10/12/21, 8:23 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Introduction to Geometry (2689)

Achilleas Sinefakopoulos

Friday
Apr 30, 2021 - Oct 8, 2021
7:30 - 9:00 PM ET (4:30 - 6:00 PM PT)

Overview
Week 3 (May 14) Class Transcript - Isosceles & Equilateral Triangles, Perimeter, and Area
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Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:28:23
Hi, everyone!

Brendangho
2021-05-14 19:28:40
hello

takolhe12
2021-05-14 19:28:40
Hi!

turquoisewolf
2021-05-14 19:28:40
Hi

grayspider
2021-05-14 19:28:40
Greetings!

Sirahulania
2021-05-14 19:28:40
hello

shenpinyi
2021-05-14 19:28:40
hi

TheIdentityProperty
2021-05-14 19:28:40
also hello

neptune08
2021-05-14 19:28:40
hi!

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:28:42
Hello and welcome back!

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:28:44
Before we get started, I want to encourage those of you who are feeling a little intimidated by the pace of class to speak up
whenever you have questions.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:28:54
Unlike math contests, doing mathematics well does not generally depend on how quickly you're able to compute things. It's fine if
you don't understand things as fast as others in the class. Speed and math ability are not strongly related in the long run.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:29:09
Also, keep in mind that some of the students in this class have taken a basic geometry class before, and there are probably some
of the top few hundred math students (for their age) in the whole country in this class. So, you shouldn't be at all surprised if some
other members of the class seem really fast. But we want all of you to succeed in here. That's what the assistants are here for!
We're happy to help. All you have to do is ask!

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:29:24
Let's begin by quickly reviewing what we learned last week.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:29:29
https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40731 1/45
10/12/21, 8:23 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
Our first result was that an exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the remote interior angles.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:29:37

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:29:42
So in the figure above, ∠DAC = ∠B + ∠C. Remember the order you use when naming an angle via three points is very
important. The middle point tells you where the vertex of the angle lies. The other two letters indicate which points the rays of the
angle pass through.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:29:51
Next, we learned how to prove that two lines are parallel. If two lines intersect a transversal and a pair of corresponding angles are
equal, then we can conclude that the lines are parallel.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:29:53

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:30:01
So in the figure above, if we are given that a = e, then we can conclude that m ∥ n.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:30:09
Finally, we learned about congruent triangles. Two triangles are congruent if all the corresponding sides and angles are equal.
Recall that there are three main theorems that can be used to prove that two triangles are congruent:

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:30:18
SSS (Side-Side-Side)

In triangles △ABC and △DEF , if AB = DE, BC = EF , and CA = F D, then △ABC ≅ △DEF .

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10/12/21, 8:23 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:30:24
SAS (Side-Angle-Side)

In triangles △ABC and △DEF , if AB = DE, BC = EF , and ∠B = ∠E, then △ABC ≅ △DEF .

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:30:31
ASA (Angle-Side-Angle)

In triangles △ABC and △DEF , if ∠A = ∠D, ∠B = ∠E, and AB = DE, then △ABC ≅ △DEF .

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:30:32

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:30:48
We should point out that AAS (or equivalently, SAA) also works; in triangles ABC and DEF , if ∠A = ∠D, ∠C = ∠F , and
AB = DE, then △ABC ≅ △DEF .

dan09
2021-05-14 19:31:04
But SSA does not work, right?

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:31:09
Right!

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:31:11
Please remember that SSA is not a congruence theorem! If you have two sides and an angle and want to deduce congruence, you
need the angle to be between the two sides (so it's SAS).

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:31:25
Also, the order in which you list the points when naming two congruent triangles is very important! If we say △ABC ≅ △DEF ,
we are implying a specific correspondence between the parts of the two triangles. In particular, we are implying that:

1. The angles of each triangle correspond as ∠A = ∠D, ∠B = ∠E, and ∠C = ∠F .

2. The sides of each triangle correspond with equal side lengths as AB = DE, BC = EF , and CA = F D.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:31:52
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
As we go through class (today and everyday, as well as on the homework), remember our convention that while AB or "segment
AB" denotes a line segment between points A and B, only writing AB denotes the *length* of that segment. Make sure you make

this distinction in your responses.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:32:21
Introduction to Geometry

Week 3: Isosceles & Equilateral Triangles, Perimeter, and Area

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:32:25
Today, we will talk more about triangles. We start with isosceles triangles, which are triangles that have two congruent sides.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:32:36

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10/12/21, 8:23 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:32:42
Suppose AB = AC in triangle △ABC. What can we say about the angles of triangle △ABC ?

Sirahulania
2021-05-14 19:33:19
angle B= angle C

dan09
2021-05-14 19:33:19
∠ABC = ∠ACB

pwr
2021-05-14 19:33:19
that <B=<C

Vitah2008
2021-05-14 19:33:19
<ABC = <ACB

Colorcrazy
2021-05-14 19:33:19
angle B and angle C are conguent

shenpinyi
2021-05-14 19:33:19
<ABC = <ACB

Suraahi
2021-05-14 19:33:19
<B = <C

iejake
2021-05-14 19:33:19
<ABC=<ACB

Evang12
2021-05-14 19:33:19
angle B = angle C

MathNinja7
2021-05-14 19:33:19
We can say ∠B = ∠C

Wuwuspring
2021-05-14 19:33:19
<B=<C

tkubota
2021-05-14 19:33:19
∠B = ∠C

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:33:22
How can we prove that if AB = AC, then ∠ABC = ∠ACB ?

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:33:33
(Remember, just saying this is true because "they are mirror images" or "they are equal halves of a figure" does not constitute a
proof! Instead, we will need to use one of our triangle congruence theorems here.)

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:35:41
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
We begin by connecting A to the midpoint of BC , which we'll call D.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:35:42

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10/12/21, 8:23 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:35:51
What have we created?

Evang12
2021-05-14 19:36:17
two congruent triangles

Sirahulania
2021-05-14 19:36:17
two congruent triangle

Wuwuspring
2021-05-14 19:36:17
2 congruent triangles

JC0001
2021-05-14 19:36:17
Congruent triangles

Vitah2008
2021-05-14 19:36:17
two congruent triangles

Hridhaan
2021-05-14 19:36:17
two congruent triangles

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:36:22
It sure looks like we now have two congruent triangles.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:36:38
We are not sure that they are right triangles yet.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:36:51
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
How can we prove they are congruent? Remember, all we know is that AB = AC and that D is the midpoint of BC .

Sirahulania
2021-05-14 19:37:29
They are congruent by SSS

tkubota
2021-05-14 19:37:29
We can prove by SSS.

pwr
2021-05-14 19:37:29
by SSS!

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:37:33
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
We have AB = AC (a given fact), BD = CD (because we defined D as the midpoint of BC ), and AD = AD (a length always
equals itself), so we conclude that △ABD ≅ △ACD by SSS.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:37:44
Be careful not to assume any facts about the diagram that we don't know are true! For instance, we don't know that ∠BDA and
∠BDC are right angles (even though it looks like they are), so we can't assume that and use SAS. But we do know that
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
BD = CD , because we defined D to be the midpoint of BC .

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:38:07

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10/12/21, 8:23 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
What do we now know about angles B and C ?

Colorcrazy
2021-05-14 19:38:41
they are congruent

pwr
2021-05-14 19:38:41
they are congruent by CPCTC

diamond2021
2021-05-14 19:38:41
They are congruent

AndrewZhong2012
2021-05-14 19:38:41
They are congruent

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:38:45
Since angles B and C are corresponding parts of two triangles which are congruent, they are congruent. This is what we wanted
to prove!

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:39:17
¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
There is another, more subtle, way to prove this, without even having to construct an extra line such as AD. Any ideas?

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:39:39
What happens if we compare the corresponding parts of triangles △ABC and △ACB ?

dan09
2021-05-14 19:39:52
I used SAS on the original two triangles

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:39:56
It would seem that there is nothing to say, because they are the "same" triangle. But labeling the points in different orders allows us
to compare corresponding sides and angles in an interesting way. Writing △ABC as corresponding to △ACB means that side
AB should correspond not with itself, but with side AC , while side BC does still corresponds to itself (as side CB is the same as

side BC ).

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:40:03
Since AB = AC, AC = AB, and ∠BAC = ∠CAB, we have △ABC ≅ △ACB by SAS.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:40:14
Alternatively, since AB = AC , AC = AB , and BC = CB , we have △ABC ≅ △ACB by SSS.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:40:22
Since ∠ABC and ∠ACB are corresponding angles in these congruent triangles, we have ∠ABC = ∠ACB .

