11/22/21, 9:10 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Introduction to Geometry (2689)

Achilleas Sinefakopoulos

Friday
Apr 30, 2021 - Oct 8, 2021
7:30 - 9:00 PM ET (4:30 - 6:00 PM PT)

Overview
Week 16 (Aug 13) Class Transcript - Power of a Point
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Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:29:25
Hi, everyone!

tkubota
2021-08-13 19:29:42
Hi!

KindKitty
2021-08-13 19:29:42
Hello!

CalvinGarces
2021-08-13 19:29:42
Hello!

Teediv
2021-08-13 19:29:42
hello

shenpinyi
2021-08-13 19:29:42
hi!

Suraahi
2021-08-13 19:29:42
Hello!

grayspider
2021-08-13 19:29:42
Hello!

MathNinja7
2021-08-13 19:29:42
Hi!

pwr
2021-08-13 19:29:42
hello!

Brendangho
2021-08-13 19:29:42
hello

Rinnypig
2021-08-13 19:29:42
Hello!

Vitah2008
2021-08-13 19:29:42
hi!

Sunshine2016
2021-08-13 19:29:42
Hi!

RyanL2019
2021-08-13 19:29:42
Hello

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:29:46
Let's quickly review where we were in the previous classes before starting our new material today.

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11/22/21, 9:10 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:29:52
In the last two classes, we've seen some of the geometric properties regarding interactions between lines and circles.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:30:06
Two classes ago, we learned about the relationship between inscribed angles and the arcs that subtend them. Last class, we
extended those results to tangents, using the key fact that tangents are perpendicular to the radii at their intersection points.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:30:21
We also used those relationships to establish how to find these angles:

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:30:26

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:30:27

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:30:33
Today, we're going to look at the properties of the lengths in those two diagrams.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:30:42
Introduction to Geometry

Week 16: Power of a Point

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:30:48
Suppose we have a point P and a circle, and we draw a line through P that hits the circle at points A and B.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:30:56
It turns out that the product P A ⋅ P B is an interesting and useful quantity, so we give it a name. We call it the power of point P .
The Power of a Point Theorem, which we will prove next, tells us that this product is the same no matter which line we choose
https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40744 2/45
11/22/21, 9:10 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
through P !

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:31:07
We'll start with points inside the circle.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:31:08

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:31:18
What is the power of point P in this diagram?

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:31:32
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
What do you get if you use the chord AB?

CalvinGarces
2021-08-13 19:31:49
AP * PB

AndrewZhong2012
2021-08-13 19:31:49
AP*PB

dan09
2021-08-13 19:31:49
PA ∗ PB

shenpinyi
2021-08-13 19:31:49
(PA)(PB)

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:31:57
¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
What do you get if you use the chord CD?

shenpinyi
2021-08-13 19:32:50
(PC)(PD)

CalvinGarces
2021-08-13 19:32:50
CP * DP

AndrewZhong2012
2021-08-13 19:32:50
CP*PD

pwr
2021-08-13 19:32:50
DP*PC

Brendangho
2021-08-13 19:32:50
CP*PD

Vitah2008
2021-08-13 19:32:50
DP * CP

RyanL2019
2021-08-13 19:32:50
DP*PC

Sunshine2016
2021-08-13 19:32:50
CP*PD

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11/22/21, 9:10 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Rinnypig
2021-08-13 19:32:50
P D ∗ P C.

Wuwuspring
2021-08-13 19:32:50
DP*CP

Bluepantzola1
2021-08-13 19:32:50
PD*PC

Sarah010
2021-08-13 19:32:50
CP*PD

TheIdentityProperty
2021-08-13 19:32:50
CP * PD

cwc28
2021-08-13 19:32:50
DP*CP

MathNinja7
2021-08-13 19:32:50
CP ∗ P D

Suraahi
2021-08-13 19:32:50
DP * PC

ReaderB
2021-08-13 19:32:50
PC*PD

ARay10
2021-08-13 19:32:50
CP*CD

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:32:56
If we use one of the chords, it's P A ⋅ P B. If we use the other one, it's P C ⋅ P D.

Vitah2008
2021-08-13 19:33:21
（AP)(BP) = (DP)(CP)

pwr
2021-08-13 19:33:21
(AP )(P B) = (DP )(P C)

Brendangho
2021-08-13 19:33:21
AP*PB = CP*PD

Suraahi
2021-08-13 19:33:21
AP * PB = DP * PC

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:33:24
We want to show that these are equal:

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:33:25
In our diagram, chords AB and CD meet at P . We wish to prove that P A ⋅ P B = P C ⋅ P D.

Sunshine2016
2021-08-13 19:33:35
does the order of the points matter?

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:34:19
No, it does not, but I find it easier to start with point P every time. We will also comment on this later on.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:34:25
What might we do to prove a statement like this?

pwr
2021-08-13 19:34:48
similar triangles

Vitah2008
2021-08-13 19:34:48
find similar triangles

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11/22/21, 9:10 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

KindKitty
2021-08-13 19:34:48
Similar triangles

shenpinyi
2021-08-13 19:34:48
similar triangles

Sirahulania
2021-08-13 19:34:48
use similar triangles

Suraahi
2021-08-13 19:34:56
Create similar triangles

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:34:57
That equation looks like what we might get from an equation of ratios of lengths by cross-multiplying. We can get equal ratios of
lengths from similar triangles! I don't see any triangles in our diagram, though. How can we make some?

Brendangho
2021-08-13 19:35:31
draw lines AD and CB

Vitah2008
2021-08-13 19:35:31
we draw line segments AD and CB

shenpinyi
2021-08-13 19:35:31
draw AD and BC

pwr
2021-08-13 19:35:31
draw segments AD and CB

Teediv
2021-08-13 19:35:31
drawing lines AD and CB

grayspider
2021-08-13 19:35:31
Making chords AD and CB

CalvinGarces
2021-08-13 19:35:31
draw AD and BC

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:35:36
We can build triangles by connecting the endpoints of the chords. We've done this before to create equal angles. Now we're going
to use those equal angles to give us similar triangles.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:35:43
We draw AD and BC and we have a pair of triangles with a vertical angle in common:

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:35:44

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:35:48
(We also could have drawn AC and BD.)

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:35:55
What triangle is similar to △AP D and why?
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11/22/21, 9:10 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Sirahulania
2021-08-13 19:37:40
triangle APD similar to triangle CPB by AA similarity

Sarah010
2021-08-13 19:37:40
triangle CPB by AA similarity

dan09
2021-08-13 19:37:40
△AP D ∼ △CP B by AA similarity

grayspider
2021-08-13 19:37:40
△AP D ∼ △CP B by AA similarity

Brendangho
2021-08-13 19:37:40
triangle CP B is similar to triangle AP D because ∠AP D = ∠CP B and angle ∠ABC = ∠ADP because they're both inscribed
in the same arc. So from AA similarity they're similar

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:37:53
We have ∠AP D = ∠BP C (vertical angles), and ∠D = ∠B because these inscribed angles intercept the same arc (namely, arc
AC ). Therefore, △AP D ∼ △CP B by AA Similarity.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:38:09
Then what?

Brendangho
2021-08-13 19:38:38
make ratios

pwr
2021-08-13 19:38:38
we can set up ratios

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:38:40
PA PD
Because △AP D ∼ △CP B, we have = . Cross-multiplying gives us the desired P A ⋅ P B = P C ⋅ P D, and our
PC PB
proof is complete.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:38:47

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:38:57
We call the product P A ⋅ P B the power of point P . We have just proved that if P is inside a circle and we draw a chord AB
through P , then P A ⋅ P B is the same no matter which chord through P that we choose! Therefore, this power of point P is the
same for all lines through P .

