10/12/21, 8:30 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Introduction to Geometry (2689)

Achilleas Sinefakopoulos

Friday
Apr 30, 2021 - Oct 8, 2021
7:30 - 9:00 PM ET (4:30 - 6:00 PM PT)

Overview
Week 9 (Jun 25) Class Transcript - Quadrilaterals
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Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:29:06
Hi, everyone!

Colorcrazy
2021-06-25 19:29:34
hello!

Sirahulania
2021-06-25 19:29:34
hello

pnacham
2021-06-25 19:29:34
Hello!

AndrewZhong2012
2021-06-25 19:29:34
Hi

takolhe12
2021-06-25 19:29:34
Hi!

Sarah010
2021-06-25 19:29:34
hi

CalvinGarces
2021-06-25 19:29:34
hello!

Suraahi
2021-06-25 19:29:34
Hello!

Rinnypig
2021-06-25 19:29:34
Hello!

GarudS
2021-06-25 19:29:34
hi

shenpinyi
2021-06-25 19:29:34
hi!

MathNinja7
2021-06-25 19:29:34
Hi

dan09
2021-06-25 19:29:34
Hello!

Suraahi
2021-06-25 19:29:34
Hello! How are you this fine evening?

ChippyChipmunk
2021-06-25 19:29:37
Hi!
Typesetting math: 100%

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10/12/21, 8:30 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

pwr
2021-06-25 19:29:37
hello!

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:29:39
Good evening, and welcome back. The last two classes, we focused on looking at special parts of a triangle; let's quickly review.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:29:46
The perpendicular bisectors of a triangle meet in one point, which we call the circumcenter, O. The circumcenter is the center of
the circumcircle, which is the circle that passes through the vertices of the triangle.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:29:57
The angle bisectors of a triangle meet in one point, which we call the incenter, I . The incenter is the center of the incircle, which is
the circle that is tangent to the three sides of the triangle.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:30:07
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
We then learned the Angle Bisector Theorem. In △ABC, if D is on side BC and AD bisects ∠A, then we have
BD AB
= .
DC AC

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:30:14
The medians of a triangle meet in one point, which we call the centroid, G. The centroid cuts each median into segments in a 2:1
ratio. The medians cut the triangle into six triangles of identical area.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:30:21
The altitudes of a triangle meet in one point, which we call the orthocenter, H . The altitudes of a medial triangle are the
perpendicular bisectors of the larger triangle, which is mostly useful because it proved for us that they all coincide.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:30:32

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:30:46
Introduction to Geometry

Week 9: Quadrilaterals

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:30:49
You must feel like we've been talking about triangles forever. Having mastered triangles, we're ready to move on to quadrilaterals.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:30:57
"Quadrilateral" is the generic term for a polygon of four sides. We will discuss many different types of quadrilaterals, investigating
properties of each along the way.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:31:03

Typesetting math: 100%

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10/12/21, 8:30 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:31:12
Our diagram shows quadrilateral ABCD. We name the vertices in order as we go around the quadrilateral, so we wouldn't call it
ACBD, but we could also call it BCDA or CBAD. There is some flexibility, too: for BCDA (and ABCD), we named the

vertices in clockwise order, while for CBAD, we named the vertices in counter-clockwise order. Either way is OK!

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:31:27
We call the red segments diagonals; these connect opposite vertices of the quadrilateral.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:31:39
We find the perimeter of a quadrilateral the same way we find the perimeter of a triangle, by adding all the sides. Hence, the
perimeter of ABCD is

AB + BC + CD + DA.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:31:51
We have very thoroughly used the fact that the sum of the angles of a triangle is 180 degrees. How can we find the sum of the
angles of a quadrilateral?

Sirahulania
2021-06-25 19:32:19
break it up into two triangles

TThB0501
2021-06-25 19:32:19
Divide it into two triangles.

GarudS
2021-06-25 19:32:19
cut in two triangles

pwr
2021-06-25 19:32:19
use triangles

AndrewZhong2012
2021-06-25 19:32:19
Break it into 2 triangles.

shenpinyi
2021-06-25 19:32:19
split the quadrilateral into 2 triangles

Rinnypig
2021-06-25 19:32:22
Cut the quadrilaterals into triangles.

Brendangho
2021-06-25 19:32:22
splitting a quadrilateral into 2 triangles

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:32:26
How?

Suraahi
2021-06-25 19:33:13
using a diagonal

Brendangho
2021-06-25 19:33:13
Draw one diagonal

Vitah2008
2021-06-25 19:33:13
along either of the two diagonals
Typesetting math: 100%
AndrewZhong2012
2021-06-25 19:33:13
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10/12/21, 8:30 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
By drawing in one of the diagonals

Sunshine2016
2021-06-25 19:33:13
Drawing one of the diagonals

shenpinyi
2021-06-25 19:33:13
draw a diagonal

superhero2020
2021-06-25 19:33:13
divide it in half through a diagonal

CalvinGarces
2021-06-25 19:33:13
draw diagonal

Sirahulania
2021-06-25 19:33:13
We can break a quadrilateral into two triangles by drawing a diagonal

Suraahi
2021-06-25 19:33:13
using a diagonal and sides of the quadrilateral

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:33:31
What is the sum of the angles in a quadrilateral then?

Suraahi
2021-06-25 19:34:08
360º

RollOver2020
2021-06-25 19:34:08
360 degrees

Vitah2008
2021-06-25 19:34:08
360 degrees

dan09
2021-06-25 19:34:08
∘
360

shenpinyi
2021-06-25 19:34:08
360 degrees

Brendangho
2021-06-25 19:34:08
360 degrees

pnacham
2021-06-25 19:34:08
360 degrees!

CalvinGarces
2021-06-25 19:34:08
360 degrees

apple.xy
2021-06-25 19:34:08
180*2 = 360 degrees

ARay10
2021-06-25 19:34:08
∘
360

Bluepantzola1
2021-06-25 19:34:08
360 degrees

Sarah010
2021-06-25 19:34:08
360 degrees

Sunshine2016
2021-06-25 19:34:08
360º

MathNinja7
2021-06-25 19:34:08
∘
360

JC0001
math:
Typesetting 2021-06-25
100% 19:34:08
360°
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grayspider
2021-06-25 19:34:08
∘ ∘
180 ⋅ 2 = 360

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:34:12
The sum of the angles in a quadrilateral is 360 degrees. We can see this by drawing a diagonal of our quadrilateral, thus dividing it
into two triangles:

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:34:15

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:34:22
Since the angles of each triangle add to 180∘ , the angles of a quadrilateral add up to 360∘ .

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:34:29
This example shows our most powerful quadrilateral problem solving strategy: break the problem up into triangles and use what
we know about triangles.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:34:35
So, we haven't really moved on from triangles, after all!

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:34:42
Let's move on to specific types of quadrilaterals.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:34:46
TRAPEZOIDS

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:34:51
A trapezoid is a quadrilateral in which one pair of opposite sides are parallel.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:34:55

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:34:59
There's a trapezoid. The parallel sides are sometimes called the bases of the trapezoid, and the other sides are called the legs. So,
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
AB and CD are bases, while BC and AD are legs.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:35:09
When I say a trapezoid is a quadrilateral with one pair of parallel sides, I mean it has at least one pair of parallel sides. If both pairs
of opposite sides are parallel, it's still a trapezoid!

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:35:14
We'll be talking more about these special trapezoids with two pairs of parallel sides (called parallelograms) later.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:35:20
Typesetting math: 100%

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10/12/21, 8:30 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
However, some people use a different definition. Some people define trapezoids to be quadrilaterals with exactly one pair of
parallel sides. In this class, though, we'll stick to the definition where a trapezoid has at least one pair of parallel sides.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:35:31
We'll start with a couple of problems so we can see how those parallel sides help us deal with trapezoid problems.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:35:36
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
In the trapezoid below, we have AB and ∠B
∘ ∘
∥ CD, ∠A = 158 , = 73 .

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:35:37

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:35:38
Find ∠C and ∠D.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:35:53
What do we find for ∠C ?

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:36:02
(use degrees)

Sunshine2016
2021-06-25 19:36:40
107º

pwr
2021-06-25 19:36:40
angle C is 107 degrees

Suraahi
2021-06-25 19:36:40
180 º − 73º = 107º
dan09
2021-06-25 19:36:40
∘
∠C = 180 − ∠B = 180 − 73 = 107

KindKitty
2021-06-25 19:36:40
107 degrees

RollOver2020
2021-06-25 19:36:40
107 degrees

Hridhaan
2021-06-25 19:36:40
107 degrees

apple.xy
2021-06-25 19:36:40
<C = 180 degrees - 73 degrees = 107 degrees

pnacham
2021-06-25 19:36:40
107 degrees

Brendangho
2021-06-25 19:36:40
107 degrees

Rinnypig
2021-06-25 19:36:40
107 .
∘

CalvinGarces
2021-06-25 19:36:40
107 degrees
Typesetting math: 100%

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Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:37:00
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
If we think about BC as a transversal to the parallel lines, we find ∠C (Here we use the fact that same
∘ ∘
= 180 − ∠B = 107 .

side interior angles are supplementary.) How about ∠D?

Sunshine2016
2021-06-25 19:37:35
<D = 22º

RollOver2020
2021-06-25 19:37:35
Angle D is 22 degrees

pwr
2021-06-25 19:37:35
22 degrees

Sarah010
2021-06-25 19:37:35
<D=22 degrees

KindKitty
2021-06-25 19:37:35
22 degrees

Brendangho
2021-06-25 19:37:35
22 degrees

Vitah2008
2021-06-25 19:37:35
22 degrees

CalvinGarces
2021-06-25 19:37:35
22 degrees

AndrewZhong2012
2021-06-25 19:37:35
22 degrees

Bluepantzola1
2021-06-25 19:37:35
22 degrees

dan09
2021-06-25 19:37:35
∘ ∘ ∘ ∘
∠D = 180 − ∠A = 180 − 158 = 22

ARay10
2021-06-25 19:37:35
∘
∠D = 22

Suraahi
2021-06-25 19:37:35
180 º − 158º = 22º
yoyododococo123
2021-06-25 19:37:35
180-158=22 degrees

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:37:40
In a similar way, ∠D = 180∘ Nothing fancy here!
∘
− ∠A = 22 .

