Geometry Week 2 - 2689 Introduction To Geometry

10/12/21, 8:22 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
Introduction to Geometry (2689)

Achilleas Sinefakopoulos
Friday
Apr 30, 2021 - Oct 8, 2021
7:30 - 9:00 PM ET (4:30 - 6:00 PM PT)
Overview
Week 2 (May 7) Class Transcript - Triangle Angles and Congruent Triangles
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Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:27:42
Hi, everyone!
grayspider
2021-05-07 19:28:01
Hello!
TheIdentityProperty
2021-05-07 19:28:01
hello
AndrewZhong2012
2021-05-07 19:28:01
hi
Wuwuspring
2021-05-07 19:28:01
hi
Sirahulania
2021-05-07 19:28:01
Hello
TheRadicalRadical
2021-05-07 19:28:01
hello
cwc28
2021-05-07 19:28:01
Hi Mr. Achilleas
pwr
2021-05-07 19:28:01
hi
Rinnypig
2021-05-07 19:28:01
Hi Achilleas!
apple.xy
2021-05-07 19:28:01
hi!
dan09
2021-05-07 19:28:01
Hello!
tkubota
2021-05-07 19:28:01
Hi Mr. Achilleas!
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:28:04
Before we get started, I want to let you know about discussion problems. This week, you'll have a discussion problem instead of a
writing problem on your homework.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:28:11
The goal is to discuss with your classmates! Talk to your peers, and do some math. You should try to contribute to the discussion
on this problem in some way, but don't feel like you need to write up something perfect like on a writing problem.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:28:23
https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40730 1/42
Instead, just try to get involved in the conversation! Contribute something, and you're good to go!
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:28:28
The weekly schedule for how writing problems and discussion problems will work in this course is alternating. So your homework
for an odd-numbered week will have a writing problem and your homework for an even-numbered week will have a discussion
problem.
takolhe12
2021-05-07 19:28:42
ok!
shenpinyi
2021-05-07 19:28:42
ok!
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:28:47
To refresh our memory, let's quickly review the key ideas from last week.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:28:57
The lesson was all about angles, which we measure in degrees. Recall that the sum of the angles around a point always equals
degrees, so straight angles, which are formed by two rays going in diametrically opposite directions, equal degrees, and
right angles equal degrees. Two angles are called supplementary if their measures sum to degrees, and complementary
(watch the spelling!) if they sum to degrees.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:29:18
We then looked at configurations involving a pair of parallel lines (lines that do not meet) that intersect with another line, called a
transversal in this context.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:29:27
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:29:30
Suppose lines m and n are parallel. Then, a = d = e = h and b = c = f = g. Furthermore, each of the angles in the first set is
supplementary to each in the second set.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:29:38
Finally, we saw a cool proof of the fact that the sum of the angles in a triangle is always equal to 180 degrees:
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:29:42
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:29:45
We draw a line through that is parallel to (a very clever idea!) and we see that
because and from the equality of alternate interior angles.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:29:59
Introduction to Geometry
Week 2: Triangle Angles and Congruent Triangles
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:30:03
Before we get into our new material today, I'd like to remind you of some of the resources you have available in this course.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:30:07
Use the message board to ask questions you have during the week. That's what it's there for! Don't let any fear you have stop you
from asking questions!!!
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:30:14
Also, something I really like to see is students answering questions to help each other out. If you see a question that hasn't been
answered, by all means, give it a shot! Sometimes teaching others can do a lot to teach yourself.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:30:21
Finally, we've noticed a big difference in class between those students who are working with the book and those who skip the book
and only use class to learn. The students who use the book learn much more and find all the material much easier. If you have
questions while working through the book, use the message board!
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:30:30
Today, we'll talk more about angles in a triangle, then a little more on parallel lines. We'll then move on to congruent triangles.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:30:36
Let's begin our journey by looking at another cool triangle relationship:
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:30:38
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:30:40
What is the value of x? Where can we start?
superhero2020
2021-05-07 19:31:22
try to find m∠CAB?
TThB0501
2021-05-07 19:31:22
Find the measure of angle CAB
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:31:25
You may notice immediately that we are missing an angle, ∠BAC. Let's start by coming up with an expression for this angle; how
can we do this?
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:31:51
How?
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:32:48
I see most of you give some equations, with no explanation.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:32:57
How did you get these?
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:33:49
(now you give some explanations, but no equations. )
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:34:30
Could you please give a complete answer that consists of an equation for ∠BAC together with an explanation?
Evang12
2021-05-07 19:36:22
a straight angle always measures 180 degrees, so angle BAC = 180 - DAC
Suraahi
2021-05-07 19:36:22
<BAC = 180º - (y + 20º) because <CAB and <DAC are supplementary.
Hridhaan
2021-05-07 19:36:22
y + 20 and m∠CAB are supplementary. Therefore, m∠CAB
∘
= 180 − (y + 20) = 160 − y
TheIdentityProperty
2021-05-07 19:36:22
Because an angle of a line segment is 180 degrees, <BAC and (y+20) is supplementary, so <BAC + (y+20) = 180 degrees
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:36:27
In the diagram, and together make a straight angle, so they add up to degrees. Our missing angle is now
apple.xy
2021-05-07 19:37:02
<BAC = 180˚ - x - y + 35˚ because angles in ABC sum to 180˚, and <BAC also = 180˚ - y - 20˚ because <DAC and <BAC are
supplementary, so we equate these two and solve for x
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:37:06
We also know that the angles of triangle sum to We just showed that so we have
What does this tell us?
apple.xy
2021-05-07 19:38:08
x = 55˚
Sirahulania
2021-05-07 19:38:08
x= 55 degrees
dan09
2021-05-07 19:38:08
∘
160 − 35 + x = 180, so 125 + x = 180, so x = 55
Colorcrazy
2021-05-07 19:38:08
x=55 degrees
Suraahi
2021-05-07 19:38:08
x = 55º
hchhaya
2021-05-07 19:38:08
it tells us that 125 + x = 180, so x = 55 degrees.
snake2020
2021-05-07 19:38:08
x = 55 .
∘
Sarah010
2021-05-07 19:38:08
x=55 degrees
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:38:10
The two y's in the equation cancel and we're left with 125 so x
∘ ∘ ∘
+ x = 180 , = 55 .
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:38:18
Let's take a look back at the problem. We found that ∠C Notice anything interesting about ∠C, ∠B, and ∠DAC ?
∘
= 55 .
apple.xy
2021-05-07 19:39:35
<C + <B = <DAC
Vitah2008
2021-05-07 19:39:35
<C + <B = <DAC
Suraahi
2021-05-07 19:39:35
<C + <B = <DAC
Mathqueen20
2021-05-07 19:39:35
<C + <B = <DAC
dan09
2021-05-07 19:39:35
∠DAC = ∠C + ∠B
RyanL2019
2021-05-07 19:39:35
∠C+∠B=∠DAC
Sarah010
2021-05-07 19:39:35
<C+<B=<DAC
pwr
2021-05-07 19:39:35
<C+<B=<DAC
Evang12
2021-05-07 19:39:35
angle C + angle B = angle DAC
shenpinyi
2021-05-07 19:39:35
<C + <B = <DAC
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:39:40
We have
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:40:13
(make sure you use the correct formatting from our first class; if you are not sure about it, feel free to ask for a reminder)
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:40:18
Is this a coincidence? Or is it always true for a diagram like this that ∠B + ∠C = ∠DAC?
pwr
2021-05-07 19:40:39
its always true!
Sirahulania
2021-05-07 19:40:39
always true
tmathur2
2021-05-07 19:40:39
Always true
dan09
2021-05-07 19:40:39
It will always be the case
Sarah010
2021-05-07 19:40:39
always true
RyanL2019
2021-05-07 19:40:39
Its always true
Suraahi
2021-05-07 19:40:39
It is always true.
MathNinja7
2021-05-07 19:40:39
This is always True
Evang12
2021-05-07 19:40:39
this is true in general.
snake2020
2021-05-07 19:40:39
It is always true.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:40:43
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:40:54
Prove it!
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:42:14
Recall that your proof must be correct, complete, and rigorous.
pwr
2021-05-07 19:45:14
<DAC+<BAC=180 because they are one one line and therefore are supplementary. We also have <BAC+<C+<B=180 by the sum of the
interior angles of a triangle. Setting these equal and subtracting <BAC from both sides, we get <DAC=<C+<B.
apple.xy
2021-05-07 19:45:14
Because the angles in a triangle sum to 180˚, we have 180˚ = <BAC + <C + <B. Because <BAC and <DAC are supplementary, we have
<BAC + <DAC = 180˚. Equating these gives <BAC + <C + <B = <BAC + <DAC. Canceling <BAC on both sides gives <C + <B = <DAC.
superhero2020
2021-05-07 19:45:14
We know that m∠CAB + m∠B + m∠C = 180 and that m∠DAC + m∠CAB = 180, and when we subtract the two
equations from each other, we get m∠B + m∠C − m∠DAC = 0. Then we can add m∠DAC to both sides to get
m∠B + m∠C = m∠DAC .
dan09
2021-05-07 19:45:14
The sum of the angles in a triangle are always 180∘ , so ∠BAC + ∠C + ∠B = 180. We make the substitution
∠BAC = 180 − ∠DAC to get 180 − ∠DAC + ∠C + ∠B = 180. The 180's cancel out, and moving the ∠DAC to the right
side gives the desired ∠DAC = ∠C + ∠B
shenpinyi
2021-05-07 19:45:14
<DAC = 180 - <BAC because they are supplementary angles.
<B + <C = 180 - <BAC because they are angles in triangle ABC.