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:40:40
We have thus proven the statement:

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:40:50
In △ABC, if AB = AC, then ∠B = ∠C.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:41:00
Can anybody tell me what the converse of this statement is?

Sunshine2016
2021-05-14 19:41:36
what does converse mean?

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:41:49
In general, the converse of "If X, then Y " is "If Y , then X."

Evang12
2021-05-14 19:42:36
in triangle ABC, if angle B = angle C, then AB = AC

Sirahulania
2021-05-14 19:42:36
if angle B= angle C then AB= AC

apple.xy
2021-05-14 19:42:36
If <ABC = <ACB, then AB = AC.

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10/12/21, 8:23 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Suraahi
2021-05-14 19:42:36
If ∠B = ∠C then AB = AC

shenpinyi
2021-05-14 19:42:36
In triangle ABC, if <B = <C, then AB = AC.

Wuwuspring
2021-05-14 19:42:36
if <B=<C, then AB=AC

pwr
2021-05-14 19:42:36
in triangle ABC, if <B is congruent to <C, then AB=AC

Colorcrazy
2021-05-14 19:42:36
if angle B and angle C are equal, then AB_AC

hchhaya
2021-05-14 19:42:36
if angle B = angle C, then AB = AC.

KindKitty
2021-05-14 19:42:36
if angle B = angle C, then AB=AC

Sarah010
2021-05-14 19:42:36
If <B=<C then, AB=AC

CalvinGarces
2021-05-14 19:42:36
If <B = <C, then AB = AC

dan09
2021-05-14 19:42:36
In △ABC , if ∠B = ∠C , then AB = AC

Hridhaan
2021-05-14 19:42:36
In △ABC , if ∠B = ∠C , then AB = AC .

Rinnypig
2021-05-14 19:42:36
If ∠B = ∠C, then AB = AC.

tkubota
2021-05-14 19:42:36
In △ABC, if ∠B = ∠C, then AB = AC.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:42:57
The converse is:

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:42:59
In △ABC, if ∠B = ∠C, then AB = AC.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:43:07
Have we shown that this converse is true?

Sirahulania
2021-05-14 19:43:42
no

Sarah010
2021-05-14 19:43:42
no

takolhe12
2021-05-14 19:43:42
no

AndrewZhong2012
2021-05-14 19:43:42
No

dan09
2021-05-14 19:43:42
No

CalvinGarces
2021-05-14 19:43:42
no

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10/12/21, 8:23 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

hchhaya
2021-05-14 19:43:42
no

apple.xy
2021-05-14 19:43:42
Not yet

Vitah2008
2021-05-14 19:43:42
no

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:43:44
No, not yet! Just because a statement is true does not mean its converse has to be true!

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:43:50
In this case, though, the converse turns out to be true (but we need to prove it!). How might we try and prove it?

JC0001
2021-05-14 19:44:18
Can't we use the same way you used before?

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:44:24
Sure! Let's see if we can apply a similar trick to prove that △ABC ≅ △ACB in this case. What corresponding parts of △ABC
and △ACB do we know are equal?

Suraahi
2021-05-14 19:45:13
<C = <B

Brendangho
2021-05-14 19:45:13
angles <C and <B are equal

Hridhaan
2021-05-14 19:45:13
∠B = ∠C

grayspider
2021-05-14 19:45:19
*∠B = ∠C

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:45:21
We are given that ∠ABC = ∠ACB, which actually counts for two pairs of corresponding angles in this triangle. What else do we
know?

dan09
2021-05-14 19:46:01
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
∠A in both and BC

Sirahulania
2021-05-14 19:46:14
BC=CB

Hridhaan
2021-05-14 19:46:14
BC = CB

CalvinGarces
2021-05-14 19:46:14
and BC = CB

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:46:18
We need one pair of congruent sides, and fortunately, BC = CB. So we have △ABC ≅ △ACB by ASA. Therefore, the
corresponding sides lengths AB and AC must also be equal.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:46:24
So that's our main result. In any triangle, if two sides are equal, then the angles opposite those sides are equal. If two angles are
equal, then the sides opposite those angles are equal. And we call a triangle with either property isosceles (don't forget that
second "s" in isosceles, as this word is commonly misspelled!).

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:46:40
Here's a quick exercise involving isosceles triangles.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:46:41
Suppose XY = XZ in triangle △XY Z, and that ∠X What is ∠Y ?
∘
= 32 .

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10/12/21, 8:23 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:46:43

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:47:14
(use degrees)

Vitah2008
2021-05-14 19:47:47
<Y = 74 degrees

Suraahi
2021-05-14 19:47:47
74º

KindKitty
2021-05-14 19:47:47
74 degrees

JC0001
2021-05-14 19:47:47
<Y = 74°

WestAndEast
2021-05-14 19:47:47
74 degrees

Sirahulania
2021-05-14 19:47:47
angle Y is equal to 74 degrees

snake2020
2021-05-14 19:47:47
∘
74

ChippyChipmunk
2021-05-14 19:47:47
74º

pwr
2021-05-14 19:47:47
<Y=74 degrees

takolhe12
2021-05-14 19:47:47
74 degrees

Sarah010
2021-05-14 19:47:47
74 degrees

stxph4nix
2021-05-14 19:47:47
74 degrees

Mathqueen20
2021-05-14 19:47:47
<Y = 74 degrees

Sunshine2016
2021-05-14 19:47:47
74º

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:47:54
How do we set up the problem? What facts can we use?

pwr
2021-05-14 19:48:23

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10/12/21, 8:23 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
the sum of all interior angles in a triangle is 180 degrees

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:48:26
We know that the sum of the angles in the triangle is 180 , so
∘

∘
∠X + ∠Y + ∠Z = 180 .

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:48:28
What does XY = XZ tell us?

Brendangho
2021-05-14 19:48:50
Since XY = XZ, <Y should equal <Z

AndrewZhong2012
2021-05-14 19:48:50
<Y=<Z

snake2020
2021-05-14 19:48:50
That the triangle is isosceles so ∠Y = ∠Z .

Sarah010
2021-05-14 19:48:50
Since XY=XZ, then <Y=<Z

Brendangho
2021-05-14 19:48:50
<Y should equal <Z

JC0001
2021-05-14 19:48:50
<Y = <Z

Sirahulania
2021-05-14 19:48:50
angle Y= angle Z

Suraahi
2021-05-14 19:48:50
<Y = <Z

Hridhaan
2021-05-14 19:48:50
∠Y = ∠Z

takolhe12
2021-05-14 19:48:50
<Y=<Z

Colorcrazy
2021-05-14 19:48:50
that tells us that angle Y equals angle Z

Evang12
2021-05-14 19:48:50
it tells us that angle Y = angle Z

pwr
2021-05-14 19:48:50
that <Y=<Z

shenpinyi
2021-05-14 19:48:54
<Y = <Z

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:48:59
Because XY = XZ, we have ∠Y = ∠Z, so our equation is
∘
∠X + ∠Y + ∠Y = 180 .

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:49:02
Because ∠X we have 32∘ so 2∠Y which gives ∠Y
∘ ∘ ∘ ∘
= 32 , + 2∠Y = 180 , = 148 , = 74 .

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:49:28
Here is another problem that requires the use of isosceles triangles.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:49:34
In the diagram below, AD = BD = AE and DE = EC. Prove that AC = BE.

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Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:49:37

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:49:51
We want to prove that two line segments have the same length. Any ideas on how to approach this problem given what we've
learned in the course so far?

Sirahulania
2021-05-14 19:50:31
congruent triangles

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:50:36
It makes sense to try looking for congruent triangles.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:50:44
Do you see any triangles that are potentially congruent? (Be careful to list their vertices in corresponding order!)

grayspider
2021-05-14 19:52:06
△BDE and △AEC

Brendangho
2021-05-14 19:52:06
triangle AEC and BDE

Vitah2008
2021-05-14 19:52:06
triangles DBE and triangle EAC

Sarah010
2021-05-14 19:52:06
Triangles AEC and BDE

JC0001
2021-05-14 19:52:06
∆ACE and ∆BED

pwr
2021-05-14 19:52:06
triangle AEC and triangle BDE

snake2020
2021-05-14 19:52:06
△BDE ≅ △AEC

Evang12
2021-05-14 19:52:06
seems like that triange DEB is congruent to triangle ECA

superhero2020
2021-05-14 19:52:06
△BDE and △AEC ?

shenpinyi
2021-05-14 19:52:06
triangle DBE and EAC

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:52:12
Triangles AEC and BDE look like they could be congruent. They already have two pairs of equal sides. What else must we show
to prove that they are congruent?

