Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Pre-Screener
(Outsourced)
Self
Self Study
Study
Airport Operations & Airline Commercial Training has designed this self-study material to
provide you with certain basic aspects of the Aviation Industry. The topics covered in this
self-study are:
Please read through these modules and complete the exercises given at the end of each
module. The model answers to these exercises are provided at the end of the book. On the
following page, you will find the Learning Outcome as well as the Assessment Criteria on
which you will be assessed.
Wish you all the best and look forward to your active involvement in completing this self-
study material.
A. Kanagaratnam
Manager Learning & Development
Airport Services & Group Commercial
Pre-Screener (Outsourced) Learning Outcomes & Assessment Criteria
1.0 Recall information related to the 1.1 Write the names of the pioneers of aviation
fundamentals of aviation 1.2 Write the year of formation and members of ICAO
and IATA
1.3 List the main offices of IATA and ICAO
1.4 Identify the five Freedoms of the Air
1.5 List the advantages of IATA
2.0 Interpret airline geography for air 2.1. Identify the “areas of the world” defined by IATA
itineraries and calculate world 2.2. Name the two main ocean bodies associated with
time for airline operations IATA geography
2.3. Recognize commercially important cities on a
world map for passengers’ itineraries
4. ANSWERS ...................................................................................................................... 31
Module 1
Pre-Screener (Outsourced) Fundamentals of Aviation
1. Fundamentals of Aviation
1.1 The History of Aviation
The record of man's patient attempts towards a perfect flight has been a long one. Many
who remembered the first powered flight of the Wright brothers were still alive when the
supersonic flight was achieved.
We invite you to travel through time with us now - through our shortened version of the
history of civil aviation.
The first manned flight in history took place on 21st November 1783. The two
Montgolfier brothers designed and built a hot air balloon which travelled for five miles
across the city of Paris.
In 1804 Sir George Cayley, an English gentleman designed the first model aircraft with a
mainplane and in 1852, a 10-year old son of one of Sir George's servants was carried into
the air by a glider constructed by him at Brampton Hall, in Yorkshire, England.
Like most great human success stories, the Wright brothers ultimate triumph at Kitty
Hawk on 17th December 1903 was achieved with a great deal of patience, trial and
research. Before their first powered flight, the brothers had made over 1000 flights in
their No. 3 glider, during which time they became the first aviators to use lateral (rudder)
control and turn an aircraft by banking (tilting).
Their first powered flight lasted 13 seconds and covered a distance of 60 meters.
In each country there will be one Civil Aviation Department within the
Government to look after the interest of ICAO and oversee the implementation of the
standards set by ICAO.
ICAO has made provisions for the manner in which international air services may be
operated between two countries. These agreements are known as the bilateral air services
agreements.
One of the main contributions of ICAO to the airline industry is regulating the air
transportation between countries. This is based on the freedoms of air and bilateral
agreements between countries which are negotiated agreed and documented frequently.
The right to fly across the territory of another state without landing (overflying).
The right to uplift traffic from a foreign country to the home country.
The right to uplift traffic between (both ways) two foreign countries.
Active Member
Airlines engaged in International Transportation who takes active part during
meetings regarding fares.
Associate Member
Airlines engaged in Domestic Transportation.
One ticket – one payment; passengers can purchase one ticket for a journey involving
many airlines.
Settlement off accounts for interline revenue transactions between airline, through IATA
Clearing House, Geneva.
Distribution Channels:
Airline
Airline
Sub
Agents
ICAO
IATA
Module 2
Pre-Screener (Outsourced) Airline Geography
2. AIRLINE GEOGRAPHY
2.1 INTRODUCTION
A good knowledge of airline geography is essential for everyone to work competently in the
airline industry. This industry spans the globe and it would be beneficial for us to know what
exists in other parts, like countries, capitals, currencies, tourist destinations, and the climate.
y In communicating internally and externally with various bodies in the travel industry
y In planning itineraries
y In maintaining uniformity within the industry
E.g.:
y FRA Frankfurt (first three alphabets in the city name)
y MNL Manila (choice of three alphabets in the city name)
y YMQ Montreal (no relation between the code and the city name)
The codes for all cities in Canada start with the letter Y).
