10/12/21, 8:39 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Introduction to Geometry (2689)

Achilleas Sinefakopoulos

Friday
Apr 30, 2021 - Oct 8, 2021
7:30 - 9:00 PM ET (4:30 - 6:00 PM PT)

Overview
Week 14 (Jul 30) Class Transcript - Circles and Angles
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Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:29:18
Hi, everyone!

dan09
2021-07-30 19:29:38
Hello!

CalvinGarces
2021-07-30 19:29:38
hello!

Sarah010
2021-07-30 19:29:38
hi

Wuwuspring
2021-07-30 19:29:38
hi

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-30 19:29:38
hi

Brendangho
2021-07-30 19:29:38
hi

Vitah2008
2021-07-30 19:29:38
hi!

Sirahulania
2021-07-30 19:29:38
Hello!

MathNinja7
2021-07-30 19:29:38
Hi!

TheIdentityProperty
2021-07-30 19:29:38
hello

grayspider
2021-07-30 19:29:38
Hi Achilleas!

hchhaya
2021-07-30 19:29:38
HI

Rinnypig
2021-07-30 19:29:38
Hello!

Mathqueen20
2021-07-30 19:29:38
hi

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:29:40
Last class, we started learning about circles. Let's quickly review.

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10/12/21, 8:39 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:29:48
We started by defining a bunch of terms: radius, diameter, circumference, chord, arc (major or minor), sector, and (circular)
segment.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:29:58
We reviewed the formulas C = 2πr and A 2
= πr .

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:30:06
Then we learned how to find the areas of some funky shapes involving circles. This often involved splitting it up into areas we
could find, and sometimes overestimating, then subtracting out overlaps.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:30:17
Today, we'll look at how circles interact with angles.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:30:21
Introduction to Geometry

Week 14: Circles and Angles

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:30:25
We've already discussed how an angle formed by two radii of a circle defines the measure of the arc of the circle cut off by the
angle. Today, we will be discussing relationships between other types of angles and the arcs cut off by these angles.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:30:32
We start our discussion with an inscribed angle.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:30:34

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:30:41
We call ∠BAC an inscribed angle because its vertex is on the circle, and B and C are points on the circle. Arc BC then is the
intercepted arc of the angle. We'd like to investigate the relationship between the measure of ∠BAC and the measure (in angular
units, not the length!) of arc BC.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:30:57
How is the measure of arc BC defined again?

Vitah2008
2021-07-30 19:31:47
by the two radii extending from B and C to the center

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:31:50
How?

Hridhaan
2021-07-30 19:32:27
the angle BOC if O is the center of the circle

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:32:32
The measure of arc BC is the measure of ∠BDC, where D is the center of the circle. We know a lot more about angle measures
than arcs, so we draw this angle.

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10/12/21, 8:39 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:32:38

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:32:53
Let's see if we can relate ∠BDC to ∠BAC . How should we start figuring this out?

pwr
2021-07-30 19:33:17
draw DA

Sirahulania
2021-07-30 19:33:17
draw DA to make triangles

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:33:19
We can draw in segment AD; why might this help?

apple.xy
2021-07-30 19:33:50
connect A to D to get 2 isosceles triangles

Sirahulania
2021-07-30 19:33:50
you get two isosceles triangles which you can use to get angles

Sarah010
2021-07-30 19:33:50
it creates two isosceles triangles

pwr
2021-07-30 19:33:50
because we can make isosceles triangles

Vitah2008
2021-07-30 19:33:50
AD is a radius and it will make isosceles triangles

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:33:57
Segment AD gives us some isosceles triangles (ADB and ADC ). We label the equal angles with x and y as shown.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:34:02

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10/12/21, 8:39 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:34:06
What do we do now? Notice that we have an expression now that says ∠BAC = x + y and we need to get an expression for
∠BDC which will tell us the measure of arc BC.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:34:18
Let's determine the measure of the missing angles in the triangles; what are they?

