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Geometry Capsule PDF
Geometry Capsule PDF
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Geometry is a very important topic in numerical ability section of SSC Exams. You can expect 14-15 questions
from Geometry in SSC Exams. So, keeping the upcoming SSC CHSL Exam 2015, SSC CGL Tier 2 and FCI Exam in
mind, below is the Geometry Digest which includes all the Important concepts, formulas and shortcuts
you should be aware of, for the upcoming SSC CGL Tier 2, SSC CHSL Exam 2015, FCI Exam and other
SSC Competitive Exams
Regards,
Sandeep Baliyan(Community Manager – SSC)
Point: It is an exact location. It is a fine dot which has neither length nor breadth nor thickness but has position i.e.,
it has no magnitude.
Line segment: The straight path joining two points A and B is called a line segment AB . It has and points and a
definite length.
Ray: A line segment which can be extended in only one direction is called a ray.
Intersecting lines: Two lines having a common point are called intersecting lines. The common point is known as
the point of intersection.
Concurrent lines: If two or more lines intersect at the same point, then they are known as concurrent lines.
Parallel Lines
If two lines in the same plane do not intersect, they are parallel to each other. Lines AB and CD are parallel and
denoted by AB⏐⏐CD.
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Type of Angles:
Angles: When two straight lines meet at a point they form an angle.
Acute angle: An angle whose measure is less than one right angle (i.e., less than 90), is called an acute angle.
Obtuse angle: An angle whose measure is more than one right angle and less than two right angles (i.e., less than
180 and more than 90) is called an obtuse angle
Reflex angle: An angle whose measure is more than 180 and less than 360 is called a reflex angle
Complementary angles: If the sum of the two angles is one right angle (i.e., 90), they are called complementary
angles. Therefore, the complement of an angle θ is equal to 90° − θ.
Properties of a Triangle:
1. Sum of the all the three angles is 1800.
2. An exterior angle is equal to the sum of the interior opposite angles.
3. The sum of any two sides is always greater than the length of the third side.
4. The difference between any two sides is always less than that of the third side.
5. The side opposite to the greatest angle is the greatest side and the side opposite to the smallest angle is the
shortest side
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1. The centroid divides each median from the vertex in the ratio 2 : 1.
2. Apollonius theorem gives the length of the median.
AB2 + AC2 = 2(AD2 + BD2)
3. If x, y, z are the lengths of the medians through A, B, C of a triangle ABC,
x2 + y2 + z2 = (a2 + b2 + c2 ).
4. Median always divides a triangle into two equal portions.
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Congruency of triangles:
Two triangles ABC and DEF are said to be congruent, if they are equal in all respects (equal in shape and size).
The notation for congruency is ≅ or ≡ If ∠A = ∠D, ∠B = ∠E, ∠C = ∠F
AB = DE, BC = EF, AC = DF
Then ΔABC ≡ ΔDEF or ΔABC ≅ ΔDEF
Mid-Point Theorem: A line joining the mid points of any two sides of a triangle is parallel and equal to half of the
third side.
If in Δ ABC, D & E are the mid points of AB & AC respectively, then we have
DE || BC
DE =1/2 BC
Similar triangles:
Two figures are said to be similar, if they have the same shape but not the same size.
NOTE: Congruent triangles are similar but similar triangles need not be congruent.
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(c) The ratio of the internal bisectors is equal to the ratio of corresponding sides.
(d) The ratio of inradii is equal to the ratio of the corresponding sides.
(e) The ratio of the circumradii is equal to the ratio of the corresponding sides.
(f) Ratio of area is equal to the ratio of squares of the corresponding sides.
(g) Ratio of area is equal to the ratio of squares of the corresponding medians.
(h) Ratio of area is equal to the ratio of the squares of the corresponding altitudes.
(i) Ratio of area is equal to the ratio of the squares of the corresponding angle bisectors.
AD/BD = AE/AC
Pythagoras Theorem:
The square of the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides.
i.e. in a right angled triangle ABC, right angled at B,
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
BD/AD = BC/ AC
Circles
If O is a fixed point in a given plane, the set of points in the plane which are at equal distances from O will form a
circle.
Properties of a Circle:
1. If two chords of a circle are equal, their corresponding a
2. rcs have equal measure.
2. Measurement of an arc is the angle subtended at the centre. Equal arcs subtend equal angles at the center.
3. A line from centre and perpendicular to a chord bisects the chord.
4. Equal chords of a circle are equidistant from the centre.
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5. When two circles touch, their centres and their point of contact are collinear.
