Maichew Polytechnic College

Value Chain Development on watering

equipment for irrigation

Prepared by:
Abiyot Mengistu----Construction Department Instructor
Haftamu Hailu------IT Department Instructor
Selemun Kiros------Construction Department Instructor

February 2009 E.C

Maichew
Table of content

1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………..

2. Objective …………………………………………………………………………

2.1. General Objective …………………………………………………………..

2.2.Specific Objective ……………………………………………………………

3. Benefits of value chain analysis of plastering service …………………………..

4. Value chain development ………………………………………………………..

4.1.Selection of value chain ……………………………………………………..

4.2.Data collection ………………………………………………………………..

4.2.1. Planning and preparation ………………………………………..

4.2.2. Gathering tool Development ……………………………………..

4.3.Mapping value chain activities ……………………………………………….

4.4.Comparative analysis (Value chain analysis)…………………………………

4.5.Identification of gaps/constraints …………………………………………….

4.6.Prioritizing the technology gaps/constraints ………………………………….

4.7.Technology identification and categorization …………………………………

4.8.Integrating sectors responsible for the identified technologies by fish bone

diagram or table

4.9.Conclusion and Recommendation……………………………………………..

4.10. Appendix…………………………………………………………………..
1. Introduction
Globally, agriculture is the largest user of water and also uses 85% of the water withdrawn in
the MENA region. Additionally, water use in agriculture is often highly inefficient with only
a fraction of the water diverted for agriculture effectively used for plant growth, with the rest
drained or lost via evapotranspiration.
With population growth and rising affluence, the need for food and thus agricultural water for
irrigation is increasing. At the same time the quantity of water with a sufficient quality is
declining. There is also an increasing demand to shift more of the water used in agriculture to
higher-value urban and industrial uses. Thus, producing more with less is the only option.
Water efficiency in agriculture has been extensively researched for many years. Universally
applicable solutions are however difficult to come by, particularly due to different contexts
and high specificity of agricultural practices. But efficiency gains are often possible through
suitable crop selection, proper irrigation scheduling, effective irrigation techniques, and using
alternative sources of water for irrigation. It should be noted that increasing water efficiency
often provides benefits that go far beyond reduced water use.

Drip irrigation delivers water through the use of pressurized pipes and drippers that run close
to the plants and that can be placed on the soil surface or below ground. This method is
highly efficient because only the immediate root zone of each plant is wetted. This system
also allows precise application of water-soluble fertilizers and other agricultural chemicals.
Drip irrigation is reported to help achieve yield gains of up to 100%, water savings of up to
40-80%, and associated fertilizer, pesticide, and labor savings over conventional irrigation
systems.7 Drip irrigation systems can have different levels of sophistication and costs.

Drip irrigation project is one part of irrigation projects. Thus value chain development is
carried out to increase the productivity and efficiency of irrigation; as well as to increase
productivity of the entrepreneur and customer satisfaction. It is also carried out with the
intension of providing the drip irrigation project with appropriate technologies.

Micro-Irrigation, also known as drip irrigation, is the fastest growing irrigation

technology in the world. It was commercially introduced in Southern California
over 40 years ago to help irrigate crops in challenging terrain and with limited,
expensive water supplies. Drip irrigation consists of a network of plastic pipes
and emission devices that:
• Delivers water and nutrients directly to the soil and roots at low pressure and
flow rates
• Is typically operated at frequent intervals of varied duration to address
multiple farming objectives and challenges associated with managing moisture
in the crop rootzone
• May accommodate a wide range of block sizes, shapes and flow rates
• Allows easy access to the field for cultural operations, sometimes even when
irrigating
Selecting SDI ( sub surface) Laterals
Step 1: Determine approximate spacing between lateral lines based on:
1. Soil texture
2. Crop spacing
For example, 30” cotton on medium soil will usually use a 60” lateral spacing.
Typical Spacing Between Laterals
Light soils Medium soils Heavy soils
(sandy loams) (loams): (silt/clay
loams)
30”- 40” 40”- 60” 60”- 80”

