down several ongoing biomass projects including the 30-MW Talisay Bioenergy
Project and the 50-MW Bioenergy Project.
There are likewise ongoing studies for the 25-MW Bais City Project, the 25-MW Capiz
Bioenergy Project, the 5-MW La Suerte Rice Hull Project and the 5-MW Inter City Rice Hull
project.
The DOE foresees the expansion of RE contribution (biomass, solar, micro hydro and
ocean) by 250 MW by year 2013.
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2.3 Major Issues
The capital-intensive nature, long gestation period (average of seven years) and related
issues of social acceptability of large hydropower projects remain to be the sector’s biggest
challenges. On the other hand, micro-hydro development for off-grid electrification is
hindered by high upfront costs and the need for government support and intervention.
Socio-environmental concerns
There is considerable resistance for the development of large hydropower projects due
to the potential for upstream flooding, destruction of agricultural areas and animal habitats and
disruption of communities in the affected areas. These factors have affected the attractiveness
of large hydropower projects.
Given the many issues plaguing large hydropower projects, the logical step is to focus
on smaller, more manageable run-of-river projects. However, such shift will have to consider
some challenges, such as a decrease in new potential capacity given the smaller scale of the
projects, intermittent supply of power and an anticipated decrease in power generation during
the summer months.
The aggressive development of the country’s renewable energy (RE) resource potential
comes as the second most critical strategy in attaining the Philippine government advocacy for
energy independence. In recent years, the steady increase in the contribution of geothermal
- 14 -
and hydropower resources to the power generation mix has lessened the country’s dependence
on imported fuels. In the government’s rural electrification efforts, renewable energy sources
such as solar, micro-hydro, wind and biomass resources are seeing wide-scale use. Thus, it has
become the government’s policy to facilitate the energy sector’s transition to a sustainable
system with renewable energy as an increasingly prominent, viable and competitive option.
Along this context, the government is strongly working for the passage of House Bill
1068 entitled “An Act to Promote the Development, Utilization and Commercialization of
Renewable Energy Sources” to further boost renewable energy in the country. The proposed
bill, now on bicameral discussions, aims to promote the development of RE to further reduce
the country’s reliance on generation systems powered by imported fuels while minimizing
exposure of the economy to price fluctuations in the international markets. The bill will also
ensure the increase in RE use through the provision of fiscal and non-fiscal incentives to RE
developers, including mandatory generation, priority dispatch for intermittent generation and
establishment of a trust fund. Likewise, the zero rating provided for RE-generated electricity
under the recently-implemented Reformed Value Added Tax Law (R-VAT) or Republic Act
9337 will enhance the competitiveness of RE-sourced electricity.
Specifically, for hydropower projects, the enactment of Republic Act No. 7156,
otherwise known as the Mini-Hydroelectric Power Incentives Act, in September 12, 1991
institutionalized attractive incentives for mini-hydro development, and consolidated under the
then Office of Energy Affairs the responsibility and authority for hydropower development in
the country. The law was meant to address the financial issues plaguing the industry then in
the wake of the peso depreciation experienced by the country in the late 1980s. Summarized
below are the important provisions of RA 7156 which are enforced to date:
b) Income tax holiday for seven years from the start of commercial operation.
c) Tax and duty free importation of machinery, equipment and materials – Exemption
from payment of tariff duties and value-added tax (VAT) on the importation of
machinery and equipment within seven years from date of award of contract.
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d) Tax credit on domestic capital equipment – For developers who buy machinery,
equipment, materials and parts from local manufacturers, tax credit is granted in an
amount equivalent to 100 percent from the value of VAT and customs duties that
would have been paid to import said machinery, equipment, etc.
e) Special realty tax rates on equipment and machinery – Realty and other taxes on
civil works, equipment, machinery and other improvements of a registered
mini-hydroelectric power developer shall not exceed 2.5 percent of their original
cost.
In relation to the issues presented earlier, the following are some action plans that the
DOE has indicated to pursue:
Prior to the implementation of the hydropower projects, the DOE shall involve
all stakeholders in the decision-making process which could also include
consultations with cultural communities (since hydro projects are mostly in the
hinterlands). This would ensure that rights of the affected peoples are taken into
consideration. At the same time, project risks are easier to ascertain through the
joint conduct of social preparation activities.
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c) Commercialization of hydropower technology
The Center will assist RE producers to obtain legal papers and permits
required for RE projects. Likewise, under the UNDP-assisted CBRED project,
there are provisions for various financing assistance options available to
developers of renewable energy projects. The Center is also envisioned to be
the repository of database for all hydropower projects.
- 17 -
2.5 Impact to Host Communities
The DOE continues to fulfill its social commitment to communities hosting energy
projects through Energy Regulations (ER) 1-94 of Republic Act (RA) 7638 or the Department
of Energy Act of 1992. Other enabling legislations include the following: Republic Act 7160
or the Local Government Code and Republic Act 9136 or the Electric Power Industry Reform
Act (EPIRA) of 2001. Energy projects include energy-generating facilities or energy resource
development activities.
Section 289 and 294 of the RA 7160 provides that the LGU shall receive 1.0 percent of
the gross sales of the preceding calendar year or 40 percent of the total collection of royalties,
taxes and other fees earned from the development and utilization of energy resources, whichever
is higher. Eighty percent of this allocation shall be applied solely for the reduction of
electricity costs where such resources are located while the remaining 20 percent will be used
for local development and livelihood projects.
On the other hand, ER 1-94 requires generation companies and/or energy resource
developers to set aside Php 0.01/kWh of their total electricity sales as financial benefits to the
host communities. Funds can be accessed by proposing projects under any of the following
classifications: electrification fund (EF); development and livelihood fund (DLF); and,
reforestation, watershed management, health and/or environment enhancement (RWMHEEF).
The allocation of the fund is as follows: 50 percent of one centavo for EF and 25 percent each
for DLF and RWMEEF, respectively.
The non-monetary advantages, on the other hand, include the prioritization of load
dispatch, training and skills development, preference in employment, preference in procurement
of local supplies and sound environmental management.
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Chapter 3 Rural Electrification
Rural electrification in the Philippines has been adopted as a key policy of the national
government as it can improve the living standards of the people and reduce poverty by the
creation of new income sources in rural areas. In 1960, the Philippine government declared its
stance in tackling rural electrification as a national policy, and established the Electrification
Agency (EA). In 1969, the National Electrification Act was enacted and the EA was
reorganized to form the National Electrification Administration (NEA), with the task to
seriously undertake rural electrification. As power distribution in the Philippines had been
carried out by private companies, the business was concentrated in highly populated urban areas
where economic efficiency is greater. Therefore, the difference between urban and rural areas
was growing larger. To solve this situation, NEA initiated the promotion of rural
electrification through the Rural Electrification Cooperatives (RECs1) to be established in the
local areas pursuant to the Act2.
Spurred by a substantial amount of subsidies from the national government and the
support agencies, rural electrification dramatically advanced in the 1970s, and the number of
RECs reached the current 119 in 1980. However, there were some RECs with weak financial
foundation and many had poor collection of electricity charges. Thus, electrification has been
carried out with many financial issues.
By 1997, electrification was completed for all municipalities, but the barangay level
electrification remained only at roughly 72%. In order to keep promoting rural electrification,
the Philippine government launched the O-Ilaw program in 2000 and the Expanded Rural
Electrification (ER) program in April 2003. These programs were initiated to meet the
objectives to complete electrification of all barangays by 2008 (initial target was 2004, which
was changed to 2006 and re-changed to the current target), and to reach 90% household
connection rate by 2017. It is said that there are 41,995 barangays in the Philippines, and
roughly 8,300 (19.8%) were un-electrified as of the end of 2000. The national government is
trying to accelerate electrification by increasing the annual target for electrification to 1,500
barangays (Table-3.1).
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Table-3.1 1999 – 2006 Implementation Plans of O-Ilaw Program and ER Program
CUMULATIVE
ANNUAL BARANGAY
YEAR NO. OF
TARGET ELECT. LEVEL
BARANGAYS
1999(actual) 755 32,281 76.90%
2000(actual) 1,366 33,647 80.10%
2001(actual) 1,253 34,900 83.10%
2002 1,636 36,536 87.00%
2003 1,664 38,200 91.00%
2004 1,700 39,900 95.00%
2005 1,095 40,995 97.60%
2006 1,000 41,995 100.00%
TOTAL 7,095 - -
(Source: DOE, http://www.doe.gov.ph/Rep/O-ilaw/oilaw.htm)
As of October 2006, of the total 41,945 barangays4, electrification has been completed
in 39,590 barangays, giving an electrification rate of 94.4% (Table-3.2). Electrification rates
are largely different among regions: Luzon region 97.1%, Visayas region 96.0%, and Mindanao
region 87.0%. Comparison of the electrification rate by power distributor, which is
responsible for electrification implementation, shows 93.8% for ECs, the largest in number,
followed by 98.5% for MERALCO, and 97.7% for private business/municipality/others
(Table-3.3).
3 Japan Electric Power Information Center, Inc "Overseas Electric Utility Industries 2003 – Philippines" pp. 543
4 The October 2006 data says the total number of barangays is 41,945.
- 20 -
Table-3.2 Electrification Level by Region (As of 31, October 2006)
Electrified Electrification
Franchise Holder Number of Barangay Challenge
Completed Level (%)
119 Electric Cooperatives 36,080 86% 33,752 93.8 2,251
MERALCO 4,314 10% 4,251 98.5 66
24 Private Investor 1,625 4% 1,587 97.7 38
Owned/ LGUs/ Others
Total 41,945 100% 39,590 94.4 2,355
(Source: DOE )
- 21 -
3.2 Promotion Policy of Rural Electrification
Rural electrification has been carried out by concerned organizations led by the DOE, in
accordance with the O-Ilaw Program and the ER Program. First, the Secretary of the DOE
formulates an electrification objective for the year, which is allocated to the concerned
organizations by the Program Team (PT) comprised of the DOE and other parties. Then, the
5
RECs and private power companies conduct actual implementation . The PT was formed
through DOE Special Order No. 2000-01-03 in January 2000 (revised by S.O. No. 2001-04-010
in 2001). Its responsibilities include the overall planning, promotion, monitoring and
evaluation of rural electrification. The PT is composed of officials from the DOE, NEA,
PNOC and NPC. The Program Management Office (PMO) based in the DOE serves as the
implementing arm of the PT.
The O-Ilaw Program allows for a menu of options for participation from which donors
or prospective partners can choose. The O-Ilaw Program components include the following6:
5 Japan Electric Power Information Center, Inc "Overseas Electric Utility Industries 2003 – Philippines" p. 544
6 The Philippine Department of Energy Website http://www.doe.gov.ph/Rep/O-ilaw/oilaw.htm
7 Financial Benefits to Host Communities under ER 1-94. One-centavo per kilowatt-hour (P0.01/kWh) of the
Electricity Sales which shall apply to Generation Facilities and/or energy resource development projects (50% for
Electrification Fund, 25% for Development and Livelihood Fund and 25% for Environment Enhancement Fund).
- 22 -
(4) The Independent Power Producers (IPP) Program
(5) The Adopt-a-Barangay Program
(6) Electrification through the Renewable Energy Service Company (RESCO) concept
As seen from these programs, the O-Ilaw Program and the ER Program offer
participation in rural electrification projects to organizations other than government agencies
and electric power suppliers. The funds come from different sources such as the national
general budget, ER 1-94 fund, LGU budget, and subsidies from NGO or overseas. IPPs are
also invited to participate with some expectation placed on their financial capability. Some
examples of rural electrification implemented using the ER 1-94 fund are the PNOC-EDC's
electrifying roughly 10 barangays near Ormoc on Leyte Island in 2000, the US Southern
Energy's barangay electrification project near the coal-fired thermal power plant in Quezon, and
8
the Malaysia's East Asia project in Cebu .
Rural electrification is basically carried out by an entity which holds the power
distribution rights in the relevant area (Franchise Distribution Unit, e.g., EC). However, in the
area where such FDU has declared no electrification plan in the foreseeable future in view of
economic efficiency, electrification is implemented by the Missionary electrification project.
Missionary electrification is undertaken by entities other than ECs, and they also expect private
companies to participate. The entity implementing electrification in that area is called the
qualified third party (QTP). If there are no QTPs, the NPC-SPUG will implement the project
as a last resort. As Missionary electrification projects are for areas with little or no
profitability, continuous subsidies are needed and the fund from a universal charge is
appropriated. Universal charge is imposed on every electricity end-user as a part of the
electricity charge, and its rate is decided by the Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC).
For power distribution, the country is divided into a total of 138 service districts; 119
ECs, 16 private power distributors, and 3 municipal electric power suppliers. Of the ECs, only
15 (12.6%) have achieved 100% barangay electrification, and 75 (63.0%) have not reached 90%.
None of the ECs have achieved 100% household connection rate9.
8 Japan Electric Power Information Center, Inc "Overseas Electric Utility Industries 2003 – Philippines" p. 544
9 JICA "Survey of Donor Trend for Overseas Electrification (Philippines) September 2003" page 123
- 23 -
Electrification has two methods, one is to extend transmission/distribution grids and the
other is to utilize dispersion type power sources. At the end of 2000, roughly 4,000 (approx.
45%) of about 8,300 barangays were located quite a distance from the existing grids 10 .