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Suraahi
2021-05-14 19:52:44
An angle

hchhaya
2021-05-14 19:52:44
the angle between them?

Sirahulania
2021-05-14 19:52:44
we need an angle

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:52:52
We can't use SSS since our goal is to prove that AC = BE. In order to use SSS congruence, we'd need to already know that
AC = BE.

hchhaya
2021-05-14 19:53:11
we need SAS

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:53:21
We would need one particular angle.

Sarah010
2021-05-14 19:53:41
<BDE and <AEC

Sirahulania
2021-05-14 19:53:41
angle BDE=angle CEA I think would work

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:53:45
Since we have two pairs of equal sides, it makes sense to use SAS. In order to do this, we must prove that ∠AEC = ∠BDE.

Does anybody see why this is true?

Evang12
2021-05-14 19:55:09
∘
∠BDE = ∠AEC = 180 − ∠ADE

pwr
2021-05-14 19:55:09
they are equal because both <AEC and <BDE are 180-(<AED) bc they are on a line with the isoleces base angles

Vitah2008
2021-05-14 19:55:09
we have the isosceles triangle ADE, and the supplementary angle, <AEC and <EDB, of the two congruent angles are congruent

KindKitty
2021-05-14 19:55:09
they have equal supplements <ADE = < AED

Sirahulania
2021-05-14 19:55:09
since we know angle ADE= angle AED we know 180-ADE= 180-AED is true too

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:55:12
Since triangle ADE is isosceles, we know that ∠AED = ∠ADE. In addition we can see that ∠AEC is supplementary to
∠AED and ∠BDE is supplementary to ∠ADE , so we have

∘ ∘
∠AEC = 180 − ∠AED = 180 − ∠ADE = ∠BDE.

Therefore, △AEC ≅ △BDE by SAS, so AC = BE.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:55:31
We've talked about triangles with two equal sides ... what about three sides?

hchhaya
2021-05-14 19:56:07
equilateral triangles

Colorcrazy
2021-05-14 19:56:07
equilateral triangles!

Sarah010
2021-05-14 19:56:07
equilateral triangles

Vitah2008
2021-05-14 19:56:07
equilateral triangles

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snake2020
2021-05-14 19:56:07
That is called equilateral.

Hridhaan
2021-05-14 19:56:07
Equilateral

AndrewZhong2012
2021-05-14 19:56:07
Equilateral?

Suraahi
2021-05-14 19:56:07
Equilateral!

Mathqueen20
2021-05-14 19:56:07
An equilateral triangle

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:56:10
An equilateral triangle is a special case of an isosceles triangle in which all three sides are equal.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:56:19

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:56:23
Notice anything special about the angles of an equilateral triangle?

Evang12
2021-05-14 19:56:55
they are all equal

Mathqueen20
2021-05-14 19:56:55
They are all equal

diamond2021
2021-05-14 19:56:55
They are all equal

TheIdentityProperty
2021-05-14 19:56:55
they are all equal

Colorcrazy
2021-05-14 19:56:55
angles B, C, and A are all congruent

apple.xy
2021-05-14 19:56:55
They are all equal

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:57:00
We seem to think all the angles must be equal. Of course, we need to prove it!

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:57:05
For convenience, say that a triangle with all angles equal is equiangular.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:57:09
How can we prove that an equilateral triangle is equiangular?

Sirahulania
2021-05-14 19:57:42
use the fact it is iscosceles

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pwr
2021-05-14 19:57:42
its like 3 isosceles triangles..

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:57:45
Well, for starters, an equilateral triangle is isosceles with AB = AC. We proved that this gives us ∠B = ∠C.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:57:47

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:57:55
We could do this with two other sides. For instance, AB = BC. Then this implies that ∠A = ∠C .

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:57:56

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:58:03
So ∠B = ∠C = ∠A. In other words, all the angles are equal.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:58:08
So in an equilateral triangle, what are the angle measures?

apple.xy
2021-05-14 19:58:43
all 60 degrees

Sirahulania
2021-05-14 19:58:43
60 degrees

shenpinyi
2021-05-14 19:58:43
60 degrees

Suraahi
2021-05-14 19:58:43
60º, 60º, 60º

Sarah010
2021-05-14 19:58:43
60 degrees

RyanL2019
2021-05-14 19:58:43
60˚ each angle

Brendangho
2021-05-14 19:58:43
60 degrees

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Evang12
2021-05-14 19:58:43
60 degrees

Colorcrazy
2021-05-14 19:58:43
60 degrees

MathNinja7
2021-05-14 19:58:43
60 degrees

Wuwuspring
2021-05-14 19:58:43
60 degrees

Vitah2008
2021-05-14 19:58:43
60 degrees, 60 degrees, 60 degrees

snake2020
2021-05-14 19:58:43
They are all 60 .
∘

grayspider
2021-05-14 19:58:43
so 60
∘

Hridhaan
2021-05-14 19:58:43
they are all 60∘

stxph4nix
2021-05-14 19:58:43
60 degrees

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:58:46
How do you show each angle equals 60∘ ?

Suraahi
2021-05-14 19:58:56
180º / 3 = 60º meaning each angle is equal to 60º.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:58:58
Since the angles are equal and must add up to 180 degrees, they must each be 60 degrees.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 19:59:09
So, if we have a problem that asks us to prove that a triangle is equilateral, what are ways we can do so?

apple.xy
2021-05-14 20:00:10
Show that all three sides or all three angles are congruent

pwr
2021-05-14 20:00:10
all sides are the same length or all the angles are 60 degrees

Evang12
2021-05-14 20:00:10
prove that the angles or the sides are all congruent

TheIdentityProperty
2021-05-14 20:00:10
prove that all sides/angles are congruent?

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:00:13
We can prove that all three sides are congruent, or we can prove that all three angles are congruent.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:00:29
(avoid the use of the word "same"; they are not... same)

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:00:48
Let's give it a try.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:01:01
Triangle ABC is equilateral in the diagram. Points D, E, and F are in triangle ABC such that ∠ABE = ∠BCF = ∠CAD.
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
Point D lies on CF , E lies on AD, and F lies on BE. Prove that triangle DEF is equilateral.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:01:09

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Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:01:19
What must we show to prove that △DEF is equilateral?

apple.xy
2021-05-14 20:02:31
either DE = DF = FE or <DEF = <FED = <EDF

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:02:35
We must either show that DE = EF = F D , or we must show that ∠DF E = ∠EDF = ∠F ED . Which do you like more in
this instance?

Evang12
2021-05-14 20:03:10
angles

takolhe12
2021-05-14 20:03:10
the angles

pwr
2021-05-14 20:03:10
angles

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:03:13
Since we were given information about angles, it makes sense to examine all the angles in this diagram.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:03:24
Let's start by labeling the given equal angles ∠ABE = ∠BCF = ∠CAD = x. What do we know about ∠F BC, in terms of x?

Suraahi
2021-05-14 20:04:27
It equals 60 - x

pwr
2021-05-14 20:04:27
60-x degrees

tkubota
2021-05-14 20:04:27
60 − x

KindKitty
2021-05-14 20:04:27
<FBC=60-x

Suraahi
2021-05-14 20:04:27
∠F BC = 60 − x

apple.xy
2021-05-14 20:04:27
It is 60˚ - x

dan09
2021-05-14 20:04:27
60 − x

Bluepantzola1
2021-05-14 20:04:27
60-x

shenpinyi
2021-05-14 20:04:27

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60 - x

Evang12
2021-05-14 20:04:27
angle FBC = 60 degrees - x

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:04:30
Since △ABC is equilateral, we know that ∠ABC so ∠F BC
∘ ∘
= 60 , = ∠ABC − ∠ABE = 60 − x.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:04:33
Does anybody see how we can find ∠DF E ?