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:37:50
Let's try another problem:

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:37:59
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
In the trapezoid below, we have AB ∥ CD. The diagonals of the trapezoid meet at X. If BX = 5, DX = 20, CX = 14, and
CD = 24, then what are AX and AB?

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:38:00

Typesetting math: 100%

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10/12/21, 8:30 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:38:11
Where do we start?

pwr
2021-06-25 19:38:54
use similar triangles

Suraahi
2021-06-25 19:38:54
Similar triangles!

Sirahulania
2021-06-25 19:38:54
similar triangles?

Brendangho
2021-06-25 19:38:54
similar triangles?

MathNinja7
2021-06-25 19:38:54
Similar triangles

Vitah2008
2021-06-25 19:38:54
look for similar triangles

GarudS
2021-06-25 19:38:54
similar triangles!

shenpinyi
2021-06-25 19:38:54
similar triangles

Sarah010
2021-06-25 19:38:54
find similar triangles

CalvinGarces
2021-06-25 19:38:54
similar triangles

pnacham
2021-06-25 19:38:54
I see similar triangles...

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:38:56
Parallel lines mean similar triangles! Which triangles are similar?

Suraahi
2021-06-25 19:40:48
Triangle XDC and XBA

Vitah2008
2021-06-25 19:40:48
triangles ABX and CDX

MathNinja7
2021-06-25 19:40:48
△XDC and △XBA

superhero2020
2021-06-25 19:40:48
△ABX and △CDX

grayspider
2021-06-25 19:40:48
Typesetting
△ABX and math:△CDX
100% ?

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RollOver2020
2021-06-25 19:40:48
Triangle ABX and CDX

AndrewZhong2012
2021-06-25 19:40:48
Triangles XDC and XBA are similar by AA Similarity.

shenpinyi
2021-06-25 19:40:48
triangles AXB and CXD

Brendangho
2021-06-25 19:40:48
triangles DXC and triangle BXA

hchhaya
2021-06-25 19:40:48
triangles XDC and XBA

CalvinGarces
2021-06-25 19:40:48
triangles ABX and CDX

GarudS
2021-06-25 19:40:48
Triangles DXC and BXA

tkubota
2021-06-25 19:40:48
△ABX and △CDX

Rinnypig
2021-06-25 19:40:48
△ABX and △CDX .

Bluepantzola1
2021-06-25 19:40:48
triangles DXC and BXA respectively

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:41:04
A lot of you are making claims about triangles ADX and BCX. I see why the angles at X are equal, but I think it's harder to
prove these triangles are similar because none of their sides are along the parallel lines.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:41:10
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
Because AB ∥ CD, we have ∠XDC = ∠XBA and ∠XCD = ∠XAB, so △XAB ∼ △XCD by AA similarity.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:41:18
So, what is AX?

Vitah2008
2021-06-25 19:42:02
AX = 7/2

AndrewZhong2012
2021-06-25 19:42:02
7/2

Sarah010
2021-06-25 19:42:02
AX=7/2

pwr
2021-06-25 19:42:02
AX=7/2

takolhe12
2021-06-25 19:42:02
7/2

cwc28
2021-06-25 19:42:02
7/2

hchhaya
2021-06-25 19:42:02
AX = 3.5

Brendangho
2021-06-25 19:42:02
7/2

MathNinja7

Typesetting math:2021-06-25
100% 19:42:02

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7

GarudS
2021-06-25 19:42:02
7

superhero2020
2021-06-25 19:42:02
7

dan09
2021-06-25 19:42:02
14 14
7
AX = 20
= =
4
2
5

CalvinGarces
2021-06-25 19:42:02
7/2

pnacham
2021-06-25 19:42:02
AX = 3.5

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:42:12
From our triangle similarity, we have

AX BX 5 1
= = = .
CX XD 20 4

1 7
So, AX = ⋅ CX = .
4 2

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:42:16
What is AB?

hchhaya
2021-06-25 19:42:39
AB = 6

Vitah2008
2021-06-25 19:42:39
AB = 6

pwr
2021-06-25 19:42:39
AB=6

GarudS
2021-06-25 19:42:39
AB = 6

Sirahulania
2021-06-25 19:42:39
AB=6

Sarah010
2021-06-25 19:42:39
AB=6

pnacham
2021-06-25 19:42:39
AB = 6

hchhaya
2021-06-25 19:42:39
AB = 6.

max_z
2021-06-25 19:42:39
6

Suraahi
2021-06-25 19:42:39
AB = 6

pnacham
2021-06-25 19:42:39
AB = 6

Rinnypig
math:
Typesetting 2021-06-25
100% 19:42:39

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AB = 6 .

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:42:42
From our triangle similarity, we have

AB BX 1
= = ,
CD XD 4

1
so AB = ⋅ 24 = 6.
4

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:42:49
In these two problems, we're using what we know about parallel lines and triangles to solve our trapezoid problems. Most
trapezoid problems come down to these basic facts.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:42:59
Let's try a somewhat more challenging problem, and learn an important fact about trapezoids.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:43:04
The segment connecting the midpoints of the legs of a trapezoid is called the median of the trapezoid.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:43:08

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:43:14
¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯¯
Suppose in the trapezoid above, we have AB = 4, BC = 12, CD = 16, and AD = 9, and N M is the median of the trapezoid.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:43:19
How do we find N M ?

Vitah2008
2021-06-25 19:43:58
(AB + DC)/2

CalvinGarces
2021-06-25 19:43:58
(AB + CD)/2

shenpinyi
2021-06-25 19:43:58
find the average of AB and CD

Suraahi
2021-06-25 19:43:58
NM = (AB + CD) / 2

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:44:10
I see someof you declaring that

N M = (AB + CD)/2.

Is this true?

apple.xy
2021-06-25 19:44:45
we need to prove it

MathNinja7
2021-06-25 19:44:45
Typesetting math: 100%
We have to prove it

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pwr
2021-06-25 19:44:45
yes! (but we have to prove it)

shenpinyi
2021-06-25 19:44:45
yes but we have to prove it

Vitah2008
2021-06-25 19:44:45
yes, but we have to prove it

Rinnypig
2021-06-25 19:44:45
We still have to prove it.

grayspider
2021-06-25 19:44:45
It is true, however we should prove it in depth

ReaderB
2021-06-25 19:44:45
We have to prove it!

AndrewZhong2012
2021-06-25 19:44:45
Prove it!

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:44:52
We have to prove it!

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:44:55
We're looking for a length in a problem that involves parallel lines. What tool are we likely to use?

Sirahulania
2021-06-25 19:45:19
similar triangles

JC0001
2021-06-25 19:45:19
similar triangles

AndrewZhong2012
2021-06-25 19:45:19
Similar triangles!!!!

yoyododococo123
2021-06-25 19:45:19
similar triangles?

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:45:21
Parallel lines. Looking for a length. This sounds like a job for similar triangles.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:45:46
Are there any similar triangles in the given figure?

Sunshine2016
2021-06-25 19:46:01
not yet

Vitah2008
2021-06-25 19:46:01
no

shenpinyi
2021-06-25 19:46:01
no

Sirahulania
2021-06-25 19:46:01
no

takolhe12
2021-06-25 19:46:01
no

MathNinja7
2021-06-25 19:46:01
No, but we can make some

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:46:05
Can we do anything with our diagram to create similar triangles?
Typesetting math: 100%

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Vitah2008
2021-06-25 19:46:58
we extend lines AD and BC until they meet, then we can find similar triangles

grayspider
2021-06-25 19:46:58
We can extend DA and CB to form a triangle

pwr
2021-06-25 19:46:58
no but we can extend line segments BC and AD until they intersect

Sirahulania
2021-06-25 19:46:58
extend AD and BC to meet at point X and that way from similar triangles

turquoisewolf
2021-06-25 19:46:58
Extend segments AD and BC upwards

pnacham
2021-06-25 19:46:58
Extend AD and BC upwards until they connect.

apple.xy
2021-06-25 19:46:58
extend AD and BC to meet at a point

Suraahi
2021-06-25 19:46:58
Extend segments AD and BC to meet at a point, X

shenpinyi
2021-06-25 19:46:58
extend AD past A and BC past B until they intersect

RollOver2020
2021-06-25 19:46:58
Extend segments AD and BC

Vitah2008
2021-06-25 19:46:58
We can extend lines AD and BC upwards until they meet

grayspider
2021-06-25 19:46:58
We can extend DA and CB to a point

pnacham
2021-06-25 19:46:58
Extend AD and BC upwards until they intersect.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:47:04

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:47:22
¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
We extend AD and BC to meet at X.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:47:42
¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
There's a bit of a subtle point here. If AD and BC were also parallel, then they wouldn't meet at all! So to say that they meet at a
point X is using the definition of a trapezoid as having exactly one pair of opposite sides parallel. We really should define a
Typesetting math: 100%

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40737 13/54
10/12/21, 8:30 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
trapezoid to be a quadrilateral having at least one pair of opposite sides parallel, since many of the same properties hold when the
other pair of sides is also parallel.

Sirahulania
2021-06-25 19:48:10
triangle XNM similar to triangle XDC by AA

dan09
2021-06-25 19:48:10
△XAB ∼ △XN M ∼ △XDC

apple.xy
2021-06-25 19:48:10
triangles AXB, NXM and DXC are similar

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:48:12
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
Back to the problem. We now can see some similar triangles. Because AB ∥ CD, we have some congruent angles and can
¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
determine that △XAB ∼ △XDC. (We don't know that M N ∥ AB yet, so we don't know anything about triangle XM N . Yet.)