Investment efficiency in these areas is significantly low. The grid extension is difficult due to
dispersed locations of villages and electrification cost is high because of the low income level.
Such areas have no choice but to depend on the off-grid dispersion-type power sources.
Mini-hydropower is utilized in areas where hydropower potential exists. Other areas utilize
mini grids that use new or renewable energy sources such as solar light, wind power and
biomass. Individual electrification by solar home system (SHS) is also promoted.
Table-3.4 shows the electrification methods used from 1999 to 2002. Of the 5,082
barangays, 4,159 or 81.8% were electrified by grid extension, and the remaining 923 or 18.2%
ere through mini grid. Roughly 70% of the mini-grid electrification was through new or
renewable energy sources11.
The DOE has other data useful for planning future electrification. Roughly 1,700
barangays, approx. 18% of roughly 8,300 un-electrified barangays, are located in the provinces
where power plants have already been constructed. These power plants mainly supply energy
for the demand outside the province. It is desirable for them to contribute to promoting the
electrification of un-electrified barangays in one way or another. ER1-94 fund was established
to this end. As aforementioned, pursuant to this system, power producers are obliged to set aside
one centavo (0.01 peso) per kWh of energy generation to the DOE fund. 50% of this fund is
disbursed to energize the un-electrified barangays surrounding the power plants. It is also
possible for a power producer to construct a power-distribution grid, and in such a case, the ER
1-94 fund will be refunded later on12. At any rate, it has a significant value in planning the
- 24 -
future direction of rural electrification to physically or institutionally utilize the existing power
plants for electrification of areas surrounding the power plants.
During the survey of last year, we visited the area in Pasil, Kalinga Province, which was
electrified through micro hydro by JICA. We interviewed one customer and the details are as
given below:
ii) Electric appliances owned: Mr. Rosito is in the police service of Balbalan, the
adjacent town. His house has fluorescent lamps (8 W x 5: 40 W), a refrigerator (93
W), a rice cooker, a TV, a VCR, etc. As they are not used simultaneously, the total
demand is less than 200 W. Fluorescent lamps of 8 W are recommended so that
electricity can be used by as many households as possible. One lamp costs 170
pesos. At another household whose head is a carpenter, a power saw (800 W) and a
- 25 -
power planer (500 W) were purchased after electrification. The electricity charge is
computed using a calculation formula according to the demand. They pay 180 pesos
per month. Though there is no meter installed now, BAPA is looking into installing
meters, which have already been provided free of charge by the DOE. As no meters
are installed, some residents complain that they may be overcharged. The BAPA has
two charge collectors.
iii) Lifestyle changes after electrification: People's lifestyle has significantly changed
after electrification. The biggest change is the use of kerosene. They were using
kerosene lamps and 4 liters of kerosene in 15 days costing 140 pesos. Electricity
turned out to be cheaper. Changes occurred in children's life. The time used for
studying lessened during the first 6 months after electrification because they were
watching TV and videos. Recently, however, they got bored of those activities and
started to study longer than before. There are 6 children in the family, 2 in junior
high school, 3 in elementary school, and one toddler. The same thing seems to be
happening in other households. Roughly 30% of the households own a TV and a
VCR. Satellite broadcasting system can be installed for 750 pesos. The problem
of micro hydropower is the voltage fluctuation. At one time, the heater of the
dummy load at the power plant broke down causing a rise in voltage and shutting the
lights off.
[Impact of Project]
For this evaluation, a survey was conducted to study the positive and negative impacts
of this project on local residents. 47% of the residents interviewed answered "very
satisfied," and 46% answered "satisfied," showing as much as 93% of the residents are
satisfied with the project. Asked what impact of electrification they recognized, they
13 L/A was concluded in August 1994. Yen loan amount 11.4 billion yen (loan disbursed amount 9.7 billion yen).
Implementing agency: National Electrification Administration (NEA)
14 JBIC Ex-Post Evaluation Report 2004 "NEA Rural Electrification Project"
http://www.jbic.go.jp/english/oec/post/2004/pdf/2-26_full.pdf
- 26 -
responded that the project provided not only pastimes and convenience through lighting
and other electric appliances but various positive changes such as few fires, improved
working and educational environment and improved communications among family
members and neighbors. The negative impacts of this project were the debts incurred by
household appliance purchases and electricity payment (13%) and the diminished
traditional sense of values (3%).
- 27 -
source. After electrification, fluorescent lamps of 20 to 40 W or incandescent lamps of
40 to 60 W are used. A 60-W incandescent lamp is 7 to 70 times brighter than a
kerosene lamp, while the former is roughly a half to one-ninth of the latter in cost. The
kerosene lamps often caused a fire when toppled. Other problems with kerosene lamps are
bad smell from smoke, health damage including coughs and eye irritation, and soot.
Many residents think that, now that they use fluorescent or incandescent lamps, they are
worry free from fire and damage by kerosene lamp smoke.
- 28 -
Chapter 4 Outline of the Surveyed Area
Northern Samar is part of the Eastern Visayas Region, which hosts five (5) other
provinces, namely: Leyte, Southern Leyte, Biliran, Eastern Samar and Western Samar.
Northern Samar province occupies a total land area of 3,498 square kilometers.
Northern Samar is located on the eastern part of the Philippine Islands. It is bounded by
San Bernardino Strait on the north, Samar Sea on the west, Pacific Ocean on the east, and the
provinces of Samar and Eastern Samar on the south.
It ranks thirty-fifth (35th) in size among the 74 provinces of the Philippines and accounts
for practically 1.2 percent of the total land area of the country. About 52 percent of the total
land area is covered by forest and 42 percent is classified as alienable and disposable.
Northern Samar is the gateway to the Visayas and Mindanao from Luzon. It can be
reached by 14 hours bus travel through the Maharlika Highway passing Bicol Region and
traversing the San Bernardino Strait via ferryboat in the primary ports of San Isidro and Allen.
Presently, it is already accessible to Manila via Asian Spirit Airlines servicing four flights a
week. It can also be reached by boat from Manila and Cebu via Calbayog City, Catbalogan
- 29 -
and Tacloban City. Some inter-island shipping companies have scheduled travel to the ports
of San Jose and Laoang.
The major industries in Northern Samar are agriculture and fishery. Coconut, abaca,
palay and root crops are the major agricultural crops of the province while bangus, crabs and
prawns are among its major fish/seafood products. Other industries include furniture and
handicraft making, hat and mat weaving, brick making, oil manufacturing and soap making.
Northern Samar falls under the intermediate type climate, which has no distinct dry and
wet seasons. The rainiest months are October to January, while the driest is the month of May.
Eastern Visayas is dependent mainly on geothermal resource, Leyte Province being the
host of the largest producer of geothermal energy in the country. The region hosts two (2)
geothermal power plants: the Leyte Tongonan 1, 2 and 3 geothermal power plants – the Leyte
Geothermal Power Plant (LGPP 1) with total installed capacity of 112.50 MW and dependable
capacity of 99 MW, and the Tongonan 2 & 3 (Leyte A) with a total installed capacity of
610.80 MW and dependable capacity of 578.40 MW. The LGPP total power generation in
2005 stood at 1,929.62 GWh while Leyte A generation reached 604.04 GWh for the same year.
Excess power generation from these plants are exported to Cebu and Luzon through the
Leyte-Cebu grid and the Leyte-Luzon grid, respectively.
- 30 -
sector is the major user of electricity of the province with a 92.5 percent share in the total
electricity demand for the same year. The electricity utilization level of the sector is expected
to post an annual average growth rate of 9 percent for the 10-year period (2006-2015). On
the other hand, the commercial sector only registered a 5.36 percent share in 2005 with an
annual growth rate of 2 percent within the 10-year period, while the rest is shared by the
industrial sector and other users of electricity, such as public buildings and street lights.
No. of Custom ers 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Residential 33510 37670 41948 46001 50378 54995 59714 64131 68395 73001
Commercial 1985 2067 2128 2192 2279 2335 2391 2421 2450 2481
Industrial 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Others 818 869 888 905 930 956 962 969 982 996
Total 36,313 40,608 44,966 49,099 53,588 58,287 63,068 67,521 71,829 76,479
NORSAMELCO has no existing bilateral supply contract with the National Power
Corporation (NPC) for the delivery of its power requiement. As such, there is no firm supply
of power for the province. The EC depends on its annual non-contracted purchase of power
from NPC, which is not sustainable since it would be determined by the availability of supply
from NPC not contracted with other utilities. Given this condititon, the annual supply power
deficit would be the annual power purchase of the province. System losses acounted at an
average of 18% from 2001 to 2005. Projected system loss for the next 10 years is seen at a
decreasing rate from 14% in 2006 to 5% in 2015. Meanwhile, peak demand stood at an
average of 7.4 from 2001 to 2005, which is expected to demonstrate an increasing trend within
the 10-year period – from 8% in 2006 to 17% in 2015. The system peak occurs at around
7:00 p.m. The over-all system load factor is low at 58% due to the dominance of residnetial
consumers. To meet the required 13.2% reserve margin , the the electric cooperative needs
additional capacity of 1 MW from 2006 to 2009 and 2 MW from 2010 to 2015.
- 31 -
Table-4.2 Annual Power Purchase
Annual Pow e r Purchas e
Purchas e
Ye ar
(MWh)
2001 25,871
2002 30,790
2003 34,235
2004 39,224
2005 40,550
2006 42,734
2007 45,967
2008 49,776
2009 54,235
2010 59,106
2011 65,391
2012 72,459
2013 78,001
2014 83,267
2015 89,302
10.00
A dd'l C a p t o m e e t a t le a s t 13 .2 % R M 0 .9 2 1.0 6 1.0 6 1.0 6 1.11 1.19 1.2 9 1.4 1 1.5 4 1.7 0 1.8 5 1.9 9 2 .0 9 2 .2 4
Indic a t iv e S upply ( M W) 7 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .4 1 9 .0 5 9 .8 0 10 .6 7 11.6 3 12 .8 7 14 .0 2 15 .0 9 15 .8 4 16 .9 9
F irm S upply ( M W) 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0
P E A K LO A D ( M W) 7 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .0 0 8 .4 1 9 .0 5 9 .8 0 10 .6 7 11.6 3 12 .8 7 14 .0 2 15 .0 9 15 .8 4 16 .9 9
- 32 -
The barangay electrification level in 2005 stood at 67%, which can be translated to 380
barangays electrified. The electrification level represents one of the lowest in the country
and is mainly due to the remote nature of the remaining unenergized barangays in the province.
The absence of roads also makes it more difficult to extend the distribution lines to the
barangays. The municipality of Las Navas, for example, can be easier reached by cruising the
Catubig River, a main source of transportation for the village folks from the said town. The
EC has waived twenty-three (23) barangays from its coverage for possible Third Party
Agreements From its 546 coverage barangays (96% of the total number of barangays), the
EC could meet its target of 100% barangay electrification level by 2008. However, about
40% of the total household population would remain unelectrified until 2015.
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Barangay Level (%) 83% 92% 96% 96% 96% 96% 96% 96% 96% 96%
No . o f B arangays Energized (On-Grid) 446 493 516 516 516 516 516 516 516 516
No . o f B arangays Energized (Off-Grid) 26 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
Total 472 523 546 546 546 546 546 546 546 546
Household Level (%) 36% 37% 39% 41% 44% 46% 49% 52% 55% 58%
No . o f Ho useho ld Energized (On-Grid) 31,717 34,096 36,653 39,402 42,475 45,788 49,360 53,308 57,573 62,179
No . o f Ho useho ld Energized (Off-Grid) n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
Total 31,717 34,096 36,653 39,402 42,475 45,788 49,360 53,308 57,573 62,179
References:
- 33 -
Chapter 5 Pre-Feasibility Study of Rural Electrification by Renewable
Energy
5.1 Current Situation of Rural Electrification in Coverage Area
An area for this investigation is located along the Catubig watershed area in Northern
Samar, in the municipalities of Catubig and Las Navas. Northern Samar is a province in the
Eastern Visayas region (Region VIII). As of July 2006, the level of energization for barangays
in Region VIII stood at 90.8%, with several electric cooperatives in Leyte, whose electric power
is supplied by geothermal power plant, attaining a 100% energization level. However, the
energization level in NORSAMELCO, which covers Northern Samar, is only 73.1%, the lowest
among electric cooperatives in Region VIII (Table-5.1, Fig-5.1). The energization level in
Catubig is 60.9% but in Las Navas, the level is a very low 11.3%. Thus, the acceleration of
energization has become a very serious problem (Table-5.2 , Fig-5.2).