Combining these equations, we get <B + <C = <DAC.
pnacham
2021-05-07 19:45:14
We know that angle DAC = angle C + angle B since angle CAB + angle C + angle B = 180 degrees. We also know that since DB is a
straight line and is 180 degrees, angle DAC + angle CAB = 180. We know that angle CAB + angle C + angle B = 180 degrees. Thus,
angle DAC = angle C + angle B.
cwc28
2021-05-07 19:45:14
<B+<C must equal 180 degrees - <BAC because a triangle's angles add up to 180º. <BAC and <DAC are supplementary and so
<DAC=180º - <BAC. And so <B+<C=<DAC
JC0001
2021-05-07 19:45:14
<B + <C + <BAC = 180°
From line DAB, we have <BAC + <CAD = 180°
Subtracting the second equation from the first equation, we get <B + <C - <CAD = 0
From this, we can get <B + <C = <CAD or <B + <C = <DAC
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:45:22
From straight line we have From triangle we have
Therefore,
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:45:32
Subtracting from both sides gives us
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:45:41
Indeed, this relationship is always true!
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:45:52
We call an exterior angle of Angles and are then called remote interior angles of In
general we have just shown that the measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the measures of the remote
interior angles.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:46:15
I want to go back to our proof for just a second. Take a look:
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:46:47
From straight line we have From triangle we have
Therefore
Subtracting from both sides gives us
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:47:05
This is how you should write proofs. Write in complete sentences, with mathematical statements and equations included within
those complete sentences, and justify your claims. In the first sentence, we say that because
is a straight angle. In the second sentence, we use triangle (and say that we are using triangle ) to
show that We can conclude from these two sentences that
Our last sentence explains how we get our final desired result.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:47:44
To give you practice writing proofs, we have one proof problem in the weekly homework every other week. On those problems, it's
very important that you try to write clear proofs as I illustrated above. Try very hard to write a nice proof. It takes some practice at
first, but you'll get the hang of it. We will also give you helpful feedback on how you can improve your proof writing as part of the
grading of your work.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:48:01
It's no good having brilliant ideas if you can't convince other people they're right. After all, a part of the beauty of math is that, if
your logic is correct and communicated clearly, you can always convince somebody you're right!
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:48:32
Now that we know how to handle the angles in a triangle, we'll return to parallel lines.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:48:42
Last week, we learned about the angle relationships that hold for parallel lines and transversals. Let's do the reverse. We will show
how to prove that two lines are parallel using angle relationships!
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:48:53
Here's that standard configuration again:
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:48:55
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:49:00
Suppose we didn't already know that m and n are parallel and wanted to prove it. It turns out, if we can show that a = e in the
diagram above, this is sufficient to conclude that m and n are parallel. We're going to explore why.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:49:18
Consider the logic below. Is this valid?
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:49:21
If m ∥ n, then a = e. Therefore, if a = e, then m ∥ n.
Mathqueen20
2021-05-07 19:50:02
nope
ReaderB
2021-05-07 19:50:02
No!
AndrewZhong2012
2021-05-07 19:50:02
no
Save_The_Elephants
2021-05-07 19:50:02
yes
superhero2020
2021-05-07 19:50:02
no
Sarah010
2021-05-07 19:50:02
no
okhurana2
2021-05-07 19:50:02
no
grayspider
2021-05-07 19:50:02
Nope, not valid.
apple.xy
2021-05-07 19:50:02
No! the converse of a statement isn't always true but if it is we need to prove it seperately
Colorcrazy
2021-05-07 19:50:02
no
takolhe12
2021-05-07 19:50:02
no
WestAndEast
2021-05-07 19:50:02
no
Robin2
2021-05-07 19:50:25
no
Sirahulania
2021-05-07 19:50:25
no
neptune08
2021-05-07 19:50:25
no
RollOver2020
2021-05-07 19:50:25
no
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:50:29
This is invalid logic. This is the same logic as "If I live in California, then I live in America. So, if I live in America, I live in California."
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:50:37
In general, suppose we have the statement, "If A, then B" (like "If then "). Then, we call the statement, "If B, then
A" the converse of the original statement (so "If then " is the converse of "If then ").
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:50:49
As we saw in our California example, just because a statement is true does not mean its converse is true. Its converse may or may
not be true - we have to address it separately.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:50:56
So, even though the statement "If m ∥ n, then a = e" is true, we still have to prove the converse, "If a = e, then m ∥ n " as a
mathematical statement in its own right. As I mentioned above, in this case, the converse happens to be true.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:51:09
Let's try to prove that the converse is true in this case.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:51:14
Assume that a = e in the diagram below. Prove that lines m and n are parallel.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:51:18
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:51:24
If we know that a = e, then what do we know about c + e?
Suraahi
2021-05-07 19:52:16
c + e = 180º
Mathqueen20
2021-05-07 19:52:16
c+e = 180 degrees
takolhe12
2021-05-07 19:52:16
c+e = 180 degrees
Colorcrazy
2021-05-07 19:52:16
c + e = 180 degrees
MathNinja7
2021-05-07 19:52:16
It is equal to 180∘
iejake
2021-05-07 19:52:16
c+e=180 degrees
AndrewZhong2012
2021-05-07 19:52:16
It's 180 degrees
Wuwuspring
2021-05-07 19:52:16
c+e = 180 degrees
turquoisewolf
2021-05-07 19:52:16
c+e=180 degrees
grayspider
2021-05-07 19:52:16
∘
c + e = 180
themikyway
2021-05-07 19:52:16
c + e =180 degrees
GarudS
2021-05-07 19:52:16
it is 180∘
JC0001
2021-05-07 19:52:16
c + e = 180° because e = a, and a + c = 180°
okhurana2
2021-05-07 19:52:16
∘
c + e = 180
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:52:20
We know that a + c = 180 , so if a then c + e as well.
∘ ∘
= e, = 180
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:52:33
Note that we cannot say using We don't know that That's what we're trying to prove!
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:52:49
So, is it possible for m and n to intersect off to the left of p?
AndrewZhong2012
2021-05-07 19:53:09
No.
GarudS
2021-05-07 19:53:09
no
dan09
2021-05-07 19:53:09
no
Sirahulania
2021-05-07 19:53:09
no
Suraahi
2021-05-07 19:53:09
No
Vitah2008
2021-05-07 19:53:09
no
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:53:11
No, they can't intersect to the left of line p. Why not?
pwr
2021-05-07 19:54:16
NO they will form a triangle and the other angle would have to be 0 degrees which isnt possible
KindKitty
2021-05-07 19:54:16
the triangle would have sum of angles more than 180 degrees
Evang12
2021-05-07 19:54:16
if they did, then c + e would not be 180 degrees (the two lines will form a triangle)
Mathqueen20
2021-05-07 19:54:16
if they intersect, c+e couldn't be 180 degrees
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:54:21
Remember, you can't say "because they are parallel" -- that is what we are trying to prove!
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:54:28
Suppose m and n meet at some point X to the left of p. Then, X and the points where p meets m and n form a triangle. However,
since c + e = 180∘ , when we add in the angle at X, we find that the angles in our triangle add up to more than 180 degrees. This
can't be true, so there must not be a point out there to the left of p where m and n meet.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:54:34
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:54:58
This diagram is impossible since c + e The triangle tells us that c + e + ∠X which contradicts what we know.
∘ ∘
= 180 . = 180 ,
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:55:08
Using similar logic, we can show that and cannot meet at a point to the right of We have thus shown that and cannot
meet at a point to the left of nor to the right of . Thus, we have shown that the two lines do not intersect anywhere. By
definition, that means that and are parallel!
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:55:25
Similarly, all the angle relationships we discussed last week for parallel lines can be used to prove two lines are parallel. For
example, if d = e, then m ∥ n. In general, these angle relationships give us the most commonly used ways to prove that two lines
are parallel.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:55:40
Let's let this new knowledge soak in by looking at a nice problem.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:55:48
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:55:51
In the diagram, the known angles are as marked, and points B, E and D lie on the same line. Find ∠BEA.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:56:02
Notice anything interesting?
Wuwuspring
2021-05-07 19:56:47