6. If the two circles touch externally, the distance between their centres is equal to sum of their radii.
7. If the two circles touch internally, the distance between the centres is equal to difference of their radii.
8. Angle at the centre made by an arc is equal to twice the angle made by the arc at any point on the remaining part
of the circumference.
9. If two chords are equal, the arc containing the chords will also be equal.
10. There can be one and only one circle that touches three non-collinear points.
11. The angle inscribed in a semicircle is 90o.
12. If two chords AB and CD intersect externally at P,
PA × PB = PC × PD
Cyclic Quadrilateral
If a quadrilateral is inscribed in a circle i.e. all the vertex lies on the circumference of the circle, it is said to be a
cyclic quadrilateral.
1. In a cyclic quadrilateral, opposite angles are supplementary.
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2. In a cyclic quadrilateral, if any one side is extended, the exterior angle so formed is equal to the interior opposite
angle.
Polygons
A closed plane figure made up of several line segments that are joined together is called a polygon.
Types of Polygons
Equiangular (All angles equal)
Equilateral (All sides equal)
Regular (All sides & angles equal
Properties of Polygon:
1. Sum of all the exterior angles of any regular polygon is equal to 3600
2. Each exterior angle of an n sided regular polygon is (3600/ N) degrees.
( )
3. Each interior angle of an n sided equiangular polygon is
4. Also as each pair of interior angle & exterior angle is linear.
5. Each interior angle = 1800– exterior angle.
6. The sum of all the interior angles of n sided polygon is (n – 2)1800
BOC = 900 + A
2. In a ABC, if sides AB and AC are produced to D and E respectively and the bisectors of DBC and ECB
Intersect at O, then
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BOC = 900 – ½ A
5. In a right angle ABC, B = 900 and AC is hypotenuse. The perpendicular BD is dropped on hypotenuse AC
from right angle vertex B, then
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Coordinate Geometry
3. Equations of line
a) Normal equation of line
ax + by + c = 0
For Example: What is the slope of the line formed by the equation 5y - 3x - 10 = 0?
Solution: 5y - 3x - 10 = 0, 5y = 3x + 10
Y = 3/5 x + 2
Therefore, slope of the line is = 3/5
c) Intercept Form
x/A + y/B = 1, Where, A & B are x-intercept & y-intercept respectively
For Example: Find the area of the triangle formed the line 4x + 3 y – 12 = 0, x-axis and y-axis?
Solution: Area of triangle is = ½ * x-intercept * y-intercept.
Equation of line is 4x + 3 y – 12 = 0
4x + 3y = 12,
4x/12 + 3y/12 = 1
x/3 + y/4 = 1
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e) Equation of line passing through point (x1, y1) & has a slope m
y - y1 = m (x-x1)
For Example: If 7x - 4y = 0 and 3x - 11y + 5 = 0 are equation of two lines. Find the acute angle between the lines?
Solution: First we need to find the slope of both the lines.
7x - 4y = 0 ⇒ y = 74x
Therefore, the slope of the line 7x - 4y = 0 is 74
Similarly, 3x - 11y + 5 = 0 ⇒ y = 311x + 511
Therefore, the slope of the line 3x - 11y + 5 = 0 is = 311
Now, let the angle between the given lines 7x - 4y = 0 and 3x - 11y + 5 = 0 is θ
Now,
Tan θ = ± (m2 – m1)/(1+ m1m2) = ±[(7/4)−(3/11)]/[1+(7/4)*(3/11)] = ± 1
Since θ is acute, hence we take, tan θ = 1 = tan 45°
Therefore, θ = 45°
Therefore, the required acute angle between the given lines is 45°.
For Example: Find the distance between (-1, 1) and (3, 4).
Solution: D = √ (x2 – x1)2 + (y2 – y1)2
= √ (3 – (-1))2 + (4 – 1)2 = √(16 + 9) = √25 = 5
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10. Area of triangle whose coordinates are (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3)
½ [ x1 (y2 – y3) + x2 (y3 – y1) + x3 (y1 – y2)]
For Example: Find area of triangle whose vertices are (1, 1), (2, 3) and (4, 5).
Solution: We have (x1, y1) = (1, 1), (x2, y2) = (2, 3) and (x3, y3) = (4, 5)
Area of Triangle = ½ [ x1 (y2 – y3) + x2 (y3 – y1) + x3 (y1 – y2) ]
=1/2 [(1(3−5) +2(5−1) + 4(1−3)) ]
=1
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