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:05:14
(use degrees)

KindKitty
2021-05-14 20:05:36
<DFE is exterior angle to triangle BFC

takolhe12
2021-05-14 20:05:36
use remote interior angles

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:05:42
It's an exterior angle of △BCF !

pwr
2021-05-14 20:05:54
its the sum of remote interior angles so 60 degrees

Suraahi
2021-05-14 20:05:54
∠DF E = 60 º
KindKitty
2021-05-14 20:06:05
<DFE = x + (60-x) = 60 degrees

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:06:07
Therefore, it must equal the sum of the remote interior angles, ∠F BC and ∠BCF . But we know that ∠F BC and
∘
= 60 − x

∠BCF = x, so ∠DF E equals their sum, which is 60 .

∘

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:06:26
Great, so we've found that one angle of △DEF is 60∘ . What about the other two?

Sirahulania
2021-05-14 20:07:10
use the same logic

tkubota
2021-05-14 20:07:10
We can do the same for the others

hchhaya
2021-05-14 20:07:10
use the same process

superhero2020
2021-05-14 20:07:10
repeat the steps because ABC is equilateral

Evang12
2021-05-14 20:07:10
we can use the same logic to find out that they are also 60 degrees

Suraahi
2021-05-14 20:07:10
Same logic applies. They are also equal to 60º.

TheIdentityProperty
2021-05-14 20:07:10
its the same procedure

JC0001
2021-05-14 20:07:10
We can do the same procedure with the other triangles ∆CDA and ∆AEB

GarudS
2021-05-14 20:07:10
We use the same logic

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Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:07:14
We can use the same method. We can see that ∠DCA and
∘
= ∠BCA − ∠BCF = 60 − x

.
∘ ∘
∠EDF = ∠DCA + ∠CAD = (60 − x) + x = 60

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:07:24
Similarly, ∠EAB = ∠CAB − ∠CAD and ∠F ED .
∘ ∘ ∘
= 60 − x = ∠EAB + ∠ABE = (60 − x) + x = 60

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:07:36
(On your homework it would be OK to write "By the same logic, ∠F ED and ∠EDF are also 60 ." instead of repeating the steps
∘

like that.)

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:07:45
We have shown that the angles of △DEF are all equal to 60 , so △DEF must be equilateral.
∘

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:08:00
So far, we've looked at isosceles and equilateral triangles. We will now spend some time talking about perimeter and area.
Perimeter is simply the total distance around a figure, and area is a measure of what is contained within the figure. This is a very
nonspecific definition of area, but it is one of those intuitive concepts that everyone probably has an idea of anyway. As we
introduce these concepts, we'll look at a number of different techniques for computing perimeter and area, and solve some
problems that require us to decide which of these techniques works best in a given situation.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:08:19
PERIMETER

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:08:27
Suppose that we have a figure in the plane whose boundary consists of straight line segments. The perimeter of such a figure is
defined to be the total distance around the figure; that is, the sum of the lengths of the segments that make up the boundary. In
other words, if you walked along the boundary of the figure, the perimeter is the total distance you'd have to walk to go all the way
around the figure once.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:08:38
Most perimeter problems are pretty simple, so we'll just do a few.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:08:41
Just to make sure we all understand what we mean by perimeter, what is the perimeter of an equilateral triangle that has one side
length equal to 7?

JC0001
2021-05-14 20:09:14
21

Wuwuspring
2021-05-14 20:09:14
21

Vitah2008
2021-05-14 20:09:14
21

hchhaya
2021-05-14 20:09:14
21

Brendangho
2021-05-14 20:09:14
21

Colorcrazy
2021-05-14 20:09:14
the perimeter is 21

RyanL2019
2021-05-14 20:09:14
21 units

superhero2020
2021-05-14 20:09:14
7*3=21

snake2020
2021-05-14 20:09:14
21

Hridhaan
2021-05-14 20:09:14
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21

pwr
2021-05-14 20:09:14
7*3=21

Sirahulania
2021-05-14 20:09:14
21

Suraahi
2021-05-14 20:09:14
21

GarudS
2021-05-14 20:09:14
21

CalvinGarces
2021-05-14 20:09:14
21

shenpinyi
2021-05-14 20:09:14
21

Rinnypig
2021-05-14 20:09:14
21.

Evang12
2021-05-14 20:09:14
3 * 7 = 21

dan09
2021-05-14 20:09:14
7 ∗ 3 = 21

Sunshine2016
2021-05-14 20:09:14
7 x 3, which is 21

takolhe12
2021-05-14 20:09:14
21

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:09:17
If one side of an equilateral triangle has side length 7, then so do the other sides. The perimeter is the sum of the lengths of these
sides, 7 + 7 + 7 = 21.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:09:27
Most perimeter problems are this easy. Let's try a couple more and then move on to area, which is much more interesting.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:09:34
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
Triangles ABC, ADE, and EF G in the diagram are equilateral. Points D and G are the midpoints of AC and AE, respectively.
If AB = 4, what is the perimeter of figure ABCDEF G ?

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:09:38

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:09:46
What do we have to find in order to determine the perimeter of ABCDEF G ?

pwr
2021-05-14 20:10:24
find the length of each side

Brendangho
2021-05-14 20:10:24
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the side lengths

hchhaya
2021-05-14 20:10:24
the side lengths

tkubota
2021-05-14 20:10:24
Find the side lengths for all the line segments

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:10:30
We need to find the lengths of all the sides. What do we get for the total perimeter?

hchhaya
2021-05-14 20:11:44
15

Suraahi
2021-05-14 20:11:44
15

Sarah010
2021-05-14 20:11:44
15

pwr
2021-05-14 20:11:44
4*2+2*2+3*1=15

Brendangho
2021-05-14 20:11:44
15

CalvinGarces
2021-05-14 20:11:44
15

Sirahulania
2021-05-14 20:11:44
15

dan09
2021-05-14 20:11:44
15

shenpinyi
2021-05-14 20:11:44
15

Hridhaan
2021-05-14 20:11:44
2 ⋅ 4 + 2 ⋅ 2 + 3 ⋅ 1 = 8 + 4 + 3 = 15

TheIdentityProperty
2021-05-14 20:11:44
15

Colorcrazy
2021-05-14 20:11:44
15

grayspider
2021-05-14 20:11:44
15?

WestAndEast
2021-05-14 20:11:44
15

JC0001
2021-05-14 20:11:44
15

takolhe12
2021-05-14 20:11:44
15

tkubota
2021-05-14 20:11:44
15

Bluepantzola1
2021-05-14 20:11:44
4+4+2+2+1+1+1=15

Sunshine2016
2021-05-14 20:11:44
15
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Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:11:49
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
We have AB = BC = 4. Because D is the midpoint of AC , we have CD = 2 and DA = 2 (but we don't count AD because it's
inside the figure!).

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:11:59
Since AD = 2, we see that the sides of △ADE have length 2. Therefore, DE = 2 and EA = 2. Since G is the midpoint of
AE, we have EG = 1 (not counted, since it is internal to our figure) and GA = 1.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:12:10
Since EG = 1, the sides of △EF G have length 1, so EF = FG = 1 . Hence,

Perimeter = AB + BC + CD + DE + EF + F G + GA

= 4 + 4 + 2 + 2 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 15 .

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:12:35
AREA

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:12:37
When we are studying a region in the plane, it is often useful to compute the area of the region. It is possible to formulate a
precise, general definition of area, but this requires some extra work. However, we can solve some challenging problems just by
using the intuition we already have about area. We know that area tells us "how much" of the plane is contained inside a bounded
figure, such as a polygon.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:12:52
In order to get a better grasp of what area is, we'll introduce the rectangle. A rectangle is a four-sided figure all of whose angles are
right angles.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:13:02

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:13:08
This one is called rectangle ABCD. It is important to list the points in cyclic order, so that this rectangle could also be called
BCDA or CBAD, but not ABDC or CBDA; take a second to read aloud each of these while comparing to the figure, and

make sure you understand what this means. As you've probably encountered before, the box in each corner is a notation that
indicates that the angle is a right angle.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:13:30
A useful property of rectangles is that their opposite sides are equal: AB = CD and AD = BC. We won't prove this right now
but will take it for granted, though we have all the tools we need to prove it. Try proving it on your own after class! (Hint: Show that
△ABC ≅ △CDA.)

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:13:41
Area is essentially a measurement of how many regions that are one unit high and one unit wide can fit in the given figure. In the
diagram below, we see the 1 × 1 region and we see that we can fit 24 such regions in the rectangle, so its area is 24. Area does
not always have to be an integer, but in this case it is.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:13:48

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Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:14:00
How could we have determined the area without counting all the 1 × 1 regions one at a time?