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:39:09
This really isn't something new. It's just similar triangles. However, we use this particular application of similar triangles so often
that we give it its own special name.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:39:22
But wait, there's more! We also need to prove the Power of a Point Theorem for points that are outside a circle.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:39:25

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11/22/21, 9:10 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:39:27
Let's take a look at the power of point P in our diagram. We have drawn secants P C and P E through P , as well as tangent P A.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:40:10
A very important reminder: We always measure the power of a point by measuring two distances from that point. When we're
talking about the power of point P , that means we look at P B and P C and only distances that involve P , so never something like
BC.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:40:29
So, we know that we can write the power of point P as P B ⋅ P C or P D ⋅ P E. What about the tangent? How might we write the
power using it?

Suraahi
2021-08-13 19:41:24
2
(P A)

Brendangho
2021-08-13 19:41:24
PA^2

Sirahulania
2021-08-13 19:41:24
maybe P A2

pwr
2021-08-13 19:41:24
(PA)^2

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:41:29
For the tangent, we let our "product of two lengths" be the length of the tangent times itself, P A2 .

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:41:32
Here's one reason this makes intuitive sense. Imagine drawing secant lines from P that get closer and closer to P A. These lines
will meet the circle at two points, and both points are getting closer and closer to A. When you reach the tangent line P A, you can
imagine that both intersection points are at A, so the line intersects the circle at A "twice". So our product gets closer and closer
to P A2 as the secant line gets closer and closer to being tangent, and our two intersection points both get closer and closer to A.

Suraahi
2021-08-13 19:41:56
2
(P A) = (P B)(P C) = (P D)(P E)

Vitah2008
2021-08-13 19:41:56
PA^2 = PB * PC = PD * PE

Rinnypig
2021-08-13 19:41:56
PA
2
= (P B)(P C) = (P D)(P E) .

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:41:59
So in this diagram, we have three different ways of writing the power of P 2
: P A , P B ⋅ P C, and P D ⋅ P E. We want to prove
they are all equal.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:42:07
Let's start off with trying to prove P A2 = P B ⋅ P C. What will we do to tackle this?

CalvinGarces
2021-08-13 19:42:31

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11/22/21, 9:10 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
first, draw AB and AC

AndrewZhong2012
2021-08-13 19:42:31
Draw AB and AC to create similar triangles.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:42:33
Triangles did well before, so let's build triangles. Connect A to B and C.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:42:35

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:42:46
Do we have any similar triangles? If so, what triangles are similar and why are they similar?

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:43:13
(use "triangle" or △)

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:44:34
(The order of the vertices matters. Also, don't forget to say the "why".)

Sirahulania
2021-08-13 19:45:17
triangle PAB is similar to triangle PCA by AA similarity

AndrewZhong2012
2021-08-13 19:45:17
Triangles PAB and PCA are similar by AA Similarity.

Sarah010
2021-08-13 19:45:17
triangle PAC is similar to triangle PBA by AA

pwr
2021-08-13 19:45:17
triangles ABP and CAP by AA

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:45:26
We think that △P BA and △P AC are similar. We can see that they share the angle at P , but we need one more angle to use AA.
Why does ∠P AB = ∠P CA?

Brendangho
2021-08-13 19:47:07
they're inscribed in the same arc

AndrewZhong2012
2021-08-13 19:47:07
They are inscribed in arc AB

pwr
2021-08-13 19:47:07
they cut off the same arc and their measure's are both 1/2 of the arc

Sirahulania
2021-08-13 19:47:07
angle ACB=angle PAB= (arc AB)/2

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:47:14
Both of those angles are equal to as we saw in the last class. So triangles P BA and P AC are similar.
1
(arc AB),
2

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:47:20
Then what?

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11/22/21, 9:10 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Rinnypig
2021-08-13 19:47:52
Ratios of corresponding sides of triangles.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:48:03
Which side lengths are we interested in?

Sirahulania
2021-08-13 19:48:32
PA and PB, PC

Brendangho
2021-08-13 19:48:32
PA, PB, and PC

Vitah2008
2021-08-13 19:48:32
AP, PB and PC

shenpinyi
2021-08-13 19:48:32
PA, PB and PC

Rinnypig
2021-08-13 19:48:32
P A, P B,and P C .

pwr
2021-08-13 19:48:32
PA and PB and PC

Suraahi
2021-08-13 19:48:34
P A, P B, and P C

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:48:54
We focus on the sides of these triangles that have P as an endpoint. What ratio do we get from △P AC ∼ △P BA ?

AndrewZhong2012
2021-08-13 19:49:36
PA/PB=PC/PA

GarudS
2021-08-13 19:49:36
PA/PB=PC/PA

Sirahulania
2021-08-13 19:49:36
we get the ratio PA/PB=PC/PA

pwr
2021-08-13 19:49:36
PA/PB=PC/PA

MathNinja7
2021-08-13 19:49:36
PA/PB=PC/PA

shenpinyi
2021-08-13 19:49:36
PA/PB = PC/PA

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:49:43
From △P AC we have Cross-multiplying gives us P A2
PA PC
∼ △P BA, = . = P B ⋅ P C.
PB PA

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:49:50
It's just similar triangles again!

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:50:02
Now, how can we quickly prove P B ⋅ P C = PD ⋅ PE , without really doing any more work?

Rinnypig
2021-08-13 19:51:37
By saying by the same logic, P A2 = (P D)(P E) .

Sarah010
2021-08-13 19:51:37
since PA^2=PD*PE

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:51:41
We could draw chords BE and CD and use similar triangles, but we have a much faster method.

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11/22/21, 9:10 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
Sirahulania
2021-08-13 19:52:02
there is nothing special about the tangent and secant use the same reasoning

Wuwuspring
2021-08-13 19:52:02
lines PC and PE are both secants from point P

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:52:04
There's nothing special about secant P C in our earlier proof that P A2 = P B ⋅ P C. That proof shows that if segment P A is
tangent to a circle at A and a line through P meets the circle at two points B and C, then P A2 = P B ⋅ P C. This proof is valid
for any line through P , including the one that gives us secant P E!

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:52:13
Therefore, our proof above tells us that P A2 = P D ⋅ P E. Combining this with P A2 = P B ⋅ P C, we have
P B ⋅ P C = P D ⋅ P E.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:52:37
Notice that there is one point common to all segments in those equations -- what point is it?

Sunshine2016
2021-08-13 19:52:59
P

shenpinyi
2021-08-13 19:52:59
point P

Sirahulania
2021-08-13 19:52:59
the point P

Bluepantzola1
2021-08-13 19:52:59
P

Wuwuspring
2021-08-13 19:52:59
point P

Rinnypig
2021-08-13 19:52:59
P.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:53:01
Yes, P ! We were finding the power of point P and every segment length we use is a segment with one endpoint being P . This is
always the case with Power of a Point.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:53:15
Combining this with our earlier work, we now have proved the Power of a Point Theorem:

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:53:17
Suppose a line through a point P intersects a circle in two points, U and V . The Power of a Point Theorem states that for all such
lines, the product P U ⋅ P V is constant. We call this product the power of point P .

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:53:27
We proved this by tackling two cases:

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:53:28

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11/22/21, 9:10 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:53:37
If our point is inside the circle, as shown, then we have AP ⋅ P B = CP ⋅ P D.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:53:40
If it is outside the circle, like this:

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:53:41

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:53:42
Then, we have P B ⋅ P C = PA
2
= P D ⋅ P E.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:53:44
Again, this isn't really new stuff! This is similar triangles in action.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:53:50
Using Power of a Point lets us skip proving this relationship every time we need it. We can just use this relationship now that we
have proved it.

Sirahulania
2021-08-13 19:53:57
what if it is on the circle?

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:54:03
Good question!

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:54:05
Not all points are inside or outside the circle, though. What's the power of a point on the circle?

GarudS
2021-08-13 19:54:37
0?