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:34:38
(which is which?)

pwr
2021-07-30 19:35:44
<CDA= 180-2y and <BDA=180-2x

Wuwuspring
2021-07-30 19:35:44
<BDA = 180-2x, <CDA = 180-2y

MathNinja7
2021-07-30 19:35:44
angle BDA=180-2x, angle CDA=180-2y

dan09
2021-07-30 19:35:44
∠BDA = 180 − 2x, ∠CDA = 180 − 2y

Vitah2008
2021-07-30 19:35:44
angle BDA = 180-2x and angle CDA = 180-2y

apple.xy
2021-07-30 19:35:44
<BDA = 180º - 2x, <CDA = 180˚ - 2y

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-30 19:35:44
<BDA=180-2x, <ADC=180-2y

cwc28
2021-07-30 19:35:44
<BDA=180-2x and <CDA=180-2y

Rinnypig
2021-07-30 19:35:44
∠BDA = 180 − 2x, and ∠CDA .
∘ ∘
= 180 − 2y

Sarah010
2021-07-30 19:35:44
<BDA=180-2x and <CDA=180-2y

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:35:52
From the isosceles triangles, we have ∠BDA and ∠CDA What does this tell us about ∠BDC?
∘ ∘
= 180 − 2x = 180 − 2y.

Sirahulania
2021-07-30 19:36:38
angle BDC= 2x+2y

shenpinyi
2021-07-30 19:36:38
angle BDC = 2x + 2y

Vitah2008
2021-07-30 19:36:38
angle BDC = 2x +２ｙ
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10/12/21, 8:39 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Brendangho
2021-07-30 19:36:38
<BDC = 2x + 2y

pwr
2021-07-30 19:36:38
<BDC=2x+2y

dan09
2021-07-30 19:36:38
∠BDC = 2x + 2y

Sarah010
2021-07-30 19:36:38
<BDC=2x+2y

iejake
2021-07-30 19:36:38
angle BDC is 2x+2y

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:36:40
Because the angles around D add to 360 , ∠BDC is 360 minus the measures of the other two angles. So
∘ ∘

∘ ∘ ∘
∠BDC = 360 − (180 − 2x) − (180 − 2y)
∘ ∘ ∘
= 360 − 180 + 2x − 180 + 2y

= 2x + 2y.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:36:50
What does this tell us about the relationship between ∠A and the measure of arc BC?

Sirahulania
2021-07-30 19:37:39
the measure of arc BC is twice the measure of angle A

apple.xy
2021-07-30 19:37:39
the measure of arc BC is twice <A

pwr
2021-07-30 19:37:39
the measure of <A is half the measure of arc BC

Wuwuspring
2021-07-30 19:37:39
the measure of arc BC is 2 times the measure of <A

Teediv
2021-07-30 19:37:51
angle A is always going to be half arc BC

tkubota
2021-07-30 19:37:51
the measure arc BC is 2 times ∠A

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:37:52
We have ∠BAC = x + y and arc BC = ∠BDC = 2x + 2y, so in general, the measure of an inscribed angle is half the
measure of its intercepted arc.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:38:05
There's some important general strategy in our attack on this problem: we put in some variables for some angle measures and
solved for other angles in terms of those variables. You will do this a lot in geometry -- don't get stuck just staring.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:38:16
Beware that the proof we just gave doesn't work for all possible inscribed angles, since our diagram assumed that D is inside
∠BAC . To have a complete proof, we have to deal with cases in which the center of the circle D is outside ∠BAC and in which

D is on one of the sides of ∠BAC. You can work through those cases on your own.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:38:34
Now let's use this to solve some problems.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:38:36

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Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:38:42
Find the value of x if 3x and 4x are the measures of arcs AC and AB.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:38:55
What can we get from the fact we just proved?

shenpinyi
2021-07-30 19:39:30
arc BC = 2x

Brendangho
2021-07-30 19:39:30
arc BC is 2x

pwr
2021-07-30 19:39:30
arc BC is 2x

apple.xy
2021-07-30 19:39:30
measure of arc BC = 2<A = 2x

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:39:33
Because the inscribed angle has measure x, arc BC has measure 2x. What do we do now?