Step 2: After the Lateral Spacing from Step 1 is selected, the Lateral Flow Rate (Q100) may be
selected based on the desired system application rate in:
1. GPM/Acre, or
2. Inches/hour
For example, if the lateral spacing is 60 inches, and the desired application rate is .035 inches per
hour, then the Lateral Flow Rate must be .18 gpm/100 feet. Or, if only 10.45 gpm/acre is available,
then the lateral flow rate must be .12 gpm/100 feet or less.
Step 3: Now, to select the emitter flow rate and the emitter spacing, find the lateral flow
rate (Q100) from Step 2 in the adjacent chart. The corresponding emitter flow rate will be
stated on the left, and the corresponding emitter spacing can be found at the bottom of the
chart. Note that it is possible that more than one product family, emitter flow rate, and
spacing may satisfy the lateral flow rate requirement. The following lateral product families
are available from
Toro for SDI systems in field crops:
• Thinwall
• Aqua-Traxx
• Aqua-Traxx PC
For example, if the desired lateral flow rate is .18 gpm/100', then the Thinwall .16 gph
emitter on an 18" spacing would be one possible selection.
Step 4: Based on hydraulic layout and desired durability, select:
• Lateral wall thickness
• Lateral internal diameter
For example, an SDI system using Thinwall dripline is desired on a 10 acre block
measuring 1,320' x 330'.
Using Toro's AquaFlow Design Software (available at toro.com), you enter a lateral
length of 1,320', and then compare both 5/8" internal diameter (ID) and 7/8" ID
Thinwall Dripline using a 0.16 gph emitter on an 18 inch emitter spacing. The results
reveal that a 5/8" ID tube will deliver an unacceptable block Emission Uniformity (EU)
of only 80%, while a 7/8" ID tube will deliver an acceptable EU of over 90%. Since
you are a new SDI user and the terrain is rough, a 15 mil wall thickness is chosen.
Note: Thicker mil tubes perform best in rough soil conditions; larger diameter lateral
lines allow longer lateral lengths of run and potentially fewer submains.
Why Is Drip Irrigation Important To Growing Corn?
1 Greater water application uniformity and accuracy, resulting in improved water use
efficiency and crop uniformity.

2 Reduced soil surface wetting, resulting in lower evaporation losses and weed
competition.

3 Greatly reduced periods of anaerobic conditions in the root zone compared to

other forms of irrigation.

4 Greater ability to manipulate soil water content at peak demand to improve field
access, minimize rutting, etc.

5 Improved disease control due to improved root zone oxygenation or reduced foliar
wetting.

6 Ability to apply nutrients directly to the center of the active root zone resulting in
very efficient and immediate uptake by crop.

7 Minimize nitrate leaching loss potential to ground water, with good irrigation water
management.

8 Flexibility in application timing for nutrients and other crop care products.

9 Little or no application costs compared to any kind of nutrient application made to

the soil or the crop canopy.

10 The ability to fertigate eliminates the need for application vehicle traffic through the
field, thereby eliminating soil compaction, root pruning or other forms of crop
damage.