KindKitty
2021-08-13 19:54:37
0

shenpinyi
2021-08-13 19:54:37
0

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:54:40
If P is on the circle, then if we extend a chord to the circle, the two places it intersects are P and another point Q.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:54:48

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11/22/21, 9:10 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:54:55
But then the power is P P ⋅ P Q = 0 ⋅ P Q = 0. So the power of any point on the circle is always 0, and that gives us no useful
information.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:55:19
Let's see some examples:

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:55:23
Find CE.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:55:24

ReaderB
2021-08-13 19:55:59
CE = 9

AndrewZhong2012
2021-08-13 19:55:59
CE=9

Sarah010
2021-08-13 19:55:59
CE=9

Yashvini
2021-08-13 19:55:59
CE=9

Brendangho
2021-08-13 19:55:59
CE = 9

CalvinGarces
2021-08-13 19:55:59
CE = 3 * 6 / 2 = 9

Sirahulania
2021-08-13 19:55:59
CE=9

cwc28
2021-08-13 19:55:59
CE=9

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11/22/21, 9:10 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

RyanL2019
2021-08-13 19:55:59
CE=9

iejake
2021-08-13 19:55:59
CE=9

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:56:01
From power of a point, we have CE ⋅ DE = AE ⋅ EB. Therefore we have 2CE = 3 ⋅ 6 = 18, so CE = 9.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:56:30
In the diagram below, CE = 20, CD = 8, and BC = 10. What is AC?

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:56:41

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:56:51
What does power of a point tell us here?

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:58:30
What's the power of C ?

AndrewZhong2012
2021-08-13 19:58:42
160

grayspider
2021-08-13 19:58:42
160

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:58:45
The power of C is CD ⋅ CE = 8 ⋅ 20 = 160 .

Achilleas
2021-08-13 19:59:09
What is it also equal to?

Rinnypig
2021-08-13 20:00:15
AC ∗ 10.

grayspider
2021-08-13 20:00:15
BC ⋅ AC = 10 ⋅ AC = 160

Hridhaan
2021-08-13 20:00:15
AC * 10

Sirahulania
2021-08-13 20:00:15
BC ⋅ AC

Bluepantzola1
2021-08-13 20:00:15
AC*BC

JC0001
2021-08-13 20:00:15
CB*CA

CalvinGarces
2021-08-13 20:00:15
AC * BC

iejake
2021-08-13 20:00:15

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11/22/21, 9:10 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
CA*CB

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:00:37
But it is also equal to CB ⋅ CA. So, what's CA?

grayspider
2021-08-13 20:01:24
CA = 16

RyanL2019
2021-08-13 20:01:24
CA=16

cwc28
2021-08-13 20:01:24
CA=16

TThB0501
2021-08-13 20:01:24
CA=16

MathNinja7
2021-08-13 20:01:24
CA=16

Vitah2008
2021-08-13 20:01:24
CA = 16

Sarah010
2021-08-13 20:01:24
CA=16

AndrewZhong2012
2021-08-13 20:01:24
CA=16

Sirahulania
2021-08-13 20:01:24
AC=16

Suraahi
2021-08-13 20:01:24
CA = 16

iejake
2021-08-13 20:01:24
CA=16

Rinnypig
2021-08-13 20:01:24
CA = 16.

JC0001
2021-08-13 20:01:24
CA = 16

ReaderB
2021-08-13 20:01:24
AC = 16

Brendangho
2021-08-13 20:01:24
CA = 16

GarudS
2021-08-13 20:01:24
AC=16

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:01:33
Since CB = 10, we see that CA = 160/10 = 16 .

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:01:36
In the diagram, CD = 9, DE = 11, and AC = 18. Find AB.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:01:40

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40744 14/45
11/22/21, 9:10 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:01:45
Suppose we let AB = x. What equation do we have?

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:02:26
Caution! Power of a Point does NOT say the following

AB ⋅ BC = ED ⋅ DC ⟹ x(18 − x) = 9 ⋅ 11. (⇐  Power of a Point DOESN'T say this!)

This is a very common mistake! (And a lot of you made it.)

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:03:07

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:03:09
What is the correct equation we can write down?

pwr
2021-08-13 20:03:29
(9)(20)=(18-x)(18)

Sarah010
2021-08-13 20:03:29
18(18-x)=9*20

Sirahulania
2021-08-13 20:03:29
(18-x)18= 9*20

dan09
2021-08-13 20:03:29
180 = (18 − x) ⋅ 18

Sirahulania
2021-08-13 20:03:29
(18 − x)18 = 9 ⋅ 20

RyanL2019
2021-08-13 20:03:29
x*(18-x)=180

shenpinyi
2021-08-13 20:03:36
9(20) = 18(18 - x)

tkubota
2021-08-13 20:03:36
18(18 − x) = 9 ⋅ 20

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40744 15/45
11/22/21, 9:10 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:03:38
The right equation, from Power of a Point, says CB ⋅ CA = CD ⋅ CE = 9 ⋅ 20.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:03:46
Notice that there is one point in common to all four segments in that equation -- this is always the case with Power of a Point, and
why I usually write out the whole equation to avoid making a mistake.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:03:54
Putting in AB = x and CA = 18, we have CB = 18 − x, so

18(18 − x) = 9 ⋅ 20.

So, what is x?

Sirahulania
2021-08-13 20:04:18
x=8

Sarah010
2021-08-13 20:04:18
x=8

Sirahulania
2021-08-13 20:04:18
x = 8

iejake
2021-08-13 20:04:18
x=8

Suraahi
2021-08-13 20:04:18
x=8

shenpinyi
2021-08-13 20:04:18
x=8

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:04:20
Dividing both sides by 18 gives 18 − x = 10, so x = 8.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:04:28
We can check our answer by putting in our x in the diagram. AB = 8, and BC = 10, so the power of point C is
CB ⋅ CA = 10 ⋅ 18 = 180, which equals CD ⋅ CE. So we're okay!

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:04:41
These two problems are pretty straightforward applications of power of a point.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:04:47
The main thing to do in these is to make sure you have your lengths labeled right.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:04:55
As I remarked above, a common mistake when working with a diagram like the one above (one that you will need to constantly be
on the lookout for in your own work this week) would be to write CD ⋅ DE = CB ⋅ BA. This misstatement of the Power of point
C is not true in general.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:05:15
The correct equation for Power of a Point in this situation is CB ⋅ CA = CD ⋅ CE.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:05:34
How can we tell by glancing at CD ⋅ DE = CB ⋅ BA that the equation is wrong? What must be true of a Power of a Point
equation?

Sirahulania
2021-08-13 20:06:51
the point is included in all the lengths of the equation

Wuwuspring
2021-08-13 20:06:51
DE and BA do not include point C

AndrewZhong2012
2021-08-13 20:06:51
One point must be in every segment in the problem.

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40744 16/45
11/22/21, 9:10 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

shenpinyi
2021-08-13 20:06:51
a power of a point equation's lengths must all include point C

pwr
2021-08-13 20:06:51
the terms must contain C

AndrewZhong2012
2021-08-13 20:06:51
One point must be in every segment in the equation.

Brendangho
2021-08-13 20:06:51
all the line segments have to have one of the ends as C

Save_The_Elephants
2021-08-13 20:06:51
there has to be one point that is stated 4 times, there is not one there

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:06:56
When you write down a Power of a Point relationship, the segments should all have a single point in common. That's the whole
point of Power of a Point: the Point!

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:07:09
Two circles intersect at A and B. A common external tangent is tangent to the circles at T and U , as shown. Let M be the
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯ ¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
intersection of AB and T U . Show that M is the midpoint of T U .

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:07:10

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:07:22
What should we use as our Point if we want to apply Power of a Point?

Sunshine2016
2021-08-13 20:07:57
M

MathNinja7
2021-08-13 20:07:57
M

shenpinyi
2021-08-13 20:07:57
point M

GarudS
2021-08-13 20:07:57
Point M

CalvinGarces
2021-08-13 20:07:57
M

Vitah2008
2021-08-13 20:07:57
M

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:08:13
It's pretty clear that point M is a good candidate for either circle, isn't it?