- 34 -
Table-5.1 Status of Barangay Electrification in Region VIII
100
Barabgay Base Electrification Ratio (%)
90
80
70
60
CO
V
IV
CO
II
O
CO
CO
AM I
III
II
I
SA CO
VI
LC
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
EL
LE
EL
LE
n
RE
EL
YE
EL
YE
io
SO
AM
YE
BI
YE
M
g
DO
M
LE
LE
Re
LE
ES
LE
SA
RS
NO
- 35 -
Table-5.2 Status of Barangay Electrification in Northern Samar
(as of 2004.12.31)
Municipality Cooperative
Number of Barangays Potential Members House Connections
Energized Covered Energized % Households Total % Total %
Allen 20 19 95.0 3,217 2,140 66.52 2,529 78.6
Biri 8 2 25.0 1,317 376 28.55 397 30.1
Bobon 18 13 72.2 2,613 1,710 65.44 1,598 61.2
Capul 12 5 41.7 1,780 504 28.31 446 25.1
Catarman 55 37 67.3 9,228 7,465 80.90 8,145 88.3
Catubig 46 28 60.9 4,050 1538 37.98 1596 39.4
Gamay 26 12 46.2 3,119 992 31.81 1104 35.4
Laoang 56 33 58.9 7,968 3,707 46.52 3,905 49.0
Lapinig 15 5 33.3 1,396 441 31.59 476 34.1
Las Navas 53 6 11.3 4,286 451 10.52 479 11.2
Lavezares 26 20 76.9 3,635 1,565 43.05 1,624 44.7
Lope de Vega 22 5 22.7 1,621 309 19.06 374 23.1
Mapanas 13 7 53.8 1,326 472 35.60 471 35.5
Mondragon 25 14 56.0 3,987 1,985 49.79 1,927 48.3
Palapag 32 23 71.9 4,019 2,181 54.27 2,259 56.2
Pambujan 26 12 46.2 3,349 1,396 41.68 1,470 43.9
Rosario 11 7 63.6 1,196 596 49.83 629 52.6
San Antonio 10 10 100.0 1,423 723 50.81 665 46.7
San Isidro 14 13 92.9 3,591 2,155 60.01 2,291 63.8
San Jose 16 16 100.0 2,099 1,356 64.60 1,385 66.0
San Roque 16 10 62.5 2,493 1257 50.42 1288 51.7
San Vicente 7 3 42.9 1,178 195 16.55 196 16.6
Silvino Lobos 26 3 11.5 1,601 12 0.75 12 0.7
Victoria 16 13 81.3 1,873 956 51.04 945 50.5
Total 569 316 55.5 72,365 34,482 47.65 36,211 50.0
Source : Northern Samar Electric Cooperative (NORSAMELCO), Inc., Bobon, Northern Samar
100
90
Barangay Base Electrification Ratio (%)
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Capul
Biri
Catubig
Laoang
Total
Lapinig
Mapanas
Lavezares
Palapag
Las Navas
Silvino Lobos
Rosario
San Antonio
San Isidro
Allen
Bobon
Catarman
San Roque
Mondragon
Pambujan
San Jose
San Vicente
Gamay
Lope de Vega
Victoria
- 36 -
5.1.2 Power Supply Facilities
Electricity is also supplied by photovoltaic (PV) solar systems, small diesel power
generating sets and battery charging systems (BCS) in Catubig and Las Navas. BCS put up
using Solar panel systems are supplied by PNOC-EDC and NPC. The cost for charging a
battery through the grid is 50-70 pesos while charging a battery through the PV solar system is
about 20 pesos. The diesel power system is supplied by private enterprises with a cost of 100
pesos per 10m per month and four operating hours (18:00-21:00, 5:00-6:00). Even though the
electricity rate is still expensive compared to the residents’ average income of 4,000-6,000
pesos per month, electricity demand is high as it increases the level of convenience in the life of
the residents. Even though the normal cost of the solar system panel is 75Wp per set, the
expensive 150Wp panel has nevertheless started to become popular.
- 37 -
5.1.3 Summary of NORSAMELCO
- 38 -
As of 2004, the electricity selling rate of NORSAMELCO was 6.13 pesos/kWh for
Residential, 5.41 pesos/kWh for Commercial and 5.60 pesos/kWh for Total (Table-5.5). As of
October 2006, the rate increased to 6.23 pesos/kWh. NORSAMELCO pays 4.66 pesos/kWh for
electricity it purchases from the NPC (Table-5.3).
Commercial, 18%
Type MWh
Residential 22,632 72.4%
Commercial 5,141 16.5%
Industrial 183 0.6%
Others 3,293 10.5%
Total 31,249 100.0%
(Source:2005 Regional Social & Economic Trends)
Type Peso/kWh
Residential 6.13
Commercial 5.41
Industrial 5.45
Public Building 5.46
Street Light 5.57
Total 5.60
(Source:2005 Regional Social & Economic Trends)
- 39 -
demand and development plan, respectively, in NORSAMELCO. According to Fig-5.5 and
Table-5.7, the number of consumers and the maximum peak load will increase by 13% and 7%
per year, respectively. NORSAMELCO has formulated plans to attain its target of completing
the energization of all barangays by year 2008.
60,000 10.0
50,000 8.0
40,000 6.0
30,000
4.0
20,000
2.0
10,000
0 0.0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
- 40 -
Table-5.7 NORSAMELCO Development Plan
NORSAMELCO has adopted the QTP (Qualified Third Party) concept to implement
the extension of distribution lines to some of its franchise areas. The DOE has considered the
weakness of the financing base of NORSAMELCO. PNOC-EDC provides the electricity to
surrounding areas in Leyte as it operates geothermal power plants in the area. Therefore, there is
no claim from the beneficiaries of economical inefficiencies. However, intention of
development of distribution lines depends on the QTP’s policy so that it is not so smooth to
implement. The DOE expects that development of distribution lines will be implemented not
only by PNOC-EDC but also by NPC-SPUG, NEA using public funds, and Mirant and KEPCO
using private funds.
5.1.4 Current Situation of Electrification in the municipalities of Catubig and Las Navas
A total of 28 barangays out of the 47 barangays in Catubig have been energized, while a
total of 26 barangays out of the 53 barangays in Las Navas have been energized. Both
municipalities consider electrification plans which will be implemented by QTPs (Table-5.8(1),
Table-5.8(2)). However, these plans may not be actually implemented because no measures are
taken such as assistance or penalty.
As mentioned in the Help for Catubig Agricultural Advancement Project (HCAAP), the
said project as financed through a yen-loan has been implemented. This project will bring
development of irrigation and drainage facilities in an area of 4,500ha and a highway with a
- 41 -
distance of 65 kilometers. As a result of this project, extensive improvements are expected so
that agricultural productivity will significantly increase from 1 ton/ha to 5 tons/ha.
This study provides for the feasibility of the effective utilization of renewable energy
resources in rural electrification. Renewable resources will be provided by micro hydro power
potential from the irrigation canal as developed by HCAAP, and by biomass energy, contingent
to increased agricultural production.
Once barangays are energized, residents will purchase electric products such as lights,
TV and refrigerator to make living conditions more convenient, and improve livelihood
opportunities. Residents will also be encouraged to buy electric equipment such as power planer
and electric saw which will generate savings on labor power and produce high-value added
products.
Once barangays are energized, household electrical goods such as household lights, TV,
and refrigerators will become common along with street lights and pumps for water well, Ice
manufacturing stores and rice mills will likewise be installed in the barangays (Table-5.9). Thus,
a peak load of 9.6 kW is estimated for all barangays with a condition that 50 households are
energized in one barangays. According to the daily power demand in the barangays (Fig-5.6),
the load factor is estimated as 48.8%.
- 42 -
Table-5.8(1) Current Situation of Electrification of Barangays in Catubig
Catubig
Barangay Population Household Electrification Plan Fund Source
1 Barangay 1Pobl 1,119 240
2 Barangay 2Pobl 441 83
3 Barangay 3Pobl 607 122
4 Barangay 4Pobl 416 78
5 Barangay 5Pobl 370 71
6 Barangay 6Pobl 313 58
7 Barangay 7Pobl 299 64
8 Barangay 8Pobl 827 154
9 Anongo 795 155 2007 PNOC-EDC
10 Bonifacio 332 61 2007 PNOC-EDC
11 Boring 182 35 Energized
12 Cagbugna 432 76 Energized
13 Cagmanaba 728 113 Energized
14 Cagugubngan 451 84
15 Calingnan 976 182 Energized
16 Canuctan 280 48 Energized
17 CM Recto 477 88
18 D Mercader 465 97 Energized
19 Guibuangan 368 73 Energized
20 Hinagonoyan 676 105 Energized
21 Hiparayan 694 125 Energized
22 Hitapian 1,004 180 Energized
23 Inobururan 141 25
24 Irawahan 704 128 Energized
25 Lenoy ahan 334 65 Energized
26 Libon 273 47 Energized
27 Mag-ongon 342 53 Energized
28 Magtuad 876 178 Energized
29 Manering 221 43 Energized
30 Nabuluo 337 63 Energized
31 Nagoocan 643 120 Energized
32 Nahulid 198 39 Energized
33 Opong 590 114
34 Osang 244 51 2008 NPC-SPUG
35 Osmena 290 66
36 P Rebadulla 339 56
37 Roxas 896 147 2007 PNOC-EDC
38 Sagudsoron 435 80
39 San Antonio 309 55 2007 PNOC-EDC
40 San Fransico 1,074 193
41 San Jose 2,348 435
42 San Vicente 1,671 327 2007 PNOC-EDC
43 Santa Fe 787 138 2007 PNOC-EDC
44 Sulitan 801 151
45 Tangbo 342 77 2006 NEA
46 Tongodnon 174 35 2006 Mirant
47 Viena Maria 224 37
Total 26,845 5,015
(Source: Census 2000, DOE materials)
- 43 -
Table-5.8(2) Current Situation of Electrification of Barangays in Las Navas
Las Navas
Barangay Population Household Electrification Plan Fund Source
1 Balugo 385 80 Energized
2 Bugtosan 436 83 Energized
3 Bukid 900 189 Energized
4 Geguinta 408 82 Energized
5 Geraodo 337 66 Energized
6 Guyo 387 73 Energized
7 H Jolejole 409 82 Energized
8 H Jolejole District 1,477 322
9 L Empon 332 69 Energized
10 Lourdes 793 151 Energized
11 Lumala-og 399 89 Energized
12 Mabini 491 92 Energized
13 Mac Arthur 326 56 Energized
14 Palanas 164 35 Energized
15 Quirino District 1,748 331 Energized
16 Rebong 557 101
17 Roxas 571 99 Energized
18 San Andres 380 82 Energized
19 San Jorge 756 149 Energized
20 San Miguel 1,116 207 Energized
21 Caputoan 209 41 Energized
22 Cuenco 290 54 Energized
23 San Fransisco 654 111 Energized
24 San Isidro 1,666 335 Energized
25 San Jose 259 44 Energized
26 Santo Tomas 155 31 Energized
27 Tagan-ayan 316 60 Energized
28 Victory 565 102 Energized
29 Bugay 621 103 2006 Mirant
30 Bulao 935 196 2008 PNOC-EDC
31 Catoto ogan 219 44 2006 KEPCO
32 Dapdap 1,673 296 Energized 2006 NEA
33 Del Pilar 858 168 2006 NEA
34 Dolores 143 24 2006 KEPCO
35 Epaw 179 36 2006 KEPCO
36 Hangi 521 98 2008 PNOC-EDC
37 Imelda 296 54 2006 KEPCO
38 Lakandula 224 46 2006 KEPCO
39 Magsaysay 459 96 2008 PNOC-EDC
40 Matelarag 261 48 2007 PNOC-EDC
41 Osmena 206 40 2008 NPC-SPUG
42 Paco 305 63 2006 KEPCO
43 Perez 360 64 2008 NPC-SPUG
44 Poponton 526 104 2008 NPC-SPUG
45 Quezon 163 35 2008 PNOC-EDC
46 Quirino 841 159 2008 NPC-SPUG
47 Rizal 517 90 2008 PNOC-EDC
48 Rufino 200 35 2008 NPC-SPUG
49 Sag-od 188 33 2008 NPC-SPUG
50 San Antonio 228 45 2008 NPC-SPUG
51 San Fermando 921 184 2006 NEA
52 Tagab iran 1,157 224 2008 PNOC-EDC
53 Taylor 859 140 2006 KEPCO
Total 29,346 5,641
(Source: Census 2000, DOE materials)
- 44 -
Table-5.9 Assumption of Electric Demand by Rural electrification
(kWh/
<Energy Denmand in Barangay> <Demand> coverage (kW) (hour) Remarks
day)
Number of Households 50 Households
Household Light (40Wx4) 160 W 0.8 6.4 4 25.6 Peak
Household TV 70 W 0.5 1.75 4 7.0 Peak
Households Refrigerator (50L 100 W 0.3 0.45 24 10.8 Peak & Base
(Refrigerator Availability) ( 0.3 )
Street Light (40WX25) 40 W 25 1 12 12.0 Peak & Base
Pump for Water Well 250 W 1unit 0.25 20 5.0 Non-Peak
Ice Manufacturer 1,250 W 1unit 1.25 20 25.0 Non-Peak
Rice Miller 3,000 W 1unit 3 9 27.0 Non-Peak
Total 112.4
(Peak Demand 9.6 kW 44.6 )
(Base Demand 5.0 kW 67.8 )
12
10
8
Demand (kW)
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
hour
- 45 -
5.3 Assumption of Electrification associated with Expansion of Distribution Line
Unenegized barangays in Catubig and Las Navas are distributed in the south and east
areas. To study rural electrification by extension of distribution line in the vicinity of the
Catubig Service area, that study team needed to obtain the potential data. The population and
number of households of the barangays are shown in Table-5.10. The table includes energized
barangays as shown in Table-5.8(1) and Table-5.8(2). Barangays served by solar panel systems
and small diesel generators are considered by the government as energized.
- 46 -
The specific plan for expansion of distribution line is assumed as shown in Fig-5.7. As a
result of these expansion plans, the distance of expansion of distribution line and households is
assumed as shown in Table-5.11.