Lines AE and FG are parallel
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:56:49
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
It looks like EA ∥ F D. How do we know that they really are parallel?
dan09
2021-05-07 19:57:52
Because ∠EAF = ∠GF C
pwr
2021-05-07 19:57:52
<GFC and <EAF are both 50 degrees
TheIdentityProperty
2021-05-07 19:57:52
Because <EAF is congruent to <GFC
shenpinyi
2021-05-07 19:57:52
<A = <GFC = 50 degrees.
snake2020
2021-05-07 19:57:52
Because ∠EAF = ∠GF C .
TheRadicalRadical
2021-05-07 19:57:52
<EAF and <GFC both equal 50 degrees
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:57:59
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
Because ∠EAF = ∠DF C, we have EA ∥ F D.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:58:09
(make sure you use three letters for an angle)
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:58:23
How does this help?
pwr
2021-05-07 19:59:11
it means that <GEA is 90 degrees
KindKitty
2021-05-07 19:59:11
angle AEG is 90 degrees
apple.xy
2021-05-07 19:59:11
We know that <AEG = 180˚ - 90˚ = 90˚
Vitah2008
2021-05-07 19:59:11
we know that <AEG = 90 degrees
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:59:13
We're interested in ∠BEA, so we focus on point E.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 19:59:17
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
Because EA we have ∠GEA (This is true because these are alternate interior angles formed by the
∘
∥ F D, = ∠EGD = 90 .
¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
transversal EG cutting the parallel lines EA ∥ F D. ) How does this help?
dan09
2021-05-07 20:01:27
Using the fact that the sum of the angles in a straight line is 180∘ , we get that ∠BEA + 90∘ , so
∘ ∘ ∘
+ 60 = 180 ∠BEA = 30
Suraahi
2021-05-07 20:01:27
We know that <BEA = 180º - <AEG - 60º = 30º
Vitah2008
2021-05-07 20:01:27
Now we know that <DEB = 180 degrees, and that <DEA is 150 degrees, so <BEA is 30 degrees
RyanL2019
2021-05-07 20:01:27
because ∠AEG=90˚ ∠BED=180˚, and ∠GED=60˚, we do 180˚-90˚-60˚=30˚
Colorcrazy
2021-05-07 20:01:27
<GEA + <DEG + <BEA = 180 degrees so we can create the equation 90+60+<BEA=180 degrees to find <BEA
snake2020
2021-05-07 20:01:37
Since ∠DEG + ∠AEG + ∠BEA , and ∠DEG and ∠AEG , we know that 60
∘ ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘
= 180 = 60 = 90 + 90 + ∠BEA = 180
or ∠BEA = 30 .
∘
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:01:38
The measures of the angles along line at point must add to , so we have
Therefore,
so
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:01:43
Notice our strategy in this problem: discover parallel lines, then ask ourselves immediately why what we have just discovered is
important. We focus on what we want, ∠BEA, which makes us look at point E. We then discover that
∘
∠GEA = ∠EGD = 90 .
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:02:07
Here is another solution:
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:02:10
In triangle EGD, we have ∠GDE as the sum of the angles in a triangle equals 180 degrees.
∘ ∘ ∘ ∘
= 180 − 90 − 60 = 30 ,
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯ ¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
Because EA ∥ FD and ∠BEA corresponds to ∠EDG on transversal BED, we have ∠BEA = ∠EDG = 30 .
∘
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:02:28
Most geometry problems have multiple solutions. On the homework, try to come up with different solutions and write down the
best!
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:02:38
Last week we learned the simple fact that the sum of the angles in any triangle is 180 degrees. Today, we continue our study of
triangles with a study of congruent triangles. Triangles are the heart of geometry, so make sure you understand these basic
triangle concepts very well!
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:02:45
We say that two triangles are congruent if each angle and each side in one triangle is the same as the corresponding angle and
corresponding side in the other triangle. Finding equal lengths and equal angles is very important in geometry problems, so we
have a special notation for indicating equal lengths and equal angles.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:02:59
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:03:02
We often mark congruent angles and congruent lengths. For instance, in the diagram above we can see by the markings that
BD = AC and that ∠DAC = ∠BDA. If there are two pairs of congruent line segments or angles, we would mark the second
pair with two marks so as to distinguish it from the first pair.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:03:16
Notice that in the equation we write instead of and instead of This is to indicate that we
are referring to the length of segment and the length of segment The segments themselves are not equal,
because they are different segments, but their lengths are equal.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:03:27
Obviously, if we are explicitly given the measurements of all three sides and all three angles in two triangles, we will be able to tell
immediately whether they are congruent or not by directly checking whether everything matches up, as in this diagram:
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:03:35
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:03:49
With these two triangles, all sides and all angles match up, so we can say that these triangles are definitely congruent. We can
express this congruence in standard mathematical notation as
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:03:57
The symbol is $\cong$ (≅) in LaTeX. Also, the triangle symbol △ is $\triangle$.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:04:04
When not using LaTeX but just typing plain text, I would like for you to denote congruence by typing two equal signs, like this: ABC
== DFE. (This "==" to mean congruence is not standard notation -- there isn't any universally accepted standard notation denoting
geometric congruence when typing in plain text -- so don't assume that anybody outside this class will automatically understand
that you mean congruence if you write "==". If you want to use "==" to represent congruence in conversations outside this class, it
would be your responsibility to first explain to your reader/conversation partner what you mean.)
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:04:14
When you are identifying a congruence, it is very important to label the points in the correct order. Point A in the top triangle
corresponds to point D in the bottom triangle, so they must appear in the same relative position when naming the triangles.
Similarly, point B in the top triangle corresponds to point F in the bottom triangle and point C in the top triangle corresponds to
point E in the bottom triangle. So we could write the triangle congruence above as, for instance, △ABC ≅ △DF E.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:04:40
This is VERY important, so please let me repeat it.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:04:43
When you are identifying a congruence, it is very important to label the points in the correct order. Point A in the top triangle
corresponds to point D in the bottom triangle, so they must appear in the same relative position when naming the triangles.
Similarly, point B in the top triangle corresponds to point F in the bottom triangle and point C in the top triangle corresponds to
point E in the bottom triangle. So we could write the triangle congruence above as, for instance, △ABC ≅ △DF E.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:05:00
Could we have said △BAC ≅ △F DE ?
apple.xy
2021-05-07 20:05:23
Yes
Suraahi
2021-05-07 20:05:23
Yes.
ReaderB
2021-05-07 20:05:23
Yes
pwr
2021-05-07 20:05:23
yes
GarudS
2021-05-07 20:05:23
yes
Colorcrazy
2021-05-07 20:05:23
yes
Wuwuspring
2021-05-07 20:05:23
yes
yoyododococo123
2021-05-07 20:05:23
Yes!
Vitah2008
2021-05-07 20:05:23
yes
Sirahulania
2021-05-07 20:05:23
yes
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:05:27
Yes! Point B corresponds to point F , point A corresponds to point D, and point C corresponds to point E. So,
△BAC ≅ △F DE is still a valid congruence statement.
dan09
2021-05-07 20:05:34
Yes, because B still matches up to F , A still matches up to D, and C still matches up to E
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:05:42
Could we have said △ABC ≅ △DEF ?
superhero2020
2021-05-07 20:06:21
no because the last two are in a different order
shenpinyi
2021-05-07 20:06:21
no because the letters don't match up
apple.xy
2021-05-07 20:06:21
No! then F and B don't match up
ReaderB
2021-05-07 20:06:21
No, because they no longer correspond to their matching points
dan09
2021-05-07 20:06:21
No, because B does not match up to E , it is supposed to match up to F
Sirahulania
2021-05-07 20:06:21
B does not correspond with E
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:06:29
No, point B does not corresponds to point E and point C does not correspond to point F .
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:06:47
Please let us know if you don't understand how this works; one of the most common mistakes students make in the course is
getting congruent triangle vertices in the wrong order. We want to make sure you know how to order them right off the bat! Try
your best to really focus on the order of vertices for the next few weeks and soon it'll be second nature.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:07:01
It's super useful to put them in the right order, for several reasons. The biggest one is that it makes our task of reading off
corresponding parts much easier. When we see △ABC ≅ △DF E, we can immediately see that the lengths