Vitah2008
2021-05-14 20:14:44
base * height = 6*4 = 24

tkubota
2021-05-14 20:14:44
multiply the length and the width

TheIdentityProperty
2021-05-14 20:14:44
length * width

shenpinyi
2021-05-14 20:14:44
multiple 4 by 6, making 24

Suraahi
2021-05-14 20:14:44
Multiply the side lengths.

themikyway
2021-05-14 20:14:44
multiply the side lengths'

Sarah010
2021-05-14 20:14:44
multiply the length and height

MathNinja7
2021-05-14 20:14:44
By mulitplying the length and height

stxph4nix
2021-05-14 20:14:44
Multiply the length and width

Hridhaan
2021-05-14 20:14:44
Multiply the side legnths

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:14:50
You should see in general that the area of a rectangle is the product of the base and the height, and that this will hold true
regardless of the values specific to the rectangle. The base and height of the rectangle are also referred to as the length and width.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:15:10
Just like with our earlier discussions of parallel lines and congruent triangles, though, we need some axioms to get our
understanding of area off the ground. The idea of splitting into 1 × 1 regions makes intuitive sense, but it doesn't give us a
rigorous proof that the area of a rectangle is always the base times the height (for instance, what if the base and height aren't
integers?). Instead, we will take the fact that the area of a rectangle is always the product of its sides as an axiom.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:15:27
There are a couple other axioms we'll also assume about area: the area of a figure is the sum of the areas of its pieces, and
congruent triangles have equal area.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:15:39
Let's try finding the areas of some other regions.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:15:40
Let △ABC be a triangle with ∠C and BC Compute the area of △ABC.
∘
= 90 , AC = 3, = 4.

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Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:15:42

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:15:48
Previously, we found the area of a region by tiling it with 1 × 1 squares. This time, we can tile part of the figure with 1 × 1
squares, but we won't be able to tile it completely. We could cover the figure with 1 × 1 tiles, but we'll have some pieces of tiles
that lie outside of the triangle:

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:15:59

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:16:08
In order to find the exact area of this figure, we need to refine our definition slightly. We must allow ourselves to use parts of 1 × 1
tiles to cover our figure. We then count those parts of tiles towards the area; for example, if we use half a tile, that contributes 1
to
2

the total area of the figure.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:16:18
At this point, we could count the tiles in our figure, including the tile pieces near side AB. However, this requires us to figure out
exactly what fraction of a 1 × 1 tile each of those pieces make up. This is time-consuming and not straightforward.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:16:31
All we know how to handle at this point are rectangles. How can we use what we know about the area of a rectangle to find the
area of △ABC?

Sirahulania
2021-05-14 20:17:47
two right triangles make a rectangle

Rinnypig
2021-05-14 20:17:47
This triangle is one half of a rectangle.

KindKitty
2021-05-14 20:17:47
construct a rectangle with sides AC and CB

Sunshine2016
2021-05-14 20:17:47

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a triangle is half a rectangle

tkubota
2021-05-14 20:17:47
We can add another congruent triangle so that it becomes a rectangle

Suraahi
2021-05-14 20:17:47
Because 2 triangles can fit into the rectangle with the dimensions of the triangle's base and height.

Brendangho
2021-05-14 20:17:47
make another triangle above the original one, making a rectangle. multiply the length and width of the rectangle, but since you want
to find the area of the triangle (which is half of the rectangle) you divide your product my two.

MathNinja7
2021-05-14 20:17:47
We can make a congruent triangle of △ACB to form a rectangle which we will then multiply the base and height and then divide
our product by 2

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:17:52
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
We can add a point D to the diagram such that ACBD is a rectangle, split into two right triangles by AB:

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:17:54

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:18:08
This rectangle has height 3 and base length 4, so its area is 3 ⋅ 4 = 12.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:18:17
It looks like the area of △ABC is equal to 6 -- one half of the area of the rectangle. But how do we know with certainty that
△ABC and △BAD have the same area?

Sirahulania
2021-05-14 20:19:47
they are congruent

Vitah2008
2021-05-14 20:19:47
they are congruent

ARay10
2021-05-14 20:19:47
Because they are congruent

Brendangho
2021-05-14 20:19:47
From SSS congruence

Hridhaan
2021-05-14 20:19:47
It was one of our axioms

Sarah010
2021-05-14 20:19:47
they are congruent by SSS

Evang12
2021-05-14 20:19:47
yes, they are congruent

Sirahulania
2021-05-14 20:19:47

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they are congruent by SAS or SSS

snake2020
2021-05-14 20:19:47
Because they are congruent by SAS .

shenpinyi
2021-05-14 20:19:47
they are congruent

grayspider
2021-05-14 20:19:47
Because they are congruent?

KindKitty
2021-05-14 20:19:47
they are congruent

snake2020
2021-05-14 20:19:47
Because they are congruent by SSS .

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:19:56
Since BC = AD, AC = BD, and the two triangles share side AB, they are congruent by SSS. And clearly, congruent triangles
take up the same amount of space, so they always have equal area.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:20:08
We could also use SAS since ∠ACB = ∠BDA = 90
∘
, AC = BD , and BC = AD.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:20:34
Or, ASA congruence: Since AD||BC , we have ∠CBA = ∠BAD. Since AC||DB, we have ∠CAB = ∠DBA. We also have
AB = BA, so by ASA Congruence, △ACB ≅ △BDA. And clearly, congruent triangles take up the same amount of space, so

they always have equal area.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:20:47
Let's generalize this.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:20:57
Suppose triangle △ABC has a right angle at vertex C , and suppose that the length AC is h (for height) and the length BC is b
(for base). What is the area of triangle △ABC ?

apple.xy
2021-05-14 20:22:00
bh/2

Vitah2008
2021-05-14 20:22:00
h*b/2

Evang12
2021-05-14 20:22:00
hb/2

CalvinGarces
2021-05-14 20:22:00
hb/2

KindKitty
2021-05-14 20:22:00
b*h/2

superhero2020
2021-05-14 20:22:00
bh

Suraahi
2021-05-14 20:22:00
(h * b) / 2

Brendangho
2021-05-14 20:22:00
(b*h)/2

shenpinyi
2021-05-14 20:22:00
hb/2

dan09
2021-05-14 20:22:00
bh

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40731 25/45
10/12/21, 8:23 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

iejake
2021-05-14 20:22:00
(hb)/2

GarudS
2021-05-14 20:22:00
1
bh
2

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:22:04
bh
Form a rectangle as in the diagram above. The area of the right triangle would then be one half of the area of the rectangle, or
2

. This is the formula for the area of a right triangle.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:22:23
Now let's try a triangle that isn't right.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:22:25
¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
Let △ABC be a triangle with AB = 8 . A point D is located on side AB such that CD is perpendicular to AB, and CD = 4 .
Compute the area of △ABC .

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:22:43
This time, we have no guarantee that our triangle has a right angle, so we won't be able to apply our formula from the previous
problem directly to triangle △ABC .

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:22:50
How can we reduce this problem to a problem that we've already solved?

Hridhaan
2021-05-14 20:23:13
Split it into right triangles

MathNinja7
2021-05-14 20:23:13
To solve, we can divide the triangle into two right triangles

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:23:17
How?

apple.xy
2021-05-14 20:24:19
use CD to split the triangle into two right triangles

Vitah2008
2021-05-14 20:24:19
cut by the line CD

GarudS
2021-05-14 20:24:19
use CD

Sirahulania
2021-05-14 20:24:19
draw CD

Suraahi
2021-05-14 20:24:19
By drawing line CD

takolhe12
2021-05-14 20:24:19
use line CD because it is perpendicular to line AB

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:24:24
¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
We know that CD intersects side AB at a right angle. So we can cut the triangle along segment CD, separating triangle △ABC
into two right triangles.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:24:42

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40731 26/45
10/12/21, 8:23 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:25:01
The area of △ABC is equal to the sum of the areas of these two right triangles.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:25:09
What is the area of △ACD, in terms of length AD?