Where,
As for No.1, the cost for expansion of distribution line is estimated to be USD 8,000 per
km. The annual expense rate of 0.114 is estimated based on an expected lifetime of 25
years and a discount rate of 12%.
As for No.2, the unit rate for a transformer of USD 1,600 is applied based on
NORSAMELCO’s standard specifications for transformers with 13.2kV, 240V and
15kVA.
As for No.3, the unit rate for a transformer of USD 12/kVA is applied. Even though no
expansion is needed at the Lawaan substation in this plan, this cost is estimated for future
expansion of electrification.
As for No.4, the O & M cost is assumed to be 1.5% of the construction cost
As for No.5, the distribution loss depends on the distance of the distribution line and the
electric power, so that it is estimated by the multiplication method using the electric unit
rate of NORSAMELCO.
As for No.6, the consumer price is applied which contains the generating and transmission costs
as well as the administration costs of NORSAMELCO.
- 47 -
Fig-5.7 Expansion Plan of Distribution Line
Las Navas
Mabini
Goyo
Taylor
Rizal Hangi San Antonio
Del Pilar
Tagab iran
Palanas
Rufino
Dapdap
San Jose
Sag-od
- 48 -
The Long-run Marginal Cost (LRMC) is estimated by the cost at block distance of
expansion of distribution line divided by the annual usage of electric power of consumer.
Table-5.12 shows the electrification cost of each area by expansion of distribution line.
As a result, the electrification cost is estimated to range from 19.8 centavos/kWh to 32.2
centavos/kWh. If the distance of the distribution line is long and the barangay is small, the
electrification cost is estimated to be more than 25centavos/kWh.
- 49 -
Table-5.12 Electrification Cost by Expansion of Distribution Line
Eenergize Plan up to each Barangay Rizal Taylor Palanas Rufino Tagan-ayan Epaw San Jose Sag-od San Isidro San Antonio All Area-A Calculation Methodology
Beneficiary Households (houses) 90 140 35 35 60 44 36 33 335 45 853 (a) Census 2000 data
Beneficiary Population (people) 517 859 164 200 316 259 179 188 1,666 228 4,576 (b) Census 2000 data
Power Demand (kW) 17.3 26.9 6.7 6.7 11.5 8.4 6.9 6.3 64.3 8.6 163.8 (c) (a)xStandard Barangay Power Demand/100
Annual Energy Demand (MWh) 73.8 114.9 28.7 28.7 49.2 36.1 29.5 27.1 274.9 36.9 699.9 (d) (a)xStandard Barangay Energy Demand/100x365
Distance of Feeder Expansion (km) 2.8 2.2 3.0 2.4 3.6 2.4 2.4 3.6 3.4 3.6 29.3 (e) From Feeder Line Allocation Tabel
Distance from Laoang S/S (km) 29.8 31.9 29.4 31.8 31.8 36.0 38.4 42.0 37.0 37.2 34.5 (f) Distance from Laoang S/S
Loss rate in Dist. Line (%) 0.13% 0.22% 0.05% 0.05% 0.09% 0.08% 0.07% 0.07% 0.61% 0.08% 0.31% (g) depend on distance & power demand
Annual Energy to be Transmitted (MWh) 73.9 115.1 28.7 28.7 49.3 36.1 29.6 27.1 276.6 37.0 702.1 (h) (d)/(1-(g))
Annual Energy Loss in Dist. Line (MWh) 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.0 2.2 (i) (h)-(d)
Cost of Dist. Trans. Extension ('000$) 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.0 0.1 2.5 (j) @12$/kVA
Cost of Distribution Lines Extensio('000$) 22.1 17.3 24.0 19.2 28.8 19.2 19.2 28.8 26.9 28.8 234.2 (k) @8,000$/km
Pole Transformer ('000$) 2.3 3.6 0.9 0.9 1.5 1.1 0.9 0.8 8.6 1.2 21.8 (l) @1,600$(15kVA)
Connecting Line ('000$) 6.1 9.5 2.4 2.4 4.1 3.0 2.4 2.2 22.8 3.1 58.0 (m) @85$/Household
Total Construction Cost ('000$) 30.8 30.8 27.4 22.6 34.6 23.4 22.7 32.0 59.2 33.1 316.5 (n) (j)+(k)+(l)+(m)
Annual Cost of Construction. ('000$) 3.50 3.50 3.12 2.57 3.94 2.67 2.58 3.64 6.74 3.77 36.0 (o) (n)x annuity 0.114 (25 yrs, 12%)
O&M Cost ('000$) 0.46 0.46 0.41 0.34 0.52 0.35 0.34 0.48 0.89 0.50 4.7 (p) (n)x1.5%
Cost of Loss Energy ('000$) 0.01 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.21 0.00 0.3 (q) (i)x(t)
Total Cost (Annual) ('000$) 3.98 4.00 3.53 2.91 4.46 3.02 2.92 4.12 7.84 4.27 41.1 (r) (o)+(p)+(q)
Cost of Grid Expansion (¢/kWh) 5.4 3.5 12.3 10.1 9.1 8.4 9.9 15.2 2.9 11.6 5.9 (s) (r)/((d)
Cost of Energy (¢/kWh) 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 (t) Norsamelco Tariff (6.23P/kWh) x Tariff Increase (2.0% annu
Energy Cost by Grid Extension (¢/kWh) 22.4 20.5 29.3 27.1 26.1 25.4 26.9 32.2 19.8 28.6 22.9 (u) (s)+(t)
- 50 -
5.4 Assumption of Electrification Cost by Renewable Energy
On the other hand, if only the base load is to be covered by the micro-hydro power plant,
the installation of a plant with an output of 5kW is needed. In this case, the utilized capacity is
estimated as 66.5%. A potential discharge 0.1m3/s and a head of 7m is essential to cover the
output of 10kW generation.
The electrification cost by micro hydro power plant is assumed to consist of the items as
follows.
Where,
As for No.1, the cost for Turbine is estimated at USD 8,000 per kW. The annual expense
rate of 0.1078 is estimated based on an expected lifetime of 45 years and a discount rate
of 12%.
As for No.2, the same unit rate is applied with the expansion of distribution line
As for No.3, the total annual O&M cost for the Turbine, Generator and distribution
facility is assumed to be 1.5% of the construction cost.
As for No.4,the remuneration of one operator is assumed to be 4,000peso/month.
The Long-run Marginal Cost (LRMC) is estimated by all construction cost of micro
hydro power plant divided by the annual usage of electric power of consumer. The
- 51 -
electrification cost of 27.7centavos/kWh is estimated if the total electric demand of 10kW is
covered by the micro hydro power plant. Meanwhile, the electrification cost of
22.1centavos/kWh is estimated if the base load of 5kW is covered by the micro hydro power
plant.
The details of the hydro power potential from the irrigation canal constructed under
HCAAP is described in chapter 6. Accordingly, a potential of 10kW can not be anticipated so
that the installation of a 5kW micro hydro power plant is assumed as suitable. Table-5.13 shows
the results of the study.
- 52 -
Table-5.13 Electrification Cost by Each Method of Power Generation
Generation Type Micro Hydro Biogas Rice Hull Combustion Micro Hydro & Biogas
Initial Construction Turbine & Generator ('000$) 80.0 40.0 CIGER ('000$) 30.0 10.0 Stirling Eng. & Gen. ('000$) 105 50.0
Cost Estimation - - - - Gas Holder ('000$) 4.0 2.0 (3.3 kW x 3units) 2.0
- - - - Gas engine & Generator ('000$) 8.0 5.0 Rice Hull Storage ('000$) 5.0 5.0
Distribution Line ('000$) 1.2 1.2 Distribution Line ('000$) 1.2 1.2 Distribution Line ('000$) 1.2 1.2
Connecting Line ('000$) 3.4 3.4 Connecting Line ('000$) 3.4 3.4 Connecting Line ('000$) 3.4 3.4
Total ('000$) 84.6 44.6 Total ('000$) 46.6 21.6 Total ('000$) 114.6 61.6
Annual Generation Capital Cost ('000$) 9.12 4.81 Capital Cost ('000$) 5.57 2.58 Capital Cost ('000$) 13.70 7.39
Cost Estimation O&M Cost ('000$) 1.27 0.67 O&M Cost ('000$) 0.93 0.43 O&M Cost ('000$) 2.29 1.10
Operator (1 person) ('000$) 0.96 0.96 Operator (2 person) ('000$) 1.92 1.92 Operator (3 person) ('000$) 2.88 1.92
Supplemental Fuel ('000$) 0.46
Total ('000$) 11.35 6.44 Total ('000$) 8.42 4.93 Total ('000$) 19.33 10.41
Generation Cost Generation Cost (¢/kWh) 27.7 22.1 Generation Cost (¢/kWh) 20.5 41.5 Generation Cost (¢/kWh) 47.1 25.4
- 53 -
5.4.2 Assumption of Electrification Cost by Biogas Energy
The system which performs a methane fermentation process using livestock manure
from swine, cows, or poultry has been used commercially in the Philippines. These technologies
have been used as the technology for livestock manure processing from an environmental
impact point of view but marsh gas has also been used effectively from an energy usage point of
view. According to DOE officials, large and small processing system of livestock manure has
been done in more than 650 places in Philippines. An example of a large case application is at
the Maya farm, where electricity is generated by marsh gas from 60,000 hogs in a farm with an
area of 40Ha, and is used for light and refrigerator in the enclosure. The usage of simplified
digester tanks of concrete is encouraged in case of small scale farming. There have been 9
manufacturers for digester tank of livestock manure processing in the Philippines.
In recent years, cases of methane fermentation system with swine manure planned as
CDM project have been increasing in the Philippines (Table-5.14). In this case, marsh gas has
been processed by CIGAR (Covered In-ground Anaerobic Digester) which was developed by
the Bioscience Company. Thus, the system which performs a methane fermentation processing
of livestock manure has been used commercially. Swine farming has been a livelihood activity
in Catubig (Table-5.15). If the income level of the farm household is increased in association
with HCAAP, it is assumed that farm households engaged in swine farming as an auxiliary
business will also increase. Thus, biogas generation by livestock manure as renewable energy is
studied.
- 54 -
Table-5.15 Current Situation of Firming of Livestock and Poultry in Catubig
(as of 2000)
Livestock / Number Production
Poultry (heads) (metric tons)
Livestock
Swine 5,200 6.50
Cattle 150 0.75
Goat 1,000 5.75
Carabao 3,197 15.90
Horse - -
Sheep 20 0.02
Poultry
Chicken 11,760 5.80
Duck 500 0.25
Turky 100 0.10
(Source: Materials of Catubig Municiparity)
In the case of generating by marsh gas, and similarly as with micro hydro power, biogas
generating equipment with an output of 10 kW is needed. In this case, the utilized capacity is
estimated as 46.8%. 1,800 hogs, a digester tank with a capacity of 3,600m3 and a biogas volume
of 100m3/day is needed for an electric demand of 10 kW.
On the other hand, if only the base load is to be covered by the biogas power plant, an
installation of only 5kW is needed. The utilized capacity is estimated as 11.9% but if the gas
holder uses 500 hogs only, a corresponding smaller biogas digester tank and a biogas volume of
28m3/day is need.
The electrification cost by biogas power plant is assumed to consist of the items as
follows.
Where,
As for No.1, the construction cost for CIGAR is estimated as 7.4$/m3 and an annual
expense rate of 0.1195 is estimated based on an expected lifetime of 20 years and a
- 55 -
discount rate of 12%.
As for No.2, the cost of gas engine and generator is estimated with annual expense rate
of 0.1195.
As for No.3, the same unit rate is applied with the expansion of the distribution line.
As for No.4, the total annual O&M cost of CIGAR, gas engine, generator and
distribution equipment is assumed to be 1.5% of the construction cost.
As for No.5, the remuneration of two operators is assumed to be 4,000peso per person
per month.
The Long-run Marginal Cost (LRMC) is estimated by all construction costs`of the
biogas power plant divided by the annual usage of electric power of consumers. The
electrification cost of 20.5centavos/kWh is estimated if the total electric demand of 10kW is
covered by the biogas power plant. Meanwhile, an electrification cost of 41.5centavos/kWh is
estimated if the base load of 5kW is covered by the biogas power plant (Table-5.13).
As a result of this study, the electrification cost by biogas with a capacity of 10kW is
assumed as the same cost as by expansion of distribution line. However, it might be difficult to
gather 1,800 hogs for swine farming.
If the study of rice chaff power plant is conducted and existing boiler technology and
steam electric generation are used, the scale of generating equipment becomes large. In fact, the
capacity of the case example mentioned above is 25-30MW, and operating rice chaff power
plant in Thailand is 10-20MW. To install the generating equipment with large capacity, large
amounts of rice chaff is needed. However, there is no committed plan of rice chaff collecting
system under HCAAP. Thus, in the current situation, rice chaff power is not suitable for rural
electrification.
- 56 -
On the other hand, Stirling engine has been coming up with small size biomass energy
using higher efficiency technology. Stiring engine is an external-combustion engine, unlike an
internal-combustion engine, and generates power from various external fuel sources such as
rubbish timber, biomass, etc.. Even if the technology of internal-combustion engine was
invented many years ago, it has not, come into practical use, in the shadow of development of
internal combustion power. However, nowadays, the technology of external-combustion engine
has come up from the point of view of the efficient use of untouched natural resources and
environmental aspects. These days, small type systems with 5 horsepower and capacity output
of 3kW (Fig-5.8) have been tested for validation. Since a small size system is suitable for the
electrification of small barangays, the feasibility of electrification by using the Stirling engine is
studied15.