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:48:28
¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯¯
What segment lengths can we determine now? Remember, we have AB = 4, BC = 12, CD = 16, and AD = 9, and that N M
is a median.

shenpinyi
2021-06-25 19:49:25
we can find AN, ND, BM and MC?

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:49:28
¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
Because N M is a median, M and N are the midpoints of BC and AD, so we have BM = M C = BC/2 = 6 and
AN = N D = AD/2 = 4.5 .

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:49:40

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:49:49
What is AX?

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:50:06
(Be careful to use ratios involving lengths that are sides of triangles like XA and XD, and not lengths like AD that are not a side
of our similar triangles.)

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:50:34
(AX =?)

Suraahi
2021-06-25 19:51:15
AX = 3

Vitah2008
2021-06-25 19:51:15
AX = 3

pwr
2021-06-25 19:51:15
AX=3
Typesetting math: 100%

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40737 14/54
10/12/21, 8:30 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Sirahulania
2021-06-25 19:51:15
AX = 3

MathNinja7
2021-06-25 19:51:15
AX=3

Bluepantzola1
2021-06-25 19:51:15
AX=3 units

RollOver2020
2021-06-25 19:51:15
AX is 3

Brendangho
2021-06-25 19:51:15
AX = 3

apple.xy
2021-06-25 19:51:15
AX=3

Sarah010
2021-06-25 19:51:15
AX=3

KindKitty
2021-06-25 19:51:15
AX=3

shenpinyi
2021-06-25 19:51:15
AX = 3

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:51:21
From our similar triangles, we have

AX AB 1
= = .
XD CD 4

Therefore, XD = 4AX.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:51:28
Since XD = AX + AD = AX + 9, we have AX + 9 = 4AX, so AX = 3.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:51:33
What is BX?

Suraahi
2021-06-25 19:52:13
BX = 4

Vitah2008
2021-06-25 19:52:13
BX = 4

Sirahulania
2021-06-25 19:52:13
BX = 4

dan09
2021-06-25 19:52:13
BX = 4

pwr
2021-06-25 19:52:13
BX=4

AndrewZhong2012
2021-06-25 19:52:13
BX=4

Sarah010
2021-06-25 19:52:13
BX=4

joeshu60091
2021-06-25 19:52:13
BX=4
Typesetting math: 100%
apple.xy
2021-06-25 19:52:13

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40737 15/54
10/12/21, 8:30 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
BX = 4

Brendangho
2021-06-25 19:52:13
BX = 4

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:52:17
Similarly, we can find that because

BX AB 1
= =
XC CD 4

and BC = 12, we have BX = 4.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:52:21

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:52:28
Let's try to relate this to N M now. What similar triangles are relevant?

dan09
2021-06-25 19:53:39
△XN M ∼ △XAB

Sarah010
2021-06-25 19:53:39
triangle XNM is similar to triangle XAB

AndrewZhong2012
2021-06-25 19:53:39
Triangles XNM and XAB.

superhero2020
2021-06-25 19:53:39
△AXB and △N XM

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:53:46
What similarity theorem can we use to show that △XM N ∼ △XBA ∼ △XCD?

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:54:30
(we have not proved that MN is parallel to AB yet)

CalvinGarces
2021-06-25 19:54:47
SAS

AndrewZhong2012
2021-06-25 19:54:47
SAS similarity

CalvinGarces
2021-06-25 19:54:47
SAS similarity

superhero2020
2021-06-25 19:54:47
SAS

Bluepantzola1

Typesetting 2021-06-25 19:54:47

math: 100%

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40737 16/54
10/12/21, 8:30 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
SAS similarity

shenpinyi
2021-06-25 19:54:47
SAS similarity t heorem

ReaderB
2021-06-25 19:54:47
SAS

Suraahi
2021-06-25 19:54:47
SAS

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:55:00
XA 3 XB 4
Because and ∠AXB we have △XAB by SAS Similarity. What
2 2
= = , = = , = ∠N XM , ∼ △XN M
XN 7.5 5 XM 10 5
¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯¯
does this tell us about N M ?

MathNinja7
2021-06-25 19:55:39
NM is parallel to AB and DC

pwr
2021-06-25 19:55:39
NM is parallel to AB and DC

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:55:43
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯¯
Because △XAB ∼ △XN M , we have ∠XAB = ∠XN M , so AB ∥ NM.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:55:48
What else?

Sirahulania
2021-06-25 19:56:25
N M = 10

Sarah010
2021-06-25 19:56:25
NM=10

Vitah2008
2021-06-25 19:56:25
NM = 10

AndrewZhong2012
2021-06-25 19:56:25
NM=10

Suraahi
2021-06-25 19:56:25
N M = 10

shenpinyi
2021-06-25 19:56:25
NM = 10

ReaderB
2021-06-25 19:56:25
NM = 10

RollOver2020
2021-06-25 19:56:25
Leaving us to conclude that N M is 10

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:56:28
NM XN 5
5
From our similarity, we have AB
=
XA
=
2
, so M N = ⋅ AB = 10. Notice that 10 = (AB + CD)/2.
2

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:56:38
So, we have shown that the median of trapezoid ABCD is parallel to both bases, and that (in this case) its length is the average
of the lengths of the bases.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:56:55
We can follow these same steps to show that the median of any trapezoid is parallel to its bases, and that its length is the average
of the lengths of the bases. (The algebra in the proof is a little tricky, but the steps are essentially the same - extend the legs to
¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
create similar triangles, etc. As mentioned before, the case in which AD and BC are parallel needs to be dealt with separately,
but the claim
Typesetting math:is still true in this case.)
100%

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40737 17/54
10/12/21, 8:30 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:57:51
What is the area of a trapezoid?

pwr
2021-06-25 19:58:57
average of the bases times the height

Vitah2008
2021-06-25 19:58:57
(base 1 + base 2) * height / 2

RollOver2020
2021-06-25 19:58:57
The average of its bases times its height

shenpinyi
2021-06-25 19:58:57
median times height

MathNinja7
2021-06-25 19:58:57
Sum of the bases multiplied by the height divided by 2

Sunshine2016
2021-06-25 19:58:57
the area of a trapezoid is the average of the bases times the height

Brendangho
2021-06-25 19:58:57
(the sum of the two bases * the height)/2

grayspider
2021-06-25 19:58:57
Height × median

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:59:07
The height of a trapezoid is the length of any segment between the bases that is perpendicular to the bases.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:59:15
Many are claiming that the area is the length of the median times the height.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 19:59:19
Let's prove it. At this point, what are the only figures we know how to find the area of?

Sirahulania
2021-06-25 19:59:52
triangles

Suraahi
2021-06-25 19:59:52
Triangles

AndrewZhong2012
2021-06-25 19:59:52
Triangles!

GarudS
2021-06-25 19:59:52
triangles,rectangles!

Sarah010
2021-06-25 19:59:52
triangles

shenpinyi
2021-06-25 19:59:52
triangles

Brendangho
2021-06-25 19:59:52
a triangle and a rectangle

pwr
2021-06-25 19:59:52
triangles!

Rinnypig
2021-06-25 19:59:52
Triangles.

superhero2020
2021-06-25 19:59:52
triangles and rectanlges
Typesetting math: 100%

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40737 18/54
10/12/21, 8:30 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

apple.xy
2021-06-25 20:00:00
triangles and rectangles

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:00:03
We only know how to find the area of triangles and rectangles. How could we use this knowledge here?

shenpinyi
2021-06-25 20:00:45
split the trapezoid into two triangles using a diagonal

KindKitty
2021-06-25 20:00:45
cut the trapezoid in two triangles

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:00:47
Let's split a trapezoid into triangles. Suppose we have trapezoid BCGF . Let a ,
= BC b = F G and m be the length of the
median.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:00:51

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:00:56
Let h be the distance between BC and F G.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:00:58

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:01:06
What is the area of △BF G?

apple.xy
2021-06-25 20:02:55
bh/2

Vitah2008
2021-06-25 20:02:55
bh/2

dan09
2021-06-25 20:02:55
b∗h

pwr
2021-06-25 20:02:55
b*h/2

Hridhaan
2021-06-25 20:02:55
hb

MathNinja7

Typesetting math:2021-06-25
100% 20:02:55
(b*h)/2
https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40737 19/54
10/12/21, 8:30 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

grayspider
2021-06-25 20:02:55
bh

Sirahulania
2021-06-25 20:02:55
b⋅h

Suraahi
2021-06-25 20:02:55
b ⋅ h

tkubota
2021-06-25 20:02:55
bh

Brendangho
2021-06-25 20:02:55
(h*b)/2

CalvinGarces
2021-06-25 20:02:55
hb/2

KindKitty
2021-06-25 20:02:55
b ⋅ h/2

GarudS
2021-06-25 20:02:55
hb

Sarah010
2021-06-25 20:02:55
bh/2

TThB0501
2021-06-25 20:02:55
hb/2

Rinnypig
2021-06-25 20:02:55
.
1
[BF G] = bh
2

AndrewZhong2012
2021-06-25 20:02:55
bh/2

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:02:59
bh
The area of △BF G is . What about triangle BCG?
2

Vitah2008
2021-06-25 20:03:40
ah/2

Suraahi
2021-06-25 20:03:40
a ⋅ h

AndrewZhong2012
2021-06-25 20:03:40
ah/2

Hridhaan
2021-06-25 20:03:40
ha

dan09
2021-06-25 20:03:40
a∗h

Sarah010
2021-06-25 20:03:40
ah/2

TThB0501
2021-06-25 20:03:40
ah/2
Typesetting math: 100%
JC0001
2021-06-25 20:03:40
https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40737 20/54
10/12/21, 8:30 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
ah/2

grayspider
2021-06-25 20:03:40
ah
[BCG] =
2

Sirahulania
2021-06-25 20:03:40
a⋅h

Rinnypig
2021-06-25 20:03:40
1
[BCG] =
2
ah .

shenpinyi
2021-06-25 20:03:40
ah/2

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:03:49
ah
The area of △BCG is . When we add them together, we get:
2

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:03:50

(a + b)h
[BGF ] + [BCG] = [BCGF ] = = m ⋅ h.
2

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:04:05
So, the area of a trapezoid is the median times the height.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:04:21
Here is an alternate method to prove it.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:04:23
¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯¯ ¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
Let ABCD be a trapezoid and let N M be its median, as in the figure below. Extend AM to meet line DC at L.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:04:24

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:04:31
We then proceed as follows:

(a) Prove that △ABM ≅ △LCM .