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40744 17/45
11/22/21, 9:10 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:08:27
For example, why A is not a good choice?

pwr
2021-08-13 20:08:55
because it is on the circles

TThB0501
2021-08-13 20:08:55
A is on both circles, so it's useless

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:09:14
A lies on both circles, so its power with respect to any of them is 0.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:09:18
How about B?

Sirahulania
2021-08-13 20:09:37
B also lies on the circles

CalvinGarces
2021-08-13 20:09:37
similar idea

shenpinyi
2021-08-13 20:09:37
it is also on both circles

Vitah2008
2021-08-13 20:09:37
it is also on both circles

Wuwuspring
2021-08-13 20:09:37
it is also on both circles

AndrewZhong2012
2021-08-13 20:09:37
Same issue.

MathNinja7
2021-08-13 20:09:37
B is also on both circles

pwr
2021-08-13 20:09:37
it is also on both circles

Suraahi
2021-08-13 20:09:37
Also on the circles

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:09:41
Same idea!

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:10:04
How about T and U ?

Suraahi
2021-08-13 20:10:35
T and U are also on a circle

Teediv
2021-08-13 20:10:35
they are on circles also

Sunshine2016
2021-08-13 20:10:35
They are on a circle

Wuwuspring
2021-08-13 20:10:35
They are also on circles

pwr
2021-08-13 20:10:35
they are on one circle

shenpinyi
2021-08-13 20:10:35
they are both on one circle

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40744 18/45
11/22/21, 9:10 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

AndrewZhong2012
2021-08-13 20:10:35
They lie on circles too!!

cwc28
2021-08-13 20:10:35
they each are on a different circle

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:11:02
They lie on a circle, too. This does not make them extra useless, but they are not definitely our first choice.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:11:07
We are left with....

Sirahulania
2021-08-13 20:11:25
M

GarudS
2021-08-13 20:11:25
M

iejake
2021-08-13 20:11:25
point M

TThB0501
2021-08-13 20:11:25
point M

pwr
2021-08-13 20:11:25
point M!

CalvinGarces
2021-08-13 20:11:25
M!!

Suraahi
2021-08-13 20:11:25
M

RyanL2019
2021-08-13 20:11:25
M

Sarah010
2021-08-13 20:11:25
M

tkubota
2021-08-13 20:11:25
M

Suraahi
2021-08-13 20:11:25
M!

grayspider
2021-08-13 20:11:25
Point M

shenpinyi
2021-08-13 20:11:25
point M !!!

Wuwuspring
2021-08-13 20:11:25
point M

Rinnypig
2021-08-13 20:11:25
M.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:12:00
point M , which we like, because it does not lie on any circle, and because the main question is about it.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:12:11
Does this make sense?

pwr
2021-08-13 20:12:24
yes

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40744 19/45
11/22/21, 9:10 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

TThB0501
2021-08-13 20:12:24
yes

AndrewZhong2012
2021-08-13 20:12:24
Yes

shenpinyi
2021-08-13 20:12:24
yup!

CalvinGarces
2021-08-13 20:12:24
Yes!

Wuwuspring
2021-08-13 20:12:24
yes

Sarah010
2021-08-13 20:12:24
yes

GarudS
2021-08-13 20:12:24
yes

Vitah2008
2021-08-13 20:12:24
yes

Rinnypig
2021-08-13 20:12:24
Yes.

Sirahulania
2021-08-13 20:12:24
yep!

ReaderB
2021-08-13 20:12:24
Yes!

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:12:31
Alright!

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:12:46
So, now it's pretty clear that point M is a good candidate for either circle. Let's try using both. What do we get from the left circle?

Vitah2008
2021-08-13 20:13:34
TM^2 = BM * AM

AndrewZhong2012
2021-08-13 20:13:34
MB*MA=MT^2

superhero2020
2021-08-13 20:13:34
2
MT = MB ⋅ MA

Wuwuspring
2021-08-13 20:13:34
MT^2=MB*MA

Sirahulania
2021-08-13 20:13:34
2
MT = MB ⋅ MA

Rinnypig
2021-08-13 20:13:34
MT
2
= MB ⋅ MA .

shenpinyi
2021-08-13 20:13:34
MT^2 = (MB)(MA)

Suraahi
2021-08-13 20:13:34
2
MB ∗ MA = MT

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:13:45
The left circle tells us that M T 2 = M A ⋅ M B. How about the circle on the right?

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40744 20/45
11/22/21, 9:10 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Vitah2008
2021-08-13 20:14:57
UM^2 = BM * AM

GarudS
2021-08-13 20:14:57
MU^2= MA.MB

Rinnypig
2021-08-13 20:14:57
MU
2
= MB ⋅ MA .

Wuwuspring
2021-08-13 20:14:57
MU^2=MB*MA

shenpinyi
2021-08-13 20:14:57
MU^2 = (MB)(MA)

pwr
2021-08-13 20:14:57
MU^2=AM*BM

cwc28
2021-08-13 20:14:57
MA*MB=MU^2

superhero2020
2021-08-13 20:14:57
2
MU = MB ⋅ MA

grayspider
2021-08-13 20:14:57
2
MU = MB ⋅ MA

AndrewZhong2012
2021-08-13 20:14:57
MB*MA=MU^2

RyanL2019
2021-08-13 20:14:57
MU^2=MA*MB

Brendangho
2021-08-13 20:14:57
UM^2 = MA*BM

Teediv
2021-08-13 20:14:57
MU^2 = MB*MA

Sirahulania
2021-08-13 20:14:57
the circle on the right gives M U 2 = MB ⋅ MA

Vitah2008
2021-08-13 20:14:57
UM^2 = BM * AM

CalvinGarces
2021-08-13 20:14:57
MU^2 = MA * MB

MathNinja7
2021-08-13 20:14:57
MU^2=(BM)(MA)

joeshu60091
2021-08-13 20:14:57
MU^2=MB*MA

Sarah010
2021-08-13 20:14:57
MU^2=MA*MB

Suraahi
2021-08-13 20:14:57
2
MB ⋅ MA = MU

grayspider
2021-08-13 20:14:57
2
MU = MA ⋅ MB

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:15:11
The right circle gives us M U 2 = M A ⋅ M B.

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40744 21/45
11/22/21, 9:10 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

grayspider
2021-08-13 20:15:22
So M T !
2 2
= MU

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:15:25
¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
Setting these equal, M T Therefore M T since lengths are never negative, so M is the midpoint of T U , as
2 2
= MU . = MU

desired.

pwr
2021-08-13 20:15:37
yay

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:15:44
Moving on:

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:15:46
Segment I F is tangent to the circle at point I . Compute the length OR given that I F = 21√2, I O = 20, ON = 12, RF = 18,

and OR > GO.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:15:48

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:16:05
We can begin by labeling the diagram with what we know.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:16:06

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:16:11
How can we get to OR?

Suraahi
2021-08-13 20:16:44
Power of the point using O!

Sirahulania
2021-08-13 20:16:44
https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40744 22/45
11/22/21, 9:10 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
use power of point on O?

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:17:02
What other length do we need for the power of point O?

Sirahulania
2021-08-13 20:17:33
we need GO

shenpinyi
2021-08-13 20:17:33
OG

AndrewZhong2012
2021-08-13 20:17:33
GO..

