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W8ReadGrammar PDF
W8ReadGrammar PDF
Constance | To
Weaver, Grammar
Carol or Not and
McNally, to Grammar:
Sharon That Is Not the Question!
Moerman
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17
To Grammar or Not to Grammar:
That Is Not the Question!
“S
hould we teach grammar, or dents need guidance in developing concepts, such
as the concepts of “sentence” and “not sentence.”
shouldn’t we?” Often pre-
In addition, no matter how motivated the students
sented with this apparent may be to apply such concepts—for example, to
all-or-nothing choice, even the teachers avoid or eliminate run-ons and fragments in their
asking the question may not have clear writing—they still often need help applying these
instructional goals for teaching grammar; concepts in practical situations. Such help may be
needed even by the students who enjoy and take
they may simply think they should teach it.
pride in their schoolwork and who love analyzing
Sometimes they have other reasons, data.
though, for thinking they ought to teach Much of what we teach in the name of gram-
grammar: they find parents, the public, mar amounts to labeling parts of speech and their
and even the politicians clamoring for functions or identifying kinds of sentences, yet stu-
dents need very little of this to learn the conven-
grammar instruction in the hope that
tions of written edited English. For most students,
teaching traditional grammar from hand- teaching grammar as sentence analysis is another
books or CDs will somehow improve reason why the grammar doesn’t transfer to stu-
students writing, or at least their ability to dent writing.
It is convenient for us to be able to refer to
avoid “errors.”
“nouns,” “verbs,” “subjects,” and “predicates”
Most often it doesn’t. when talking about things like subject-verb agree-
ment. However, a little grammar goes a long way
Yes, some students learn the conventions of gram- when it comes to helping students edit for the use
mar, usage, and punctuation from a handbook. Or of standard conventions in their writing, and the
at least they appear to have learned these conven- concepts can be taught as we discuss literature and
tions when doing and drill exercises on one con- the students’ own writing.
cept at a time, followed by related tests. But do Yet another major problem with the demand
students remember and apply these conventions for teaching grammar is exemplified in the ten-
in their own writing? Here, the payoff severely dency to limit the concern about “grammar” to
declines. just the issue of conventions, or what is commonly
The problems with this common view of “why called “correctness.” Even teachers often fail to
teach grammar” lie deeper than most people real- realize that they can do a great deal to help stu-
ize. First, we must contend with an underlying, dents write more effectively by attending to gram-
implicit, and largely erroneous learning theory: if matical options, such as reducing a sentence with
teachers teach something well, students will learn supporting details to an appositive, a participial
it and, what’s more, will apply it well. What we phrase, or an absolute (see examples in Connie’s
now know from cognitive psychology is that stu- and Carol’s sections of this article). When we help
Copyright © 2001 by the National Council of Teachers of English. All rights reserved.
Weaver, McNally, and Moerman | To Grammar or Not to Grammar: That Is Not the Question!
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18
students see how to add details in such phrases, dents do activities—let’s say brief writings to prac-
we are actually helping them to generate content. tice using a particular grammatical construction—
Other grammatical issues we can attend to are it is typically as a prelude to writing another piece
modifier placement, sentence variety, and sentence where we simply encourage students to experiment
structure. The choice and placement of these with the grammatical options they’ve been learn-
grammatical options join with word use and other ing. If we think of writing as a recursive process,
features to create a distinctive style and voice in a as exemplified in the Michigan model of writing
piece of writing. Thus, guiding students in sen- in Figure 1, we would suggest that teaching gram-
tence expansion and revision is critical to helping matical options and syntactic effectiveness is most
them become more effective, not just more correct, appropriate as a prelude to writing and during re-
as writers. See, for example, Harry Noden’s ar- vision, while teaching writing conventions is most
ticle in this volume and his book Image Grammar helpful during the editing phase. Revising for
(1999), a teacher resource that we enthusiastically greater grammatical effectiveness and editing for
recommend. conventions can be spurred by mini-lessons, but
Both our personal teaching experiences and ultimately, we have found individual conferences
the findings of research studies support the con- to be absolutely indispensable.