(b) Show that N M ∥ DL and N M = DL/2 . Conclude that N M ∥ AB ∥ DC and that N M = (AB + CD)/2.

(c) Let AK be the height h of the trapezoid. Use (a) to show that [ABCD] = [ADL]. Use this and (b) to conclude that
DL ⋅ AK
[ABCD] = = m ⋅ h.
2

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:04:38
I suggest that you fill in the necessary details after class, at your own leisure.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:04:57
Let's see an example of our formula in action.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:05:03
Typesetting
A trapezoid math:
has 100%
bases of 16 and 30 , and legs of 13 and 15. What is the area of the trapezoid?

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40737 21/54
10/12/21, 8:30 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:05:05

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:05:12
Ultimately what will we need that isn't present in the diagram?

pwr
2021-06-25 20:05:42
the height

apple.xy
2021-06-25 20:05:42
the height

Sarah010
2021-06-25 20:05:42
the height

Suraahi
2021-06-25 20:05:42
The height

AndrewZhong2012
2021-06-25 20:05:42
Height!

Vitah2008
2021-06-25 20:05:42
height

shenpinyi
2021-06-25 20:05:42
the height

Brendangho
2021-06-25 20:05:42
the height

Sunshine2016
2021-06-25 20:05:42
the height

GarudS
2021-06-25 20:05:42
height!!

MathNinja7
2021-06-25 20:05:42
The height

Sirahulania
2021-06-25 20:05:42
the height

ChippyChipmunk
2021-06-25 20:05:42
The height?

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:05:48
We will need the height. Let's draw it. Where should we put the height?

apple.xy
2021-06-25 20:06:32
drop perpendiculars from A and B to side CD

Suraahi
2021-06-25 20:06:32
Draw it as an altitude from either A to DC or B to DC

pwr
2021-06-25
Typesetting 20:06:32
math: 100%

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40737 22/54
10/12/21, 8:30 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
perpendicular from B to DC and A to DC

Vitah2008
2021-06-25 20:06:32
draw a line perpendicular to DC that starts at point A

Sarah010
2021-06-25 20:06:32
draw the height from point A down to DC

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:06:34
We should drop a height from either A or B rather than a random location, since these will build right triangles. Let's do both.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:06:36

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:06:45
What can we say about quadrilateral ABF E?

dan09
2021-06-25 20:07:17
It's a rectangle!

pwr
2021-06-25 20:07:17
it is a rectangle

shenpinyi
2021-06-25 20:07:17
it is a rectangle

MathNinja7
2021-06-25 20:07:17
It's a rectangle

Sarah010
2021-06-25 20:07:17
it is a rectangle

KindKitty
2021-06-25 20:07:17
it's a rectangle

Vitah2008
2021-06-25 20:07:17
it's a rectangle

JC0001
2021-06-25 20:07:19
It's a rectangle

Sirahulania
2021-06-25 20:07:23
it's a rectangle so AB=EF=16

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:07:28
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
ABF E is a rectangle since all its angles are right angles (because AB ∥ CD, we have supplementary same side interior angles,
so ∠EAB and similarly, we have ∠ABF ).
∘ ∘ ∘
= 180 − ∠AEF = 90 , = 90

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:07:32
Since ABF E is a rectangle, we know that its opposite sides are equal, so EF = AB = 16.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:07:44
Now what?

pwr
2021-06-25
Typesetting math: 100%
20:08:27

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40737 23/54
10/12/21, 8:30 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
use pythagorean theorem to find h

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:08:30
We see right triangles, so we might think of the Pythagorean Theorem. Or maybe...

GarudS
2021-06-25 20:08:40
Pythagorean triples???

Vitah2008
2021-06-25 20:08:40
use Pythagorean Triples

shenpinyi
2021-06-25 20:08:40
use pythagorean triples to find the height!

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:08:55
We see that 13 and that 15, and remember the Pythagorean triples (5, 12, 13) and (9, 12, 15) and we think, 'Hmm. Maybe h is 12.'
Does it work?

Sirahulania
2021-06-25 20:09:17
yes it does

apple.xy
2021-06-25 20:09:17
yes!

Suraahi
2021-06-25 20:09:17
Yes, it does!

shenpinyi
2021-06-25 20:09:17
yes

AndrewZhong2012
2021-06-25 20:09:17
Yes!

RyanL2019
2021-06-25 20:09:17
Yes!

MathNinja7
2021-06-25 20:09:17
Yes

GarudS
2021-06-25 20:09:17
yeah!!

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:09:20
Yes, if we let h = 12, we get DE = 5 and F C = 9, so DC = 5 + 16 + 9 = 30.

pwr
2021-06-25 20:09:28
yes because DC adds up to 30

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:09:33
This isn't a proof, but noticing shortcuts like this will often make a big difference in timed tests.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:09:42
Below is what the completed diagram looks like. You should always do this if you have the time -- fill out the complete diagram
and make sure it fits the problem; this will be a great check for your answer.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:09:44

Typesetting math: 100%

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40737 24/54
10/12/21, 8:30 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:10:03
If we didn't see the Pythagorean triples or they didn't exist in this problem, we could still apply the Pythagorean Theorem here.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:10:31
Letting DE = x, what do we have for F C ?

apple.xy
2021-06-25 20:11:22
14-x

Sirahulania
2021-06-25 20:11:22
FC= 14-x

shenpinyi
2021-06-25 20:11:22
14 – x

pwr
2021-06-25 20:11:22
FC=14-x

RyanL2019
2021-06-25 20:11:22
14-x

shenpinyi
2021-06-25 20:11:22
FC = 14 – x

Suraahi
2021-06-25 20:11:22
16 + x + FC = 30, therefore, FC = 14 - x

Vitah2008
2021-06-25 20:11:22
14-x

KindKitty
2021-06-25 20:11:22
14-x

RyanL2019
2021-06-25 20:11:22
FC=14-x

GarudS
2021-06-25 20:11:22
14 − x

MathNinja7
2021-06-25 20:11:22
14-x

hchhaya
2021-06-25 20:11:22
14 - x

hchhaya
2021-06-25 20:11:22
FC = 14-x

AndrewZhong2012
2021-06-25 20:11:25
14-x

Brendangho
2021-06-25 20:11:25
14 - x

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:11:33
Typesetting math: 100%
We have

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40737 25/54
10/12/21, 8:30 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
F C = 30 − 16 − x = 14 − x.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:11:35

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:11:49
What does triangle ADE give us?

Vitah2008
2021-06-25 20:12:21
x^2 + h^2 = 169

RyanL2019
2021-06-25 20:12:21
x^2+h^2=13^2

pwr
2021-06-25 20:12:21
2 2
h + x = 13

ReaderB
2021-06-25 20:12:21
2 2 2
x + h = 13

dan09
2021-06-25 20:12:21
2 2 2
x + h = 13 = 169

hchhaya
2021-06-25 20:12:21
x^2 + h^2 = 169

Brendangho
2021-06-25 20:12:21
x^2 + h^2 = 169

GarudS
2021-06-25 20:12:21
2 2
169 = x + h

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:12:24
We have h2 .
2 2
+ x = 13

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:12:25
What other equation do we have?

Vitah2008
2021-06-25 20:12:54
(14-x)^2 + h^2 = 225

pwr
2021-06-25 20:12:54
2 2 2
h + (14 − x) = 15

apple.xy
2021-06-25 20:12:54
using triangle BCF, (14-x)^2 + h^2 = 225

CalvinGarces
2021-06-25 20:12:54
225 = h^2 + (14 - x)^2

MathNinja7
2021-06-25 20:12:54
h^2+(14-x)^2=225

Sarah010
math:
Typesetting 100%
2021-06-25 20:12:54

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10/12/21, 8:30 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
(14-x)^2+h^2=15^2

Suraahi
2021-06-25 20:12:54
2 2 2
(14 − x) + h = 15

hchhaya
2021-06-25 20:12:54
(14 - x)^2 + h^2 = 225 for BFC

shenpinyi
2021-06-25 20:12:56
h^2 + (14 – x)^2 = 225

JC0001
2021-06-25 20:12:56
h^2 + (14-x)^2 = 225

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:12:59
Triangle BF C gives us h2 .
2 2
+ (14 − x) = 15

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:13:02
We have the equations

2 2
h + x = 169,

2 2
h + (14 − x) = 225.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:13:07
What can we do with them?

pwr
2021-06-25 20:13:43
subtract and eliminate h

Brendangho
2021-06-25 20:13:43
subtract them from each other

apple.xy
2021-06-25 20:13:43
eliminate h

GarudS
2021-06-25 20:13:43
subtract

Sirahulania
2021-06-25 20:13:43
we can solve them by subtracting to eliminate the h^2 term

Hridhaan
2021-06-25 20:13:43
subtract them

KindKitty
2021-06-25 20:13:43
subtract

Sarah010
2021-06-25 20:13:43
subtract the first equation from the second equation

RyanL2019
2021-06-25 20:13:43
subtract x^2+h^2=13^2 from (14-x)^2+h^2=15^2

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:13:56
We subtract our first Pythagorean Theorem equation from the second to eliminate h.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:13:57
This gives us (14 − x)2 − x
2
= 225 − 169 .