Suraahi
2021-08-13 20:17:33
OG

Brendangho
2021-08-13 20:17:33
GO

Suraahi
2021-08-13 20:17:33
OG

MathNinja7
2021-08-13 20:17:33
OG

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:17:45
If we have GO, then we can get OR from the Power of Point O.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:17:50
Let's assign variables: GO = y and OR = x.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:17:52

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:18:09
What does the Power of Point O give us?

pwr
2021-08-13 20:19:01
xy=240

ReaderB
2021-08-13 20:19:01
xy = 240

Brendangho
2021-08-13 20:19:01
240 = xy

cwc28
2021-08-13 20:19:01
xy=240

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40744 23/45
11/22/21, 9:10 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

shenpinyi
2021-08-13 20:19:01
xy = 240

iejake
2021-08-13 20:19:01
xy=12*20

superhero2020
2021-08-13 20:19:01
xy = 240

CalvinGarces
2021-08-13 20:19:01
20 * 12 = x * y

Sarah010
2021-08-13 20:19:01
xy=240

TThB0501
2021-08-13 20:19:01
20 ⋅ 12 = xy

AndrewZhong2012
2021-08-13 20:19:01
xy=240

iejake
2021-08-13 20:19:01
xy=240

MathNinja7
2021-08-13 20:19:01
xy=240

JC0001
2021-08-13 20:19:01
20*12 = xy

dan09
2021-08-13 20:19:01
20 ⋅ 12 = y ⋅ x

Rinnypig
2021-08-13 20:19:01
x ⋅ y = 240.

Teediv
2021-08-13 20:19:01
it gives us that xy is 240 because IO * ON = 20 *12

Sunshine2016
2021-08-13 20:19:01
yx = 20*12

RyanL2019
2021-08-13 20:19:01
y*x=240

GarudS
2021-08-13 20:19:01
xy = 240

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:19:28
The Power of Point O gives xy = GO ⋅ OR = 20 ⋅ 12 = 240.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:19:41
But we have two variables, so we'll need a second equation to solve for them. How can we get a second equation?

Sirahulania
2021-08-13 20:20:07
use power of point on F

Hridhaan
2021-08-13 20:20:07
Power of point F?

TThB0501
2021-08-13 20:20:07
Power of a point for F

GarudS
2021-08-13 20:20:07
power of point F

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40744 24/45
11/22/21, 9:10 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

shenpinyi
2021-08-13 20:20:07
power of a point for F

Vitah2008
2021-08-13 20:20:07
point of a power using F

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:20:09
We can use the Power of Point F . What equation does that give us? (Be careful how you write this equation: remember, all your
lengths should involve the point F !)

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:21:06
First, write the equation using the endpoints F , R, etc.

MathNinja7
2021-08-13 20:23:03
FI^2=FR*FG

pwr
2021-08-13 20:23:03
(IF)^2=(FR)(FG)

Suraahi
2021-08-13 20:23:03
2
(F R)(F G) = F I

Sirahulania
2021-08-13 20:23:03
2
(I F ) = FR ⋅ FG

Vitah2008
2021-08-13 20:23:03
IF^2 = FR * FG

tkubota
2021-08-13 20:23:03
2
FI = (F R)(F G)

AndrewZhong2012
2021-08-13 20:23:03
2
FI = (F R)(F G)

cwc28
2021-08-13 20:23:03
FI^2=FR*FG

dan09
2021-08-13 20:23:03
2
FI = F R ⋅ (RG)

TThB0501
2021-08-13 20:23:03
2
FI = FR ⋅ FG

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:23:21
The Power of Point F gives:

2
FR ⋅ FG = FI .

How does this become?

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:23:37
(using x, y etc)

TThB0501
2021-08-13 20:24:31
882 = 18(x + y + 18)

shenpinyi
2021-08-13 20:24:31
882 = 18(18 + x + y)

Vitah2008
2021-08-13 20:24:31
(21sqrt(2))^2 = 18 * (18 + x + y)

Wuwuspring
2021-08-13 20:24:31
[21sqrt(2)]^2=18*(x+y+18)

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40744 25/45
11/22/21, 9:10 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Suraahi
2021-08-13 20:24:31
(18)(18 + x + y) = 882

pwr
2021-08-13 20:24:31
(21*sqrt(2))^2=(18)(18+x+y)

Rinnypig
2021-08-13 20:24:31
(21√2)
2
= 18 ⋅ (18 + x + y) .

AndrewZhong2012
2021-08-13 20:24:31
882=18⋅(18+x+y)

tkubota
2021-08-13 20:24:36
2
(21√2) = 18(18 + x + y)

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:24:43
So 18(x + y + 18) = (21√2)
2
= 2 ⋅ 3
2 2
⋅ 7 .

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:25:00
What does this give us after simplifying it?

AndrewZhong2012
2021-08-13 20:25:46
x+y=31

shenpinyi
2021-08-13 20:25:46
x + y = 31

Sirahulania
2021-08-13 20:25:46
x+y =31

RyanL2019
2021-08-13 20:25:46
x+y=31

Wuwuspring
2021-08-13 20:25:46
x+y=31

Rinnypig
2021-08-13 20:25:46
x + y = 31.

GarudS
2021-08-13 20:25:46
x + y = 31

Suraahi
2021-08-13 20:25:46
x + y = 31

Vitah2008
2021-08-13 20:25:46
x + y = 31

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:25:50
Then x + y + 18 = 49, so x + y = 31.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:25:59
Now we need to find two numbers whose sum is 31 and whose product is 240. What are they?

shenpinyi
2021-08-13 20:26:49
15 and 16

Suraahi
2021-08-13 20:26:49
15, 16

MathNinja7
2021-08-13 20:26:49
15 and 16

Yashvini
2021-08-13 20:26:49
15,16

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40744 26/45
11/22/21, 9:10 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

hchhaya
2021-08-13 20:26:49
15, 16

AndrewZhong2012
2021-08-13 20:26:49
15 and 16

KindKitty
2021-08-13 20:26:49
15 and 16

Suraahi
2021-08-13 20:26:49
15 and 16

Wuwuspring
2021-08-13 20:26:49
16 and 15

CalvinGarces
2021-08-13 20:26:49
15 and 16?

joeshu60091
2021-08-13 20:26:49
16 and 15 work

Vitah2008
2021-08-13 20:26:49
15, 16

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:26:51
We can use either algebra or trial and error to find that the numbers are 16 and 15.

Sunshine2016
2021-08-13 20:26:54
what is a method to finding this

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:27:01
For example, xy = 240 and x + y = 31 , so multiplying the second equation by x gives

2
x + xy = 31x

and then substituting for xy gives

2
x − 31x + 240 = 0.

From here we can use the quadratic formula.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:27:13
How do we know which is OR?

pwr
2021-08-13 20:27:43
because the problem said OR>GO

Brendangho
2021-08-13 20:27:43
OR > GO

shenpinyi
2021-08-13 20:27:43
OR > OG as given in the question so OR = 16 and OG = 15

superhero2020
2021-08-13 20:27:43
the larger one

GarudS
2021-08-13 20:27:43
OR > GO so OR = 16

Vitah2008
2021-08-13 20:27:43
it says that OR > OG, so OR = 16

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:27:45
We are told that OR > GO, so OR = 16.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:27:49

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40744 27/45
11/22/21, 9:10 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
Let's try another problem.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:27:53
Let chord BD be the bisector of angle B in triangle ABC. The circumcircle of triangle BDC meets secant AB at E, while the
circumcircle of triangle ABD meets chord BC at F . Prove that AE = CF .

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:28:01

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:28:13
Any powerful theorem that comes to mind?

TThB0501
2021-08-13 20:28:46
Power of a Point!

RollOver2020
2021-08-13 20:28:46
power of point theorem

Teediv
2021-08-13 20:28:46
POWER OF A POINT

tkubota
2021-08-13 20:28:46
Power of a Point?

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:28:54
It might come as a bit of a shock to you that we want to use Power of a Point to approach this problem. But let's try it and see
where it takes us!

pwr
2021-08-13 20:29:07
try angle bisector theorem?

MathNinja7
2021-08-13 20:29:07
Anle bisector theorem

Wuwuspring
2021-08-13 20:29:07
angle bisector theorem

shenpinyi
2021-08-13 20:29:07
angle bisector theorem

Rinnypig
2021-08-13 20:29:07
Angle bisector theorem!

