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ECE 308 Sampling of Analog Signals Quantization of Continuous-Amplitude Signals
ECE 308 Sampling of Analog Signals Quantization of Continuous-Amplitude Signals
ECE 308
Sampling of Analog Signals
Quantization of Continuous-Amplitude
Signals
Z. Aliyazicioglu
ECE 308-3 1
Solution:
a Ω = 100π F = 50 Hz
The minimum sampling rate is Fs = 2 F = 100Hz
1
Sampling of Analog Signals
Solution:
b If Fs = 200 Hz , the discrete-time signal is
100π π 1
x(n) = 3cos n = 3cos n = 3cos 2π n
200 2 4
x( n ) = 3cos
100π
n = 3cos
4π
n = 3cos 2π −
2π n = 3cos 2π 1 n
3
75 3 3
c For the sampling rate Fs = 75 Hz ,
1
F = fFs = f 75 and f = in part in (c). Hence
3
75 So, the analog sinusoidal signal is
F= = 25Hz
3
ya (t ) = 3cos 2π Ft
= 3cos50π t
ECE 308-3 3
Fi < Fmax
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2
The Sampling Theorem
Fs > 2 Fmax
1 F 1
− ≤ fi = i ≤
2 Fs 2
or in radians
−π ≤ ωi = 2π fi ≤ π
ECE 308-3 5
Solution
ECE 308-3 6
3
The Sampling Theorem
Example: The analog signal
xa (t ) = 3cos 2000π t + 5sin 6000π t − 10cos12000π t
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1 2 1
So that normalize frequencies are f1 = f2 = f3 =
5 5 5
ECE 308-3 8
4
The Sampling Theorem
Solution (cont)
ECE 308-3 9
5
Quantization of Continuous-Amplitude Signals
n xq (n) x ( n) eq (n)
∆ ∆
− ≤ eq (n) ≤
2 2
xmax − xmin
∆=
L −1
ECE 308-3 12
6
Quantization of Continuous-Amplitude Signals
In the example xmin = 0 , xmax = 1 , and, L = 11 , which leads to ∆ = 0.1 .
Note:
ECE 308-3 13
ECE 308-3 14
7
Quantization of Sinusoidal Signal
The analog signal xa (t ) is almost linear between quantization levels.
The quantization error
eq (t ) = xa (t ) − xq (t )
eq(t)
∆/2
-τ t
-∆/2 0 τ
∆
Here eq (t ) = t −τ ≤ t ≤ τ
2τ
1 ∆ t 3 τ ∆2
2 2
1 τ 1 τ 1 τ ∆ 2
Pq = ∫ τ e (t )dt = τ ∫ τ∫
2
eq2 (t )dt Pq = t dt = =
2τ
q
− 0 0
2τ τ 2τ 3 0 12
ECE 308-3 15
2A
∆=
2b
Hence, the mean-square error power Pq for the signal xa (t ) is
4 A2 A2
Pq = 2b
=
(12)2 (3)22b
The ratio of the signal average power to the noise power is the
signal-quantization noise ratio (SQNR) gives
Px 3 2b
SQNR = = 2 In dB, SQNR(dB) = 10log10 SQNR = 1.76 + 6.02b
Pq 2
ECE 308-3 16
8
Digital-to-Analog Conversion
Some cases we may need to convert digital signal to analog
signal again.
The process of converting a digital signal into an analog signal is
called Digital-to-Analog (DAC).
All D/A converters use some kind of interpolation. A simple form
of D/A conversion is zero-order hold or staircase
approximation. Simply holds constant the value of one sample
until the next one is received.
ECE 308-3 17
Digital-to-Analog Conversion
A Linear interpolation is connect successive samples with strait-
line. It needs T second delay so that has knowledge about next
sample values.
9
Problem
Problem 1.7
• An analog signal contains frequencies up to 10Khz.
a. What range of sampling frequencies allows exact
reconstruction of this signal from the samples?
b. Suppose that we sample this signal with a sampling
frequency Fs=8 KHz. Examine what happens to the
frequency F1=5Khz.
c. Repeat part (b) for a frequency F2=9Khz.
Fs = 8Khz. Fs
b Ffold = = 4 Khz.
2
So, F = 5 Khz will be alias of 3KHz
ECE 308-3 19
Problem
Problem 1.15 xa (t ) = sin 2π F0t −∞ < t < ∞
F0
and x ( n ) = x ( nT ) = sin 2π n
Fs
Fs = 5 Khz. and F0 = 0.5 Khz. 0 ≤ n ≤ 99
Solution 1.15
>> n=0:99;
>> x=sin(2*pi*0.1*n);
>> stem (n,x)
ECE 308-3 20
10