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:14:03
So what is x?

Vitah2008
2021-06-25 20:14:40
x=5
Typesetting math: 100%

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Sirahulania
2021-06-25 20:14:40
x=5

pwr
2021-06-25 20:14:40
x=5

Sunshine2016
2021-06-25 20:14:40
5

Sarah010
2021-06-25 20:14:40
x=5

shenpinyi
2021-06-25 20:14:40
x=5

hchhaya
2021-06-25 20:14:40
x=5

MathNinja7
2021-06-25 20:14:40
x=5

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:14:48
On the left, we have (14 − x)2 − x
2
= 196 − 28x , so our equation is 196 − 28x = 56 . Dividing both sides by 28 gives
7 − x = 2, so x = 5.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:14:58
How do we finish?

pwr
2021-06-25 20:15:15
finding h

Sirahulania
2021-06-25 20:15:15
find h by substituting into either equation

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:15:22
What do we find for h?

AndrewZhong2012
2021-06-25 20:15:51
h=12 by substitution.

AndrewZhong2012
2021-06-25 20:15:51
h=12

pwr
2021-06-25 20:15:51
h=12

Vitah2008
2021-06-25 20:15:51
h = 12

Suraahi
2021-06-25 20:15:51
h = 12

Sirahulania
2021-06-25 20:15:51
h = 12

Sarah010
2021-06-25 20:15:51
h=12

Suraahi
2021-06-25 20:15:51
h = 12

MathNinja7
2021-06-25 20:15:51
h=12

apple.xy
2021-06-25 20:15:51
Typesetting math: 100%
h=12

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40737 28/54
10/12/21, 8:30 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

ReaderB
2021-06-25 20:15:51
h = 12

hchhaya
2021-06-25 20:15:51
h = 12

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:15:56
From x = 5, we find h = 12, as before. What is the area of the trapezoid?

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:16:26

pwr
2021-06-25 20:17:15
276

MathNinja7
2021-06-25 20:17:15
276

RyanL2019
2021-06-25 20:17:15
(16+30)*12/2=276

Vitah2008
2021-06-25 20:17:15
[ABCD] = 276

AndrewZhong2012
2021-06-25 20:17:15
276

CalvinGarces
2021-06-25 20:17:15
276

dan09
2021-06-25 20:17:15
276

Sarah010
2021-06-25 20:17:15
[ABCD]=276

pwr
2021-06-25 20:17:15
30+192+54=276

hchhaya
2021-06-25 20:17:15
276

Brendangho
2021-06-25 20:17:15
276

ChippyChipmunk
2021-06-25 20:17:15
276

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:17:24

AB + CD
Area = h ⋅ ( ) = 12 ⋅ (16 + 30)/2 = 12 ⋅ 23 = 276.
2

Typesetting
Achilleas
math: 100%
2021-06-25 20:17:54

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40737 29/54
10/12/21, 8:30 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
Nice!

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:17:57
If a trapezoid has a pair of congruent base angles sharing one of the bases, we call it an isosceles trapezoid.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:18:03

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:18:15
In the diagram above, the base angles ∠B and ∠C are congruent. What can we say about the other pair of angles, ∠A and ∠D?

Sirahulania
2021-06-25 20:18:55
they are also congruent

hchhaya
2021-06-25 20:18:55
they are also congruent

AndrewZhong2012
2021-06-25 20:18:55
They are congruent.

ReaderB
2021-06-25 20:18:55
they are also congruent

Vitah2008
2021-06-25 20:18:55
they are also congruent

Suraahi
2021-06-25 20:18:55
<A = <D

Brendangho
2021-06-25 20:18:55
they are also congruent

grayspider
2021-06-25 20:18:55
∠A = ∠D

apple.xy
2021-06-25 20:18:55
they are also congruent

MathNinja7
2021-06-25 20:18:55
They are also congruent

Sunshine2016
2021-06-25 20:18:55
<A and <D are also congruent

Sarah010
2021-06-25 20:18:55
they are congruent

RyanL2019
2021-06-25 20:18:55
they are also congruent

Suraahi
2021-06-25 20:18:55
∠A = ∠D

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:18:57
Typesetting math: 100%

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10/12/21, 8:30 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
Since AD ∥ BC , we have that ∠A and ∠D are supplementary to ∠B and ∠C respectively. As we have that ∠B = ∠C, we
must have ∠A = ∠D.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:19:07
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
What about the legs of an isosceles trapezoid (i.e., sides AB and CD above)? Is there anything interesting that appears to be true
about them?

Suraahi
2021-06-25 20:19:31
AB = DC

dan09
2021-06-25 20:19:31
AB = CD

Sirahulania
2021-06-25 20:19:31
AB=DC

apple.xy
2021-06-25 20:19:31
AB=CD

pwr
2021-06-25 20:19:31
AB=DC

Suraahi
2021-06-25 20:19:31
AB = DC

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:19:33
We suspect they have equal length; how can we prove this?

apple.xy
2021-06-25 20:20:10
using congruent triangles!

AndrewZhong2012
2021-06-25 20:20:10
Congruent triangles!!!!

GarudS
2021-06-25 20:20:10
Congruent triangles

JC0001
2021-06-25 20:20:10
congruent triangles

pwr
2021-06-25 20:20:10
make congruent triangles

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:20:14
Again, let's make triangles (when we want to show sides or angles are equal, congruent and similar triangles are often our friends).

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:20:21
What triangles should we form?

Sirahulania
2021-06-25 20:20:36
drop altitudes from A and D to BC that way we from right triangles

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:20:40
We want triangles that include the base angles, and that include the legs, since we know that the base angles are congruent.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:20:50
All we have are a pair of equal angles; we'll have to build our triangles in a way that creates more equal sides and equal angles to
use.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:20:56
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
If we draw altitudes from A and D to BC , we create some equal angles and some equal sides: our right angles at the feet of the
¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
altitudes are equal, and the two altitudes are equal since AD ∥ BC .

Achilleas
math:
Typesetting 2021-06-25
100% 20:21:00

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40737 31/54
10/12/21, 8:30 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:21:14
We suspect that △ABF ≅ △DCE. Which theorem will we use here to prove congruence?

GarudS
2021-06-25 20:21:59
AAS

AndrewZhong2012
2021-06-25 20:21:59
AAS.

apple.xy
2021-06-25 20:21:59
AAS

Sirahulania
2021-06-25 20:21:59
use AAS (right angle, angle ABF=angle DCE, AF=DE)

shenpinyi
2021-06-25 20:21:59
AAS

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:22:03
We have two pairs of congruent angles and a pair of congruent sides, so let's use AAS. We have AF = DE because they are
opposite side lengths of rectangle ADEF , and ∠B = ∠C because it is an isosceles trapezoid. Since we have right angles at
∠AF B and ∠DEC, we see that △ABF ≅ △DCE by AAS Congruence. This tells us that the legs of an isosceles trapezoid

are congruent.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:22:21
Let's now look at the diagonals of an isosceles trapezoid.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:22:22

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:22:30
Any guesses?

apple.xy
2021-06-25 20:23:02
they are the same length

shenpinyi
2021-06-25 20:23:02
they are congruent

pwr
2021-06-25 20:23:02
Typesetting math: 100%
they are congruent

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40737 32/54
10/12/21, 8:30 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Rinnypig
2021-06-25 20:23:02
Congruent?

Vitah2008
2021-06-25 20:23:02
they are congruent

Sirahulania
2021-06-25 20:23:02
diagonals equal in length?

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:23:17
How would you go proving your guess?

Sirahulania
2021-06-25 20:23:45
use congruent triangles

shenpinyi
2021-06-25 20:23:45
congruent triangles

Brendangho
2021-06-25 20:23:45
finding congruent triangles

superhero2020
2021-06-25 20:23:45
congruent triangles again?

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:23:49
It looks like we have some more congruent triangles here! How can we prove that △ABC ≅ △DCB?

shenpinyi
2021-06-25 20:25:09
SAS

Sirahulania
2021-06-25 20:25:09
we can prove the congruency by SAS

Vitah2008
2021-06-25 20:25:09
SAS

Sarah010
2021-06-25 20:25:09
SAS

ReaderB
2021-06-25 20:25:09
SAS

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:25:12
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
Because of SAS (base angles ∠B and ∠C are congruent, the triangles share a side BC , and AB = CD is what we just proved),
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
we see that △ABC ≅ △DCB. What does this tell us about the diagonals AC and DB?

superhero2020
2021-06-25 20:25:59
they have equal length

Vitah2008
2021-06-25 20:25:59
they are congruent

Sirahulania
2021-06-25 20:25:59
we know they are congruent

shenpinyi
2021-06-25 20:25:59
they are equal in length

grayspider
2021-06-25 20:25:59
They are congruent

Sarah010
2021-06-25 20:25:59
AC=DB

pwr
2021-06-25
Typesetting math: 100%
20:25:59

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40737 33/54
10/12/21, 8:30 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
they are congruent

dan09
2021-06-25 20:25:59
AC = DB

iejake
2021-06-25 20:25:59
they are congruent

Suraahi
2021-06-25 20:25:59
AC = DB

Sunshine2016
2021-06-25 20:25:59
They are congruent

AndrewZhong2012
2021-06-25 20:25:59
They are congruent.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:26:01
This tells us AC = DB. That is, the diagonals in an isosceles trapezoid are congruent.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:26:15
PARALLELOGRAMS

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:26:23
A parallelogram is a quadrilateral in which both pairs of opposite sides are parallel (hence the name).