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:39:54
(use degrees)

dan09
2021-07-30 19:40:33
∘
2x + 4x + 3x = 360

Sarah010
2021-07-30 19:40:33
2x+3x+4x=360 degrees

shenpinyi
2021-07-30 19:40:33
2x + 3x + 4x = 360 degrees

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-30 19:40:33
2x+3x+4x=360 degrees

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:40:39
The three arcs together must add to 360 degrees: 4x + 3x + 2x
∘
= 360 .

pwr
2021-07-30 19:40:55
9x=360 degrees so x is 40 degrees

Wuwuspring
2021-07-30 19:40:55
x=40 degrees

Suraahi
2021-07-30 19:40:55
x = 40º

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:40:57
Thus, 9x = 360∘ , so x = 40∘ .

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:41:07

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10/12/21, 8:39 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
That was pretty simple; let's see a more complicated diagram.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:41:12
In the following diagram, find the value of y. All variables refer to the measure of either angles or arcs as indicated in the diagram:

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:41:15

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:41:23
In this diagram, the variable expressions on the outside are arc measures in degrees. The ones on the angles inside the circle are
measures of the angles they are inside.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:41:33
Before we start expressing angles or arcs in terms of x or y, let's clarify something about C.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:41:36
Is C the center of the circle?

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:41:40
If so, explain why. If not, justify your claim.

dan09
2021-07-30 19:43:55
If C is the center of the circle, then ∠ACB = the arc AB, and 3x is not 4x unless x = 0 , in which case the problem just doesn't
make sense.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:43:58
We note that ∠ACB = ∠DCE = 3x (vertical angles), while the measure of the (minor) arc AB is 4x. Obviously, 4x ≠ 3x (for
any x ≠ 0), and so ∠ACB is not equal to the measure of the arc AB. Hence C is not the center of the circle.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:44:13
But why do we care about whether C is the center of the circle or not, anyway?

Suraahi
2021-07-30 19:44:44
Because if it was, then 3x would be the measure of arc DE

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:44:46
If C was the center, then we would conclude that the measure of the (minor) arc DE would be equal to ∠DCE, and so, we could
express x in terms of y.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:44:53
But C is not the center! Therefore we don't know yet how 3x and y are related.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:45:00
Now, what angles or arcs can we write in terms of x or y that we don't already have?

pwr
2021-07-30 19:46:05
arc AD

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Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:46:07
Okay, how about arc AD?

shenpinyi
2021-07-30 19:46:35
arc AD = 2x

Sunshine2016
2021-07-30 19:46:35
arc AD = 2x

Rinnypig
2021-07-30 19:46:35
Arc AD = 2x.

dan09
2021-07-30 19:46:35
Arc AD equals 2x

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-30 19:46:35
Arc AD has measure 2x

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:46:38
Since x arc AD is 2x.
1
= ∠ABD = (arc AD),
2

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:46:43
How about ∠BAE?

dan09
2021-07-30 19:47:20
x
∠BAE =
2

shenpinyi
2021-07-30 19:47:20
angle BAE = x/2

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:47:23
1 x
In the other direction, ∠BAE =
2
(arc BE) =
2
.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:47:33

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:47:50
We can solve for x now; what is it?

pwr
2021-07-30 19:49:01
x is 40 degrees

cwc28
2021-07-30 19:49:01
40 degrees

dan09
2021-07-30 19:49:01

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10/12/21, 8:39 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
∘
x = 40

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-30 19:49:01
x=40 degrees

GarudS
2021-07-30 19:49:01
∘
40

Vitah2008
2021-07-30 19:49:01
x = 40 degrees

Suraahi
2021-07-30 19:49:01
x + x/2 + 3x = 180º, therefore, x = 360º/9 = 40º

Wuwuspring
2021-07-30 19:49:01
x=40 degrees

iejake
2021-07-30 19:49:01
40 degrees

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:49:05
From triangle ABC,

x 9x
∘
180 = + 3x + x = ,
2 2

which tells us that x

∘
= 40 .