AB = DF , AC = DE, BC = F E without having to look at the diagram again and again.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:07:30
What if we had less information to deal with? Could we still establish congruence? Let's see what we would need at a minimum.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:07:37
I trust that you can see immediately that if we are given only one pair of congruent sides or one pair of congruent angles, there is
not nearly enough information to establish congruence of two triangles. "This triangle has a side of length 6, and so does that
triangle" leaves us still quite unsure about whether the two triangles are the same shape and size.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:07:51
What if we had two pairs of congruent sides (for short we will call this SS, where S means side)? Would that enable us to say that
the triangles are congruent?
Teediv
2021-05-07 20:08:50
No still not wnough
Robin2
2021-05-07 20:08:50
no it is not enough
apple.xy
2021-05-07 20:08:50
No, bc we dont have the angle between them
GarudS
2021-05-07 20:08:50
no we need one angle also
Evang12
2021-05-07 20:08:50
hmm not without a specific angle though
takolhe12
2021-05-07 20:08:50
no, because there can be multiple choices for the other sides
tkubota
2021-05-07 20:08:50
No. It could have different angles, meaning that the third side has different length
stxph4nix
2021-05-07 20:08:50
No because the other side could be anything
snake2020
2021-05-07 20:08:50
No! We don't have enough information.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:08:58
In fact, it's not hard to see that a whole range of values are possible for the third side if the only thing fixed are two sides. Below
are two examples. (Mentally fill in the third side to turn those angles into triangles.)
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:09:06
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:09:20
Okay, let's check another possibility. Suppose we are given two triangles that share two congruent angles (I'll call this AA, where A
means angle). Can we determine anything else?
Suraahi
2021-05-07 20:09:54
We can determine the last angle.
Sirahulania
2021-05-07 20:09:54
we can determine the third angle
pwr
2021-05-07 20:09:54
only the other angle
max_z
2021-05-07 20:09:54
we can determine the third angles of the triangles?
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:09:56
We can conclude that the third angles are equal, because once two are fixed the third must be such that the three angles add to
180 degrees. Is this enough to establish congruence of the triangles?
Vitah2008
2021-05-07 20:10:39
no, we need a side
superhero2020
2021-05-07 20:10:39
no, the sides can still vary
Sirahulania
2021-05-07 20:10:39
no, because one triangle can be the blown up version of another
ReaderB
2021-05-07 20:10:39
No, because the triangle could be scaled to different sizes
Robin2
2021-05-07 20:10:39
no, the lengths of the sides could be different
Hridhaan
2021-05-07 20:10:39
no, but you can find the ratio of the side legnths
Wuwuspring
2021-05-07 20:10:39
no since the triangles can be different sizes
apple.xy
2021-05-07 20:10:39
No because triangles w/ same angles can still be just scaled up/down
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:10:43
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:10:45
Here they are superimposed on top of each other:
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:10:48
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:10:56
As we'll discuss in a few weeks, we can say they are similar, meaning they have the same shape but not necessarily the same size.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:11:13
What if we had a side and an angle from each triangle that was congruent to the corresponding side and angle of the other (call
this SA)? Is that enough to conclude that the triangles are congruent?
hchhaya
2021-05-07 20:12:07
no, i dont believe so, there it still too little information
Suraahi
2021-05-07 20:12:07
No, we need 2 angles and a side or 2 sides and an angle.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:12:10
That one's no good either. We need more than just a side and an angle in common:
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:12:16
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:12:29
Example: The two triangles above have a side and an angle in common, and you can probably see they aren't congruent. (More
¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
precisely, assume the two triangles I just showed are drawn to scale. Under that assumption, DF is clearly not as long as AB, for
example.)
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:13:00
So we see now that having two pieces of information (SS, or AA, or SA) about our triangles is not enough to establish congruence.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:13:09
It turns out that we need three pieces of information to establish congruence of triangles.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:13:30
Let's go through this systematically. Here are the possibilities for having three pieces of information in a triangle:
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:13:39
We could have three angles (AAA).
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:13:47
We could have two angles and a side (2 A's and an S).
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:13:52
We could have two sides and an angle (2 S's and an A).
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:14:00
Or we could have three sides (SSS).
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:14:08
Let's explore these possibilities one at a time to see which of these can be used to establish congruence of triangles.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:14:16
What we need to ask ourselves in each case is whether it is possible to create two different triangles that have the same given
information. If we can, then that information alone is not enough to ensure congruence. If there is only one triangle that can be
created, then all triangles made with that information must have exactly the same measurements and therefore, by definition, be
congruent.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:14:30
Do two triangles whose angles match up have to be congruent (let's call this set of conditions AAA)?
GarudS
2021-05-07 20:15:13
No
apple.xy
2021-05-07 20:15:13
No
takolhe12
2021-05-07 20:15:13
no
MathNinja7
2021-05-07 20:15:13
No
Brendangho
2021-05-07 20:15:13
no
Vitah2008
2021-05-07 20:15:13
no, the sides could be different
dan09
2021-05-07 20:15:13
no, because the sides could be different
okhurana2
2021-05-07 20:15:13
No
shenpinyi
2021-05-07 20:15:13
no because one could just be an enlarged version of the other
snake2020
2021-05-07 20:15:13
No!
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:15:17
No, they do not:
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:15:19
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:15:20
We've already demonstrated that this is not enough to establish congruence. So AAA is not enough to prove congruence.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:15:25
Now let's look at ASA, which means I have two angles along with the side that runs between them in one triangle congruent to the
corresponding angles and side in the other.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:15:33
Suppose we are told that in triangle ABC, we have AB = 6, ∠BAC = 50∘ , and ∠ABC = 30∘ . Let's try to build the triangle. If
ASA is not enough to prove congruence, then we should be able to build two noncongruent triangles with these measures. If ASA
is enough, then all triangles we can build with these measures must be congruent.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:15:45
Where's the easiest place to start when building a triangle ABC with AB and ∠ABC
∘ ∘
= 6, ∠BAC = 50 , = 30 ?
Brendangho
2021-05-07 20:16:14
The side with length 6
Suraahi
2021-05-07 20:16:14
Drawing AB.
superhero2020
2021-05-07 20:16:14
drawing AB?
hchhaya
2021-05-07 20:16:14
side AB, because its simply a side
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:16:17
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
It's probably easiest to start with the side AB. We draw AB with length 6.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:16:19
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:16:29
Now, what about ∠BAC? We know that ∠BAC = 50∘ . What can we draw now that will have point C on it? How can we use
∠BAC = 50 to help us find the correct location for C?
∘
max_z
2021-05-07 20:17:00
is there a picture?
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:17:13
We are trying to construct one.
Evang12
2021-05-07 20:17:33
draw a ray
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:17:51
Can you be more specific? What ray?
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:18:38
(we can't draw AC , since we do not have C )
dan09
2021-05-07 20:19:07
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
Make a ray that has vertex A that intersects AB at 50∘ , and then make another ray that has vertex B that intersects AB at 30∘ . C
is at the point of intersection of the two rays
superhero2020
2021-05-07 20:19:07
draw a ray starting at A pointing right at 50 degrees, then draw another ray at B pointing left at 30 degrees, then find the intersection
to get C
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:19:15
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
Because ∠BAC = 50 , point C must be on one of two rays from A making a 50 degree angle with AB. Here's a diagram using
∘
the upper of the two possible rays we could have drawn in:
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:19:22
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:19:26