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:26:24

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:26:32
What can we say about opposite sides and angles in a parallelogram?

shenpinyi
2021-06-25 20:26:58
they are congruent

ReaderB
2021-06-25 20:26:58
They are congruent

apple.xy
2021-06-25 20:26:58
opposite sides & angles are congruent

RollOver2020
2021-06-25 20:26:58
That they're congruent!

Sunshine2016
2021-06-25 20:26:58
they are congruent?

MathNinja7
2021-06-25 20:26:58
They are congruent

pwr
2021-06-25 20:26:58
they are congruent

hchhaya
2021-06-25 20:26:58
they are congruent.
Typesetting math: 100%
superhero2020
2021-06-25 20:26:58

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40737 34/54
10/12/21, 8:30 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
they are congruennt

AndrewZhong2012
2021-06-25 20:26:58
they are congruent..

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:27:00
They look congruent. How can we prove it?

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:27:05
The first thing that comes to mind is to do what?

Sirahulania
2021-06-25 20:27:31
we can use congruent triangles

Brendangho
2021-06-25 20:27:31
make triangles

pwr
2021-06-25 20:27:31
make some triangles

CalvinGarces
2021-06-25 20:27:31
congruent triangles

Vitah2008
2021-06-25 20:27:31
congruent triangles

AndrewZhong2012
2021-06-25 20:27:31
Create triangles.

iejake
2021-06-25 20:27:31
form triangles

shenpinyi
2021-06-25 20:27:31
draw congruent triangles

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:27:37
That's right, make triangles.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:27:42

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:27:49
Remember the line segments are parallel, so that will give us a lot of congruent angles.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:28:04
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
We have ∠BAC = ∠ACD thinking of AC as a transversal to AB and CD. We also have ∠DAC = ∠BCA thinking of AC as
¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
a transversal to AD and BC .

pwr
2021-06-25 20:28:26
by ASA triangles ACD and CAB are congruent

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:28:28
Together with the fact that AC = CA, this gives us △ADC ≅ △CBA by ASA. What does this tell us about the sides in the
parallelogram?
Typesetting
apple.xy
math: 100% 20:29:13
2021-06-25

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40737 35/54
10/12/21, 8:30 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
opposite sides are congruent

Brendangho
2021-06-25 20:29:13
the opposite sides are congruent

pwr
2021-06-25 20:29:13
opposite sides have the same length

iejake
2021-06-25 20:29:13
the opposite sides are congruent

Suraahi
2021-06-25 20:29:13
Opposite sides are congruent

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:29:21
By corresponding parts of congruent triangles being congruent, we have AD = CB and AB = CD, so the opposite sides are
congruent. What about angles?

Suraahi
2021-06-25 20:29:54
Opposite angles are congruent

MathNinja7
2021-06-25 20:29:54
opposite angles are congruent

pwr
2021-06-25 20:29:54
opposite angles have the same measure

shenpinyi
2021-06-25 20:29:54
opposite angles in a parallelogram are congruent

AndrewZhong2012
2021-06-25 20:29:54
Opposite angles are congruent.

iejake
2021-06-25 20:29:54
the opposite angles are also congruent

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:30:07
Because △ADC ≅ △CBA, we know that ∠D = ∠B . It follows from supplementary same side interior angles that
∘
∠DAB = 180 − ∠D = 180 − ∠B = ∠DCB.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:30:30
Since our opposite sides are equal, we only need a pair of consecutive sides in order to have the perimeter. For example, if we
know AB and BC, we know the perimeter is 2(AB + BC).

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:30:37
If we draw both diagonals, we find out something about the diagonals themselves.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:30:39

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:30:54
What do we find?

Sirahulania
2021-06-25 20:31:18
they bisect each other?
Typesetting math: 100%
pwr
2021-06-25 20:31:18
https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40737 36/54
10/12/21, 8:30 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
they bisect each other

apple.xy
2021-06-25 20:31:18
they bisect each other

Vitah2008
2021-06-25 20:31:18
they bisect each other

Rinnypig
2021-06-25 20:31:35
Is that two pairs of congruent triangles?

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:31:37
It looks like △ABE ≅ △CDE. How can we prove these are congruent?

Mathqueen20
2021-06-25 20:32:13
AAS

Sirahulania
2021-06-25 20:32:13
use ASA

RollOver2020
2021-06-25 20:32:13
By AAS

apple.xy
2021-06-25 20:32:13
AAS

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:32:16
All the corresponding angles are congruent due to the parallel lines and vertical angles, and we already proved that AB = CD, so
we can use ASA (or AAS).

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:32:22
Our congruent triangles give us AE = EC and BE = ED, so the diagonals bisect each other.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:32:32
This is a good example of how it's important to match up the vertices correctly in congruent triangles, to correctly see which parts
correspond. If we matched them up the wrong way we would get (WRONG) AE = ED and BE = EC and would wrongly
conclude the two diagonals are equal. That's not true in most parallelograms!

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:32:45
If ABCD is a quadrilateral whose diagonals bisect each other, is it a parallelogram?

RollOver2020
2021-06-25 20:33:24
yes, and we can prove it

Sunshine2016
2021-06-25 20:33:24
Yes

Sarah010
2021-06-25 20:33:24
yes

Sirahulania
2021-06-25 20:33:24
yes, but we have to prove it

pwr
2021-06-25 20:33:24
yes!

GarudS
2021-06-25 20:33:24
yes!!!!!

AndrewZhong2012
2021-06-25 20:33:24
YES

apple.xy
2021-06-25 20:33:24
Yes
Typesetting
Achilleas
math: 100%
2021-06-25 20:33:28

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40737 37/54
10/12/21, 8:30 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
Let's prove it.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:33:35
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
Suppose point E is the midpoint of diagonals AC and BD of quadrilateral ABCD. So, we have AE = EC and BE = ED.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:33:39

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:33:45
What can we deduce?

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:33:56
(We can't assume ABCD is a parallelogram! We're only given that it is a quadrilateral whose diagonals bisect one another.)

shenpinyi
2021-06-25 20:34:39
congruent triangles using SAS

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:34:50
Which triangles are congruent?

AndrewZhong2012
2021-06-25 20:36:19
Triangle ABE is congruent to triangle CDE

pwr
2021-06-25 20:36:19
triangles AED and CEB

Brendangho
2021-06-25 20:36:19
triangles ABE and CDE

AndrewZhong2012
2021-06-25 20:36:19
Triangle ABE is congruent to triangle CDE by SAS congruence.

Sarah010
2021-06-25 20:36:19
triangle AED and triangle CEB

RollOver2020
2021-06-25 20:36:19
Triangles AED and CEB; Triangles AEB and CED

ReaderB
2021-06-25 20:36:19
Triangles DEC and BEA

Bluepantzola1
2021-06-25 20:36:19
Triangles AED and CEB

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:36:25
Since AE = CE , BE = ED, and the vertical angles ∠AEB and ∠CED are equal, we have △AEB ≅ △CED by SAS
congruence.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:36:32
Similarly, △AED ≅ △CEB by SAS congruence. So, we have ∠DCE = ∠EAB from the first congruence and
∠CBE = ∠EDA from the second congruence.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:36:51
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
From ∠DCE = ∠EAB, we have AB ∥ CD. Similarly, ∠CBE = ∠EDA gives AD ∥ BC .

Typesetting
Achilleas
math: 100%
2021-06-25 20:37:06

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40737 38/54
10/12/21, 8:30 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
So indeed, if the diagonals of ABCD bisect each other, then ABCD is a parallelogram.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:37:13
But diagonals are not necessarily equal in length:

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:37:16

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:37:25
How can we find the area of a parallelogram?

Sirahulania
2021-06-25 20:38:01
base times height

pwr
2021-06-25 20:38:01
base times height

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:38:05
Base times height, just like a rectangle. What are we going to use to prove it?

Vitah2008
2021-06-25 20:38:29
triangles

dan09
2021-06-25 20:38:29
More triangles!

RollOver2020
2021-06-25 20:38:29
Diagonals and triangles again?

Sarah010
2021-06-25 20:38:29
triangles

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:38:34
That's correct -- triangles. Look at this diagram again:

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:38:35

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:38:43
The area of △ADC is DC ⋅ h/2. Similarly, the area of △ABC is AB ⋅ h/2, so what is the area of the parallelogram?

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:38:49
Both DC and AB are the length of the base, so if we substitute b for those lengths we have triangles of area bh/2 and bh/2. Add
these and we find that the area of the parallelogram is bh, the same formula as a rectangle.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:39:00
Another way to see that the parallelogram has the same area formula as the rectangle is to rearrange the parallelogram like this:
Typesetting
Achilleas
math: 100%
2021-06-25 20:39:04

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40737 39/54
10/12/21, 8:30 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:39:05

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:39:13
Now we see immediately why the parallelogram and rectangle have the same area formula.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:39:46
Let's revisit a problem that we saw earlier:

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:39:56
A trapezoid has bases of 16 and 30, and legs of 13 and 15. What is the area of the trapezoid?

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:39:57

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:40:09
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
This time, let's draw BE parallel to AD.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:40:12

Typesetting math: 100%

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40737 40/54
10/12/21, 8:30 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:40:18
How does this help?

Sirahulania
2021-06-25 20:41:12
it makes a parallelogram!

AndrewZhong2012
2021-06-25 20:41:12
PARALLELOGRAM!!

hchhaya
2021-06-25 20:41:12
it gives us a parallelogram]

pwr
2021-06-25 20:41:12
ABDE is a parellogram

yoyododococo123
2021-06-25 20:41:12
Its a parallelogram

Sirahulania
2021-06-25 20:41:12
it makes two shapes whose area we can find

GarudS
2021-06-25 20:41:12
we find the parallelogram's area fast!

Suraahi
2021-06-25 20:41:12
ABED is a parallelogram

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:41:21
Then ABED is a parallelogram with BE = AD = 13 and DE = 16 . How about EC?