Cities, which are served by multi- airports, have separate codes for each airport.
E.g.:
yNew York
JFK John F. Kennedy
LGA La Guardia
EWR Newark
y Paris
CDG Charles de Gaulle
ORY Orly
LBG Le Bourget
North, Central and South Europe including part of Asia and adjacent islands (except
America Commonwealth of Independent the portion included in Area 2)
states (CIS) and adjacent
Islands
Greenland Iceland East Indies
Bermuda Azores Australia and New Zealand
West Indies and Caribbean Africa and adjacent islands Pacific Islands not included in
Islands Area 1
Hawaiian Islands (including Ascension Islands
Midway and Palmyra)
Asia (lying west of the Ural
mountains including Middle
East up to Iran)
NOTE: The corresponding locations of the important cities are shown in the world map on
the next page.
2- Check the location of the following cities on the blank map of the world (given on the next
page) and write the corresponding number of the cities in the table below.
E.g. for Dubai the corresponding number on the map is ‘6’.
Module 3
Pre-Screener (Outsourced) Cargo and Ramp Operations
It refers to the various functions, carried out by the different departments on the ramp and
associated areas, in relation to the handling of a flight.
This unit process the baggage for loading. They also deliver the inbound baggage to the
arrival hall. Another major task carried out by Baggage Services is the sorting and re-
forwarding of all the interline / transfer baggage. Baggage Services department uses
computer systems such as airlines’ DCS (Departure Control System) and BRS ( Baggage
Reconciliation System) to keep track of baggage and maintain records.
The Baggage checked in at the check-in counters, for different flights and different
destinations, finally converge at the Baggage Sorting area.
The massive amount of baggage that accumulates in this area, is sorted out flight-wise,
destination-wise and class-wise and loaded into the designated containers. This process is
carried out using sophisticated scanners, and the details are automatically fed into the
computer system.
This helps the Baggage Services staff to identify the container into which a piece with a
particular Baggage –tag number has been loaded, in case of baggage off- loading.
A minor lapse in the discharge of their duties could result in baggage going to the wrong
destination, and consequent loss or delay in its delivery. This will have a negative impact on
the services provided to the customers and may result in claims. An integral part of the
Baggage Services department is the Mis-handled Baggage unit that looks after baggage
which is lost, pilfered, damaged or found in excess.
2. AIRLINE GEOGRAPHY
2.1 INTRODUCTION
A good knowledge of airline geography is essential for everyone to work competently in the
airline industry. This industry spans the globe and it would be beneficial for us to know what
exists in other parts, like countries, capitals, currencies, tourist destinations, and the climate.
y In communicating internally and externally with various bodies in the travel industry
y In planning itineraries
y In maintaining uniformity within the industry
E.g.:
y FRA Frankfurt (first three alphabets in the city name)
y MNL Manila (choice of three alphabets in the city name)
y YMQ Montreal (no relation between the code and the city name)
The codes for all cities in Canada start with the letter Y).
Cities, which are served by multi- airports, have separate codes for each airport.
E.g.:
yNew York
JFK John F. Kennedy
LGA La Guardia
EWR Newark
y Paris
CDG Charles de Gaulle
ORY Orly
LBG Le Bourget
This department is responsible for the loading and unloading of the flights on the ramp.
This task is carried out under the supervision of the Loading Team Leader, and his team of
loaders. It is done as per the unloading and loading instructions, issued by the Load
Controller. Utmost care needs to be exercised, to avoid the following discrepancies:
yFailure to unload and load in compliance with the load plan issued by the
Load Controller.
The two main sections in this department are Load Control and Dispatch. Calculating the
total weight of load and the total weight of the aircraft, as well as advising the captain about
the balance conditions of the aircraft, is the main task of Load Control. Co-ordinating the
tasks of different units to ensure a smooth and on time departure of the flight is the main job
of dispatch.
As the name suggests, it is the most sensitive and important section dealing with the safety
aspects of the aircraft, in relation to its Weight and Balance.