11 Can easily automate irrigation operations.

Water for Improving Crop Development and Yields

Water is a critical input which can dramatically enhance or hinder crop development. Drip
irrigation has the ability to highly control the location, quantity, and timing of water. At each
stage, the grower can accurately apply the proper volume of water to optimize the growth
potential. In some critical stages, reduction in growth from water stress is not recoverable.
Drip irrigation benefits can be seen throughout the growing cycle, especially in germination,
plant growth and cob development. Drip irrigation provides a better application of water to
the soil profile for germination and spoon feeds nutrients in early vegetative stages. With drip
irrigation, you can optimize the air and water balance in the soil thus optimizing the soil
condition and nodal root development.
In the rapid vegetative growth, drip irrigation distributes nutrients directly to the root zone to
allow for peak uptake of critical nutrients. In the silking and tasseling stage the available
water to the plant is optimal for proper kernel development. And before harvest, drip
irrigation allows you to methodically dry down the plant. Each step providing the farmer with
the opportunity to utilize water to maximize yield.
Drip Irrigation provides precise application of water. With other methods of irrigation, you
lose some water, as it must move through the crop canopy in order to get to the root zone,
making it susceptible to evaporation. This means that 20-30% of the water may be lost with
overhead application of water.
A Delivery System for Nutrients
Drip irrigation gives you flexibility to quickly and effectively apply nutrients directly to the root system.
Providing the right amount of nutrients helps nodal and fibrous root development.
Drip irrigation creates a drier environment above ground, reducing leaf wetness and relative humidity
where corn diseases will thrive.

Drip Irrigation Benefits By Growth Stage

Drip Irrigation provides high distribution uniformity, resulting in rapid, uniform germination and emergence.
Spoon-feeding of nutrients promotes rapid establishment and nodal root development.
Provide for peak N and K uptake while optimizing water supply.
Supply peak water needs during most yield-critical period to maximize kernel count and yield potential.
Maintain nutrient supply during period of decreasing water demand for high test weight and lengthened grain fill.

Control Points (Drip Irrigation)

 Reduce uncertainties associated with variable rainfall patterns
 Improve crop uniformity
 Increase field access
 Control plant stress
 Maintain consistent soil moisture
 Apply macro and micro nutrients in all stages of the crop (spoon feed the plant)

 Reduce weed pressure

A solution to optimizing input costs

Drip irrigation systems play an important role in reducing other input costs associated with
growing corn. Utilizing a drip irrigation system can reduce:
- Pumping costs (due to lower pressure and volume requirements)
- Losses of chemicals and fertilizers (fertigation) due to inefficiencies
- Reduce cost associated with weeds and plant disease
- In-season cultivation - furrow making, weeding (weed pressure) and other labor intensive farm
practices

Benefits Of Drip Fertigation:

1. Minimize nitrogen volatilization. When urea is converted into a gas and lost to the
atmosphere, volatilization takes place. Using a drip fertigation system allows nitrogen to be
applied directly into the soil solution close to the plants roots. This significantly increases the
chance of nutrient uptake, minimizing volatilization.
2. Minimize nitrogen loss. Drip fertigation is a very efficient process where a greater
percentage of the applied nutrients are utilized.
3. Reduce number of tractor passes. With the option to apply nutrients through the drip
line not only do you reduce labor and fuel requirements, you also help reduce total soil
compaction.
4. Increased uniformity of fertilizer delivery. Fertilizers can now be distributed to your
total wetted area across the entire field with high uniformity.
5. Allows in season application of P & K fertilizers. Application via fertigation has an
increased efficiency, since these elements are precisely placed in the plant root zone. Drip
irrigation optimizes uptake.
Lower potential for P fixation by the soil due to point application to the zone of maximum root
concentration. This should result in improved P use efficiency.
Subsurface P application should reduce the risk of surface P losses due to erosion or overland flow.

A Solution To Improve The Application Of Water

With drip irrigation, you can manage the timing, duration, and uniformity of the water that
can be delivered at any point in the season. Additionally, drip irrigation can reduce losses in
water due to seepage, transmission, evaporation, and leaks common in other methods of
irrigation. In the charts below you see how yield and water needs are affected by the ability to
accurately delivery water throughout the season. No other irrigation technique can provide
the same level of distribution uniformity (DU) that drip. Drip irrigation systems can provide a
distribution uniformity of 93% and higher.

DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Drip or trickle irrigation is one of the latest methods of irrigation.
It is suitable for water scarcity and salt affected soils.
Water is applied in the root zone of the crop
Standard water quality test needed for design and operation of drip irrigation system. (Major
inorganic salts, hardeners, suspended solids, total dissolved solids, biological oxygen
demand, chemical oxygen demand, organic, and organic matter, microorganisms, iron,
dissolved oxygen, H2S, iron bacteria, sulphur reducing bacteria etc have to be tested)

Components
A drip irrigation system consists of a pump or overhead tank, main line, sub-mains,
laterals and emitters.
The mainline delivers water to the sub-mains and the sub-mains into the laterals.
The emitters which are attached to the laterals distribute water for irrigation.
The mains, sub-mains and laterals are usually made of black PVC (poly vinyl
chloride) tubing. The emitters are also made of PVC material
The other components include regulator, filters, valves, water meter, fertilizer
application components, etc.,

Pump
The pump creates the pressure necessary to force water through the components of the system
including the fertilizer tank, filter unit, mainline, lateral and the emitters and drippers.
Centrifugal pump operated by engines or electric motors are commonly used. The laterals
may be designed to operate under pressures as low as 0.15 to 0.2 kg/ cm2 and as large as 1 to
1.75 kg/cm2. The water coming out of the emitters is almost at atmospheric pressure.
Chemical tank
A tank may be provided at the head of the drip irrigation systems for applying fertilizers,
herbicides and other chemicals in solution directly to the field along with irrigation water.
Filter
It is an essential part of drip irrigation system. It prevents the blockage of pipes and
drippers/emitters. The filter system consists of valves and a pressure gauge for regulation and
control.
Emitters
Drip nozzles commonly called drippers or emitters are provided at regular intervals on the
laterals. They allow water to emit at very low rates usually in trickles.
The amount of water dripping out of each emitters in a unit time will depend mainly upon the
pressure and size of the opening. The discharge rate of emitters usually ranges from 2 to 10
litres per hour.
Micro-tubes are also used in a drip lateral. They are used mainly in the following ways (1) as
emitters (2) as connectors, (3) as pressure regulators
Advantages
1. Water saving - losses due to deep percolation, surface runoff and transmission are avoided.
Evaporation losses occurring in sprinkler irrigation do not occur in drip irrigation.
2. Uniform water distribution
3. Application rates can be adjusted by using different size of drippers
4. Suitable for wide spaced row crops, particularly coconut and other horticultural tree crops
5. Soil erosion is reduced
6. Better weed control
7. Land saving
8. Less labour cost
Disadvantages
1. High initial cost
2. Drippers are susceptible to blockage
3. Interferes with farm operations and movement of implements and machineries
4. Frequent maintenance
5. Trees grown may develop shallow confined root zones resulting in poor anchorage.

3.4.10 Drip Irrigation System

Drip Irrigation system is sometimes called trickle irrigation and involves dripping water onto
the soil at very low rates (2-20 litres per hour) from a system of small diameter plastic pipes
filled with outlets called emitters or drippers. Water is applied close to the plants so that only
part of the soil in which the roots grow is wetted, unlike surface and sprinkler irrigation,
which involves wetting the whole soil profile. With drip irrigation water, applications are
more frequent than with other methods and this provides a very favourable high moisture
level in the soil in which plants can flourish.
A typical drip irrigation system consists of the following components:
• Pump unit
• Control Head
• Main and sub main lines
• Laterals
• Emitters and drippers
The drip irrigation system is particularly suited to areas where water quality is marginal,
land is steeply sloping or undulating and of poor quality, where water or labour are
expensive, or where high value crops require frequent water applications. It is more economical
for orchard crops than for other crops and vegetables since in the orchards plants as well as
rows are widely spaced. Drip irrigation limits the water supplied for consumptive use of plants.
By maintaining a minimum soil moisture in the root zone, thereby maximizing the water saving.
A unique feature of drip irrigation is its excellent adaptability to saline water. Since the
frequency of irrigation is quite high, the plant base always remains wet which keeps the salt
concentration in the plant zone below the critical. Irrigation efficiency of a drip irrigation system
is more than 90 percent.