Fan
Combustion Chamber
Heater Head Compressor Generator
15 Materials and information about stirling engine has been kindly provide by STIRLING ENGINE Co.
Ltd. Kanagawa Science Park East Tower 213 3-2-1 Sakado, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki-city, Japan,
213-0012 http://www.stirling–engine.com
- 57 -
Table-5.16 Specification of Stirling Engine
- 58 -
The electrification cost by rice chaff power with Stirling engine is assumed to consist of
the items as follows.
Where,
As for No.1, currently, since stirling engine is under verification test, the commercial
price has not been set. Therefore, the cost of $35,000 is used as a provisional value. An
annual expense rate of 0.1195 is estimated based on an expected lifetime of 20 years and
discount rate of 12%.
As for No.2, the cost is estimated to be $5,000 and an annual expense rate of 0.1195 is
used similarly as in No.1.
As for No.3, the same unit rate is applied with the expansion of distribution line.
As for No.4, the total annual O&M cost of Stirling engine, generator and distribution
equipment is assumed to be 2.0% of the construction cost.
As for No.5, the remuneration of three operators is assumed to be 4,000peso per person
per month.
The Long-run Marginal Cost (LRMC) is estimated by all construction costs of biogas
power plant divided by the annual usage of electric power of consumers. The electrification cost
of 47.1centavos/kWh is estimated if the total electric demand of 10kW is covered by the biogas
power plant (Table-5.13). This price is estimated to be higher than the cost of expansion of
distribution line since the capital cost of Stirling engine is provisional. Meanwhile, the
electrification cost of 20centavos/kWh is estimated if the cost of Stirling engine becomes
common and consequently attains a lower price such as $10,000. The commercial viability and
popularization of Stirling engine is expected since the cost is just the same as the expansion cost
of distribution line.
- 59 -
5.4.4 Assumption of Electrification Cost by Hybrid Generating System between Micro
Hydro Power and Biogas Power
As described in Sub clause 4.1 and 4.2, it is not expected that only micro hydro power
potential is hard to cover the number of 50 households of standard Barangay. On the other hand,
number of the firming swines are also not enough to produce the electricity by Biogas method
to cover all households. In consideration of both features, micro hydro is available to operate 24
hours and Biogas is available to stock in Gas holder, hybrid system between a micro hydro
power plant for base load and biogas power for peak load is proposed in this study.
As mentioned in Chapter 3, the electrification cost for the expansion of distribution line
is estimated from 20centavos/kWh to 32centavos/kWh and there are some barangays with costs
of more than 25centavos/kWh. On the other hand, the electrification cost by hybrid generating
system between micro hydro power and biogas power is estimated as 25centavos/kWh. As a
result of this study, seven barangays in Las Navas may possibly adopt the hybrid system as
follows.
- 60 -
Chapter 6 Rural Electrification Plan by Renewable Energy
The HCAAP plan consists of constructing three irrigation facilities which include the
Catubig service area (3,565.5ha), the Bulao service area (742.2ha) and the Hagbay service area
(665.3ha), respectively. The data discharge and head of the water channel, and of the irrigation
channel at the Catubig service area were subsequently obtained in this study. Table-6.1 show
the potentials for micro hydro power generation at the Catubig service area.
As a result of this study, the possibility of micro hydro power generation was found in
four barangays, namely, Palanas, Tagan-ayam, Epaw and San Jose.
The respective electric power demand in each of the four barangays, namely, Palanas,
Tagan-ayan, Epaw and San Jose is shown under the Demand side column of Table-6.2. The
possible supply sources, on the other hand, and in case that power is provided for by Micro
hydro power and Biogas power, is shown under the Supply side column of Table-6.2.
- 61 -
In barangay Tagan-ayan, the expected peak demand of 11.5kW and an electric energy
demand of 134.9kWh per day are anticipated. The expected demand can likewise be met
through hybrid power generation, which consists of constructing a 6.0kW micro hydro power
plant along the No.5 water channel for base load, and an additional biogas power facility with a
capacity of 5.5kW, to cover for the shortfall. About 600 farmed swine (about 10 swine per stand
alone) and the installation of a CIGER digester chamber of 1,200m3 shall be needed.
In barangay Epaw, the daily peak demand is expected to reach 8.4kW with a
corresponding electric energy demand of 98.9kWh. Hybrid power generation, consisting of a
3.2kW micro hydro power facility along the No.2 water channel for base load, and a 5.2kW
biogas power structure for covering the shortfall, are necessary. These will require getting
manure from about 440 farmed swine (about 10 swine per stand alone) and installing a CIGER
digester chamber with a volume of 900m3.
In barangay San Jose, a peak demand of 6.9kW and electric energy demand of 80.9kWh
per day is anticipated. Once again, a hybrid power generation consisting of a 1.8kW micro
hydro power facility along the No.3 water channel for base load, and a biogas power structure
with a capacity of 5.1kW for covering the shortfall, are needed. Considering the requirements,
manure from about 580 farmed swine (about 16 swine per stand alone) and the installation of a
CIGER digester chamber with a volume of 1,200m3 are needed.
With the micro hydro power turbine, which is applied to micro hydro power stations of
less than 100kW, more emphasis is placed on low cost and ease of inspection and maintenance
rather than on turbine efficiency.
The Pelton turbine, Francis turbine and S-type tubular turbine, which are also widely
used for small and micro hydro power, and only the types particular to micro hydro power are
described below.
The cross-flow turbine is used for relatively small flow with a head of 5 to 100m. The
runner is a cylindrical cage type with 20 to 30 arc shaped blades. One guide vane is divided into
two parts which are arranged axially. It maintains high efficiency in a wide load range as the
guide vanes are switched according to the load.
- 62 -
The rim-generator unit has the generator rotor installed on the circumference of the
runner blade and the generator and turbine are integrated into one piece.
The turgo impulse turbine is applied to the intermediate specific speed between the
Pelton turbine and Francis turbine. This is an old model dating from 1920’s but is now being
reconsidered for small hydro power applications. Fig-6.1 shows various types of micro hydro
power turbine.
- 63 -
6.3.2 Selection of type of turbine
The turbine type is selected on the basis of the effective head and turbine discharge,
while considering such factors as river flow, operation of the reservoir and regulating pondage.
When two or more turbine types are possible, they are determined by comprehensively studying
their cost efficiency, maintainability, etc.
Various turbines have limitation on their respective head and applicable specific speed.
The application range is determined by their adaptability to the head variation, characteristic,
strength against cavitation, etc. Turbine Selection Diagram is shown in Fig-6.2.
Effective Head
H(m)
1000 1000
Pelton Turbine
Turgo Impulse Turbine Horizontal Francis Turbine Vertical Francis Turbine
100 100
Kaplan Turbine
10 10
Propeller Turbine(Siphon)
1 1
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
For the type of turbine, Propeller turbine was found to be appropriate in view of the
flow (0.1-0.24m3/s) and effective head (1.5-4.5m) relationship based on the turbine selection
diagram given in Fig-6.2. Thus Propeller turbine was selected for its high efficiency and proven
performance.
- 64 -
Table-6.2 Basic Specification of Hybrid Power Generating at Each Barangay
Palanas 35 6.7 3.5 78.7 55.9 1.8 7 43.2 4.9 35.5 540 1,100
Tagan-ayan 60 11.5 6.0 134.9 95.8 6.0 5 95.8 5.5 39.1 600 1,200
Epaw 44 8.4 4.4 98.9 70.2 3.2 2 70.2 5.2 28.7 440 900
San Jose 36 6.9 3.6 80.9 57.5 1.8 3 43.2 5.1 37.7 580 1,200
- 65 -
6.4 Biogas Power Plant
(Source: UNFCCC CDM Project Activity, Gaya Lim Farm Inc. Methane Recovery project
PDD p.5)
The biogas generating system with a CIGER chamber is being constructed by the
Sorosoro Ibaba Development Cooperative (SIDC) in Batangas province. The SIDC was
established in 1969 as a cooperative and as of the end of 2005, the cooperative had full category
members totaling 3,834 and supporting members numbering 4,976. The activities of SIDC
include stock growing, distribution, rice milling and sales of goods. SIDC also
consistently maintains a swine population of approximately 30,000 throughout the year.
Two years ago, SIDC started the study of fermentative treatment with swine’s manure, from an
environmental perspective and considering digestive gas and usage of organic manure. At
present, a big gas power generation system is being constructed with funding support from the
British government. This system covers the following processes: manure is produced from
8,000 swine; the manure is digested in the CIGER chamber (30m x 90m x depth of 6m), where
- 66 -
biogas with an average daily volume of 400-500m3 is produced; the gas is collected in the tank
to generate 75kw of electricity; and the electricity is distributed to the office building of SIDC
and some households in the vicinity. The generating system will be completed by 2007. The
swine manure is gathered automatically using a drain system.
The total construction cost of 6 million pesos is broken down as: 4 million pesos for the
digester chamber, and 2 million pesos for construction. The generator is procured from the
United States of America with a price of 1.3 million per set. The generated electricity is
distributed to some households (50-100 households, 200-300 residents) in the barangay. At the
moment, electricity is being distributed by MERALCO. However, a reduction in electricity
tariff is expected with the potential use of biogas power.
Aside from swine, manure from poultry and cows may additionally be considered. For
instance, chicken manure produces biogas more efficiently than manure from swine. However,
due to the local dry conditions, manure from poultry has been utilized better as fertilizer on
commercial basis, than for energy use. Therefore, manure of swine is still the most efficient fuel
source for biogas energy in the Philippines.
Considering the specifications of SIDC’s system, manure from 500 swine and a biogas
digester chamber with a volume of 1,010m3 shall be needed to generate an output of 5kW.
These are expected to result in the production of 28m3 of biogas per day and the generation of
about 32.7kWh of electric energy. Table-6.4 shows that comparison of biogas generation in
Philippines and Japan.
Item Estimation
Swine number 500 head
Biogas Production 28 m3/day
Heat Value of Biogas 5,000 kcal/m3
Daily Energy of Biogas 32.7 kWh/day
Output Power 5 kW
Generation Hour per day 6.5 hours
Energy Prod. by Swine No. 6.5 kWh/day/100head
Capacity of Digester 1,010 m3
Digester cap. by Energy prod 31.0 m3/kWh/day
- 67 -
Table-6.4 Comparison of Biogas Generating in Philippines and Japan
SIDC Cooperative Yagi Bio-Ecology Center
Item
(Philippines) (Japan)
Bio Materials
Animal Waste Swine Cow, Swine etc.