Sarah010
2021-06-25 20:41:45
then we know that EC is 14

pwr
2021-06-25 20:41:45
EC=14

Sirahulania
2021-06-25 20:41:45
we know that EC=14

Vitah2008
2021-06-25 20:41:45
EC = 14

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:41:48
EC = DC − DE = 30 − 16 = 14.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:41:51

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:41:57
How could we find the area of △BEC now?

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:42:15
(it's almost...i-ronically easy

Sirahulania

Typesetting math:2021-06-25
100% 20:42:44

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40737 41/54
10/12/21, 8:30 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
heron's formula

pwr
2021-06-25 20:42:44
herons formula

hchhaya
2021-06-25 20:42:44
herons formula

KindKitty
2021-06-25 20:42:44
Heron

RollOver2020
2021-06-25 20:42:44
Heron's formula!

Vitah2008
2021-06-25 20:42:44
using Heron's Formula

Sarah010
2021-06-25 20:42:44
herons theorem

AndrewZhong2012
2021-06-25 20:42:44
Heron's formula.

alicez18
2021-06-25 20:42:44
heron's formula

CalvinGarces
2021-06-25 20:42:44
Herons

Suraahi
2021-06-25 20:42:44
Heron's formula!

Sunshine2016
2021-06-25 20:42:44
heron’s Formula

RyanL2019
2021-06-25 20:42:44
heron's formula?

yoyododococo123
2021-06-25 20:42:44
Herons formula?

RollOver2020
2021-06-25 20:42:44
We can use heron's formula

Rinnypig
2021-06-25 20:42:48
Heron's formula. And then we can use that area to find the altitude.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:42:52
Knowing all its sides lengths suggests using Heron's formula. First, what is the semiperimeter s of △BEC?

CalvinGarces
2021-06-25 20:43:27
21

AndrewZhong2012
2021-06-25 20:43:27
s=21

Vitah2008
2021-06-25 20:43:27
s = 21

JC0001
2021-06-25 20:43:27
s = 21

iejake
2021-06-25 20:43:27
21

Suraahi
math:
Typesetting 2021-06-25
100% 20:43:27
21
https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40737 42/54
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hchhaya
2021-06-25 20:43:27
s = 21

RollOver2020
2021-06-25 20:43:27
21

Sirahulania
2021-06-25 20:43:27
s=21

GarudS
2021-06-25 20:43:27
21

shenpinyi
2021-06-25 20:43:27
s = 21

Sarah010
2021-06-25 20:43:27
21

grayspider
2021-06-25 20:43:30
(13 + 15 + 14)/2 = s = 21

apple.xy
2021-06-25 20:43:30
21

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:43:32
13 + 14 + 15
Its semiperimeter is s = = 21 . How about its area then?
2

Brendangho
2021-06-25 20:44:21
84

Vitah2008
2021-06-25 20:44:21
its area is 84

AndrewZhong2012
2021-06-25 20:44:21
84

apple.xy
2021-06-25 20:44:21
84

dan09
2021-06-25 20:44:21
84

Sarah010
2021-06-25 20:44:21
84

pwr
2021-06-25 20:44:21
84

shenpinyi
2021-06-25 20:44:21
84

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:44:23
Its area is

[BEC] = √21(21 − 13)(21 − 14)(21 − 15) = √21 ⋅ 8 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 6 = 84.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:44:29
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
Let the height of △BEC to EC be h. How can we find h now?

RollOver2020
2021-06-25 20:44:45
we can use another formula
Typesetting math: 100%
Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:44:50

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40737 43/54
10/12/21, 8:30 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
Which one?

hchhaya
2021-06-25 20:45:16
area of a triangle

dan09
2021-06-25 20:45:16
base∗altitude/2=area

pwr
2021-06-25 20:45:16
1/2*base*height=area of triangle

apple.xy
2021-06-25 20:45:16
area of triangle = bh/2

JC0001
2021-06-25 20:45:16
Triangle area formula?

Brendangho
2021-06-25 20:45:16
the area of a triangle formula

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:45:19
We note that

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:45:19

EC ⋅ h 14h
[BEC] = = = 7h.
2 2

Vitah2008
2021-06-25 20:45:26
14h/2 = 84, so h = 12

pwr
2021-06-25 20:45:26
7h=84

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:45:28
Therefore, 7h = 84, which gives us

h = 12.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:45:33
What is the area of the trapezoid?

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:45:56
(I am sure everyone knows the answer now )

Vitah2008
2021-06-25 20:47:04
276

Suraahi
2021-06-25 20:47:04
276

pwr
2021-06-25 20:47:04
276

Suraahi
2021-06-25 20:47:04
276

Sarah010
2021-06-25 20:47:04
[ABCD]=276

dan09
2021-06-25 20:47:04
276

RyanL2019
2021-06-25 20:47:04
Typesetting
276 math: 100%

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40737 44/54
10/12/21, 8:30 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

hchhaya
2021-06-25 20:47:04
276

MathNinja7
2021-06-25 20:47:04
276

AndrewZhong2012
2021-06-25 20:47:04
276

GarudS
2021-06-25 20:47:04
276

superhero2020
2021-06-25 20:47:04
276

grayspider
2021-06-25 20:47:04
276

hchhaya
2021-06-25 20:47:04
A = 276

RollOver2020
2021-06-25 20:47:04
276 is the area of the trapezoid

Sirahulania
2021-06-25 20:47:04
276

apple.xy
2021-06-25 20:47:04
276

shenpinyi
2021-06-25 20:47:04
276

JC0001
2021-06-25 20:47:04
276

Brendangho
2021-06-25 20:47:04
276

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:47:07

Area = 12 ⋅ (16 + 30)/2 = 12 ⋅ 23 = 276.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:47:30
(Like before! It would have been strange to find a different answer this time)

Suraahi
2021-06-25 20:47:56
Agreed

dan09
2021-06-25 20:47:56

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:47:58
RECTANGLES

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:48:00
A rectangle is a quadrilateral with four right angles. We have already discussed the area formula for a rectangle, and the area is the
base times the height. What else can we say about rectangles?

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:48:07

Typesetting math: 100%

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10/12/21, 8:30 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Sirahulania
2021-06-25 20:49:05
rectangles are also parallelograms

shenpinyi
2021-06-25 20:49:05
all rectangles are parallelograms

Suraahi
2021-06-25 20:49:05
It is a parallelogram

CalvinGarces
2021-06-25 20:49:05
they are parallelograms

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:49:15
The opposite sides are parallel of course; how can we tell?

RollOver2020
2021-06-25 20:49:24
That all of its angles are 90 degrees

SpencerSun
2021-06-25 20:49:24
All angles are 90 degrees

grayspider
2021-06-25 20:49:24
All four angles are congruent

Save_The_Elephants
2021-06-25 20:49:24
it has 4 right angles

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:49:27
The same side interior angles are right angles and in particular are supplementary, which means the opposite sides of a rectangle
are parallel.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:49:33
All rectangles are parallelograms. As such, every property that applies to parallelograms applies as well to rectangles. But that
doesn't mean that everything that applies to rectangles applies to parallelograms!

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:49:51
For example what can we say about the diagonals that is true about rectangles but is not true for all parallelograms?

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:49:53

ReaderB
2021-06-25 20:50:20
They are equal in length
Typesetting math: 100%
AndrewZhong2012
2021-06-25 20:50:20
https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40737 46/54
10/12/21, 8:30 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
They are congruent!!!

pwr
2021-06-25 20:50:20
they have the same length

Brendangho
2021-06-25 20:50:20
they have equal length

Suraahi
2021-06-25 20:50:20
The diagonals are congruent

hchhaya
2021-06-25 20:50:20
that they are always congruent

RollOver2020
2021-06-25 20:50:20
That the diagonals are congruent

Sirahulania
2021-06-25 20:50:20
the diagonals in a rectangle are equal in length

JC0001
2021-06-25 20:50:20
The diagonals are always congruent

superhero2020
2021-06-25 20:50:20
they are congruent

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:50:24
The diagonals appear to be congruent. What should we use to prove this?

Sirahulania
2021-06-25 20:50:44
congruent triangles

CalvinGarces
2021-06-25 20:50:44
congruent triangles

pwr
2021-06-25 20:50:44
congruent triangles

Vitah2008
2021-06-25 20:50:44
congruent triangles

dan09
2021-06-25 20:50:47
Congruent triangles

Suraahi
2021-06-25 20:50:47
Congruent triangles

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:50:49
It looks like we have some congruent triangles here. Give me one of the triangles congruent to △ABC.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:51:01
We have △ABC ≅ △BAD ≅ △CDA ≅ △DCB by SAS (each has two sides of the rectangle with a right angle between
them). Any three points chosen from the vertices of the rectangle create a right triangle that is congruent to the triangle formed by
any other three vertices.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:51:25
This tells us something specific about the diagonals:

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:51:28
Because the diagonals are corresponding parts of congruent triangles, they are congruent.

GarudS
2021-06-25 20:51:42
Pythagoras!

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:51:55
Typesetting math: have
Yes, we could 100% used the Pythagorean theorem, as well.

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40737 47/54
10/12/21, 8:30 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:52:07
We know the opposite sides of our rectangles are equal, so let's say AB = CD = x and AD = BC = y .

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:52:15
Using right triangle ADC we see

2 2 2
AC = x + y

and using right triangle BDC we see that

2 2 2
BD = x + y .

Thus AC and so AC .
2 2
= BD = BD

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:52:30
Often consecutive sides of a rectangle are called the "length" and the "width." Suppose the length is x and the width is y. What is
the perimeter?