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
We know C is either somewhere along this ray, or somewhere along its mirror image below AB.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:19:36
We also know that ∠ABC = So, what else should we add to our diagram to help find C?
∘
30 .
pwr
2021-05-07 20:20:08
draw another ray starting from B that forms a 30 degree angle until it intersects with the ray we just drew
takolhe12
2021-05-07 20:20:13
another ray with vertex at B making a 30 degree angle
shenpinyi
2021-05-07 20:20:28
draw a ray from B which makes an angle of 30 degrees between the ray and AB.
Vitah2008
2021-05-07 20:20:28
we could draw a ray at Point B point left at 30 degrees, and where the two rays intersect is Point C
Suraahi
2021-05-07 20:20:28
We draw another ray from B such that angle B = 30º.
hchhaya
2021-05-07 20:20:28
a ray that meets B at a 30 degree angle that points to the upper left
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:20:30
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
Since ∠ABC point C is on a ray from B that makes a 30 degree angle with AB.
∘
= 30 ,
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:20:36
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:20:45
Where will point C be?
Brendangho
2021-05-07 20:21:24
Where the two rays intersect
pwr
2021-05-07 20:21:24
where the 2 rays intersect
Wuwuspring
2021-05-07 20:21:24
Where the 2 rays intersect
takolhe12
2021-05-07 20:21:24
the intersection of the 2 rays
hchhaya
2021-05-07 20:21:24
at the intersection of the two rays
Save_The_Elephants
2021-05-07 20:21:24
where ray A and ray B intersect
snake2020
2021-05-07 20:21:24
Where the intersection of the two rays is.
Suraahi
2021-05-07 20:21:24
At the intersection point of the 2 rays.
Evang12
2021-05-07 20:21:24
on the intersection of the rays that we just drew
stxph4nix
2021-05-07 20:21:24
the intersection of the two lines we just drew
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:21:28
Since C must lie on both rays, it will be at the intersection. Thus, once we have fixed the values for ASA, there is only one triangle
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
that can be constructed. (We can make a second triangle below AB, but this is just a mirror image of the first.)
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:21:34
This result is true no matter what we chose for the angles and the side. Any time we have corresponding ASA matching up in two
triangles, they MUST be congruent. In other words, if we prove two angles in one triangle are congruent to two angles in another,
and the side between those angles in the first triangle is congruent to the side between the angles in the second, then the triangles
must be congruent.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:21:49
We call this Angle-Side-Angle Congruence, or ASA Congruence, for short.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:21:55
Next we look at SAA, or Side-Angle-Angle. This is another example of having two angles and a side congruent, but this time the
side isn't between the angles. So, the setup might look like this:
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:22:03
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:22:10
Let's see if we can save ourselves some work on this one. If we have triangles where corresponding SAA match up, then what else
is set?
Sirahulania
2021-05-07 20:22:48
the third angle
Suraahi
2021-05-07 20:22:48
The last angle.
dan09
2021-05-07 20:22:48
The third angle
Teediv
2021-05-07 20:22:48
the third angle
Hridhaan
2021-05-07 20:22:48
The other angle
AndrewZhong2012
2021-05-07 20:22:48
the other angle
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:22:52
If we know two of the angles, we automatically know the third one, so we have ASA in this triangle, which we already know will
produce a unique triangle. Therefore, SAA is also sufficient to establish congruence between two triangles. We can also note that
this is the same thing as AAS.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:23:03
So, if two angles of one triangle are congruent to corresponding angles of another triangle, and a side of one triangle is congruent
to a corresponding side of the other triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:23:16
We keep saying "corresponding" here because if the side of length 4 was the one between the two given angles instead, we'd have
a different triangle! It wouldn't be congruent. The matching parts have to correspond to each other.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:23:26
Next up is SAS. If I fix two sides and the angle between them, is there more than one way to complete the triangle?
Sirahulania
2021-05-07 20:24:09
no
superhero2020
2021-05-07 20:24:09
no
shenpinyi
2021-05-07 20:24:09
no
pwr
2021-05-07 20:24:09
no only 1 way
Hridhaan
2021-05-07 20:24:09
No
grayspider
2021-05-07 20:24:09
only one
Suraahi
2021-05-07 20:24:09
No
Sarah010
2021-05-07 20:24:09
no
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:24:17
Here's an example. I have two sides and the angle between them. To finish drawing the triangle, I must connect the open ends of
the two sides.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:24:20
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:24:28
Since I can only draw one line between those two points, the triangle is fixed. Thus SAS is sufficient to prove congruence between
two triangles. Again, notice that this argument is independent of what the sizes of the sides or angle are.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:24:38
So, if I know two sides and the angle between them in one triangle are congruent to corresponding sides and the angle between
those sides in a second triangle, the two triangles are congruent. This is SAS Congruence.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:24:52
Moving on, what if we alternatively have SSA in a triangle? (In other words, we know two sides and an angle not between the sides.
This is not the same as the SAS case because now the known angle is not between the two known sides.)
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:25:02
Let's try an example. Suppose we have a triangle with sides of length 5 and 6 and an angle with measure 40 degrees such that the
40 degree angle is adjacent to the side with length 6, but opposite the side of length 5.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:25:07
In other words, we have AB = and ∠A
∘
6, BC = 5, = 40 .
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:25:11
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
Let's try to build the triangle. We'll start with the angle at A and side AB:
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:25:16
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:25:30
Point C must be somewhere on that ray coming from A. But where? What else do we know about C?
Sirahulania
2021-05-07 20:26:26
we know BC= 5
Brendangho
2021-05-07 20:26:26
BC = 5
pwr
2021-05-07 20:26:26
BC is 5
dan09
2021-05-07 20:26:26
It lies on the ray A such that BC = 5
okhurana2
2021-05-07 20:26:26
BC = 5
Colorcrazy
2021-05-07 20:26:26
we know that BC = 5
shenpinyi
2021-05-07 20:26:26
BC = 5
Rinnypig
2021-05-07 20:26:26
It must be at a distance of 5 away from B?
Evang12
2021-05-07 20:26:26
its distance from B is 5
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:26:34
We know that BC = 5, so C is 5 units away from B. This means C is on the circle that has center B and radius 5. So, let's draw
that circle. Where that circle meets the other side of our angle gives us our triangle. Here's what we get:
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:26:52
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:26:58
Uh-oh. There are two possible points Consider the two possible triangles we produce ( and ), which
each have and Are the two triangles congruent?
apple.xy
2021-05-07 20:27:20
No
neptune08
2021-05-07 20:27:20
no they are not
Sirahulania
2021-05-07 20:27:20
no
AndrewZhong2012
2021-05-07 20:27:20
no
pwr
2021-05-07 20:27:20
noo!
Colorcrazy
2021-05-07 20:27:20
no they are not
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:27:24
No, they're definitely not: Obviously, AC1 < AC2 .
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:27:35
So, there are two noncongruent triangles with and Therefore, if we have SSA for
two triangles (two sides of one triangle congruent to two sides of another, and the angles opposite a pair of congruent sides are
congruent), we cannot deduce that the two triangles are congruent in this case.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:27:52
Thus, SSA is not sufficient to establish congruence. However, it's not as big a congruence failure as AAA, where we can construct
infinitely many distinct triangles given the conditions. Given SSA criteria, we can have at most two non-congruent possibilities.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:28:08
There are some cases in which SSA does allow us to conclude congruence! But in general, it does not. We'll leave those special
cases for later in the course, but in the meantime, you could think about this issue on your own and discuss what you discover on
the message board. (Please do! Actively engaging with course concepts is one of the best and most natural ways to learn new
material!)
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:28:19
Finally, let's look at SSS. We'll investigate SSS by trying to construct a triangle given the lengths of its sides.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:28:24
Suppose we are told that a triangle has sides of length 8, 7, and 5. Let the triangle be ABC, with AB = 8, AC = 7, and
BC = 5.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:28:31
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