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:49:18
Now, is there anything we can use to help us find y?

Brendangho
2021-07-30 19:50:20
the arcs add up to 360 degrees

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:50:22
We can use the fact that the sum of the arcs of the circle is 360∘ .

pwr
2021-07-30 19:50:40
yes 7x+y=360 degrees

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:51:02
We have found x. So, what do we get after solving for y?

cwc28
2021-07-30 19:51:21
y=80 degrees

Vitah2008
2021-07-30 19:51:21
y = 80 degrees

MathNinja7
2021-07-30 19:51:21
So y=80 degrees

Teediv
2021-07-30 19:51:21
y = 80 degrees

superhero2020
2021-07-30 19:51:21
∘
y = 80

hchhaya
2021-07-30 19:51:21
y = 80 degrees

shenpinyi
2021-07-30 19:51:21
y = 80 degrees

Sarah010
2021-07-30 19:51:21
y=80 degrees

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Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:51:25
We have

∘
360 = arc BE + arc AB + arc AD + arc DE

= x + 4x + 2x + y

= 7x + y
∘
= 280 + y,

so y
∘
= 80 .

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:51:53
Points B and C are endpoints of a diameter of circle O. Point A is selected somewhere on the circle and ∠BAC is constructed.
What is the measure of ∠BAC?

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:52:03

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:52:11
The angle is half the intercepted arc; how big is the arc intercepted by ∠A?

pwr
2021-07-30 19:52:54
180 degrees

dan09
2021-07-30 19:52:54
∘
180

shenpinyi
2021-07-30 19:52:54
180 degrees

apple.xy
2021-07-30 19:52:54
180º

Suraahi
2021-07-30 19:52:54
180º

Sarah010
2021-07-30 19:52:54
180 degrees

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-30 19:52:54
The intercepted arc has measure 180 degrees.

CalvinGarces
2021-07-30 19:52:54
180 degrees

Vitah2008
2021-07-30 19:52:54

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10/12/21, 8:39 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
180 degrees

Rinnypig
2021-07-30 19:52:54
180 .
∘

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:52:57
The arc intercepted by ∠A has measure 180 degrees, so ∠A has measure 90 degrees. Notice this did not depend on where A
was located; any of the following angles of the form BAC will measure 90 degrees:

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:52:59

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:53:10
This is important! Any time you see an angle inscribed in a semicircle like these are, you know the angle is a right angle. As we'll
see again and again, right angles are very much our friends, so we're happy whenever we find one.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:53:26
What about a converse to this? Can I inscribe every right triangle in a circle in such a way that the hypotenuse becomes a
diameter?

JC0001
2021-07-30 19:53:58
Yes

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-30 19:53:58
Yes.

Wuwuspring
2021-07-30 19:53:58
yes

Sarah010
2021-07-30 19:53:58
yes

apple.xy
2021-07-30 19:53:58
yes- draw it's circumcircle?

dan09
2021-07-30 19:53:58
Yes

pwr
2021-07-30 19:53:58
yes

Suraahi
2021-07-30 19:53:58
Yes, because the circle is the circumcircle of the right triangle!

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:54:00
Yep! This follows from the old fact that the median to the hypotenuse is half the length of the hypotenuse-in other words, that all
three vertices of a right triangle are the same distance from the midpoint of its hypotenuse. So, we can just use the circumcircle of
the right triangle to see this is true.

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Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:54:11
Let's try something a little different.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:54:14
What is the measure of ∠A in the following diagram? Notice that the vertex is now outside the circle. The numbers in the diagram
refer to arc measures.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:54:16

pwr
2021-07-30 19:54:59
35 degrees

CalvinGarces
2021-07-30 19:54:59
35 degrees

Brendangho
2021-07-30 19:54:59
35 degrees

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:55:04
What are the only tools we know so far regarding the relation between arcs and angles?