Vitah2008
2021-06-25 20:53:16
2x + 2y

RollOver2020
2021-06-25 20:53:16
2x + 2y

pwr
2021-06-25 20:53:16
2(x+y)

Suraahi
2021-06-25 20:53:16
2x + 2y

shenpinyi
2021-06-25 20:53:16
2(x + y)

Sirahulania
2021-06-25 20:53:16
2x+2y or 2(x+y)

superhero2020
2021-06-25 20:53:16
2x+2y

Suraahi
2021-06-25 20:53:16
2(x + y)

grayspider
2021-06-25 20:53:16
2y + 2x

GarudS
2021-06-25 20:53:16
2(x + y)

KindKitty
2021-06-25 20:53:16
2x+2y

Sarah010
2021-06-25 20:53:16
2x+2y

Brendangho
2021-06-25 20:53:16
2x + 2y

RollOver2020
2021-06-25 20:53:16
2x + 2y = the perimeter

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:53:18
Since a rectangle is a parallelogram, its opposite sides are equal. Hence, our perimeter is 2(x + y).

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:53:22
What about
Typesetting the100%
math: area?

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40737 48/54
10/12/21, 8:30 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

pwr
2021-06-25 20:54:07
xy

Sirahulania
2021-06-25 20:54:07
the area is xy

Sarah010
2021-06-25 20:54:07
xy

AndrewZhong2012
2021-06-25 20:54:07
xy

KindKitty
2021-06-25 20:54:07
xy

hchhaya
2021-06-25 20:54:07
xy

Brendangho
2021-06-25 20:54:07
xy

grayspider
2021-06-25 20:54:07
xy

Suraahi
2021-06-25 20:54:07
xy

CalvinGarces
2021-06-25 20:54:07
xy

iejake
2021-06-25 20:54:07
xy

JC0001
2021-06-25 20:54:07
x*y

dan09
2021-06-25 20:54:07
xy

SpencerSun
2021-06-25 20:54:07
xy

ReaderB
2021-06-25 20:54:07
xy

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:54:09
As we discussed earlier, a rectangle's area is the product of its length and width, so the area is xy.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:54:21
RHOMBI

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:54:25
A rhombus is a quadrilateral in which all four sides are congruent. What observations can we make?

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:54:27

Typesetting math: 100%

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40737 49/54
10/12/21, 8:30 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

pwr
2021-06-25 20:54:56
it is a parallelogram

Suraahi
2021-06-25 20:54:56
Parallelogram

shenpinyi
2021-06-25 20:54:56
all rhombi are parallelograms

apple.xy
2021-06-25 20:54:56
it is a special parallelogram

superhero2020
2021-06-25 20:54:56
it's also a parallelogram

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:54:58
A rhombus looks a lot like it is a parallelogram; let's see if we can prove it. We start with triangles of course.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:55:02

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:55:12
Why are the triangles congruent this time?

Sirahulania
2021-06-25 20:55:38
by SSS

KindKitty
2021-06-25 20:55:38
SSS

apple.xy
2021-06-25 20:55:38
SSS congruence

shenpinyi
2021-06-25 20:55:38
SSS

Sarah010
2021-06-25 20:55:38
by SSS

ReaderB
2021-06-25 20:55:38
SSS

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:55:40
We have congruent isosceles triangles CDA and ABC by SSS.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:55:49
We can then use the angles of these congruent triangles to prove our rhombus is a parallelogram. We have ∠DAC = ∠ACB,
¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
which implies that AD and BC are parallel. Also ∠DCA = ∠BAC, so AB and DC are parallel. This means ABCD is a
parallelogram.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:56:05
As with the rectangle, once we know that a rhombus is a parallelogram it has all the properties associated with parallelograms as
well.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:56:31
Typesetting math: 100%

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40737 50/54
10/12/21, 8:30 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
We found a special property about the diagonals of a rectangle which isn't always true for parallelograms. Can we do the same for
a rhombus?

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:56:33

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:56:37
Notice anything special that appears to be true of the diagonals?

pwr
2021-06-25 20:57:14
they are perpendicular

Sirahulania
2021-06-25 20:57:14
they are perpendicular

Hridhaan
2021-06-25 20:57:14
Perpendicular bisectors?

CalvinGarces
2021-06-25 20:57:14
the diagonals are perpendicular

apple.xy
2021-06-25 20:57:14
they bisect each other and are perpendicular to each other

shenpinyi
2021-06-25 20:57:14
the diagonals are perpendicular

dan09
2021-06-25 20:57:14
One is the perpendicular bisector of another

Sarah010
2021-06-25 20:57:14
they are perpendicular

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:57:24
It looks like they're perpendicular. What could we use in this diagram to prove this?

Sirahulania
2021-06-25 20:57:40
congruent triangles?

Vitah2008
2021-06-25 20:57:42
congruent triangles

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:57:44
Congruent triangles! (Are you starting to see how much of geometry relies on triangles and congruencies?)

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:57:47
It looks like △DEA ≅ △BEA ≅ △BEC ≅ △DEC. How can we prove this?

pwr
2021-06-25 20:58:21
SSS

Sirahulania
2021-06-25 20:58:21
SSS

Sarah010
2021-06-25 20:58:21
by SSS
Typesetting math: 100%

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40737 51/54
10/12/21, 8:30 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Suraahi
2021-06-25 20:58:21
SSS

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:58:24
These triangles are all congruent by SSS, because the diagonals bisect each other in a parallelogram and the sides not on
diagonals are the four sides of our quadrilateral, which are all congruent in a rhombus. What can we say about angles created by
the diagonals now?

RyanL2019
2021-06-25 20:58:48
they are congruent

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:58:50
Around point E we have four congruent angles; what does this tell us?

Sarah010
2021-06-25 20:58:56
right angles

apple.xy
2021-06-25 20:58:56
they are each 360/4 = 90 degrees!

ReaderB
2021-06-25 20:58:56
they are all 90 degreees

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:59:05
All four angles at E must be right angles because they are all congruent, and add to 360∘ . Therefore the diagonals of a rhombus
are perpendicular.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:59:24
You are probably also noticing how as we learn more about geometry there are several ways we can approach a problem. For
instance we could have proven that the diagonals are perpendicular by noticing that each diagonal splits the rhombus into two
isosceles triangles, and the median formed by the other diagonal is therefore also an altitude of the isosceles triangle.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:59:34
Also, in this proof, our congruent triangles tell us ∠ADE = ∠CDE and similar statements can be made about angles at the
other vertices of our rhombus. What does that tell us about the diagonals?

Sirahulania
2021-06-25 20:59:53
the diagonals bisect the angles?

pwr
2021-06-25 20:59:53
they bisect the interior angles

Achilleas
2021-06-25 20:59:55
The diagonals of a rhombus bisect the angles of the rhombus.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 21:00:02
Now let's talk about the area of a rhombus. Obviously we can compute the area as bh because it is a parallelogram, but the fact
that the diagonals are perpendicular will give us an additional method of calculating the area; what is it?

Sirahulania
2021-06-25 21:00:36
half the product of the diagonals

pwr
2021-06-25 21:00:36
1/2*(diagonal 1)*(diagonal 2)

Achilleas
2021-06-25 21:00:40
The area is one half the product of the diagonals. There are a lot of ways to prove it.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 21:01:02
I will let you think about it and continue from this point next time.

RollOver2020
2021-06-25 21:01:17
next time?
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Achilleas
2021-06-25 21:01:20

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10/12/21, 8:30 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
Next week.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 21:01:25
SUMMARY

Achilleas
2021-06-25 21:01:28
We found that the sum of the interior angles of any quadrilateral is 360 degrees, then we discussed some special kinds of
quadrilaterals.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 21:01:35
First, we studied trapezoids. A trapezoid is a quadrilateral in which at least one pair of opposite sides are parallel.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 21:01:38

Achilleas
2021-06-25 21:01:46
The parallel sides are the bases of the trapezoid, and the other sides are the legs. The segment connecting the midpoints of the
legs of a trapezoid is the median of the trapezoid.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 21:01:52

Achilleas
2021-06-25 21:01:59
The median is parallel to the bases and its length is the average of the lengths of the bases.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 21:02:04
The area of a trapezoid equals the product of the length of the median and the distance between the two parallel sides (which we
call the height).

Achilleas
2021-06-25 21:02:15
If the angles of a trapezoid along the same base are equal, then the trapezoid is an isosceles trapezoid. In an isosceles trapezoid,
the legs are equal in length, as are the diagonals.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 21:02:22
We saw two general strategies that are useful in trapezoid problems: (1) use what we know about parallel lines and similarity, and
(2) drop altitudes to form right triangles.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 21:02:34
Next, we studied parallelograms.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 21:02:36
A parallelogram is a quadrilateral in which both pairs of opposite sides are parallel (hence the name).

Achilleas
2021-06-25 21:02:38
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10/12/21, 8:30 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-06-25 21:02:42
In a parallelogram, opposite sides are equal in length and opposite angles are equal in measure. Also, the diagonals of a
parallelogram bisect each other. The area of a parallelogram equals the product of a side length and the height from that side to
the opposite side.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 21:02:49
In all of these problems, we found that congruent triangles were our best friends.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 21:02:53
Finally, we learned some even more special types of quadrilaterals.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 21:02:58
A rectangle is a quadrilateral with all equal angles. Rectangles are parallelograms, inheriting all of those properties. They
additionally have equal diagonals.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 21:03:05
A rhombus is a quadrilateral with all equal sides. Rhombi are also parallelograms, and their diagonals are perpendicular.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 21:03:12
The area of a rhombus, or in fact any quadrilateral with perpendicular diagonals, is half the product of the diagonals.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 21:03:25
We will see squares next week.

Achilleas
2021-06-25 21:03:32
In closing, I'd like to encourage you to check out the message board problems this week; they're particularly interesting in my
opinion!

Achilleas
2021-06-25 21:03:47
Thank you all!

Achilleas
2021-06-25 21:04:03
Have a wonderful weekend and see you next time.

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Typesetting math: 100%

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