We'll start with side AB.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:28:32
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:28:55
So far, so good.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:29:05
Now, we know that AC = 7, so where must point C be?
Brendangho
2021-05-07 20:29:41
7 units away from A
grayspider
2021-05-07 20:29:41
7 away from A
Colorcrazy
2021-05-07 20:29:41
7 away from point A
Wuwuspring
2021-05-07 20:29:41
exactly 7 units away from A
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:29:44
Right, C must be somewhere 7 units away from A. How could we draw all those possibilities?
dan09
2021-05-07 20:30:44
On the circle with radius 7 centered at A
apple.xy
2021-05-07 20:30:44
On the circle centered at point A with radius 7
shenpinyi
2021-05-07 20:30:44
on a circle with a radius of 7 with center A
Evang12
2021-05-07 20:30:44
by drawing a circle with center A and radius 7
KindKitty
2021-05-07 20:30:44
circle centered at A of radius 7
Suraahi
2021-05-07 20:30:44
By drawing a circle with center A and radius 7.
snake2020
2021-05-07 20:30:44
We can draw a circle that has radius 7 and has center A.
hchhaya
2021-05-07 20:30:44
draw a circle that has radius of 7 and a center of A
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:30:50
Point C must be 7 away from A, so it is on the circle with center A and radius 7.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:30:52
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:30:54
We also know that BC = 5, so where else must point C be?
apple.xy
2021-05-07 20:31:32
On the circle with radius 5 centered at B
dan09
2021-05-07 20:31:32
On the circle with radius 5 centered at B
Sirahulania
2021-05-07 20:31:32
on the circle centered at B with radius 5
snake2020
2021-05-07 20:31:32
On the circle that has radius 5 and has center B.
Suraahi
2021-05-07 20:31:32
We draw a circle with center B and radius 5.
Hridhaan
2021-05-07 20:31:32
On a circle with a radius of 5 centered at B
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:31:35
Because point C is 5 away from B, it must be on the circle with center B and radius 5.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:31:40
So, how can we figure out where point C is?
pwr
2021-05-07 20:32:03
where these 2 circles intersect
dan09
2021-05-07 20:32:03
C must lie on the intersection of these two circles
Vitah2008
2021-05-07 20:32:03
It is on the overlap between the two circles
Wuwuspring
2021-05-07 20:32:03
where the 2 circles intersect - they intersect twice
Brendangho
2021-05-07 20:32:17
Find the points where two circles intersect
Suraahi
2021-05-07 20:32:17
The intersection points between the circle with center A and center B.
stxph4nix
2021-05-07 20:32:17
Where the two circles intersect
Sirahulania
2021-05-07 20:32:17
look at the intersection of the circles, they will intersect at two points
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:32:19
Point C must be on the circle with center A and radius 7, and it must be on the circle with center B and radius 5. So, point C must
be at one of the intersections of the two circles.
Hridhaan
2021-05-07 20:32:31
There are 2 intersections!!!!
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:32:37
Here are the two circles and the two possible point C's :
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:32:42
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:32:54
There are two possible C's. Does this mean that SSS doesn't work?
dan09
2021-05-07 20:33:33
There could be 2 intersection points. However, the two triangles formed by both the intersection points are congruent to each other,
so that is not a problem
grayspider
2021-05-07 20:33:33
Both possible triangles are congruent
MathNinja7
2021-05-07 20:33:33
NO! They are mirror images
AndrewZhong2012
2021-05-07 20:33:33
They are mirror images so no!!!
cwc28
2021-05-07 20:33:33
no both of the triangles are congruent
Sirahulania
2021-05-07 20:33:33
it works because the two triangles formed are congruent
Evang12
2021-05-07 20:33:33
no, the triangles are still congruent
KindKitty
2021-05-07 20:33:33
no, the two triangles are congruent
apple.xy
2021-05-07 20:33:33
No! the two triangles are congruent since C_1 is just a reflection of C_2
shenpinyi
2021-05-07 20:33:33
no because they are mirror images of each other
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:33:38
The two C's are mirror images of each other, with AB acting as our mirror.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:33:41
So, when we build the two possible triangles, the two triangles are mirror images of each other:
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:33:46
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:33:52
In other words, they are congruent. So SSS is sufficient to establish congruence between two triangles. In other words, if the sides
of one triangle are equal in length to the sides of another, then the triangles are congruent.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:34:10
To be clear, these explanations we have given for the congruence theorems are merely intuitive explanations. They are not
rigorous proofs. For instance, we talked a lot about mirror images, but we never precisely defined what a mirror image is, or
explained why the triangles really are mirror images, or why mirror images must be congruent.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:34:22
In fact, it turns out that from a formal, axiomatic perspective, in order to prove these congruence theorems we must adopt one of
them as an axiom. (And then we can prove that the other ones are logically equivalent to whichever one we choose to adopt as our
axiom. Since, subject to the other standard axioms of planar geometry, all of the triangle congruence theorems turn out to be
logically equivalent to one another, it doesn't matter which one you take as your axiom and which ones you then prove as
theorems. All that matters is that you do take one of them as an axiom.)
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:34:43
In other words, we must necessarily accept one of these triangle congruence "theorems" as true without proof. We can then take
this one axiom, along with other geometric facts, and prove all the others.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:34:52
Since, as it turns out, proving the logical equivalence of these triangle congruence theorems would require us to use tools that lie
beyond the scope of this course, I will ask you to accept all three (or four, depending on how you want to count it) of the basic
triangle congruence "theorems" as axioms. You will learn how to prove that these congruence theorems are all logically equivalent
to one another in future geometry courses. For now, I need to ask you to take my word for it that I am not hiding anything up my
sleeve and that you will learn the necessary proofs in a few years when you have been trained in the necessary background. (This
is one of the extremely rare instances in this course where I have to ask you to trust me for the time being rather than presenting
the needed proofs. You will learn the details later when you are ready.)
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:35:13
Math History Fun Fact: The fact that we must take one of the triangle congruence theorems as an axiom was even overlooked by
the great Greek geometer Euclid. As is described in more detail in our textbook, Euclid originally used just five axioms to then
derive books and books of powerful geometry theorems. However, much later, mathematicians examined Euclid's work and found
that there were many hidden assumptions that Euclid made that could not actually be proved with his 5 axioms.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:35:25
Since then, mathematicians (most notably, the 19th-20th century mathematical giants David Hilbert, Alfred Tarski, and George
Birkhoff, all working essentially independently from slightly different points of view) have been able to identify a set of about 20
axioms that do explicitly and completely account for all of Euclid's hidden assumptions.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:35:39
To summarize, we have discussed four axioms (traditionally called "congruence theorems") that can be used to prove that two
triangles are congruent:
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:35:44
SSS (Side-Side-Side): In triangles ABC and DEF , if AB = DE, BC = EF , and CA = F D, then △ABC ≅ △DEF .
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:35:51
SAS (Side-Angle-Side): In triangles ABC and DEF , if AB = DE, BC = EF , and ∠B = ∠E, then △ABC ≅ △DEF .
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:36:00
AAS (Angle-Angle-Side): In triangles ABC and DEF , if ∠A = ∠D, ∠B = ∠E, and BC = EF , then △ABC ≅ △DEF .
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:36:09
ASA (Angle-Side-Angle): In triangles ABC and DEF , if ∠A = ∠D, ∠B = ∠E, and AB = DE, then △ABC ≅ △DEF .
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:36:15
(The last two are essentially the same, since two angles determine the third in a triangle.)
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:36:25
Notice that SSA is not on that list!
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:36:32
Also, these are the only four justifications you can use to say that two triangles are congruent. When we get to right triangles, we'll
add a couple more, but until then, any time you want to say two triangles are congruent, you must state which three corresponding
parts are congruent, and then use one of these four triangle congruence axioms to say they are congruent.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:36:45
You cannot say, "They are congruent because they are mirror images", or "they are congruent because their parts are the same" or