Suraahi
2021-08-13 20:29:07
Angle bisector theorem

MathNinja7
2021-08-13 20:29:07
https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40744 28/45
11/22/21, 9:10 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
Angle bisector theorem

Sarah010
2021-08-13 20:29:07
ABGLE BISECTOR THEOREM

Vitah2008
2021-08-13 20:29:07
angle bisector theorem

Sarah010
2021-08-13 20:29:07
angle bisector theorem

AndrewZhong2012
2021-08-13 20:29:07
Angle bisector theorem?

grayspider
2021-08-13 20:29:07
The Angle Bisector Theorem?

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:29:43
We will have this powerful theorem, the angle bisector theorem, in mind, too.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:29:52
Which point should we probably try taking the power of?

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:30:49
It seems you forgot our previous discussion.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:30:57
There doesn't seem to be any consensus about which point we should use. In fact, you have proposed using every single point in
the diagram!

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:31:09
We could just pick one point and try it, but let's think about what points would make the most sense to use. Is B a good choice?
Why or why not?

shenpinyi
2021-08-13 20:31:44
NO!!! it is on both circles

Suraahi
2021-08-13 20:31:44
No, it's on both circles.

Sarah010
2021-08-13 20:31:52
no since it is at the intersection of both the circles

grayspider
2021-08-13 20:31:52
It isn't a good choice because it is on both circles

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:31:53
No! The point B is on both of the circles, so the power of B for either circle will be 0 automatically and we won't learn anything! So
B is not a promising choice.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:32:20
Which other point is ruled out for the exact same reason?

JC0001
2021-08-13 20:32:38
point D

superhero2020
2021-08-13 20:32:38
D

shenpinyi
2021-08-13 20:32:38
point D

pwr
2021-08-13 20:32:38
point D

MathNinja7
2021-08-13 20:32:38

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40744 29/45
11/22/21, 9:10 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
D

tkubota
2021-08-13 20:32:38
D

Rinnypig
2021-08-13 20:32:38
D.

Wuwuspring
2021-08-13 20:32:38
point D

Suraahi
2021-08-13 20:32:38
D

AndrewZhong2012
2021-08-13 20:32:38
D

GarudS
2021-08-13 20:32:38
Point D

Brendangho
2021-08-13 20:32:38
point D

Sunshine2016
2021-08-13 20:32:38
D

grayspider
2021-08-13 20:32:38
Point D, for the same reason is ruled out

cwc28
2021-08-13 20:32:38
D

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:32:41
Similarly, D is not a good choice either because it is on both circles.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:32:59
What about F ?

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:33:56
Being on one circle only does not make it a bad choice.

shenpinyi
2021-08-13 20:34:02
it only has one line passing through it

tkubota
2021-08-13 20:34:02
No. It only the intersection between a chord and a circle

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:34:07
Well, F is on one circle, so there's no point using its power for that circle. It's not on the other circle, but we have only one line
through F in our diagram! To get an equation, we would need two different lines through F . We could draw a second line through
F , but it's not clear which line to draw.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:34:27
So let's not use F for now at least.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:34:33
Which other point is ruled out for the exact same reason?

JC0001
2021-08-13 20:34:48
point E

pwr
2021-08-13 20:34:48
E is ruled out for the same reason

Vitah2008
2021-08-13 20:34:48
E

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40744 30/45
11/22/21, 9:10 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Wuwuspring
2021-08-13 20:34:48
point E

tkubota
2021-08-13 20:34:48
E

iejake
2021-08-13 20:34:48
point E

Sunshine2016
2021-08-13 20:34:48
E

Rinnypig
2021-08-13 20:34:48
E.

MathNinja7
2021-08-13 20:34:48
E

Suraahi
2021-08-13 20:34:48
E

AndrewZhong2012
2021-08-13 20:34:48
E

GarudS
2021-08-13 20:34:48
Point E

Hridhaan
2021-08-13 20:34:48
E

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:34:54
We might come back to trying it later if we get stuck. For the same reason, let's not use E either.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:35:13
So? What are we left with?

RyanL2019
2021-08-13 20:35:44
A and C

Suraahi
2021-08-13 20:35:44
C or A

pwr
2021-08-13 20:35:44
A and C

tkubota
2021-08-13 20:35:44
A and C

Sarah010
2021-08-13 20:35:44
A and C

Vitah2008
2021-08-13 20:35:44
points C and A

shenpinyi
2021-08-13 20:35:44
points A and C

Rinnypig
2021-08-13 20:35:44
A and C .

TheIdentityProperty
2021-08-13 20:35:44
A and C

grayspider
2021-08-13 20:35:44
Points A and C

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40744 31/45
11/22/21, 9:10 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

GarudS
2021-08-13 20:35:47
Point A and Point C

superhero2020
2021-08-13 20:35:47
A and C

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:35:50
That leaves A and C as the points we might use. Both of them look promising, since we have two lines through each of them and
they are each on only one of the circles.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:36:08
Let's use the power of point A first. Which circle will we use and why? (upper or lower?)

pwr
2021-08-13 20:37:07
lower because it is on the upper circle

shenpinyi
2021-08-13 20:37:07
lower because point A is on the upper circle

TThB0501
2021-08-13 20:37:07
Lower, it has more point of intersections

AndrewZhong2012
2021-08-13 20:37:07
Lower, since A isn't on that circle.

Vitah2008
2021-08-13 20:37:07
lower because we can use the power of a point formula for a point outside the circle

tkubota
2021-08-13 20:37:07
lower circle because A is on the upper circle

Rinnypig
2021-08-13 20:37:07
Lower, because A is on the upper circle.

superhero2020
2021-08-13 20:37:07
lower because it's on the upper circle

Wuwuspring
2021-08-13 20:37:07
the lower circle since A is not on it

Suraahi
2021-08-13 20:37:07
The larger circle because point A is on the smaller circle making the power of point A 0, which is useless.

grayspider
2021-08-13 20:37:07
Lower because A is not on it

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:37:16
We'll use the circumcircle of BDC (the lower circle), since A has a power of 0 with respect to the circle it's on. What is the
equation we get?

Suraahi
2021-08-13 20:38:32
(AE)(AB)=(AD)(AC)

Suraahi
2021-08-13 20:38:32
(AE)(AB) = (AD)(AC)

grayspider
2021-08-13 20:38:32
AE ⋅ AB = AD ⋅ AC

shenpinyi
2021-08-13 20:38:32
(AE)(AB) = (AD)(AC)

pwr
2021-08-13 20:38:32
(AD)(AC) = (AE)(AB)

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40744 32/45
11/22/21, 9:10 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

tkubota
2021-08-13 20:38:32
(AE)(AB) = (AD)(AC)

Rinnypig
2021-08-13 20:38:32
AE ⋅ AB = AD ⋅ AC .

Brendangho
2021-08-13 20:38:32
AD ∗ AC = AE ∗ AB

AndrewZhong2012
2021-08-13 20:38:32
AE*AB=AD*AC

TheIdentityProperty
2021-08-13 20:38:32
(AD)(AC) = (AE)(AB)

GarudS
2021-08-13 20:38:32
AE ⋅ AB = AD ⋅ AC

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:38:44

AE ⋅ AB = AD ⋅ AC.

What other point might we have used?

Sarah010
2021-08-13 20:39:08
C

Suraahi
2021-08-13 20:39:08
C

AndrewZhong2012
2021-08-13 20:39:08
C

JC0001
2021-08-13 20:39:08
point C

GarudS
2021-08-13 20:39:08
Point C

tkubota
2021-08-13 20:39:08
C

Vitah2008
2021-08-13 20:39:08
C

Rinnypig
2021-08-13 20:39:08
C.

pwr
2021-08-13 20:39:08
point C

shenpinyi
2021-08-13 20:39:08
point C

grayspider
2021-08-13 20:39:08
Point C

Brendangho
2021-08-13 20:39:08
point C

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:39:12
Let's use point C. Which circle do we use?