clusion that most students do not benefit from Teachers who are familiar with NCTE’s reso-
grammar study in isolation from writing, if indeed lutions on the teaching of grammar will see that
our purpose in teaching grammar is to help stu- the teaching of grammar in and for writing is in
dents improve their writing (e.g., Hillocks and line with those resolutions, while isolated teach-
Smith, 1991). In short, teaching traditional gram- ing of grammar is not. Teaching grammar in con-
mar in isolation is not a very practical act. text is also in line with the NCTE standards for
What we have found practical, though, is the English language arts, particularly standard 6
drawing upon literature for models of effective (NCTE, 1996):
sentences and paragraphs, while incorporating Students apply knowledge of language structure, lan-
only the most useful grammatical concepts (and guage conventions (e.g., spelling and punctuation),
even less terminology) into our teaching of writ- media techniques, figurative language, and genre to
ing. This enables us to help students improve sen- create, critique, and discuss print and nonprint texts.
(p. 36)
tences as they learn to recognize skilled use of
detail, style, voice, and, of course, the conventions There is nothing in the NCTE standards about
of edited American English. When we have stu- teaching grammar—or anything else—as an iso-
lated subject. Rather, the language arts are seen as
a unit, permeating inquiry and learning through-
out the curriculum.
WRITING AS PROCESS
It should not be surprising, then, that our
PREWRITING DRAFTING REVISING PROOFREADING
teaching experiences as well as our professional
reading have convinced us that teaching a limited
Planning or Getting ideas Taking Preparing
rehearsing down in another the piece number of grammatical concepts in the context
preliminary look at for PUBLISHING
form
THE
one’s work publication of their use is far better than isolated grammar
Sharing with
WRITER
• cluster • write drafts • add • polish the intended
audience
study in getting students to appreciate and use
• list • choose • delete • correct
• brainstorm
• gather
format
• decide on
• rearrange
• rethink
spelling and
mechanical
grammatical options and conventions more effec-
information audience • rewrite errors
tively. Or as Rei Noguchi (1991) puts it, “Less is
more” (p. 121).
Connie’s section of this article begins by al-
Figure 1. Michigan model of the writing process, Michigan State Board luding to minilessons and writing practice, after
of Education, 1994 which she focuses on “grammar emerging” as
Before Before
It is fall you rake the leaves crustily over a pile “o” mud. Fall is the leaves changing colors; they can be green,
It is nearly ear shattering when you rake the flames on the yellow or red.
ground. How chilling it be, no one knows. It (fall) is so Fall is the cold and the freezing at night.
unpredictable. Fall is when your backyard is covered with leaves.
After After
Smells like destruction when burned. I can smell the apple pie baking in the oven.
Clogging your lungs. I can smell the burning leaves in the neighbor’s yards.
Tastes like the dirt of the earth, destroying your taste buds. I hear the leaves crackling under my feet as I trudge
See the leaves on the trees fall effortlessly to the ground, through the yard.
Where they will be raked, mulched, and burned. I hear children yelling as they jump in a pile of leaves.
Touch them—they feel like razor blades, when you jump I see blended colors on the leaves like someone painted
on them. them.
Hear them? You can’t! I touch the leaves and I feel the veins.
But if you can’t hear them, do they really fall? I touch the leaves and sometimes they break in my hands.
I taste the turkey as the grease runs down my throat.
I taste the pumpkin pie and now I know it is fall!
good literature, including poetry. Students’ use of I had the students read through this altered
these grammatical constructions had simply rendition of Lowry’s writing and asked them to
“emerged” in their writing, as a result of their en- discuss what they thought of it. As I predicted,
gagement with art and especially literature. the students thought it was too choppy, and even
Both Sarah’s and Judy’s experiences as teach- questioned that it was actually from the book they
ers, as well as my own, have confirmed for me that were currently reading, since it differed so drasti-
the use of sophisticated grammatical constructions cally from Lowry’s style. I assured them that it was
in writing does not necessarily have to be taught. actually from the chapter we would be reading later
It can be generated through a focus on ideas for that same day, but told them I had changed Lowry’s
writing, including art, and through the examples writing to reflect what I often saw in their own
offered by quality literature. For other students, writing.
though, the explicit use of imitation and sentence As a group, we discussed how the first two
generation may produce a breakthrough in writ- sentences might be combined into one, longer,
ing, as Carol describes in the next section. more interesting sentence. Then, I invited the stu-
Utopia
Stays on target.
(Doesn’t go to the mall.)
Well organized.
(There is a sequence.)
WRITING PROCESS
Prewrite
Draft
Revise
Published Piece
Interesting Essay