"they are two equal halves of a figure". You must explicitly state the three congruent corresponding parts you will use, then use one
of these four axioms!
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:36:56
Now let's try an example of how we can use these axioms.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:36:58
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:37:09
¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯¯ ¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
Suppose F K ∥ GJ and EH ∥ LI . Let's see if the triangles in this figure are congruent.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:37:19
¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯¯
What do we know about the two triangles from the fact that F K ∥ GJ ?
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:38:31
Many of you claim that "we know that the triangles are congruent".
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:38:43
Done! Let's move on, right?
Hridhaan
2021-05-07 20:39:04
how do we know?
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:39:08
We don't!
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:39:57
We have to be more specific about what we know.The question mentioned two parallel lines. What do we know about the two
¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯¯
triangles from the fact that F K ∥ GJ ?
Sarah010
2021-05-07 20:40:32
<RPQ=<PQO
Vitah2008
2021-05-07 20:40:32
we know that <RPQ = <PQO
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:40:40
Alright!
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:40:46
This we do know!
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:40:50
Ignoring the horizontal lines, we see that ∠RP Q = ∠OQP .
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:41:02
Make sure you see which two angles we're talking about, and how these are angles along two parallel lines, related by the
¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯¯
transversal M N .
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:41:12
¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
And what do we learn from EH ∥ LI ?
pwr
2021-05-07 20:42:49
<RQP and <QPO are also congruent
Vitah2008
2021-05-07 20:42:49
<EQN = <QPO
takolhe12
2021-05-07 20:42:49
<OPQ = <RQP
snake2020
2021-05-07 20:42:49
∠RQP = ∠QP O.
Sarah010
2021-05-07 20:42:49
<RQP=<OPQ
cwc28
2021-05-07 20:42:49
<RQP=<QPO
RyanL2019
2021-05-07 20:42:49
∠PRQ=∠QPO
ReaderB
2021-05-07 20:42:49
<RQP = <OPQ
Evang12
2021-05-07 20:42:49
angle QPO = angle EQP
Vitah2008
2021-05-07 20:42:49
<RQP = <QPO
TheIdentityProperty
2021-05-07 20:42:49
<RQP = <OPQ
shenpinyi
2021-05-07 20:42:49
<RQP = <QPO
apple.xy
2021-05-07 20:42:49
<RQP = <QPO
MathNinja7
2021-05-07 20:42:49
We know that ∠RQP = ∠QP O
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:42:54
This gives us ∠QP O = ∠P QR.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:43:00
Let's mark those equal angles on our diagram to help us keep track of them.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:43:07
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:43:12
OK, so far we've found two pairs of equal angles in our triangles. Do they have anything else in common?
pwr
2021-05-07 20:43:54
they share side PQ
Sirahulania
2021-05-07 20:43:54
the shared side PQ
dan09
2021-05-07 20:43:54
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
Side P Q
Sarah010
2021-05-07 20:43:54
PQ is the common side
Rinnypig
2021-05-07 20:43:54
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
They share P Q as a side?
Suraahi
2021-05-07 20:43:54
They have the common side, PQ
MathNinja7
2021-05-07 20:43:54
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
They share same side P Q
AndrewZhong2012
2021-05-07 20:43:54
side PQ
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:43:58
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
They both contain P Q. What theorem can we now use to conclude the triangles are congruent?
Sirahulania
2021-05-07 20:44:29
ASA
Evang12
2021-05-07 20:44:29
ASA
dan09
2021-05-07 20:44:29
ASA
pwr
2021-05-07 20:44:29
ASA!
diamond2021
2021-05-07 20:44:29
ASA can be used.
Suraahi
2021-05-07 20:44:29
ASA
shenpinyi
2021-05-07 20:44:29
ASA congruence
Vitah2008
2021-05-07 20:44:29
ASA
CalvinGarces
2021-05-07 20:44:29
ASA
Sarah010
2021-05-07 20:44:29
ASA
apple.xy
2021-05-07 20:44:29
ASA
GarudS
2021-05-07 20:44:29
ASA
RyanL2019
2021-05-07 20:44:29
ASA
TheIdentityProperty
2021-05-07 20:44:29
ASA
MathNinja7
2021-05-07 20:44:29
ASA
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:44:35
Right, by ASA, the triangles are congruent.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:45:42
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
Note that the two angles have their vertices on the endpoints of P Q, and so we refer to the ASA congruence theorem; that is, the
side is in the middle.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:45:48
What triangle is △P QO congruent to? Give me the congruence statement!
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:47:08
(you'd need the word "triangle" or $\triangle", too)
Evang12
2021-05-07 20:47:41
triangle PQO is congruent to triangle QPR
GarudS
2021-05-07 20:47:41
△P QO ≅ △QP R
TheIdentityProperty
2021-05-07 20:47:41
triangle PQO == triangle QPR
Vitah2008
2021-05-07 20:47:41
triangle PQO == triangle QPR
Rinnypig
2021-05-07 20:47:41
△P QO ≅ △QP R.
Hridhaan
2021-05-07 20:47:41
△P QO ≅ △QP R
Sarah010
2021-05-07 20:47:41
△P QO ≅ △QP R
dan09
2021-05-07 20:47:41
△P QO ≅ △QP R
Colorcrazy
2021-05-07 20:47:41
Triangle PQO is congruent to triangle PQR
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:47:47
We have shown △P QO ≅ △QP R by ASA congruence.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:48:02
Remember the importance of the order of the vertices in the congruence statement △P QO ≅ △QP R. Vertex P in P QO
corresponds to Q in △QP R. Vertex Q in △P QO corresponds to P in △QP R. Vertex O in △P QO corresponds to R in
△QP R.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:48:10
Also, we cannot argue "they are congruent because cuts quadrilateral in half." This statement is not a triangle
congruence theorem, and is not a valid reason for two triangles to be congruent. Specifically, we would have to prove that
cuts quadrilateral in half.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:48:29
We also can't say "because QO = P R and OP = RQ and P Q = QP , we have △P QO ≅ △QP R by SSS", because we
haven't proved that QO = P R and OP = RQ yet!
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:48:36
Instead, our full proof could look something like this:
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:48:45
¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯¯ ¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
Because F K we have ∠OQP = ∠RP Q. Because EH
∥ GJ , ∥ LI , we have ∠QP O = ∠P QR. We also have P Q = QP , so
△P QO ≅ △QP R by ASA congruence.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:48:59
OK, so what? These two random triangles are congruent. What do we know now that we have proved the two triangles are
congruent?
pwr
2021-05-07 20:50:11
that QO=RP
Sirahulania
2021-05-07 20:50:16
the corresponding angles and sides are congruent
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:50:17
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
We can deduce that segments OP and RQ are congruent, since they are corresponding parts of congruent triangles. This is an
example of the power of congruent triangles. Once we show that two triangles are congruent, we know that all the corresponding
parts of the two triangles are congruent. We can often use these equalities to prove other things, as we'll see.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:50:32
In general, whenever you must show that two angles or two lengths are equal, you might consider using congruent triangles, just
as we did above. The fact that corresponding parts of congruent triangles are congruent is a key step in many, many problems.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:50:48
This fact is sometimes referred to as "CPCTC," which means "Corresponding Parts of Congruent Triangles are Congruent." It's
really just the definition of congruent triangles, though.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:50:56
Rather than referring to "CPCTC" specifically, I'll usually write something like "Triangle P QO is congruent to triangle QP R, so
OP = RQ." Of course, I'll only write this after proving that these two triangles are congruent!
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:51:10
Let's look at some more examples.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:51:12
¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
In the diagram, AD is parallel to BC , and the lengths of segments AD and BC are the same. Points E and F are on AC such
that ∠ADE = ∠CBF .
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:51:19
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:51:34
We will prove several items about this diagram. First, let us show that triangle DAE is congruent to triangle BCF .
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:51:41
We already have a side (AD = CB ) and an angle (∠ADE = ∠CBF ). Where can we get another angle or side?
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:51:51
Remember, we can't assume anything about this diagram besides what the problem tells us. So, even if you see angles and sides
that look congruent, you can't say that they are unless you can explain why they are using the given information!
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:52:17
So, where can we get another angle or side?
MathNinja7
2021-05-07 20:53:14
We know that ∠DAE = ∠BCF
Sarah010
2021-05-07 20:53:14