Evang12
2021-05-14 20:26:18
2AD

CalvinGarces
2021-05-14 20:26:18
2AD

shenpinyi
2021-05-14 20:26:18
2AD

superhero2020
2021-05-14 20:26:18
2AD

Mathqueen20
2021-05-14 20:26:18
2(AD)

Sunshine2016
2021-05-14 20:26:18
2AD

apple.xy
2021-05-14 20:26:18
2AD

MathNinja7
2021-05-14 20:26:18
2AD

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:26:20
Since △ACD is a right triangle, its area is equal to

AD ⋅ CD AD ⋅ 4
= = 2AD.
2 2

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:26:34
(we prefer simplified answers; we all know that 4/2=2)

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:26:48
What is the area of △BCD?

hchhaya
2021-05-14 20:27:52
2BD

Suraahi
2021-05-14 20:27:52
2BD

takolhe12
2021-05-14 20:27:52
2DB

MathNinja7
2021-05-14 20:27:52
2BD

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40731 27/45
10/12/21, 8:23 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Rinnypig
2021-05-14 20:27:52
2BD

superhero2020
2021-05-14 20:27:52
2BD

Brendangho
2021-05-14 20:27:52
2BD

shenpinyi
2021-05-14 20:27:52
2(BD)

Vitah2008
2021-05-14 20:27:52
2DB

stxph4nix
2021-05-14 20:27:52
2BD

grayspider
2021-05-14 20:27:52
2(DB)

Sarah010
2021-05-14 20:27:52
2BD

achen2021
2021-05-14 20:27:52
2BD

Wuwuspring
2021-05-14 20:27:52
2BD

Evang12
2021-05-14 20:27:52
2BD

Sirahulania
2021-05-14 20:27:52
2 DB

Hridhaan
2021-05-14 20:27:52
2DB

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:27:55
Since △BCD is a right triangle, its area is equal to

BD ⋅ CD BD ⋅ 4
= = 2BD.
2 2

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:28:11
So the area of triangle ABC is the sum of these two quantities, which is 2(AD + BD). But we don't know the distances AD and
BD. How can we get around this problem?

pwr
2021-05-14 20:28:49
AD+BD=AB=8

shenpinyi
2021-05-14 20:28:49
you can add them to make 8

GarudS
2021-05-14 20:28:49
AD+BD=AB

Sirahulania
2021-05-14 20:28:49
we know AD + BD = 8

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:28:51
Since the segments AD and DB together made up side AB in the original triangle, we see that

AD + BD = AD + DB = AB = 8.

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40731 28/45
10/12/21, 8:23 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:28:55
What is the area of △ABC?

Suraahi
2021-05-14 20:29:24
16

MathNinja7
2021-05-14 20:29:24
16

pwr
2021-05-14 20:29:24
16

AndrewZhong2012
2021-05-14 20:29:24
16

Vitah2008
2021-05-14 20:29:24
16

Hridhaan
2021-05-14 20:29:24
16

snake2020
2021-05-14 20:29:24
16.

stxph4nix
2021-05-14 20:29:24
16

takolhe12
2021-05-14 20:29:24
16

Sirahulania
2021-05-14 20:29:24
16

MathNinja7
2021-05-14 20:29:24
2BD+2AD=2(BD+AD)=2(8)=16

shenpinyi
2021-05-14 20:29:24
16

hchhaya
2021-05-14 20:29:24
16

Bluepantzola1
2021-05-14 20:29:24
16

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:29:30
The area is equal to 2(AD + BD) = 2AB = 2 ⋅ 8 = 16 .

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:29:41
Let's generalize.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:29:43

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40731 29/45
10/12/21, 8:23 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:29:47
What is the area of △ABC in terms of AB and CD?

Brendangho
2021-05-14 20:30:53
(CD*AB)/2

dan09
2021-05-14 20:30:53
AB⋅CD

pwr
2021-05-14 20:30:53
(AB) ⋅ (CD)/2

Suraahi
2021-05-14 20:30:53
(AB*CD)/2

takolhe12
2021-05-14 20:30:53
(AB*CD)/2

grayspider
2021-05-14 20:30:53
(AB)(CD)

snake2020
2021-05-14 20:30:53
(AB)(CD)
.
2

shenpinyi
2021-05-14 20:30:53
(AB)(CD)/2

Sarah010
2021-05-14 20:30:53
AB*CD/2

Sunshine2016
2021-05-14 20:30:53
((AB)(CD))/2

RyanL2019
2021-05-14 20:30:53
AB*CD/2

WestAndEast
2021-05-14 20:30:53
AB*CD/2

MathNinja7
2021-05-14 20:30:53
(AB)(CD)

CalvinGarces
2021-05-14 20:30:53
AB * CD/2

pwr
2021-05-14 20:30:53
AB⋅CD

Bluepantzola1
2021-05-14 20:30:53
AB*CD/2

Evang12
2021-05-14 20:30:53
AB * CD/2

superhero2020
2021-05-14 20:30:53
AB⋅CD

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:31:00
1 1
The area of △ACD is 2
⋅ AD ⋅ CD , and the area of △BCD is 2
⋅ BD ⋅ CD . So the total area of △ABC is

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40731 30/45
10/12/21, 8:23 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
1 1 1
⋅ AD ⋅ CD + ⋅ BD ⋅ CD = ⋅ CD(AD + BD)
2 2 2

1
= ⋅ CD ⋅ AB.
2

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:31:11
If we think of AB as the base length of the triangle and CD as the corresponding height, we can rewrite this formula in a form
that you are probably familiar with:

1
Area of △ABC  =  [ABC]  =   (base)(height).
2

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:31:26
We were able to solve the problem by cutting the given figure into smaller pieces (namely, right triangles) whose areas we already
learned how to find. This is a key technique in the calculation of areas.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:31:35
Before we move on, just a bit of terminology. In a triangle, a line segment that connects a vertex perpendicularly to the opposite
side (which we've been calling the height) is also called an altitude. For now, I will use this interchangeably with height, but we will
gradually start using the term altitude more as we move forward, so keep this in mind.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:31:50
(Usually the altitude is a name for the segment and the height is its length, but people are not always very careful about this
distinction.)

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:31:58
Our formula allows us to determine the area of any given triangle ABC, provided that we know the length of one side of the
triangle (say AB), and the height from the other vertex (in this case, C ) to the line AB. We have to be a little careful here, because
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
we haven't yet addressed the case in which there is no perpendicular line from C to a point on the segment AB, as in the following
figure:

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:32:05

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:32:25
In this case, it makes perfect sense to talk about the length of the base being AB, but we need to be careful how we interpret the
word height. In this case, we determine the height of the vertex C (relative to the base AB) by extending the side AB to form a
line, and dropping a perpendicular from C to this line.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:32:40

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40731 31/45
10/12/21, 8:23 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:32:49
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
The height is defined as the length of the segment CD, the distance from C to the extended line containing AB. It turns out that
the area formula still works in this instance, but I'll leave the proof for you to come up with.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:33:01
We've learned that the area of a rectangle is (base) ⋅ (height), and that the area of a triangle is So far, so
1
(base) ⋅ (height).
2

good. Let's now try a problem.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:33:08
In the diagram, we have KO = 6, LM = 7, and KM = 12. Find LN .

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:33:10

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:33:22
Congruent triangles are one way we have found so far to find lengths. Do we have any congruent triangles?

superhero2020
2021-05-14 20:34:15
no

hchhaya
2021-05-14 20:34:15
i dont see any

pwr
2021-05-14 20:34:15
no

yoyododococo123
2021-05-14 20:34:15
No I dont think so!

Brendangho
2021-05-14 20:34:15
no

Wuwuspring
2021-05-14 20:34:15
no

Suraahi
2021-05-14 20:34:15
No

GarudS
2021-05-14 20:34:15
No??

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:34:23
Looks like no. I don't see any triangles that look congruent, or any way to prove two triangles would be congruent.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:34:28
You might think that △KOL and △KN L look congruent. That's a reasonable guess to make from the picture, but if you try and
prove it you'll find we don't have enough information yet. So, let's try something else to start.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:34:35
What can we determine about the triangle △KLM ?

dan09
2021-05-14 20:35:33
the area

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40731 32/45
10/12/21, 8:23 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Rinnypig
2021-05-14 20:35:33
It's area.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:35:42
We can find the area of △KLM . What is it?

Vitah2008
2021-05-14 20:36:58
its area is 21

Evang12
2021-05-14 20:36:58
its area is 21

Suraahi
2021-05-14 20:36:58
21

shenpinyi
2021-05-14 20:36:58
21

dan09
2021-05-14 20:36:58
6∗7 42
= = 21
2 2

pwr
2021-05-14 20:36:58
21

CalvinGarces
2021-05-14 20:36:58
21

Hridhaan
2021-05-14 20:36:58
21

snake2020
2021-05-14 20:36:58
21

tkubota
2021-05-14 20:36:58
21

Rinnypig
2021-05-14 20:36:58
21.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:37:10
Since KO is the altitude to side LM of the triangle, we have

(KO)(LM )
[KLM ] = = 21.
2

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:37:18
(We use [KLM ] to mean the area of KLM .)