8,000 (heads) 86 (t/day)
Digester
Type CIGER BIMA
Capacity 16,200 m3 2,100 m3
30m×90m×6m(D) 14mφ×17.7m(H)
Daily Biogas Offtake 450 m3 2,120 m3
Heat value around 5,000 kcal/m3 4,780 kcal/m3
(Methane content 65%)
Gas Holder
Capacity unknown 500 m3 350 m3
Engine
Capacity 75 kW 220 kW
75kW×2 80kW×1
Heat Efficiency unknown 28.1%
Daily Electricity Generation 3,500 kWh
Project Cost
Digester 6.0 million Peso
Gas Engine 1.3 million Peso
Total 7.3 million Peso 1,048 million Yen
Pigpen
Gas Holder
CIGER
Electricity
- 68 -
Chapter 7 Profile of the Project
Profile for Rural Electrification Program by Renewable Energy in
The Mountainous Region of Northern Samar
- 69 -
- 70 -
Appendix 1
- 71 -
- 72 -
Schedule for Field Investigation
(1st Field Investigation)
From
Days Night Date Week By To Activities
(Via)
Departure
1 1 2006.10.10 Tue Fukuoka Air Manila
Meeting with West Jec Resident Coordinator
- 73 -
Schedule for Field Investigation
(2nd Field Investigation)
From
Days Night Date Week By To Activities
(Via)
Departure
1 1 2006.12.03 Sun Fukuoka Air Manila
Meeting with West Jec Resident Coordinator
- 74 -
- 75 -
Appendix 2
- 76 -
Interviewed Persons List (No.1)
- 77 -
Interviewed Persons List (No.2)
- 78 -
- 79 -
Appendix 3
Photos
- 80 -
Boatslip of Catubig Boatslip of Catubig
- 81 -
Intake Dam Site
(JBIC Catubig Agricultural Advancement Project)
- 82 -
Pinipisakan Falls Pinipisakan Falls
(Downstream of Intake Dam site) (Downstream of Intake Dam site)
- 83 -
Las Navas LGU Office Las Navas Town
- 84 -
Unenergized Barangay (Epaw) Unenergized Barangay (Epaw)
- 85 -
NORSAMELCO Substation (Catubig) NORSAMELCO Substation (Catubig)
- 86 -
フィリピン国サマール島北部山間地域における
再生可能エネルギーによる地方電化促進計画可能性調査
和文要約
- 87 -
- 88 -
1. 背景と目的
フィリピン国においては、地方電化は貧困撲滅につながり人間生活の質的向上に寄与す
るため、政府の最重要政策の一つとして 2008 年のバランガイ(村落)電化率 100%を目標
に地方電化を推進しているところである。
フィリピンでは、人口の約4割を占める貧困層の約3分の2が地方部の農民・漁民であ
ると言われている。したがって、地方電化の実現は農村部での貧困軽減、都市部と地方農
村部の格差是正など農村地域における住民の生活水準向上や新しい収入源の創造を生み出
すものと期待されている。
今回、地方電化調査の対象としたフィリピン中部ビサヤス地方サマール島の北サマール
州は、フィリピンの中でも、経済・社会開発の最も遅れた地域の一つであり(フィリピン
全70州のうち約20を数える貧困州の一つ)、住民一人当たりの所得水準が全国平均の5
割未満となっている。また、北部山間地域は、世帯数から見た電化率は 20%以下でフィリピ
ンの中でも最も開発が遅れている地域であるため、再生可能エネルギーを利用した地方電
化を図り、農業生産の拡大や観光産業の発展を目指している。
同州の産業は農業が主体であり、米、とうもろこし、ココナツ、バナナ、キャッサバな
どが主な収穫物である。しかし、農業が主な収入源であるにもかかわらず、米の州内自給
が達成されておらず、近隣のレイテ州等からの移入に頼っている状況である。また、排水
状況が悪いため住民が住血吸虫病にかかるなど、劣悪な保健衛生状態も開発の妨げとなっ
ている。さらに、当地域の道路は未舗装のため雨季に水没するなどほとんど通行が出来ず、
農産物を市場に運搬することもままならず、収入確保の道まで閉ざされている状況である。
このような状況のもと、国際協力銀行は北サマール州カトゥビッグ川流域のカトゥビッ
グ町、ラスナバス町において、「フィリピンカトゥビッグ農業総合開発事業」を円借款事業
として支援することとなった。本事業は、かんがい施設を中心とする農村基盤整備を行う
ことにより、同地域における米を中心とする農業生産性の向上と農産物の増産を図り、ひ
いては地域農民の所得向上、保健・衛生状態の改善に寄与することを目的とするものであ
る。本事業は今年度着手され 2008 年に完成する見込みであるが、事業の進捗にしたがって
基礎インフラの整備が進み、さらには貧困層の生活の質的向上が見込まれるため、それに
伴う電化の促進が望まれているところである。
本調査では、フィリピン国サマール島北部を流れるカトゥビッグ川(Catubig River)流
域の未電化村落地域において、再生可能エネルギー、特に同河川やかんがい施設が持つ水
力発電ポテンシャル及び当地域で実施される農業総合開発事業による農産物の増産に伴っ
て発生するエネルギーであるバイオマスを利用した地方電化プロジェクトの促進可能性検
討を行うものである。
- 89 -
2. 再生可能エネルギー開発と地域社会
2.1 フィリピンの経済発展とエネルギー
フィリピンにおいては、今後 3 年間で 5.5%の経済成長が見込まれており、エネルギーは
国の経済発展に不可欠な要素として今後の方策が検討されている。
2006 年のフィリピンエネルギープランでは、輸入化石燃料依存型エネルギー構造からの
脱却を促進するため、2010 年までにエネルギー自給率を 60%とすることを目標としている。
また、環境負荷の少ない国産エネルギーの開発と利用を積極的に推進しており、特に原油
価格が高騰している現在の状況も考慮のうえ再生可能エネルギーによる電源開発を下記に
示す国の重要なエネルギー政策として位置づけている。
・世界で一番の地熱エネルギー開発国になること。
・2013 年までに水力エネルギー開発量を 2 倍にすること。
・東南アジアで一番の風力エネルギー開発国になること。
・東南アジアにおけるソーラー設備製作の拠点となること。
・バイオマス、太陽光、海洋エネルギーの拡大を図ること。
2.2 フィリピンの再生可能エネルギー開発
フィリピン国内の再生可能エネルギーの開発は、現在積極的に進められている地方電化
プログラムの中でオフグリッド電源、更には環境保護面から環境負荷の少ない電源として
重要な位置付けとなっている。特に今後は水力、地熱、バイオマス、太陽光、風力などを
中心に積極的に導入される計画となっている。
(1) 水力
フィリピンの水力発電施設は国家の電力系統に 3,219MW の電力を供給している。水力発
電は、信頼できる電力供給源であり、国の電力需要に対しかなりの貢献をしてきている。
フィリピンエネルギープランでは、下表に示すように 2014 年までに 780MW の新たな開発
を行い電力供給量を 3,991MW にする目標を掲げている。
表−1 水力発電開発目標
2005 2006 2010 2014
設備容量 (MW ) 3,219.1 3,219.1 3,219.1 3,991.1
Luzon 2,209.8 2,209.8 2,209.8 2,509.8
Visayas 11.61 11.61 11.61 61.61
Mindanao 997.65 997.65 997.65 1,427.65
発電量 (GWh) 8,374 8,563 12,996 14,741
Luzon 4,422 4,611 8,896 8,819
Visayas 35 35 35 188
Mindanao 3,917 3,917 4,065 5,734
総輸入石油等価換算量 14.44 14.76 22.41 25.42
(in MMBFOE)
- 90 -
(2) バイオマス
バイオマスエネルギーの開発も期待されており、エネルギー省は国全体で石油換算にし
て 250 百万バレルのポテンシャルがあると推定している。
既存バイオマス発電設備容量は 235.7MW でそのうち西ビサヤス地方が 127.8MW を占めて
いる。現在、ネグロス島の 2 箇所で 30MW と 50MW のバイオエネルギー発電所が建設中であ
り、4 箇所のプロジェクトが進行中である。
(3) 太陽光
フィリピンは赤道に近いことから全国的に太陽エネルギーの潜在量は大きい。
フィリピン政府は、太陽エネルギー技術サポートプロジェクトとして、約 80 の農業組合
組織にソーラーシステムを設置することとしており、現在 154 のバランガイで 5,600 箇所
の太陽光発電設備が設置されている。また、環境改善プロジェクトとしてエネルギー省と
PNOC が共同してルソン島北部コルディリア地域とミンダナオ島においてソーラーハイブリ
ッドシステムの導入を進めているところである。
(4) 風力
フィリピンでの風力開発有望地域は以下に示すとおりである。
・北部ルソンのバタネス、バブヤン諸島
・ルソン島北東端
・ルソン、ミンドロ、サマール、レイテ、パナイ、ネグロス、セブ、パラワンの内
陸山岳部
・北部ルソンから南部サマールの東海岸
・ルソン島とミンドロ島の間
・ミンドロ島とパナイ島の間
フィリピンで最初の大規模風力発電所(25MW)は、北部ルソン島イロコスノルテで開発
された。その後 2004 年には 16 箇所で合計 345MW の風力発電開発が計画された。また、最
近では 19 箇所で合計 3,270MW の開発が計画されている。
2.3 政府の政策とプログラム
フィリピン国における再生可能エネルギーの積極的な開発は、フィリピン政府がエネル
ギー自給のために達成しなければならない重要な戦略である。近年、電源構成における地
熱と水力発電の確実な増加は、輸入燃料への依存を減少させている。政府の地方電化施策
においても、ソーラー、マイクロ水力、風力、バイオマス発電は再生可能エネルギー資源
として利用が拡大されている。このように優れた特徴を持つ再生可能エネルギーが持続可
能なシステムに移行することが出来るよう促進することは重要な政府の政策となっている。
政府はこのような背景のもと、「再生可能エネルギー資源開発、利用、商業化促進法案」
の下院議会通過を強力に進めている。国際市場での価格変動が経済に影響を与えないうち
にエネルギーシステムにおける輸入燃料への依存を減らすために、再生可能エネルギー開
発を推進する目的でこの法案の提案を行い現在上下院で協議しているところである。この
法案の成立によりは再生可能エネルギーの使用が増加することは確実である。同様に最近
実施された改正付加価値税法あるいは共和国法 No9337 のもと再生可能エネルギーの非課税
措置は再生可能エネルギーによる電化の競争力を高めることになる。
- 91 -
2.4 地域社会への影響
フィリピン政府は、発電所の建設が遅滞している事態に対処するため、1990 年代に2つ
の建設促進策を策定した。
(地方自治法による制度)
第1の政策は 1991 年成立した地方自治法による制度である。これによると、発電事業者
は事業による売上げ1%、または国富税、ロイヤリティ、または料金の 40%を地元自治体に
おさめる必要がある。地元自治体は次の 2 つの方法で発電事業者から得られた売り上げを
使用することができる。この収入は、80%を住民の電気代の助成金や配電線のリハビリなど
を通じ、地元の電気代を下げるのに使用することができる。また、残る 20%は開発と生活
向上プロジェクトに使用することができる。1992 年から 2004 年の間に水力開発からの国富
税により徴収された総売り上げは 1,019,715,354.53 ペソである。
ただし、有識者によると、この政策は担当者の実施能力と評価能力の欠乏によってうま
く機能していないと評価されている。地元自治体の行政境界のわかる正確な地図の欠如、
基金を管理する国家予算当局の基金の執行の遅れ、いくつかの自治体職員の国富税体系に
対する認識不足などがこれらの原因となっている。
①電化基金(Electrification Fund)<50%>
この電化基金は、発電所のため住民移転が行われた地域、発電所立地集落(バ
ランガイ:Barangy)、立地市(Municipality or City)、立地県(Province)、
立地州(Region)の順に、各地域の電化事業に当てられる。
- 92 -
3. 地方電化の状況
3.1 地方電化の現状
フィリピンにおける地方電化は、農村及び遠隔地域における住民の生活水準の向上や新
規収入源の創出により貧困削減につながるとして、政府の重要政策として取り上げられて
きた。フィリピン政府は 1960 年に国策として地方電化に取り組むことを宣言し、電化庁を
設立した。さらに 1969 年、地方電化法を制定し国家電化庁(NEA)に改組し、地方電化に
本腰を入れることとなった。フィリピンの配電事業は民間会社によってなされていたため、
経済性の高い人口集中地区の都市部に集中し、都市部と地方部との格差が広がっていた。
このため、NEA では法に基づき地方に設立される地方電化組合を通じて地方電化を推進し
ていくこととなった。
1970 年代には政府と援助機関からの多額の援助により地方電化は急速に進展し、1980
年には電化組合数は現在の 119 組合に至った。しかし、一方で財政基盤の脆弱な電化組合
が設立され、また、電気料金の徴収率が悪い組合も多数あり、財務面では多くの課題を抱
えながらの電化の拡大が行われてきている。
1997 年には国内のすべての町(Municipality)レベルでの電化が達成されたが、バラン
ガイ(村落:Barangay)レベルでの電化率は約 72%にとどまっていた。このため、フィリ
ピン政府は引き続き地方電化を推進するため、2000 年に O-ILAW と称する地方電化推進プ
ログラムを開始し、2003 年 4 月からは新たに ER(Expanded Rural Electrification)計画
をスタートさせた。これは「2008 年にまでにすべてのバランガイの電化達成」を目標に掲
げるとともに(当初は 2004 年目標だったものが、2006 年に延長され、現在は 2008 年目標
とされている)、新たに「2017 年に世帯ベースでの電化率 90%達成」という目標も設定し
たものである。フィリピンには 41,995 バランガイが存在するとされている。2000 年末現
在ではこのうち 19.8%に相当する約 8,300 バランガイが未電化であった。このため、フィ