2. Objective
2.1. General objective
The general objective of value chain development for drip irrigation is to increase the
productivity of vegetation and other plants (flowers, tid, etc). as well as to increase
productivity of the entrepreneur and customer satisfaction. It is also carried out with the
intension of providing the irrigation watering equipment projects with appropriate
technologies.
2.2. Specific objective
To analyze the AS is (existing) activities in irrigation projects
To identify the constraints of each AS is activities
To Identify the Bench marks (knowledge and experience of others) from other area
To analyze the gap (Bench mark – AS is activities)
To Identify the recommended appropriate technologies and methods that will improve
existing experience and productivity
To improve the resource utilization capacity of an entrepreneur
3. Benefits of the value chain analysis of drip irrigation
Enable micro and small scale enterprises who involve in the production of
vegetables and others productive by using small amount of water
Enable micro and small scale enterprises who involve in the production of drip
irrigation products
Improve co-operation and coordination with stakeholders, suppliers and other
concerned bodies to make use of appropriate technology
4. Value chain development
4.1. Selection of value chain for building construction project finishing services
GTP is considered as one of Value Chain Selection Criteria for sectors. The Growth and
Transformation Plan (GTP) is a national five-year plan created by the Ethiopian
Government to improve the country's economy. The following table shows the ranking of the
identified priority sectors, which says that Agriculture is the main priority followed by other
sectors within the country.
GROWTH AND TRANSFORMATION PLAN (GTP)
PRIORITY SECTORS
1 Agriculture 4.2 Road Transport
2 Industry development 4.3 Shipping Transport
2.1 Textile and Garment 4.4 Air Transport
2.2 Leather Industry 4.5 Energy
2.3 Sugar 4.6 Water and Irrigation
2.4 Cement 4.7 Telecommunication
2.5 Metal Engineering 4.8 Urban Development
2.6 Chemical 5. Trade
2.7 Agro Processing 6. Health
3 Mining 7. Culture, Tourism, Sport
4 Economy and infrastructure 8. Social
4.1 Rail Transport

The following methods of irrigation watering equipments projects are selected for Value
Chain development
1. Drip irrigation
2. Traditional irrigation
1. Value Chain Selection Criteria Checklist for Drip irrigation
NO CRITERIA RATING REMARK
5 4 3 2 1
1 Size of Sub sector X
2 Employment X
3 GDP Share X
4 Market Share X
5 Share of Export
6 Growth Potential X
7 Market Potential X
8 Factor Condition (human, material, X
knowledge, capital, infrastructure)
9 Product Diversification X
10 Potential impact to MSE X
11 Conservation importance X
12 Women Empowerment X

TOTAL RATING:1.73
Comments:

2. Value Chain Selection Criteria Checklist for Traditional irrigation

NO CRITERIA RATING REMARK
5 4 3 2 1
1 Size of Sub sector X
2 Employment X
3 GDP Share X
4 Market Share X
5 Share of Export
6 Growth Potential X
7 Market Potential X
8 Factor Condition (human, material, knowledge, X
capital, infrastructure)
9 Product Diversification X
10 Potential impact to MSE X
11 Conservation importance X
12 Women Empowerment X
TOTAL RATING:2.64
Comments:

Rank for the irrigation system projects regarding the value chain selection criteria
1. Drip irrigation 2.Traditional irrigation
4.2. Data Collection
4.2.1. Planning and Preparation
After the selection of the value chain to develop, the following are taking into consideration
in planning and preparation stage;
1. Methodology
A. Survey Team.
1. Survey teams were created and composed of TVET trainers.
Creation of team composed of 3 experts
Coordination with Maichew Industrial Extension Office for MSE identification
3 MSEs for irrigation system to be surveyed.
Introduction of survey team to the MSEs; restating aim of survey and activities
Selection of venue and time in agreement with program details
Use of prepared Survey tools with MSEs in combination with focal group discussion
and observation
Compilation of information using value chain analysis Recap of the analyzed
information within the Survey Group.
No NAME Institution Position Contact No.
1 Abiyot Mengistu Maychew polytechnic Construction Department
College Instructor
2 Haftamu Hailu Maychew polytechnic IT Department Instructor
College
3 Selemun Kiros Maychew polytechnic Construction Department
College Instructor
2. The team members initially participated in appraisal needs assessment workshop to create
a questionnaire tool and irrigation watering equipment project value Chain Benchmark to
collect and field-test information from MSE participants.
B. Survey area.
The following areas were selected for the survey based on the presence of competitive MSEs
Plastering service, as identified by Maichew industry extension office .
C.Survey period
The survey was conducted during the period of February 19-20/2009, on Construction time in
Maichew, Tigray Region, Ethiopia.
4.2.2. Gathering Tool Development
The data gathering tools used for the mapping of the AS IS on irrigation watering equipment
project are observation, interview and literature reviews. Their combination provides both
qualitative and quantitative information. Tools and equipments used, method of watering are
observed. Workers daily output is interviewed. The role of agriculture industry is reviewed in
literatures.
Table1. Data on Daily number of plants watered in 72 m2 area
NO. Site Name Equipment No. of labourer No. of plants per
day
1 Kebele 01 Water bucket 1 labourers 10
2 Kebele 02 Water bucket 1 labourers 12
3 Kebele 03 Water bucket 1 labourers 14
Average
1 labourer can water an average of ------------number of plants
Table2. Data on amount of water used per 72m2 area
NO. Site Name Amount of water used in liter
1 Kebele 01
2 Kebele 02
3 Kebele 03
average
Amount of water used per 72m2 area
Table 3.data on productivity of the vegetation / plant in kg
NO. Site Name productivity of the vegetation / plant in kg
1 Kebele 01
2 Kebele 02
3 Kebele 03
average
Average productivity of the vegetation / plant in kg
Table 4.Data on time taken to water the vegetation/ plants in 72m2
NO. Site Name time taken to water the vegetation/ plants in 72m2
1 Kebele 01
2 Kebele 02
3 Kebele 03
average
 1.3. Mapping value chain activities for irrigation watering equipments projects
AS is Activities

Material Assembling Filling Water Watering

Preparation the parts water to transportation
bucket

Material selection Check the Filling Transport Watering at the

Water bucket filter Using glass manual plant location
with filter -for blockage
glass
Fixing
-the filter to
the water
bucket
Bench Mark Activities

Material Measuring Cutting Assembling Filling the tank

Preparation &Watering

Placing support for Open water

MATERIAL Measuring Cutting
The required lengths water storage line
SELECTION Cutter/knife
of the pipes and drip Placing water storage Watering to
Water storage Filing ends of
lines points spacing assemble vertical and plants
PE pipes, fittings cut
Using meter horizontal
Cutters, files for Files/sand
distribution pipes &
pipe paper
components
Binding materials Marking the wet spot preparation of
Marking material (where the plant is bedding for pipes
and tools placed) placing the
 Using cutter assembled pipe
systems on beds

Using marking
tools
 4.4. Value chain analysis for irrigation watering equipments projects
A. Using Four Parameters (Yield, Quality, Cost, Time)
Comparative analysis
Value chain Yield Quality Cost Time Remark
As is To be As is To be As is To be As is To be
Material preparation

Bill of Materials cost of minimize

preparation wastage wastage
Material selection by Results in good
Testing (Sand, Cement qualities(appropriate
& water) material)

Sand preparation
Sand Sieving 4mp 26 2mp 26 m3 in a Results in good 240 ETB 120ETB 2 days 1 day
m3 in 2 day qualities(less oversize)
day
Sand Washing 4mp 26 2mp 26 m3 in a Results in good 240 ETB 120ETB 2 days 1 day
m3 in 2 day qualities (less silt)
day
Sand drying Results in good
qualities (less moisture
content )
Surface preparation