<DAE=<BCF
Vitah2008
2021-05-07 20:53:14
<DAE =<FCB
shenpinyi
2021-05-07 20:53:14
<DAE = <BCF because AD || BC
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:53:18
¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
Whenever we have parallel lines, we can look for ways to get equal angles from them! Since AD and BC are parallel, we have
∠DAE = ∠BCF :
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:53:26
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:53:29
Do we have congruent triangles now?
Hridhaan
2021-05-07 20:53:57
Yes
Sarah010
2021-05-07 20:53:57
yes
Suraahi
2021-05-07 20:53:57
Yes!
neptune08
2021-05-07 20:53:57
yes
Siella
2021-05-07 20:53:57
yes
pwr
2021-05-07 20:53:57
yes!
TheIdentityProperty
2021-05-07 20:53:57
yes
Teediv
2021-05-07 20:53:57
yes
Wuwuspring
2021-05-07 20:53:57
yes
LONC123
2021-05-07 20:53:57
yes
iejake
2021-05-07 20:54:01
yes
RyanL2019
2021-05-07 20:54:01
yes
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:54:02
We do! State the theorem you used and write the congruence so that the letters match up as they should.
Evang12
2021-05-07 20:56:10
by ASA, triangle ADE is congruent to triangle CBF
Sirahulania
2021-05-07 20:56:10
triangle DAE== triangle BCF by ASA
Sarah010
2021-05-07 20:56:10
△ADE ≅ △CBF by ASA
superhero2020
2021-05-07 20:56:10
We know that △DAE ≅ △BCF because of the ASA theorem
pwr
2021-05-07 20:56:10
triangle DAE is congrunt to triage BCF by ASA
shenpinyi
2021-05-07 20:56:10
triangle EAD == triangle FCB using ASA Congruence.
Hridhaan
2021-05-07 20:56:10
Using ASA Congruence, we can say that △DAE ≅ △BCF .
yoyododococo123
2021-05-07 20:56:10
Using ASA we can get △DAE = △BCF
MathNinja7
2021-05-07 20:56:10
△DAE ==△BCF by ASA
dan09
2021-05-07 20:56:10
Yes, by ASA congruence: △DEA ≅ △BF C
Suraahi
2021-05-07 20:56:10
ASA congruence, △ADE ≅△CBF
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:56:14
We have △DAE ≅ △BCF by ASA.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:56:19
This shows the power of marking your diagram. By marking the equal sides and angles, it's obvious that we have congruent
triangles!
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:56:26
Before we go on, let's use this as another example of how to write a proof. We can write our proof that △DAE ≅ △BCF as
follows:
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:56:30
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:56:44
¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
Because AD ∥ BC , we have ∠DAE = ∠BCF . Putting this together with the given AD = CB and ∠ADE = ∠CBF , we
have △DAE ≅ △BCF by ASA.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:56:52
Once again, the whole proof consists of complete sentences, and every statement is justified with a reason.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:56:58
Returning to the problem, are there any other triangles we can prove are congruent?
dan09
2021-05-07 20:57:47
△DEF ≅ △BF E possibly?
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:57:55
Can we prove that △DEF ≅ △BF E ?
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:58:09
If so, how?
Evang12
2021-05-07 20:59:35
we can use the congruent triangles we just found to help us
Achilleas
2021-05-07 20:59:47
What do we get from △DAE ≅ △BCF ?
Achilleas
2021-05-07 21:00:56
(no overlines needed for lengths)
Sarah010
2021-05-07 21:00:59
DE=BF
GarudS
2021-05-07 21:00:59
DE = FB
dan09
2021-05-07 21:00:59
DE = BF
Achilleas
2021-05-07 21:01:07
From △DAE ≅ △BCF , we know that DE = BF .
Achilleas
2021-05-07 21:01:23
What else do we know about our two triangles?
Teediv
2021-05-07 21:01:47
and EF = FE
yoyododococo123
2021-05-07 21:01:47
We also know that EF = F E
dan09
2021-05-07 21:01:47
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
They also share side EF
pwr
2021-05-07 21:01:47
they share side EF
AndrewZhong2012
2021-05-07 21:01:47
EF=EF
ReaderB
2021-05-07 21:01:47
EF = EF
GarudS
2021-05-07 21:01:47
EF is common
Sarah010
2021-05-07 21:01:47
EF is a common side
Achilleas
2021-05-07 21:01:50
We also know that EF = F E, so we have two sides. Where can we get another angle or side?
Evang12
2021-05-07 21:02:14
yes, angle DEF = angle BFE
Achilleas
2021-05-07 21:02:18
From △DAE ≅ △BCF , we have ∠AED = ∠CF B. Hence, their supplements are equal, so ∠DEF = ∠BF E.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 21:02:22
What theorem shows △DEF ≅ △BF E ?
Sirahulania
2021-05-07 21:02:51
SAS
GarudS
2021-05-07 21:02:51
SAS
Vitah2008
2021-05-07 21:02:51
SAS
LONC123
2021-05-07 21:02:51
SAS
shenpinyi
2021-05-07 21:02:51
SAS congruence theorem
Achilleas
2021-05-07 21:02:55
We have △DEF ≅ △BF E by SAS. We found two pairs of equal sides, and equal angles between them.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 21:03:03
We cannot just say "they are the same" or "they are two halves of " or we can slide one right on top of the other" to prove
that is congruent to We must use one of our triangle congruence theorems.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 21:03:11
Also, we were very precise about why the relevant angles and sides are equal. We didn't just say 'they are equal' or 'they look equal'
or 'we can slide one onto another'. Our reasons come from other congruent triangles, or from parallel line facts, or from
information given in the figure.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 21:03:19
This might seem a little bit repetitive, but it's important to be picky, so we know that what we're doing is actually correct and not
because we happened to draw our diagram in a particular way. Our graders will be picky with your solutions, so make sure you
clearly justify all of your claims.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 21:03:28
How about △ADC ≅ △CBA? Is this true? If so, state why! (Write a full proof; you can use the things we have already proved.)
Sirahulania
2021-05-07 21:05:10
triangle ADC== CBA by SAS because AC=AC, AD=CB (triangle ADE== triangle CBF) and angle DAE= angle ACB
pwr
2021-05-07 21:05:10
yes, we know AD=CB and also that <DAC=<ACB by alternate interior angles. In addition, they both share side AC. By SAS, triangle ADc
and CBA are congruent
Achilleas
2021-05-07 21:05:14
Awesome!
Achilleas
2021-05-07 21:05:15
We already have that AD = CB and ∠DAC = ∠DAE = ∠BCF = ∠BCA, and we know that AC = CA, so we have
△ADC ≅ △CBA by SAS.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 21:05:34
Here is how we would show that △ABE ≅ △CDF now.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 21:05:39
From △DEF ≅ △BF E we have BE = DF and ∠AEB = 180 − ∠BEF = 180 and from
∘ ∘
− ∠DF E = ∠CF D,
△DAE ≅ △BCF we have AE = CF , so by SAS we have △ABE ≅ △CDF .
Achilleas
2021-05-07 21:05:53
¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
So, what can we prove about CD and AB ?
Sirahulania
2021-05-07 21:06:22
they are equal in length
Teediv
2021-05-07 21:06:22
that they are equal in length
Sarah010
2021-05-07 21:06:22
They are congruent
Achilleas
2021-05-07 21:06:34
What else?
pwr
2021-05-07 21:06:44
they are parallel!
RyanL2019
2021-05-07 21:06:44
They are paralell
JC0001
2021-05-07 21:06:44
They are parallel
Suraahi
2021-05-07 21:06:44
That they are parallel.
Sirahulania
2021-05-07 21:06:44
they are parallel
grayspider
2021-05-07 21:06:44
They are parallel
Achilleas
2021-05-07 21:06:48
From △ABE ≅ △CDF , we have AB = CD and ∠CAB = ∠EAB = ∠F CD = ∠ACD. From this angle equality, we see
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
that AB ∥ CD, since the alternate interior angles ∠CAB and ∠ACD are equal.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 21:07:10
SUMMARY
Achilleas
2021-05-07 21:07:13
We started today by covering a few more facts regarding angles and triangles. We used the fact that the sum of the angles in a
triangle is always equal to 180 degrees to show that each exterior angle of a triangle equals the sum of its two remote interior
angles.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 21:07:19
We then explained why all the angle relationships we get from parallel lines can also be used to show that two lines are parallel.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 21:07:26
We then covered triangle congruence. We indicated why each of the following are valid congruence theorems: SSS, SAS, ASA,
AAS. We found that AAA and SSA are not enough to prove congruence. We found that the power of congruent triangles is that
congruent triangles give us equalities we can use elsewhere.
Achilleas
2021-05-07 21:07:34
Congruent triangles are just the beginning of our study of triangles. Understanding triangles is the key to understanding geometry,
so make sure you understand the beginning steps of our study of triangles very well!
Achilleas
2021-05-07 21:07:42
That's it for today!
Achilleas
2021-05-07 21:07:51
Thank you all for staying a bit over!
Achilleas
2021-05-07 21:08:09
Have a wonderful weekend and see you next time!
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Geometry Week 2 - 2689 Introduction To Geometry

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Geometry Week 2 - 2689 Introduction To Geometry

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10/12/21, 8:22 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Introduction to Geometry (2689)

because and from the equality of alternate interior angles.

Week 2: Triangle Angles and Congruent Triangles

What does this tell us?

side gives the desired ∠DAC = ∠C + ∠B

Combining these equations, we get <B + <C = <DAC.

From line DAB, we have <BAC + <CAD = 180°

Subtracting from both sides gives us

pair with two marks so as to distinguish it from the first pair.

△DAE ≅ △BCF we have AE = CF , so by SAS we have △ABE ≅ △CDF .

© 2021 Art of Problem Solving

Copyright © 2021 Art of Problem Solving

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