リピン政府は毎年の電化バランガイ数を約 1,500 に加速しようとしている。
フィリピンでは、従来、①バランガイの中の 10 戸以上に電気が供給されている、②無電
化のバランガイに配電線が通過している(電力供給は可能であり、電化するか否かは需要
家の判断によるとの考えに基づく)、のいずれかの条件が満たされるとそのバランガイは電
化されたと判断されていた。しかし、最近DOEではこの定義を見直し、①独立系統の場
合、持続可能なエネルギーにより 30∼40 件が電化されていること、(持続可能エネルギー
とは、ソーラー、バッテリーチャージステーション(BSC)、ディーゼルによる小規模発
電機セット、などである)、②グリッドからの電化の場合はバランガイに配電線が通過しア
クセス可能であること、とした。すなわち、②は従来通りであるものの、①は電化受益者
数を引き上げた。しかしながら、依然、バランガイ単位での電化率で 100%を達成したとし
ても実体は依然多くの家屋の電化がなされていない状態が続くことには変わりない。実際、
1つのバランガイで電化される世帯数は平均 30∼40 戸程度とされ、バランガイの一部世帯
の電化というケースがほとんどのようである。
- 93 -
電化率は全国平均で 94.4%となっている。電化率は地方により大きな差があり、ルソン地
域では 97.1%、ビサヤス地域では 96.0%、ミンダナオ地域では 87.0%となっている。これ
を電化実施の責任者である配電事業者別にみると、最も多い電化組合(ECs)では 93.8%、
MERALCO では 98.5%、その他民間事業者/地方自治体/その他で 97.7%となっている。
3.2 地方電化の推進方策
地方電化は O-ILAW プログラム及び ER 計画に基づき、DOE が中心となって各関係機関が実
施している。地方電化の進め方はまず大統領と DOE 長官が年間の電化目標を立てる。この
電化目標を DOE 等によるプログラムチーム(PT)が関係機関に割り振り、これに基づいて地
方電化組合、民営電力会社等の実施機関が実施に行っている。
3.3 地方電化の課題
フィリピンの配電事業は 119 の電化組合、16 の民間配電事業者、3 つの市営電気事業者
の合計 138 の配電事業者のサービス地区に分割されている。電化組合のうちバランガイ電
化 100%を達している組合は 15 組合(12.6%)にすぎず、75 組合(63.0%)はバランガイ
電化率が 90%に達していない。また、いずれの組合も世帯電化率は 100%に達していない。
電化事業は送配電系統の延伸と分散型電源を活用する方法に分けられる。2000 年末時点
で未電化である約 8,300 バランガイのうち、約 45%に相当する約 4,000 バランガイは既存
系統からかなり離れた地域に存在している。これらの地域では集落も分散して存在してお
り系統の延伸は困難であるうえ、所得水準も低いことから電化にかかるコストは高く、投
- 94 -
資効率は極めて低い状態にある。このような地域においてはオフグリッドの分散型電源の
活用に頼らざるを得ない状態である。分散型電源としては、包蔵水力がある地点では小水
力を活用し、その他の地点では太陽光を中心に風力、バイオマスなどの新・再生可能エネ
ルギー発電によるミニグリッドを活用し、また、SHS(Solar Home System)による戸別
電化の取り組みを強化することとしている。なお、1999 年から 2002 年の間に電化された
5,082 バランガイのうち 81.8%に相当する 4,159 バランガイは系統の延伸により電化され、
残りの 18.2%、923 バランガイはミニグリッドによる電化であった。ミニグリッドによる電
化のうち約7割が新・再生可能エネルギーによる電化であった。
系統延伸による電化にせよ、ミニグリッドによる電化にせよ、今後の電化対象となるバ
ランガイは電力需要の規模も小さく、電力の供給コストは高いものとなっている。また、
このようなバランガイの住民の所得は小さいことから配電事業者にとって電化事業の魅力
は極めて小さいものとなっている。しかしながら、住民の生活水準の向上の観点からこの
ような地域においてどのように電化を進めていくかが今後の大きな課題となっている。
3.4 地方電化の効果
国際協力銀行が実施したフィリピン「NEA 地方電化事業」に関する「円借款案件事後評
価報告書(2004 年)」によると、フィリピンにおける地方電化は次のような効果をもたらし
たとされている。
a)就業機会および収入の増加
本事業によって電化が完了したバランガイでは、電気を活用して新しい仕事を始め
たり、収入を増やしたりしている事例がみられる。また、経営している雑貨店を夜遅
くまで開くことができるようになった、冷凍庫を使用してアイスキャンディーを作り
販売している、パン屋を開業したなどの事例がみられた。
b)教育環境の改善
本事業では一般の世帯ではなく、バランガイの保育園、小学校などの教育施設も同
時に電化されている。インタビュー調査を実施した16のバランガイでは、合計13カ所
の保育園・小学校、4カ所の高校が電化されている。また各家庭においても従来のケ
ロシンランプよりはるかに明るい蛍光灯・白熱電球を使用できるようになったため、
夜間でも勉強を行えるようになった。
c)利便性の向上と娯楽の増加
電化後、ほとんどの世帯が蛍光灯、電球等の照明を購入している。そのほかにも、
住民は冷蔵庫、アイロン、洗濯機、電子ジャー、生活用水くみ上げ用電気ポンプ等、
利便性を高め、家事労働を軽減することができる家電製品を購入している。また、テ
レビ、ビデオ、ラジオ、ラジカセ、カラオケなど余暇を楽しむための電気製品を購入
している。電化されるまでの昼間畑で働き、暗くなったら寝るという生活から、電化
後には、娯楽や家族、近所とのコミュニケーションが向上したと回答した世帯が数多
くみられた。
- 95 -
d)安価で安全な光源の確保
電化される以前、各世帯は照明として、ほとんどの家庭がケロシンランプを使用し
ていた。電化後は、蛍光灯や白熱電球等が使用されている。60W白熱電球は、明るさ
の面でケロシンランプの7∼70倍もの明るさがあるのに対し、1時間あたりの費用は約
2分の1∼9分の1倍も安価である。また、ケロシンランプは火災の原因、排煙による悪
臭、咳・目のかゆみ等の健康被害、室内への煤の付着などの問題が生じていた。多く
の住民は電化によりケロシンランプの排煙による被害や火災の心配がなくなったと
考えている。
4. 対象地域の状況
4.1 北サマール州の状況
北サマール州は、レイテ州、南レイテ州、ビリラン州、東サマール、西サマールと並ぶ
東ビサヤス地域の一部である。北サマール州はフィリピン諸島の東部に位置し、北はサン
ベルナディノ海峡、西はサマール海、東は太平洋、南部は西サマール州、東サマール州に
接している。
図−1 北サマール州概略図
北サマール州は、ルソンからビサヤス及びミンダナオへのゲートウェイで、バスとフェ
リーを使いマニラから 14 時間かかるが最近ではマニラと州都であるカタルマンの間で航空
機が週 4 便利用可能となりアクセスが良くなった。
北サマール州は面積 3,498km2、25 の Municipalitiy(町)、569 の Barangay(村)から構
成されたおり、人口は 500,639 人(年率 2.11%で増加)、世帯数は 94,410 世帯である(2000
年調査)。
北サマール州は、フィリピンの中でも、経済・社会開発の最も遅れた地域の一つであり
(フィリピン全70州のうち約20を数える貧困州の一つ)、住民一人当たりの所得水準が
全国平均の5割未満となっている。また、北部山間地域は、世帯数から見た電化率は 20%
以下でフィリピンの中でも最も開発が遅れている地域であるため、再生可能エネルギーを
- 96 -
利用した地方電化を図り、農業生産の拡大や観光産業の発展を目指している。
同州の産業は農業が主体であり、米、とうもろこし、ココナツ、バナナ、キャッサバな
どが主な収穫物である。しかし、農業が主な収入源であるにもかかわらず、米の州内自給
が達成されておらず、近隣のレイテ州等からの移入に頼っている状況である。また、排水
状況が悪いため住民が住血吸虫病にかかるなど、劣悪な保健衛生状態も開発の妨げとなっ
ている。さらに、当地域の道路は未舗装のため雨季に水没するなどほとんど通行が出来ず、
農産物を市場に運搬することもままならず、収入確保の道まで閉ざされている状況である。
北サマール州は元来、土壌・水質ともに農業に適していることから、中部ルソン平野や
ミンダナオ島と並び農産物増産の潜在力が最も高い地域として期待されてきた経緯があり、
1970 年代には、世銀などの支援のもと、道路、上水道整備、農業開発などの開発計画が作
成された。しかしながら、共産ゲリラの活発な活動などの治安問題により実際には開発に
着手されず、現在も道路やかんがい施設の未整備が原因で作物収量が伸び悩み、農民が貧
困から脱却できない状況にある。現在ではその治安上の問題も解消されて、かんがい施設
などの基礎インフラを整備することにより、農民の収入増加を図ることが求められている。
さらに農業インフラに加え、電力設備、上水道整備、運輸インフラ整備、住血吸虫病対策
などの保健衛生施設整備を行うことにより、農民の居住環境・生活向上を図ることが緊急
の課題となっている。
4.2 北サマール州の電力事情
北サマール州を含む東ビサヤス地域の電力供給は、レイテ州のトンゴナン No1,2,3 地熱
発電所からとなっており、総発電容量は 700MW を超えている。ここで発電された電力は、
ルソン−レイテ連系線、レイテ−サマール連系線、レイテ−ボホール−セブ−ネグロス−
パナイ連系線により各地へ供給されている。
北サマール州の電力供給は、北サマール配電組合(NORSAMELCO)により行われており、
2005 年末現在で、北サマール州の 569 の Barangay のうち 73%に相当する 415 の Barangay
で電化が行われている。世帯数に対しての約 50%の電化率である。配電組合の詳細は5章に
示す。
5. 再生可能エネルギーによる地方電化の可能性検討
5.1 対象地域における地方電化の状況
5.1.1 北サマール州の地方電化の状況
今回調査の対象地域は北サマール州 Catubig 川流域であり、行政区域でいうと北サマー
ル州 Catubig 町および Las Navas 町である。
- 97 -
また、2004 年末時点での北サマール州内の各自治体別電化状況を見ると Catubig 町は北
サマール州平均を若干超える 60.9%であるものの、Las Navas 町は同州内の最低の電化率
(11.3%)となっており、電化促進が喫緊の課題となっていることが分かる( 表−3 )。
Source : Northern Samar Electric Cooperative (NORSAMELCO), Inc., Bobon, Northern Samar
- 98 -
5.1.2 電力供給設備
NORSAMELCO は主にレイテ島の Tongonan 地熱発電所1号機(蒸気開発 PNOC-EDC,発電 NPC、
出力 112.5MW)からの電力をサマール州 Wright 変電所にて 138kV から 69kV に降下させ、 69kV
送電線を経由して Dalakit、Lawaan、Allen の3変電所にて受電し管内に供給している。
NORSAMELCO の所管は変電所受電端以降である。Catubig 町や Las Navas 町への電力供給は
Lawaan 変電所(69kV/13.2kV 容量 3.75MW)から行われ、ここから約 30km の配電線を介して
Las Navas まで供給している。
- 99 -
NORSAMELCO の収支状況は、営業利益▲1,550,085Peso の赤字(2004 年)で、2年
連続赤字を記録している。なお、赤字幅は縮小してきている。また、需要家件数は年率約
13%、最大電力は年率約 7%で増加するものと見られており、2008 年には全バランガイの
電化率達成を目標にしている。
5.1.4 カトービッグ町及びラスナバス町の電化の概要
Catubig 町には 47 の Barangay が存在する。このうち 28 Barangay が電化されている。
また、La Navas 町には 53 の Barangay が存在し、うち 26 Barangay が電化されている。
また、両町とも未電化の Barangay に対し、QTP による電化計画を有している。しかし、
QTP による電化に対し、支援策あるいは罰則のような措置はないため、この電化計画が予
定通り実施されるかは予断を許さない。
5.2 地方電化に伴う電力需要の想定
Catubing 町および Las Navas 町においては「Catubig 農業総合開発事業(Help for Catubig
Agricultural Advancement Project;HCAAP)」がわが国の円借款を活用して実施されている。
これにより約 4,500Ha にのぼる灌漑・排水施設の整備が行われ、幹線道路も約 65km にわた
り整備される予定である。この結果、当地の農業生産性は従来の稲作単位生産量 1 トン/ha
未満から 5 トン/ha へと大幅に改善することが期待されている。
本調査は同プロジェクトにより整備された灌漑水路における小規模水力ポテンシャル、
農業生産性向上に伴うバイオ廃棄物の発生などに注目し、これらの再生可能エネルギー資
源を当地域に多数存在する未電化 Barangay の電化に有効利用できないかを検討するもので
ある。
- 100 -
表−4 村落電化による需要想定
(kWh/
<Energy Denmand in Barangay> <Demand> coverage (kW) (hour) Remarks
day)
Number of Households 50 Households
Household Light (40Wx4) 160 W 0.8 6.4 4 25.6 Peak
Household TV 70 W 0.5 1.75 4 7.0 Peak
Households Refrigerator (50L 100 W 0.3 0.45 24 10.8 Peak & Base
(Refrigerator Availability) ( 0.3 )
Street Light (40WX25) 40 W 25 1 12 12.0 Peak & Base
Pump for Water Well 250 W 1unit 0.25 20 5.0 Non-Peak
Ice Manufacturer 1,250 W 1unit 1.25 20 25.0 Non-Peak
Rice Miller 3,000 W 1unit 3 9 27.0 Non-Peak
Total 112.4
(Peak Demand 9.6 kW 44.6 )
(Base Demand 5.0 kW 67.8 )
図−2 村落電化による電力需要想定(日負荷曲線)
12
10
8
Demand (kW)
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
hour
5.3 配電線延長による電化計画とコスト想定
再生可能エネルギーによる電化を検討するに当たり、配電線の延長による電化にはどの
程度のコストがかかっているかを検討する必要がある。検討の結果、配電線延長方式の電
化コストは 19.8¢/kWh から 32.2¢/kWh まで幅があることが分かった。特に、村落規模の
小さい場合や配電線延長距離の長い場合は 25¢/kWh を上回る場合も出現する。これらの配
電線延長方式による電化コストの高い Barangay については再生可能エネルギー利用の独立
系統による電化方式が競争力を有する場合があるものと考えられる。
- 101 -
5.4 再生可能エネルギーによる電化計画とコスト想定
5.4.1 マイクロ水力による電化計画とコスト想定
5.2 で述べたように村落電化による電力需要はピーク時で約 10kW、ベース時で約 5kW で