Scaffolding 80 m 60m2 1p+2H in a Results in good 1110 370 3 days 1day

1C+1H+ day qualities(reduce crack )
2DL in 1
 day

Surface chiselling 1 DL 12 1DL 12m2 per high bonding of mortar 180ETB 60ETB 3day 1 day
m2 per day
3day
Surface Cleaning 60 m2 60 m2 per day high bonding of mortar 120 ETB 60 ETB 2 Days 1 Day
per 2
days
Surface Watering high bonding of mortar
BATCHING
measuring 800 400 box/day Results in good 360 ETB 120 ETB 3days 1day
bucket (50*40*20cm) qualities(right ratio)
0.04m3 0.04m3
in 3days
MIXING
Mortar Mixing 3 m3 in 3 4 m3 in a day Results in good 360 ETB 120 ETB 3 day 1day
days qualities(well mixed )
Mortar transportation

mortar 3 m3 in 3 4 m3 in a day Results in good 360 ETB 120 ETB 3 day 1day
transportation e days qualities(well mixed )

Plastering
Screeding
apply & floating mortar 60 m2 in 60 m2 in a day Results in good 500 ETB 250 ETB 2 days 1 day
on surface 2 days qualities(reduce crack )
Surface cleaning 30 m2 in 30 m2 in a day Results in good 240 ETB 120 ETB 2 days 1 day
equipment 2 days qualities(reduce crack )
curing
4.5. Identification of Gaps/Constraints
Gap = Bench mark – AS is

Material Measuring Cutting Assembling Filling the tank

Preparation &Watering

Placing support for Open water

MATERIAL Measuring Cutting
The required lengths water storage line
SELECTION Cutter/knife
of the pipes and drip Placing water storage Watering to
Water storage Filing ends of
lines points spacing assemble vertical and plants
PE pipes, fittings cut
Using meter horizontal
Cutters, files for Files/sand
distribution pipes &
pipe paper
components
Binding materials Marking the wet spot preparation of
Marking material (where the plant is bedding for pipes
and tools placed) placing the
 Using cutter assembled pipe
systems on beds

Using marking
tools
4.6. Prioritizing the technology Gaps/Constraints

Rank Gaps/Constraints Describe reason for prioritization

1 scaffolding it minimize Cost, Time, Manpower and safety hazards
2 apply & floating mortar on surface it reduce cost, time, manpower and increase quality service
3 material selection to quality material and plastering service
4 sieving to get high productivity with minimum manpower
5 surface chiselling to get high yield with limited manpower
6 mortar transportation minimize wastage and increase yield
7 Dray & wet Mixing good quality mix which reduce crack
8 measuring good quality mix which reduce crack
9 Sand washing good quality mix which reduce crack
10 sand drying good quality mix which reduce crack
11 surface cleaning good quality mix which reduce crack
12 watering good quality mix which reduce crack
13 screeding to keep the plastered surface level
14 curing to get strong surface free from crack
 I. APPENDIX
A. CHECKLIST
Watering equipment for irrigation project value chain analysis at Maichew.

Data Gathering Guide

Data Gathering Tool Sample
Data Gathering Guide for watering equipment for irrigation value chain analysis
Type of product: watering equipment for irrigation
The background and information of the selected enterprise:
Name of contractor: ______________________________
Address / Location: Maichew
Number of total workers involved in watering equipment for irrigation: ______________
Number of female workers involved in watering equipment for irrigation: ____________
2. Is your watering equipment requires much water?
A) Very high B) high C) moderate, D) less E) very less
2. Is your watering equipment safe and free from hazard?
A) Very high B) high C) moderate, D) less E) very less
3. Is your watering equipment exhaustive?
A) Very high B) high C) moderate, D) less E) very less
4. Which water irrigation system is used?
5. Why this system is preferred?
6) How much fruits/flowers do you produce in one term?
7. How much area do you water in day? ____________m2.
And with how many crew?
8. Cost of watering equipment: _______________ ETB per ml
9. How often your watering equipment is used: ____________times