Brendangho
2021-07-30 19:55:22
inscribed angles

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:55:24
Can we make any use of the inscribed angle principle? If so, how?

Rinnypig
2021-07-30 19:55:44
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
Draw BE and CD.

shenpinyi
2021-07-30 19:55:44
draw CD

Brendangho
2021-07-30 19:55:44
Draw DC and BE

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-30 19:55:44
Draw DC?

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:55:47
Let's draw an extra line. We will devote some time later in the course to drawing extra lines in diagrams, and it is often quite
helpful. Since we know something about inscribed angles, we choose a segment that creates inscribed angles.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:55:54
¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
We could draw either CD or BE since both would work fine. We have to make a choice anyway, so let's draw CD.
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Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:56:00

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:56:07
What inscribed angles can we determine the measure of?

pwr
2021-07-30 19:57:01
angle C

hchhaya
2021-07-30 19:57:01
angle BDC?

MathNinja7
2021-07-30 19:57:01
angle C

CalvinGarces
2021-07-30 19:57:01
angles BDC and DCE

Brendangho
2021-07-30 19:57:01
∠BDC and ∠DCE

Sirahulania
2021-07-30 19:57:01
angle BDC

Suraahi
2021-07-30 19:57:01
<DCE

Sunshine2016
2021-07-30 19:57:01
<BDC?

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:57:07
Okay, how about ∠BDC?

Vitah2008
2021-07-30 19:57:58
angle BDC = 50 degrees

Sarah010
2021-07-30 19:57:58
<BDC=50 degrees

dan09
2021-07-30 19:57:58
∘
∠BDC = 50

Brendangho
2021-07-30 19:57:58
∘
∠BDC = 50

Wuwuspring
2021-07-30 19:57:58

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<BDC=50 degrees

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-30 19:57:58
<BDC=50 degrees

shenpinyi
2021-07-30 19:57:58
angle BDC = 50 degrees

Rinnypig
2021-07-30 19:57:58
∠BDC = 50 .
∘

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:58:02
The arc intercepted by ∠BDC has measure 100 degrees, so ∠BDC
∘
= 50 .

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:58:07
And how about ∠DCE ?

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-30 19:58:36
<DCE=15 degrees

Brendangho
2021-07-30 19:58:36
∘
∠DCE = 15

Rinnypig
2021-07-30 19:58:36
∠DCE = 15 .
∘

Suraahi
2021-07-30 19:58:36
< DCE = 15 º
Sunshine2016
2021-07-30 19:58:36
<DCE = 15º

shenpinyi
2021-07-30 19:58:36
angle DCE = 15 degrees

dan09
2021-07-30 19:58:36
∘
∠DCE = 15

Sirahulania
2021-07-30 19:58:36
angle DCE= 15 degrees

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:58:39
The arc intercepted by ∠DCE has measure 30 degrees, so ∠DCE
∘
= 15 .

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:58:50
So ∠BDC = 50∘ , and ∠DCE by the inscribed angle principle we learned earlier today.
∘
= 15

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:58:53

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40742 14/48
10/12/21, 8:39 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:58:58
Can we find ∠A?

dan09
2021-07-30 19:59:10
Yes!

Sirahulania
2021-07-30 19:59:10
yes

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:59:13
How?

pwr
2021-07-30 19:59:52
use sum of angles of a traingle

Achilleas
2021-07-30 19:59:56
Using the sum of the angles of △ADC is fine, but as we progress in this course, it's helpful to see how we can shorten our
arguments when possible.

shenpinyi
2021-07-30 20:00:10
triangle ACD

Brendangho
2021-07-30 20:00:10
using triangle DAC

Sirahulania
2021-07-30 20:00:10
use triangle ADC

apple.xy
2021-07-30 20:00:10
use triangle ACD

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:00:13
How is ∠BDC related to △ADC?

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-30 20:00:56
It is an exterior angle of triangle ADC.