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:37:25
How does this help us find LN ? Remember, we have KO = 6, LM = 7, and KM = 12.

Sarah010
2021-05-14 20:38:45
KM*LN/2=21

Suraahi
2021-05-14 20:38:45
(LN * 12) / 2 = 21

dan09
2021-05-14 20:38:45
¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
Write the area but with KM as the base and LN as the altitude

Evang12
2021-05-14 20:38:45
LN * KM/2=21

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:38:50
We can find the area using a different base! LN is the altitude to side KM , and we know KM = 12. So, we have
https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40731 33/45
10/12/21, 8:23 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
LN ⋅ KM
[KLM ] = = 6 ⋅ LN .
2

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:39:00
So, what is LN ?

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:39:44
(we prefer simple fractions to decimals)

pwr
2021-05-14 20:40:07
LN = 7/2

shenpinyi
2021-05-14 20:40:07
7/2

takolhe12
2021-05-14 20:40:07
7/2

Hridhaan
2021-05-14 20:40:07
, so LN
7
12 ⋅ LN = 42 =
2

Sarah010
2021-05-14 20:40:07
7/2

tkubota
2021-05-14 20:40:07
7

Suraahi
2021-05-14 20:40:07
7/2

snake2020
2021-05-14 20:40:07
7

2
.

Wuwuspring
2021-05-14 20:40:07
7/2

Sirahulania
2021-05-14 20:40:07
7/2

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:40:11
We know that [KLM ] = 21, so we have 6(LN ) = 21 , so

21 7
LN = = .
6 2

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:40:18
Even though the problem did not mention areas in its statement, we needed to use the concept of area to solve the problem. Tricky,
tricky!

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:40:30
Using areas can be a very powerful problem solving tool, even in problems that appear to have nothing to do with areas. One clue
is when a problem contains lots of perpendicular segments, which can sometimes be used as heights of triangles.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:40:43
Let's try a slightly trickier problem:

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:40:46
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
Side AB of triangle △ABC has length 10. A point D is marked on AB such that AD = 6. If the area of △ABC is 25, then
what is the area of △ADC ?

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:40:52

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40731 34/45
10/12/21, 8:23 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:41:03
Our task here is to compute the area of △ADC . What information would we need to do this?

Evang12
2021-05-14 20:41:46
height

hchhaya
2021-05-14 20:41:46
the altitude of triangle ADC

tkubota
2021-05-14 20:41:46
the height

cwc28
2021-05-14 20:41:46
height

AndrewZhong2012
2021-05-14 20:41:46
The altitude

shenpinyi
2021-05-14 20:41:46
height

MathNinja7
2021-05-14 20:41:46
The height of triangle ACB

Sirahulania
2021-05-14 20:41:46
the height

Suraahi
2021-05-14 20:41:46
The height of triangle ADC

Vitah2008
2021-05-14 20:41:46
The height

Rinnypig
2021-05-14 20:41:46
The height.

Mathqueen20
2021-05-14 20:41:46
the altitude

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:41:50
We need to know the length of a base of the triangle, and we need to know the corresponding height.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:41:55
We know that AD = 6, but we don't have the height h from C to line AD. Is there any way we can get this information?

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:42:01

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40731 35/45
10/12/21, 8:23 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:42:11
Do you notice anything interesting about this altitude?

superhero2020
2021-05-14 20:42:19
the altitude of ABC which is also the altitude of ADC

Suraahi
2021-05-14 20:42:26
It's the height of triangle ABC as well

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:42:27
Not only is it the height from C to side AD of triangle ADC; it is also the height from C to side AB of triangle ABC!

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:42:33
So in terms of h, what is the area of triangle ABC?

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:42:40
([ABC] =?)

CalvinGarces
2021-05-14 20:43:41
5h

dan09
2021-05-14 20:43:41
5h

Sunshine2016
2021-05-14 20:43:41
5h

hchhaya
2021-05-14 20:43:41
5h

shenpinyi
2021-05-14 20:43:41
5h

Suraahi
2021-05-14 20:43:41
5h

takolhe12
2021-05-14 20:43:41
5h

Sarah010
2021-05-14 20:43:41
[ABC]=5h

pwr
2021-05-14 20:43:41
[ABC]=5h

Evang12
2021-05-14 20:43:41
5h

AndrewZhong2012
2021-05-14 20:43:41
5h

GarudS
2021-05-14 20:43:41

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40731 36/45
10/12/21, 8:23 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
5h

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:43:49
Using our area formula, we get

1 1
[ABC] = ⋅ AB ⋅ h = ⋅ 10 ⋅ h = 5h.
2 2

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:44:01
What is the value of h?

AndrewZhong2012
2021-05-14 20:44:47
h=5

Brendangho
2021-05-14 20:44:47
5

shenpinyi
2021-05-14 20:44:47
5

pwr
2021-05-14 20:44:47
h=5

tkubota
2021-05-14 20:44:47
5

Sarah010
2021-05-14 20:44:47
5

TheIdentityProperty
2021-05-14 20:44:47
5

hchhaya
2021-05-14 20:44:47
5

Suraahi
2021-05-14 20:44:47
5

Save_The_Elephants
2021-05-14 20:44:47
5

superhero2020
2021-05-14 20:44:47
5

Sirahulania
2021-05-14 20:44:47
h =5

Sunshine2016
2021-05-14 20:44:47
5

KindKitty
2021-05-14 20:44:47
h=5

Bluepantzola1
2021-05-14 20:44:47
5

Hridhaan
2021-05-14 20:44:47
5

CalvinGarces
2021-05-14 20:44:47
5

neptune08
2021-05-14 20:45:09
5

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:45:12

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40731 37/45
10/12/21, 8:23 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
Since we are given that the area of triangle ABC is 25, we see that 5h = 25 ; therefore, h = 5 .

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:45:25
Now, what can we do with this information?

pwr
2021-05-14 20:45:44
find the area of ADC!

Sirahulania
2021-05-14 20:45:44
find the area of ACD

Sarah010
2021-05-14 20:45:44
find the area of triangle ADC

hchhaya
2021-05-14 20:45:44
find the area of ADC

RyanL2019
2021-05-14 20:45:47
Find the area of triangle ADC

Brendangho
2021-05-14 20:45:47
Find the area of triangle ACD

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:46:01
We can go back to △ADC , and apply the area formula once again.

CalvinGarces
2021-05-14 20:46:08
[ADC] = 6*5/2 = 15

Hridhaan
2021-05-14 20:46:08
[ADC] = 15

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:46:17
We get :

1 1
[ADC] = ⋅ AD ⋅ h = ⋅ 6 ⋅ 5 = 15.
2 2

So the area of △ADC is 15 .

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:46:37
Let's see if we can glean any general insight from this problem. What was the ratio of AD to AB?

Suraahi
2021-05-14 20:47:23
3/5

hchhaya
2021-05-14 20:47:23
3/5

Vitah2008
2021-05-14 20:47:23
3:5

Wuwuspring
2021-05-14 20:47:23
3:5

pwr
2021-05-14 20:47:23
3/5

shenpinyi
2021-05-14 20:47:23
6/10 = 3/5

takolhe12
2021-05-14 20:47:23
3/5

MathNinja7
2021-05-14 20:47:23
3 : 5

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40731 38/45
10/12/21, 8:23 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:47:33
The ratio AD : AB is 6 : 10, or 3 : 5 .

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:47:43
What was the ratio of the area of triangle ADC to that of triangle ABC?

Suraahi
2021-05-14 20:48:22
15/25 = 3/5 as well!

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:48:25
The ratio of the areas is 15 : 25, or 3 : 5 .

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:48:35
Is this a coincidence? Or does anyone see a reason they have the same ratio?

pwr
2021-05-14 20:49:50
they have the same height and their bases make the ratio

Vitah2008
2021-05-14 20:49:50
because the heights are the same, so it depends on the base for the ratio of the area

shenpinyi
2021-05-14 20:49:50
the height is the same so the area depends on the base lengths

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:49:58
This is no coincidence! If we are given the same setup but aren't given any specific lengths or areas, we can still say the following:

1
[ADC] ⋅ AD ⋅ h AD
2
= = .
1
[ABC] ⋅ AB ⋅ h AB
2

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:50:11
Is there a similar expression for the ratio of the area of triangle ADC to the area of triangle BDC?