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:39:20
(upper or lower?)

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40744 33/45
11/22/21, 9:10 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

JC0001
2021-08-13 20:39:34
upper circle

Vitah2008
2021-08-13 20:39:34
smaller, upper circle

Wuwuspring
2021-08-13 20:39:34
the upper circle

Brendangho
2021-08-13 20:39:34
the upper

Suraahi
2021-08-13 20:39:34
Upper

GarudS
2021-08-13 20:39:34
upper circle

RyanL2019
2021-08-13 20:39:34
Upper

Sunshine2016
2021-08-13 20:39:34
Upper

AndrewZhong2012
2021-08-13 20:39:34
Upper, since C isn't on that circle.

superhero2020
2021-08-13 20:39:34
upper

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:39:38
The circumcircle of ABD (the upper circle) will tell us about CF . What is the equation?

Suraahi
2021-08-13 20:40:17
(CD)(CA) = (CF )(CB)

TheIdentityProperty
2021-08-13 20:40:17
(CD)(CA) = (CF)(CB)

Vitah2008
2021-08-13 20:40:17
CF * CB = CD * CA

Sarah010
2021-08-13 20:40:17
CD*CA=CF*CB

grayspider
2021-08-13 20:40:17
CF ⋅ CB = CD ⋅ CA

shenpinyi
2021-08-13 20:40:17
(CF)(CB) = (CD)(CA)

JC0001
2021-08-13 20:40:17
CD*CA = CF*CB

Rinnypig
2021-08-13 20:40:17
CF ⋅ CB = CD ⋅ CA.

Wuwuspring
2021-08-13 20:40:17
CF*CB=CD*CA

AndrewZhong2012
2021-08-13 20:40:17
CF*CB=CD*CA

tkubota
2021-08-13 20:40:17
(CD)(CA) = (CF )(CB)

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40744 34/45
11/22/21, 9:10 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

GarudS
2021-08-13 20:40:17
CD ⋅ CA = CF ⋅ CB

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:40:20
We get

CD ⋅ CA = CF ⋅ CB.

Where should we go now?

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:40:43
What do we want to prove?

pwr
2021-08-13 20:41:03
that AE=CF

Sunshine2016
2021-08-13 20:41:03
AE = CF

shenpinyi
2021-08-13 20:41:03
AE = CF

Brendangho
2021-08-13 20:41:03
AE = CF

Sarah010
2021-08-13 20:41:03
that AE=CF

tkubota
2021-08-13 20:41:03
AE = CF

grayspider
2021-08-13 20:41:03
We want to prove that AE = CF

cwc28
2021-08-13 20:41:03
AE=CF

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:41:26
We want to prove that AE = CF , so what should we do with our two equations above?

shenpinyi
2021-08-13 20:41:50
we could isolate CF

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:42:11
In one of them, we isolate CF . In the other?

Brendangho
2021-08-13 20:42:30
isolate AE

shenpinyi
2021-08-13 20:42:30
we isolate AE

pwr
2021-08-13 20:42:30
isolate AE

GarudS
2021-08-13 20:42:30
Isolate AE

AndrewZhong2012
2021-08-13 20:42:30
Isolate AE

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:42:47
In the other, we isolate AE . That is, let's solve our equations for those.

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40744 35/45
11/22/21, 9:10 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
AD ⋅ AC
AE = ,
AB

CD ⋅ CA
CF = .
CB

Can we prove that the right hand sides of those two equations are equal?

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:43:09
If so, what's the first step?

Wuwuspring
2021-08-13 20:43:38
cancel out CA

ARay10
2021-08-13 20:43:38
AC are in both of them, so remove them from the equation.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:43:40
AD ⋅ AC CD ⋅ CA
We want to prove = .
AB CB

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:43:41
AD CD
Since AC = CA, we would like to show that = .
AB CB

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:43:44
Why is this true? (Hint: What information in the problem have we not used yet?)

Wuwuspring
2021-08-13 20:44:39
angle bisector theorem

tkubota
2021-08-13 20:44:39
The Angle Bisector Theorem!

Vitah2008
2021-08-13 20:44:39
this is true because of the angle bisector theorem

AndrewZhong2012
2021-08-13 20:44:39
Angle bisector theorem

GarudS
2021-08-13 20:44:39
We know that AB/AD = BC/ CD from angle bisector theorem

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:44:42
This is an application of the Angle Bisector Theorem, so we know that the equation is true and therefore that AE = CF and we
are done.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:44:47
To solve that problem, we reasoned backwards a little, and forwards a little. To make sure we really have a complete solution, we
should write a full proof, starting from what we know and ending at what we wanted to prove. Let's give that a whirl. We'll start with
the power of a point relationships.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:44:59
From the Power of Point A with respect to the large circle and the Power of Point C with respect to the small circle, we have

AE ⋅ AB = AD ⋅ AC,

CD ⋅ CA = CF ⋅ CB,

so

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40744 36/45
11/22/21, 9:10 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
AD ⋅ AC
AE = ,
AB

CD ⋅ CA
CF = .
CB

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:45:07
AD CD
The Angle Bisector Theorem gives us = , so
AB CB

AD ⋅ AC
AE =
AB

AD
= AC ⋅
AB

CD
= AC ⋅
CB

CA ⋅ CD
= = CF .
CB

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:45:15
Phew!

shenpinyi
2021-08-13 20:45:27
yay!

pwr
2021-08-13 20:45:27

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:45:29
Working backwards from the equation you want to prove like we did there is often a great strategy for solving problems, but you
should write your proofs forwards like this to be sure your logic is valid.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:45:50
Let's do one more challenging problem.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:45:52
A circle of radius r has chords AB of length 10 and CD of length 7. When chords AB and CD are extended through B and C,
respectively, they intersect at P , which is outside the circle. If ∠AP D = 60
∘
and BP = 8, then what is r2 ?

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:45:53

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:46:25
Any power theorem that comes to mind?

TThB0501
2021-08-13 20:46:53
power of a point lol

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40744 37/45
11/22/21, 9:10 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

pwr
2021-08-13 20:46:53
power of a point

AndrewZhong2012
2021-08-13 20:46:53
Power of a point!!!

Wuwuspring
2021-08-13 20:46:53
Power of a point

Suraahi
2021-08-13 20:46:53
Power of a point!

GarudS
2021-08-13 20:46:53
Power of a point again!!!

Rinnypig
2021-08-13 20:46:53
Power of a point.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:47:02
Power of a Point. What is the equation we can set up?

Vitah2008
2021-08-13 20:48:03
8*18 = PC * (PC + 7)

Sunshine2016
2021-08-13 20:48:03
8 * 18 = PC * (PC+7)

shenpinyi
2021-08-13 20:48:03
8(8 + 10) = PC(PC + 7)

Brendangho
2021-08-13 20:48:03
(P C)(P C + 7) = (8)(18)

tkubota
2021-08-13 20:48:03
(18)(8) = (P C)(P C + 7)

Wuwuspring
2021-08-13 20:48:03
PC*(PC+7)=144

MathNinja7
2021-08-13 20:48:03
8*18=7*(CP+7)

Rinnypig
2021-08-13 20:48:03
8 ⋅ 18 = P C ⋅ (P C + 7).

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:48:11
P B ⋅ P A = P C ⋅ P D, so P C(P C + 7) = 8 ⋅ 18 = 144.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:48:18
Let's call x = P C, so our equation is

x(x + 7) = 144.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:48:28
Let's solve for x to find the missing length.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:48:34
Simplifying, we get x2 + 7x − 144 = 0.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:48:38
How does this factor?