Sirahulania
2021-07-30 20:00:56
it is an exterior angle of triangle ADC

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:01:00
That's right! It's an exterior angle. So, how can we express ∠BDC?

CalvinGarces
2021-07-30 20:01:30
angle DCE + angle DAE = angle BDC

apple.xy
2021-07-30 20:01:30

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40742 15/48
10/12/21, 8:39 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
<BDC = <DCE + <DAC

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:01:33
Remember that ∠BDC = ∠C + ∠A, since ∠BDC is an exterior angle of triangle ADC.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:01:39
Now, what's ∠A?

dan09
2021-07-30 20:02:09
∘
35

Suraahi
2021-07-30 20:02:09
35º

pwr
2021-07-30 20:02:09
35 degrees

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-30 20:02:09
35 degrees

MathNinja7
2021-07-30 20:02:09
35 degrees

shenpinyi
2021-07-30 20:02:09
angle A = 35 degrees

Sunshine2016
2021-07-30 20:02:09
35º

CalvinGarces
2021-07-30 20:02:09
35 degrees

Vitah2008
2021-07-30 20:02:09
angle A = 35 degrees

Sarah010
2021-07-30 20:02:09
<A=35 degrees

iejake
2021-07-30 20:02:09
35 degrees

Wuwuspring
2021-07-30 20:02:09
<A=35 degrees

apple.xy
2021-07-30 20:02:09
50º-15º=35º

Rinnypig
2021-07-30 20:02:09
∠A = 35 .
∘

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:02:12
We have
∘ ∘ ∘
∠A = ∠BDC − ∠C = 50 − 15 = 35 .

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:02:44
A common pathway to proofs is to do an example with some particular numbers like we just did, and then prove a general result by
using unknowns to represent the inputs. In other words, we can find and prove a general formula for ∠A by replacing the 100 and
30 with x and y.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:02:56
First, we fill in the inscribed angles as before:

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:03:02

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40742 16/48
10/12/21, 8:39 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
Let's find a general relationship between angle BAC and the arcs BC and DE. For example, we want to find angle A in terms of
x and y given that arc BC has measure x and arc DE has measure y. First we fill in the inscribed angles we know:

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:03:11

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:03:22
Notice that this is the same diagram as before, with variables in place of the numbers.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:03:32
This is how I do a lot of proofs - use numbers first, then see if it generalizes.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:03:36
How can we find ∠A in terms of x and y?

pwr
2021-07-30 20:03:49
same as last time

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:03:51
Hint: Use the exterior angle theorem again.

apple.xy
2021-07-30 20:04:41
<A = x/2 - y/2

Suraahi
2021-07-30 20:04:41
<A = x/2 - y/2

dan09
2021-07-30 20:04:41
x−y
∠A =
2

Vitah2008
2021-07-30 20:04:41
angle A = x/2 - y2

iejake
2021-07-30 20:04:41
angle A=x/2-y/2

Sirahulania
2021-07-30 20:04:41
so angle A= x/2-y/2

shenpinyi
2021-07-30 20:04:41
angle A = (x - y)/2

Wuwuspring
2021-07-30 20:04:45
<A=x/2-y/2

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:04:49

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40742 17/48
10/12/21, 8:39 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
We know that

x y
= + ∠A,
2 2

since ∠BDC is an exterior angle of triangle ADC.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:04:56
Solving for ∠A, we find that ∠A
1
= (x − y).
2

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:05:07
So in general, when an angle outside the circle cuts off two arcs, the measure of the angle is half the difference of the arcs.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:05:19
So, we've dealt with problems in which the vertex of the angle is on the circle, and outside the circle. What's left?

hchhaya
2021-07-30 20:06:03
vertex is in the circle

pwr
2021-07-30 20:06:03
inside the circle

Suraahi
2021-07-30 20:06:03
In the circle

dan09
2021-07-30 20:06:03
When the vertex of the angle is on the inside of the circle!

shenpinyi
2021-07-30 20:06:03
angles inside the circle!