ある。これをマイクロ水力により発電を行う場合、すべてをまかなうことを前提に発電所
を建設すると、出力 10kW の発電設備が必要となる。この場合、非ピーク時には設備が有効
利用されないことから、設備利用率は 46.8%となる。10kW の発電に必要なエネルギー源と
しては、流量 0.2 m3/s、落差 7m程度のポテンシャルが必要である。他方、電力需要のうち
ベース分のみを水力発電により負担すると考えた場合は、5kW の発電設備の設置が適切であ
る。この場合、設備利用率は 66.5%になり、5kW の発電に必要なエネルギー源としては、
流量 0.1 m3/s、落差 7m程度のポテンシャルが必要となる。
水力発電設備による電化コストは次の要素からなる。すなわち、
①水車・発電機の設置に要する資本費(建設費込み)
②配電線(240V による低圧配電を前提とする)設置に要する資本費
③水車・発電機、配電線等の維持管理費(O&M 費)
④運転員費用
このうち、
①に関しては、水車単価を 8,000$/kW と想定し、さらに耐用年 45 年、割引率 12%
を用いて算出した年経費率 0.1078 を用いて年経費換算した。
②に関しては、配電線延長方式の場合と同様の単価を用い算出した。
③に関しては、水車・発電機、配電設備の維持管理費は年間に建設費の 1.5%相当
額が必要であるものとした。
④に関しては、運転員1名、給与月額 4,000 ペソと想定した。
これらの経費を受益する消費者の年間電力使用量で除すことで、マイクロ水力利用方式
による電化の長期限界費用(LRMC)が求められる。10kW の設備を設置してすべての需要を
水力のみでまかなう方式の場合の電化コストは 27.7¢/kWh と試算された。また、5kW のベ
ース対応の発電設備を設置し、ベース負荷のみをまかなう場合は 22.1¢/kWh と試算された。
5.4.2 バイオガス利用による電化計画とコスト想定
フィリピンでは豚、牛、鶏などの家畜糞をメタン発酵して処理するシステムが既に商業
利用段階にある。これらの技術は環境面から家畜糞処理技術として利用されていたが、発
生するメタンガスをエネルギー面から有効利用することも行われている。DOE によると、大
小様々な家畜糞の処理システムがフィリピン全体で 650 カ所以上にわたり導入されている
とのことである。大規模利用の代表例としては、農地 40Ha、豚 6 万頭を飼育する民間企業
である Maya 農場で、発酵メタンを利用した発電を行い、場内の照明、冷蔵庫などに利用し
ている事例がある。また、農家による小規模飼育の場合にはコンクリート製の簡易消化槽
が推奨されている。このような家畜糞処理消化槽のメーカーはフィリピン国内に 9 社ほど
存在しているようである。
- 102 -
近年、フィリピン国内では豚糞のメタン発酵処理事業を CDM 事業として計画する事例が
増加している。このように豚糞処理によるバイオガス発電は技術的に実用段階に入ってお
り、Catubig 町においても豚の飼育は一般に行われている。今後、HCAAP 計画の進展に伴
い農家の所得水準の向上が図られた場合、各農家が副業として豚の飼育数を増加させるこ
とは大いに考えられるシナリオである。このため、ここでは再生可能エネルギーとして豚
糞利用によるバイオガス発電を検討した。
このバイオガス利用により発電を行う場合、マイクロ水力の場合と同様に、すべてをま
かなうことを前提に発電所を建設すると、出力 10kW のバイオガス発電設備が必要となる。
この場合、設備利用率は 46.8%となる。10kW の発電に必要なエネルギー源としては、豚 1,800
頭、容量 3,600m 程度のバイオガス発生消化槽、バイオガス発生量 100 m3/日の設備と豚飼
3
育数が必要である。
他方、電力需要のうちピーク分のみをバイオガス発電により負担すると考えた場合は、
5kW のバイオガス発電設備の設置が適切である。この場合、設備利用率は 11.9%と少ないも
のであるが、ガスホルダーの利用により豚飼育数は 500 頭、容量 1,000 m3 程度のバイオガ
ス発生消化槽、バイオガス発生量 28 m3/日程度の設備ですむこととなる。
バイオガス発電設備による電化コストは次の要素からなる。すなわち、
①バイオガス発生設備の設置に要する資本費(建設費込み)
②ガスエンジン・発電機設置に要する資本費(建設費込み)
③配電線(240V による低圧配電を前提とする)設置に要する資本費
④バイオガス発生設備、ガスエンジン・発電機、配電線等の維持管理費(O&M 費)
⑤運転員費用
このうち、
①に関しては、CIGER 装置建設費単価を 7.4$/m3 と想定し、さらに耐用年 20 年、割引
率 12%を用いて算出した年経費率 0.1195 を用いて年経費換算した。
②に関しては、ガスエンジン・発電機設置費に対し、①と同様に年経費率 0.1195 を用
い年経費換算した。
③に関しては、配電線延長方式の場合と同様の単価を用い算出した。
④に関しては、CIGER 装置、ガスエンジン・発電機、配電設備の維持管理費は年間に建
設費の 2.0%相当額が必要であるものとした。
⑤に関しては、運転員 2 名、給与月額 4,000 ペソと想定した。
これらの経費を受益する消費者の年間電力使用量で除すことで、バイオガス発電方式に
よる電化の長期限界費用(LRMC)が求められる。10kW の設備を設置してすべての需要をバ
イオガス発電のみでまかなう方式の場合の電化コストは 20.5¢/kWh と試算された。また、
5kW のピーク対応の発電設備を設置し、ピーク負荷のみをまかなう場合は 41.5¢/kWh と試
算された。この結果、10kW のバイオガス発電により電力需要をすべて賄う方式で電化した
場合、電化コストは配電線延長方式と同レベルであると考えられる。しかし、必要となる
豚糞を集めるため 1,800 頭という飼育数の確保に課題が残るものと考えられる。
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5.4.3 籾殻発電による電化計画とコスト想定
HCAAP 計画により当地の農業生産性は従来の稲作単位生産量 1 トン/ha 未満から 5 トン/ha
へと大幅に改善することが期待されている。この結果大量に生じる籾殻を電化に利用する
ことも検討に値する。フィリピンでは籾殻は家庭調理用などに小規模に利用することはあ
っても、大規模に利用する事例はまだない。DOE によると現在、Bulacan 州で 35MW の籾殻
発電が、また、Nueva Ecija 州で 25-30MW の籾殻発電が計画されている段階である。
籾殻発電を検討する場合、従来の技術であるボイラー及び蒸気発電を利用した場合、設
備容量がどうしても大規模になってしまう。事実、上記の計画中の事例も 25-35MW クラス
であり、また、タイで稼働中の籾殻発電も 10MW∼20MW クラスである。このような大規模の
発電設備を設置する場合、大量の籾殻を効率的に収集するシステムが必要となるが、HCAAP
計画においてはそのような籾殻収集システム(例えば大規模ポストハーベスト施設の建設)
が計画されていない現状では村落電化の電源とするには適当とは言えない。
現在、小規模なバイオマス燃料を有効利用する技術としてスターリングエンジンが注目
され始めている。スターリングエンジンとはガソリンエンジンやディーゼルエンジンなど
のようにシリンダー内で燃料を燃やしてピストンを駆動するいわゆる内燃機関とは異なり、
シリンダー内の気体に外部から熱を加え膨張させることによりピストンを駆動するいわゆ
る外燃機関である。現在、軸出力 5 馬力、発電出力 3kW 程度の小規模なシステムが実証段
階にある。今回調査の対象となる小規模 Barangay の電化には適切な規模であるため、ここ
では籾殻をこのスターリングエンジンを利用して電化に利用する可能性を検討した。
このスターリングエンジン籾殻発電を行う場合、できるだけ設備利用率を高めることが
経済性を高めるうえで有利になるため、発電出力 3.3kW の設備を 3 基導入し合計 10kW の
設備とするものとした。この場合、設備利用率は 46.8%となる。スターリングエンジンの仕
様をに示す。また、10kW の発電に必要な籾殻量としては年間 180 トンと推計され、これは
HCAAP 計画により整備された農地 130ha から生じる籾殻量に相当する。
スターリングエンジン籾殻発電による電化コストは次の要素からなる。すなわち、
①スターリングエンジン・発電機設置に要する資本費(建設費込み)
②籾殻貯蔵庫建設に要する資本費
③配電線(240V による低圧配電を前提とする)設置に要する資本費
④スターリングエンジン・発電機、配電線等の維持管理費(O&M 費)
⑤運転員費用
このうち、
①に関しては、現在、スターリングエンジンは実証試験中であり商業価格が設定され
ていない。このため暫定値として1基 35,000$と想定した。さらに耐用年 20 年、割
引率 12%を用いて算出した年経費率 0.1195 を用いて年経費換算した。
②に関しては、5,000$と想定し、①と同様に年経費率 0.1195 を用い年経費換算した。
③に関しては、配電線延長方式の場合と同様の単価を用い算出した。
④に関しては、スターリングエンジン・発電機、配電設備の維持管理費は年間に建設
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費の 2.0%相当額が必要であるものとした。
⑤に関しては、運転員 3 名、給与月額 4,000 ペソと想定した。
これらの経費を受益する消費者の年間電力使用量で除すことで、スターリングエンジン
籾殻発電方式による電化の長期限界費用(LRMC)が求められる。これによると 10kW の設
備を設置した場合の電化コストは 47.1¢/kWh と試算された。この価格は他の方式による電
化コストより高いものとなっているが、スターリングエンジンの価格を暫定的に設定した
ためであり、仮にスターリングエンジンが普及し、価格が1基 10,000$程度まで低下した
とすればこれによる電化コストは 20¢/kWh 程度まで大幅に低下する。これは配電線延長に
よる電化コストと遜色ないレベルであり、スターリングエンジンの実用化、普及が大いに
期待されるものである。
5.4.4 マイクロ水力とバイオガスのハイブリッド発電による電化計画とコスト想定
5.4.1 及び 5.4.2 から、50 世帯の標準 Barangay をマイクロ水力のみで電化するだけの水
力ポテンシャルはこの地ではあまり期待できない。また、豚糞バイオガスのみを利用して
電化するだけの豚飼育数も期待できない状態である。他方、技術的特性としてマイクロ水
力は 24 時間の発電が可能であり、豚糞バイオガスはガスホルダーを利用することでガスを
ため必要なときに発電が可能である。このため、両者を組み合わせ、マイクロ水力をベー
ス電源として、豚糞バイオガス発電をピーク電源として組み合わせるハイブリッドシステ
ムを検討する。
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6. 再生可能エネルギーによる地方電化計画
6.1 マイクロ水力ポテンシャル
HCAAP 計画は、Catubig Sercvice Area(3,565.5ha)、Bulao Service Area (742.2ha)、
Hagbay Service Area(665.3ha) の3地域の灌漑計画からなっている。このうち、今回、
Catubig Sercvice Area に関する灌漑用水路の水量及び水路落差のデータが入手できた。こ
れから判断されるマイクロ水力のポテンシャルは、表−6 の通りである。
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によりベース需要を賄うと共に、5.2kW の不足分をバイオガス発電により賄うハイブリッ
ド発電計画が考えられる。この場合、必要な豚飼育数は約 440 頭(一戸当たり約 10 頭)で
あり、消化槽は容量 900m3 の CIGER 消化槽を設置することが必要である。
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Demand Side Supply Side
Daily Daily Base Hydro Energy Energy
Household Peak Base Micro Hydro Biogas Necessary Capacity of
Barangay Energy Energy Site production by Production
s Demand Demand Potential Generation No. of Swine Digester
Demand Demand No. Micro Hydro by Biogas
(house) (kW) (kW) (kWh) (kWh) (kW) (kWh) (kW) (kWh) (Head) (m3)
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h)=(b)-(f) (i)=(d)-(g) (j) (k)
Palanas 35 6.7 3.5 78.7 55.9 1.8 7 43.2 4.9 35.5 540 1,100
Tagan-ayan 60 11.5 6.0 134.9 95.8 6.0 5 95.8 5.5 39.1 600 1,200
Epaw 44 8.4 4.4 98.9 70.2 3.2 2 70.2 5.2 28.7 440 900
San Jose 36 6.9 3.6 80.9 57.5 1.8 3 43.2 5.1 37.7 580 1,200
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北サマール州山岳地域における再生可能エネルギーによる地方電化計画可能性調査
1. セクター 2. プロジェクト地点
電力 フィリピン国、北サマール州、カトゥビグ
及びラスナバス地方
3. 実施機関
フィリピン国営石油公社;PNOC
4. 背景及び目的
本地方電化プロジェクト可能性調査の対象地域は東ビサヤス地域の北サマール州に位置
するフィリピンにおいても未開発地域である。当該地域の一人当たりの収入はフィリピン
全体平均値の 50%程度である。北サマール州の山岳地域における家屋電化率は 20%以下で
あることから、同州では農業生産性の向上及び観光産業の発展を促進させるため電化率の
向上を目標に掲げている。
本調査は、カトゥビグ川、潅漑施設からの水を利用したマイクロ水力及び農産物から発
生するバイオマスエネルギー等の再生可能エネルギーによる地方電化の可能性を検討す
る。カトゥビグ流域においては、現在実施されている包括的農業開発計画(ECDP)により
農産物の生産性向上が期待されている。
5. プロジェクト概要
(1) プロジェクト名:再生可能エネルギーによる地方電化計画
(2) ハイブリッド発電による最大出力
バランガイ パラナス: P=6.7kW (マイクロ水力: 1.8kW、 バイオガス: 4.9kW)
バランガイ タガンアヤン: P=11.5kW (マイクロ水力: 6.0kW、 バイオガス: 5.5kW)
バランガイ エパウ: P=8.4kW (マイクロ水力: 3.2kW、 バイオガス: 5.2kW)
バランガイ サンホセ: P=6.9kW(マイクロ水力: 1.8kW、 バイオガス: 5.1kW)
6. プロジェクト実施期間
可能性調査から工事完了まで約 2 年間(建設期間:0.5 年間)
7. 期待される便益及び受益者
受益者 ; 地域住民
便益 ; 家畜糞の有効利用、建設工事による雇用創出、
電化による地域産業の発展、生産性改善による貧困削減
8. 環境への影響 9. プロジェクト費用
影響なし 約 0.5 百万米ドル
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