The Load Controller ascertains the safety of the aircraft by certain calculations, carried out in
the following two documents:
y Load Sheet: Ensures that the aircraft is not overloaded, but is within the safety limits
permitted by the manufacturer.
y Trim Sheet: Ensures that the aircraft is neither too heavy in the front (Nose) nor too
heavy at the rear (Tail), but is well balanced.
These documents are then submitted to the Captain (pilot-in-command), who will perform a
final check on the accuracy of the calculations.
3.1.3.2 Dispatch
The overall responsibility for the safe and punctual departure of an aircraft is vested with the
Dispatcher. He oversees and co-ordinates the following functions:
a. IATA Airport Handling Manual: This book describes the content for airport ground
handling
b. Dangerous Goods Regulations: This book describes the rules regarding the safe
carriage of dangerous goods by air
2- What are the consequences of the discrepancies that could take place at the Baggage
Sorting area?
3- The unloading and loading of an aircraft is a task that needs to be done with utmost care,
to avoid the following three discrepancies.
3.2 CARGO
3.2.1 Introduction
Any kind of goods which are carried by means of a vessel, whether Land, Sea or Air is
known as Cargo or Freight. If the goods are transported by air then it is termed as Air Cargo
or Air Freight.
The first known or documented case of carriage of freight by air was in 1932 when Mr.J.R.D
Tata flew a single engined aircraft (De Havilland Puss Moth) from Karachi to Bombay (now
known as Mumbai). This aircraft was carrying post office mail
Shipper or Consignor is the person who sends the cargo, whereas the person who receives the
cargo is the consignee.
The main document used for the transportation of cargo is termed as the Air Waybill.
The formalities that are necessary to be completed prior transportation of a shipment are,
packing, marking, labelling, documentation, payment of charges etc.
The IATA CARGO AGENT assists the shipper to complete such formalities.
SEA LAND
3.2.3 Advantages of Air Cargo
When we consider other forms of transport, sea freight is the main competitor to air cargo
services. Some of the advantages of air cargo are:
These are containers or units which are used to load baggage and cargo in the aircraft.
Unit load devices are of different sizes and shapes. The IATA identification code is intended
to fully describe the unit load device and therefore combines the factors of type, external
dimensions (base size) contour and compatibility. The code also includes an
ownership/registration code.
e.g.: A K E 1234 CX
1 2 3 4 5
The shipper normally contacts an IATA approved agent or the airline for transporting his
goods.
The cargo agent is able to provide the shipper with many services such as, pick-up, packing,
marking, labelling, documentation etc.
In case the shipper does not wish to use a cargo agent, then these formalities must be
undertaken by the shipper.
The marked and labelled goods are taken to the customs personnel for clearance. The goods
are then handed over to the airline, who will then store it until flight loading.
The goods are then loaded onto ULDs (Unit Load Devices) i.e. containers and pallets which
are then taken to the aircraft for loading.
Aircraft is made up of light weight materials. Though they are strong enough they cannot be
loaded without certain restrictions. Metallic strips (stringers) are joined together on a circular
frame to form the fuselage. Beams and cross beams are introduced inside the fuselage and
floor panels are attached to such a network of beams and cross beams. The weight of any load
placed on the hold floor will be transmitted through such beams and cross beams to the
fuselage. Therefore an aircraft hold will have some limitations depending on the strength of
the beams and the number of beams.
3.3.6.4 Lashing
Standard lashing refers to the typical restrain layout applied to a normal load and consists of
three straps, six tie-down rings and one security rope.
2. One strap will restrain against forward movement and one against backward
movement
4. Side restrain is also provided by the upward restrain on the standard lashing.
5. The security rope is used to prevent the forward and rearward straps from slipping
down.
Aircraft restraint systems fall into three categories: side restraints, side/vertical restraints and
forward/aft restraints. Each restraint direction is considered separately when
missing/inoperative restraint equipment exists (i.e. forward, aft, side left, side right and
vertical loading).
On arrival at destination, the ULDs are offloaded from the aircraft and taken to the warehouse
for unloading the cargo. The offloaded cargo, is stored in the warehouse until the consignee
comes to collect the cargo. The goods are tallied against a checklist known as arrival cargo
manifest. The airline intimates the consignee of the arrival of the cargo and issues a delivery
order to the consignee after collecting the applicable charges. The delivery order enables the
consignee to take delivery of the goods after customs clearance.