Sunshine2016
2021-07-30 20:06:03
IN the circle

KindKitty
2021-07-30 20:06:03
inside the circle

Sirahulania
2021-07-30 20:06:03
inside the circle?

iejake
2021-07-30 20:06:03
in the circle

superhero2020
2021-07-30 20:06:03
when the vertex is inside teh circle

Rinnypig
2021-07-30 20:06:03
Inside the circle.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:06:10
Inside the circle:

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:06:13

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40742 18/48
10/12/21, 8:39 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:06:24
We want to find z in terms of x and y. What should we do first here?

Hridhaan
2021-07-30 20:06:52
Draw BC

Suraahi
2021-07-30 20:06:52
Draw BC and ED

dan09
2021-07-30 20:06:52
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
Draw in BC and ED

Sirahulania
2021-07-30 20:06:52
connect BC?

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:06:55
Again, let's add an extra line since we know some things about inscribed angles.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:06:56

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:07:02
Note that we could have also drawn DE. Drawing BE or CD probably wouldn't help, though, since they don't produce angles
subtending the arcs with measures x and y.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:07:14
(An angle subtending the arc here is a common synonym for intercepting the arc.)

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:07:25
Now, what angles can we label?

Vitah2008
2021-07-30 20:07:49
angles CBD and BCE

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:07:53
How about them?

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:08:45
(use the proper notation for angles)

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40742 19/48
10/12/21, 8:39 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Sirahulania
2021-07-30 20:09:12
so angle ABC= y/2, angle BCE= x/2

dan09
2021-07-30 20:09:12
x y
∠BCE = , and ∠CBD =
2 2

Brendangho
2021-07-30 20:09:12
∠CBD = y/2, ∠BCE = x/2

Sirahulania
2021-07-30 20:09:12
angle CBD =y/2 and angle BCE= x/2

apple.xy
2021-07-30 20:09:12
<CBD=y/2, <BCE = x/2

shenpinyi
2021-07-30 20:09:12
angle CBD = y/2, angle BCE = x/2

Rinnypig
2021-07-30 20:09:12
y x
∠CBA = , and ∠BCE = .
2 2

cwc28
2021-07-30 20:09:12
<BCE=x/2 and <CBD=y/2

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-30 20:09:12
<CBD=y/2 and <BCE=x/2

MathNinja7
2021-07-30 20:09:12
<CBD=y/2, BCD=x/2

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:09:31
y x
We know that ∠B = and ∠C = because these angles are inscribed in arcs CD and BE, respectively. Where do we go from
2 2

here?

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:09:34

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-30 20:10:14
Exterior angle theoem??

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:10:22
Yup!

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:10:49
(no, we do not need to find ∠BAC first)

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:10:52
What can we say now about ∠CAD?

shenpinyi
2021-07-30 20:11:24
angle CAD = (x + y)/2

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40742 20/48
10/12/21, 8:39 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Sarah010
2021-07-30 20:11:24
<CAD=x/2+y/2

TheIdentityProperty
2021-07-30 20:11:24
<CAD = y/2 + x/2

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-30 20:11:24
<CAD=x+y/2

MathNinja7
2021-07-30 20:11:24
<CAD= y/2+x/2

Sunshine2016
2021-07-30 20:11:24
<CAD = (x+y)/2

Rinnypig
2021-07-30 20:11:24
x+y
∠CAD = .
2

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:11:31
We're done after recognizing that ∠CAD = ∠B + ∠C (there's that exterior angle again). This gives us

x y 1
z = + = (x + y).
2 2 2

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:11:42
So, any time we have an angle formed by lines inside a circle, the angle has a measure equal to the average of the arcs it
intercepts. (That is, it's half the sum of the arcs.)

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:11:56
The angle pictured below intersects the circle at four points A, B, C, and D, creating arcs BC, AB, CD, and AD, from
smallest to largest. If each arc is 44 degrees larger than the one before it, then what is the measure of the angle?