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:50:40
(If so, what is it?)

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:51:02
What's

[ADC]
?
[BDC]

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:51:22

Sirahulania
2021-05-14 20:51:56
AD : BD

shenpinyi
2021-05-14 20:51:56
https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40731 39/45
10/12/21, 8:23 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
AD/BD

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:52:13
We have

1
[ADC] ⋅ AD ⋅ h AD
2
= = .
1 BD
[BDC] ⋅ BD ⋅ h
2

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:52:27
This is a very useful theorem; if two triangles share an altitude, then the ratio of their areas equals the ratio of their bases. This is
useful because it allows us to find some areas without having to go through the steps of drawing perpendicular segments and
finding their lengths.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:52:40
To repeat, for those of you who think better with pictures than with words:

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:52:46

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:52:48
We have

[ADC] AD
= .
[BDC] BD

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:53:09
We should keep this relationship in mind any time we have an area problem in which there are triangles with bases along the same
line. In this diagram, triangles ADC and BDC have bases along the line AB.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:53:18
Let's try another one.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:53:21
In the figure below, we have AB ,
= 10 AC = AD = 8 , and AE = 4 . If the area of △ABC is 30, then what is the area of
△ADE ?

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:53:23

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40731 40/45
10/12/21, 8:23 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:53:40
Why can't we immediately use the principle we developed in the previous problem?

Vitah2008
2021-05-14 20:54:20
they don't have a common height

pwr
2021-05-14 20:54:20
because they don't have the same height

Wuwuspring
2021-05-14 20:54:20
they do not share the same height

Evang12
2021-05-14 20:54:23
they don't have the same height

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:54:25
In that problem the triangles shared an altitude. In this problem they do not. This is tragic.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:54:32
When solving problems, we often try to find clever ways to reduce difficult problems to easier problems, where we can use
principles we already know. Does anybody have an idea that would allow us to do this?

apple.xy
2021-05-14 20:55:16
Connect C to D

Vitah2008
2021-05-14 20:55:16
we could draw a line from point D to point C, making the quadrilateral DCDB into two triangles

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:55:19
We found that we couldn't use our result from the previous problem because we don't have any triangles that share an altitude. But
we can make a pair of such triangles by drawing in line segment CD :

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:55:24

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:55:32
Now, are there two triangles in our picture where we can use our area ratio theorem?

Sirahulania
2021-05-14 20:55:49
yes

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40731 41/45
10/12/21, 8:23 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

AndrewZhong2012
2021-05-14 20:55:49
Yep

pwr
2021-05-14 20:55:49
yes!

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:55:51
Which triangle has a common height from C with △ABC?

Evang12
2021-05-14 20:56:33
ADC

AndrewZhong2012
2021-05-14 20:56:33
ACD

shenpinyi
2021-05-14 20:56:33
triangle ADC

Suraahi
2021-05-14 20:56:33
CAD

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:56:51
Let's first apply the theorem on △ADC and △ABC . What's

[ADC]
?
[ABC]

Sirahulania
2021-05-14 20:57:40
4 :5

Wuwuspring
2021-05-14 20:57:40
4:5

shenpinyi
2021-05-14 20:57:40
4:5

superhero2020
2021-05-14 20:57:40
4:5

RollOver2020
2021-05-14 20:57:40
4/5

Vitah2008
2021-05-14 20:57:40
4:5

pwr
2021-05-14 20:57:40
4/5

Vitah2008
2021-05-14 20:57:40
4/5

Evang12
2021-05-14 20:57:40
4/5

CalvinGarces
2021-05-14 20:57:40
4/5

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:57:47
We have

[ADC] AD 8 4
= = = .
[ABC] AB 10 5

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:57:49
https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40731 42/45
10/12/21, 8:23 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
What is the area of triangle ADC?

pwr
2021-05-14 20:58:17
24

CalvinGarces
2021-05-14 20:58:17
24

shenpinyi
2021-05-14 20:58:17
24

Sarah010
2021-05-14 20:58:17
24

Sirahulania
2021-05-14 20:58:17
24

MathNinja7
2021-05-14 20:58:17
24

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:58:19
4
Since the area of triangle ABC is 30, the area of triangle ADC is of 30, or 24.
5

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:58:24
Now what?

Achilleas
2021-05-14 20:58:52
We'd like to do something similar with two other triangles. Which ones do we consider?

Evang12
2021-05-14 21:00:09
ADE and ADC

Achilleas
2021-05-14 21:00:13
Let's use the theorem again, this time on △ADE and △ADC . We have

[ADE] AE 4 1
= = = .
[ADC] AC 8 2

Achilleas
2021-05-14 21:00:17
So what is the area of △ADE?

shenpinyi
2021-05-14 21:00:33
24/2 = 12

Brendangho
2021-05-14 21:00:33
12

pwr
2021-05-14 21:00:33
24/2=12

Hridhaan
2021-05-14 21:00:33
12

LONC123
2021-05-14 21:00:33
12

Sarah010
2021-05-14 21:00:33
12

Achilleas
2021-05-14 21:00:35
The area of △ADC is 24, so the area of △ADE is half of 24, or 12 .

Achilleas
2021-05-14 21:00:40
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
We can also solve this problem by drawing in BE instead of CD. Give it a try, and you'll find that you arrive at the same answer.

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40731 43/45
10/12/21, 8:23 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-05-14 21:00:44
We can generalize to a theorem about any pair of triangles that share an angle.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 21:00:56
Theorem: Given △ABC and points D and E on sides AB and AC , respectively, we always have

[ADE] [ADE] [ADC] AD ⋅ AE

= ⋅ = .
[ABC] [ADC] [ABC] AB ⋅ AC

Achilleas
2021-05-14 21:01:02
Here the triangles share ∠A and the ratio is between all those sides that emanate from ∠A.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 21:01:10
[ADE]
Applying this theorem to the preceding problem, we get =
AD⋅AE
=
8⋅4
=
2
and indeed we see that 12 =
2
⋅ 30 .
[ABC] AB⋅AC 10⋅8 5 5

Achilleas
2021-05-14 21:01:17
¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
Now that we have this theorem in our toolbox, we can bypass the step of drawing the extra segment (CD in this case) when
solving similar problems.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 21:01:29
SUMMARY

Achilleas
2021-05-14 21:01:33
We started today by continuing our discussion of triangles.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 21:01:42
Isosceles triangles are triangles with two equal sides. In a triangle, if two sides are equal, then so are their opposing angles.
Conversely, if two angles are equal in a triangle, then that triangle is isosceles.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 21:01:52
Equilateral triangles are triangles with three equal sides. If a triangle is equilateral, then all three angles are equal. Conversely, if all
three angles are equal in a triangle, then that triangle is equilateral. The angles in an equilateral triangle are 60 degrees each, since
they are equal and sum to 180.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 21:02:01
We then discussed perimeter and area. The perimeter of a figure whose boundary consists of line segments is the sum of the
lengths of those line segments. The area of a figure measures how much of the plane is contained in the figure, and is measured
by the number of 1x1 squares that fit inside.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 21:02:11
The area of a rectangle is (base) ⋅ (height), and the area of a triangle is The latter formula holds even when
1
(base) ⋅ (height).
2

the triangle is obtuse.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 21:02:22
We learned some area problem-solving strategies that we'll see again in the future. It's often useful to break an area into pieces we
know how to handle. It's also useful to keep in mind that if two triangles share the same altitude, then the ratio of their areas
equals the ratio of their bases.

Achilleas
2021-05-14 21:02:31
Any questions?

Colorcrazy
2021-05-14 21:03:07
nope

hchhaya
2021-05-14 21:03:07
no

JC0001
2021-05-14 21:03:07
Nope, thanks!

Hridhaan
2021-05-14 21:03:07
none

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40731 44/45
10/12/21, 8:23 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Vitah2008
2021-05-14 21:03:07
no

CalvinGarces
2021-05-14 21:03:07
nope

Mathqueen20
2021-05-14 21:03:07
nope!

Brendangho
2021-05-14 21:03:07
no

Achilleas
2021-05-14 21:03:10
Thank you all! Have a wonderful weekend and see you next time!

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https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40731 45/45