The shipper is obligated to comply with all customs regulations and other governmental
regulations from where he transports the goods as well as, to where the goods are being
flown.
a. IATA TACT Rules book: This book describes the rules governing the transport of
goods from one place to another
b. IATA TACT Rates book: This book gives the rates between two places
c. Dangerous Goods Regulations: This book describes the rules regarding the safe
carriage of dangerous goods by air
d. Live Animal Regulations: This book describes the rules regarding the safe carriage
of live animals by air
e. Perishable Cargo Regulations: this book describes the rules regarding the safe
carriage of perishable cargo by air.
Air Waybill
The Air Waybill is a non- negotiable document, that is prepared by the carrier or the carrier’s
agent based on the information provided by the Shipper. The Air Waybill must be complete
in all respects.
Charges Prepaid
When the charges for a consignment are paid at the origin it is termed as charges prepaid
consignment.
Charges Collect
When the charges for a consignment, has to be collected at the destination it is termed as a
charges collect consignment.
Many live animals are transported by air. This might be due to different reasons. Most
common cases are cats, dogs and horses which are transported by their owners. Zoological
parks, wildlife sanctuaries also transport animals like lions, zebras, monkeys etc.
Dangerous goods are articles or substances which are capable of posing a significant risk to
health, safety, property or the environment when transported by air.
Dangerous goods are classified into nine hazard classes depending on the type of hazard it
poses.
In case such a shipment requires to be transported by air, the shipper needs to complete the
Shipper’s Declaration for Dangerous Goods form, which has to be duly signed and attached
with the Air Waybill.
All permitted dangerous goods can be transported provided they are identified, classified,
packaged, marked and labelled as per the Dangerous Goods Regulations manual.
Hazard Labels are Diamond Shaped with the DG class number mentioned on the bottom
which helps to identify the class they belong to.
Human Remains
Non-cremated remains must be contained in a hermetically sealed inner coffin of lead or zinc,
which in turn must be packed in a wooden coffin.
Valuables
Any article having a declared value of carriage of US Dollars 1000/- or more per kilogram is
termed as Valuable consignment.
Example: Gold Bullion, Bank Notes, Diamonds, Rubies, Jewellery, Watches etc
Perishables
Shipments that need to be transported to destinations within a definite time frame are termed
as perishables. They have to be maintained at specific temperature in order to attain optimum
shelf life.
PRACTICAL – CARGO
1- What are the three different modes of transport?
8- What are used to spread the weight of a shipment evenly on the ULD base or on the cargo
hold floor ?
Answers
Pre-Screener (Outsourced) Answers
Answers
Practical – 1.Fundamentals of Aviation
ICAO
IATA
Montreal
Geneva
2- Check the location of the following cities on the blank map of the world (given on the next
page) and write the corresponding number of the cities in the table below.
E.g. for Dubai the corresponding number on the map is ‘6’.
CITY NAME CITY CODE CITY NUMBER
DUBAI DXB 6
LONDON LON 4
NEWYORK NYC 2
BRISBANE BNE 12
SHANGHAI SHA 10
MUMBAI BOM 9
NAIROBI NBO 7
JOHANNESBURG JNB 8
PERTH PER 11
RIO DE JANEIRO RIO 3
MOSCOW MOW 5
VANCOUVER YVR 1
Practic
al – 3.3 Ground Operations
1- Name the three main departments that come under ‘Ground Operations’?
1- Baggage Services
2- Ramp Services
3- Operations Services
2- What are the consequences of the discrepancies that could take place at the Baggage
sorting area?
Baggage may go to the wrong destination which may result in loss or delay in delivery.
3- The unloading and loading of an aircraft is a task that needs to be done with utmost care,
to avoid the following three discrepancies.
Load Sheet.
Trim Sheet.
Land
Sea
Air
Air Waybill
Prepaid
Charges Collect
Live Animals
Valuables
Dangerous Goods
8- What are used to spread the weight of a shipment evenly on the ULD base or on the cargo
hold floor ?
Spreader Boards