Generator Operation Modes about:reader?url=http://www.svri.
nl/en/generator-operation-modes/
svri.nl
Generator Operation Modes
5-6 minutes
There are three modes of operation for generators: stand-
alone, island and parallel with the utility. Each operation mode
requires specific turbine fuel and generator excitation controls.
In this post I describe features of each mode of operation.
Stand-alone Operation
In stand-alone operation a generator is not connected with
other generators or the utility. As an isolated unit it supplies
power to all connected load. Examples are emergency
generators, aggregates or portable diesel generator sets.
Stand-alone Operation – the governor and voltage regulators
determine frequency and voltage.
Features:
more / less fuel will raise / lower the frequency (Hz)
more / less excitation current will raise / lower the voltage (kV)
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the total load determines the generator output power (MW,
MVAr)
engine fuel control options: isochronous speed control, droop
speed control
excitation current control options: constant voltage control,
droop voltage control
power management system could keep bus frequency and
voltage constant if droop control modes are active (else not
necessary)
load flow analysis model: Slack Bus (also Reference Bus,
Swing Bus)
Paralleled With The Utility Operation
If a generator is paralleled with the utility grid and it is
considered as an infinite bus, the utility grid will determine the
generator frequency, speed and voltage. An example is an
industrial generator used for cogeneration. In practice such an
engine generator set can not change the frequency, but it can
slightly change the generator terminal voltage.
Paralleled With Utility Operation – if considered as an infinite bus,
the utility grid will determine the generator frequency, speed and
voltage.
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Features:
more / less fuel will raise / lower the generator active power
(MW)
more / less excitation current will raise / lower the generator
reactive power (MVAr)
the utility determines the frequency (Hz), speed (rpm) and
voltage (kV)
the difference between the total plant load and the generator
output power will be imported or exported (MW, MVAr)
engine fuel control options: droop speed control, base load
(MW) control
excitation current control options: droop voltage control, VAR
control, PF control
power management system could keep the imported or
exported power (MW, MVAR) or power factor constant
load flow analysis model: PQ bus (also Load Bus), PV bus
(also Generator Bus)
Island Operation
In island operation a generator is connected with other
generators, but not with the utility. As an isolated system the
generators supply all power to the connected load. Examples
are power systems on ships, on offshore platforms or in the
desert.
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Island Operation – all generators together determine frequency,
speed and voltage. The total load (MW, MVAr) should be shared.
Features:
more / less fuel will raise / lower generator active power and
the bus frequency (MW, Hz)
more / less excitation current will raise / lower the generator
reactive power and the bus voltage (MVAr, kV)
the total plant load determines the sum of the power of all
generators (MW, MVAr)
engine fuel control options: droop speed control
excitation current control options: droop voltage control
power management system keeps the bus frequency and
voltage constant, while sharing the load (MW, MVAr)
proportional or cost optimised over all engine generator sets
load flow analysis model: at least one generator (or a fictive
untility) must be slack bus, the other generators may be PQ or
PV buses
Note that cross-current compensation is sometimes used to
share reactive power, while maintaining the bus voltage
constant. I prefer a power management system or VAr Load
Sharing devices.
Mode Of Operation Changes
All modes of operation are possible after closing or tripping
breakers in the configuration in the image below. During the
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power system engineering, this should be taken into
consideration. I highly recommend to use a power
management system in this configuration.
Mode Of Operation Changes – all modes are possible after closing or
tripping breakers.
See also
Hans Stutvoet – Isochronous Vs Droop Control For
Generators
References
Woodward Application Note 01302 – Speed Droop and Power
Generation, 1991
Woodward Manual 26260 – Governing Fundamentals and
Power Management, 2004
Basler Electric Technical Paper – Parallel Operation with a
Network System, 2002
Basler Electric Technical Paper – Voltage Regulator and
Parallel Operation, 2002
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