Sarah010
2021-08-13 20:49:27
(x+16)(x-9)=0

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40744 38/45
11/22/21, 9:10 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

shenpinyi
2021-08-13 20:49:27
(x - 9)(x + 16) = 0

apple.xy
2021-08-13 20:49:27
(x-9)(x+16)=0

RyanL2019
2021-08-13 20:49:27
(x+16)(x-9)=0

AndrewZhong2012
2021-08-13 20:49:27
(x+16)(x-9)=0

Brendangho
2021-08-13 20:49:27
(x-9)(x+16)=0

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:49:30

(x + 16)(x − 9) = 0.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:49:31
What is x?

GarudS
2021-08-13 20:49:58
x=9

Vitah2008
2021-08-13 20:49:58
x=9

Suraahi
2021-08-13 20:49:58
x=9

Sarah010
2021-08-13 20:49:58
x=9.

shenpinyi
2021-08-13 20:49:58
x=9

Suraahi
2021-08-13 20:49:58
x = 9

dan09
2021-08-13 20:49:58
9, because it must be positive

MathNinja7
2021-08-13 20:49:58
x=9

tkubota
2021-08-13 20:49:58
x = 9

grayspider
2021-08-13 20:49:58
x = 9

RollOver2020
2021-08-13 20:49:58
9 because it can't be negative

TheIdentityProperty
2021-08-13 20:50:01
x = 9 (there cant be negative lengths)

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:50:04
x = PC = 9 because it can't be −16. Now what?

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:50:22
Let's update our diagram with what we've found.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:50:24

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40744 39/45
11/22/21, 9:10 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:50:28
Hmmm, we've found all the lengths in our diagram. But we need to somehow find the radius of our circle.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:50:36
The one piece of information we haven't used yet is the 60 angle. What do we think of anytime we see an angle of 60 degrees?
∘

pwr
2021-08-13 20:50:58
30-60-90 triangle

TThB0501
2021-08-13 20:50:58
30-60-90 triangles

RollOver2020
2021-08-13 20:50:58
30-60-90 triangles

cwc28
2021-08-13 20:50:58
30-60-90 triangles

Vitah2008
2021-08-13 20:50:58
30-60-90 triangles and equilateral triangles

Wuwuspring
2021-08-13 20:50:58
30-60-90 triangles

MathNinja7
2021-08-13 20:50:58
30-60-90 triangles

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:51:05
Maybe there will be a 30 – 60 – 90 triangle somewhere. What do you think?

Sarah010
2021-08-13 20:51:59
by connecting AC

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:52:06
Might as well connect A and C to see what we have.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:52:08

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40744 40/45
11/22/21, 9:10 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Brendangho
2021-08-13 20:52:17
triangle AP C is a 30-60-90 triangle

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:52:35
Why?

Brendangho
2021-08-13 20:52:44
triangle AP C is a 30-60-90 triangle, from SAS similarity.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:52:52
AP
We have = 2, and ∠AP C = 60 .
∘
If we had a 30 – 60 – 90 triangle XY Z, with hypotenuse XZ and leg Y Z such that
CP
XZ
we would have as well. In other words, our triangle ACP is similar to triangle XY Z by SAS Similarity, which
∘
∠Z = 60 , = 2
YZ

means that △ACP is 30 – 60 – 90 as well. What does this tell us about AC?

dan09
2021-08-13 20:53:22
AC = 9√3

MathNinja7
2021-08-13 20:53:22
AC=9sqrt3

Sirahulania
2021-08-13 20:53:22
AC is 9sqrt{3}

pwr
2021-08-13 20:53:22
its length is 9*sqrt(3)

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:53:24
AC = 9√3 from the 30 – 60 – 90 triangle.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:53:27
Now comes the real question: how can we possibly find anything about the radius?

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:53:35
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
We've already established that AC is perpendicular to P D, so what does this suggest?

shenpinyi
2021-08-13 20:53:59
angle ACD

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:54:03
What about it?

Suraahi
2021-08-13 20:54:24
it's 90º

shenpinyi
2021-08-13 20:54:24
angle ACD is right

Sarah010
2021-08-13 20:54:24
is a right angle

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40744 41/45
11/22/21, 9:10 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

RollOver2020
2021-08-13 20:54:24
It is 90 degrees

Suraahi
2021-08-13 20:54:24
<ACD = 90º making it a right angle

AndrewZhong2012
2021-08-13 20:54:24
It is right.

RollOver2020
2021-08-13 20:54:31
Angle ACD is a right angle

Sarah010
2021-08-13 20:54:31
angle ACD is a right angle

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:54:35
Because ∠ACD = 90 , it is inscribed in a semicircle (this is very, very important: you will solve many, many problems with this
∘

observation). How can we account for this in our diagram?

pwr
2021-08-13 20:54:42
AD is a diameter

shenpinyi
2021-08-13 20:54:42
AD is a diameter

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:54:46
¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
We can connect AD and know that it is a diameter of the circle. Now we are ready to finish the problem.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:54:48

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:55:00
What does right triangle ACD tell us?

Sirahulania
2021-08-13 20:56:07
AC ^2 +CD^2 = AD ^2

pwr
2021-08-13 20:56:07
we can use pythagorean theorem to find AD

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:56:28
By the Pythagorean theorem, AD2 = AC
2
+ CD .
2
What does this give us?

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:57:04
Keep the eye on the ball. We just need to find r2 .

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:57:15
How are AD and r related?

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40744 42/45
11/22/21, 9:10 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

MathNinja7
2021-08-13 20:57:38
AD^2=292

Suraahi
2021-08-13 20:57:38
AD = 2r

Sirahulania
2021-08-13 20:57:38
AD= 2r

TThB0501
2021-08-13 20:57:38
AD=2r

Rinnypig
2021-08-13 20:57:38
AD = 2r.

Suraahi
2021-08-13 20:57:38
AD = 2r

RollOver2020
2021-08-13 20:57:38
AD = 2r

tkubota
2021-08-13 20:57:38
AD = 2r

Wuwuspring
2021-08-13 20:57:38
AD=2r

AndrewZhong2012
2021-08-13 20:57:38
AD=2r

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:57:46
We have AD = 2r.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:58:03
So, what does the above equation resulting from the Pythagorean theorem give us?

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:58:40
(you like square roots, but we do not need them at all here)

GarudS
2021-08-13 20:58:56
2
r = 73

pwr
2021-08-13 20:58:56
r^2=73

Brendangho
2021-08-13 20:58:56
2
r = 73

Vitah2008
2021-08-13 20:58:56
r^2 = 73

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:59:04
We have

2 2 2
(2r) = (9√3) + 7 ,

where r is the radius of the circle.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:59:08
Then 4r2 Hence, r2
292
= 292. = = 73.
4

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:59:12
Done!

Sirahulania
2021-08-13 20:59:27

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40744 43/45
11/22/21, 9:10 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
yay!

Vitah2008
2021-08-13 20:59:27
yay!

grayspider
2021-08-13 20:59:27
Yay!

shenpinyi
2021-08-13 20:59:27
yay!

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:59:31
SUMMARY

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:59:33
Today, we introduced the Power of a Point Theorem:

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:59:34
Suppose we have a point P and a circle, and we draw a line through P that hits the circle at points A and B. The product
P A ⋅ P B is called the power of point P . The Power of a Point Theorem tells us that this product is constant. In other words, if we

have a point P and a given circle, then no matter what line we draw that hits the circle at two points A and B, the product
P A ⋅ P B will always be the same.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:59:48
For a point inside the circle we have:

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:59:49

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:59:50

AX ⋅ XB = CX ⋅ XD.

For a point outside the circle, we have:

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:59:53

Achilleas
2021-08-13 20:59:58

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40744 44/45
11/22/21, 9:10 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
2
PA = P B ⋅ P C = P D ⋅ P E.

Achilleas
2021-08-13 21:00:02
Next class, we'll be leaving this plane behind and moving into the third dimension!

Achilleas
2021-08-13 21:00:25
Thank you all! Have a wonderful weekend and see you next time.

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https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40744 45/45