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:11:58

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:12:12
Let's go ahead and label the arc measures; there are several ways we could incorporate the information, so let's decide to call the
smallest arc x.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:12:13

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40742 21/48
10/12/21, 8:39 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:12:29
We want to solve for the angle marked y in the diagram. What is the quickest approach to the solution?

pwr
2021-07-30 20:12:52
use the formula from before

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:12:55
We certainly could solve for x, but let's go ahead and directly get an expression for the angle we seek.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:13:22
What do we get for y using this formula? (no need to simplify yet)

Vitah2008
2021-07-30 20:14:17
y = (x+88 - x - 44)/2

pwr
2021-07-30 20:14:17
y=((x+88)-(x+44))/2

Sarah010
2021-07-30 20:14:17
y=[(x+88)-(x+44)]/2

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:14:23
Using our formula for an angle outside a circle,

1
∘ ∘
y = [(x + 88 ) − (x + 44 )]
2

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:14:47
What does this give us after simplifying?

dan09
2021-07-30 20:15:05
∘
y = 22

Sunshine2016
2021-07-30 20:15:05
y=22º

hchhaya
2021-07-30 20:15:05
y = 22 degrees

Sirahulania
2021-07-30 20:15:05
y= 22 degrees

shenpinyi
2021-07-30 20:15:05
y = 22 degrees

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:15:19
It give us
∘
44
∘
y = = 22 .
2

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40742 22/48
10/12/21, 8:39 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:15:43
(I am not sure if I have said this already: use degrees!)

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:15:57
We are done, and we didn't have to find x. Always keep in mind what the problem is asking, as this will sometimes simplify the
task.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:16:17
Now that we have a thorough understanding of how inscribed angles are related to the arcs they intercept, we can discuss a class
of quadrilaterals that is one of the most prevalent tools in solving olympiad geometry problems: cyclic quadrilaterals.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:16:30
A cyclic quadrilateral is a quadrilateral that can be inscribed in a circle.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:16:31

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:16:42
Wait, aren't all quadrilaterals cyclic?

pwr
2021-07-30 20:17:14
noooo

Sunshine2016
2021-07-30 20:17:14
no

dan09
2021-07-30 20:17:14
Nope!

shenpinyi
2021-07-30 20:17:14
no

Sarah010
2021-07-30 20:17:14
no

Suraahi
2021-07-30 20:17:14
No!

GarudS
2021-07-30 20:17:14
no

Brendangho
2021-07-30 20:17:14
no

Siella
2021-07-30 20:17:14
no

hchhaya
2021-07-30 20:17:14
no

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40742 23/48
10/12/21, 8:39 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

apple.xy
2021-07-30 20:17:14
no

Vitah2008
2021-07-30 20:17:14
no

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:17:21
Three points that are not all on a line determine a circle. Once we have vertices A, B, and C, then the circumcircle of ABC is the
only circle that goes through A, B, and C. If we pick D so that D is not on this circle, then there is no circle through all four
points.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:18:12

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:18:21
In the diagram above, you can see three points A, B, and C with their circumcircle, together with several possible fourth points
D. The quadrilateral formed by A, B, C, and D will only be cyclic if D happens to be on the circle!

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:18:37
So, most quadrilaterals aren't cyclic! As we'll see, cyclic quadrilaterals have some special properties.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:18:49
Let's see what types of quadrilaterals can be inscribed in a circle. First, is it possible to make a cyclic trapezoid?

Vitah2008
2021-07-30 20:19:03
yes

shenpinyi
2021-07-30 20:19:03
yes

Yashvini
2021-07-30 20:19:03
yes

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-30 20:19:03
Yes!!

Sunshine2016
2021-07-30 20:19:03
yes

CalvinGarces
2021-07-30 20:19:03
yes

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:19:06
What if we try to draw this? Where should we start?

Siella
2021-07-30 20:19:43
draw the circle first

Teediv
2021-07-30 20:19:43
drawing the circle

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:19:45
Let's begin with the circle; now what might we draw?

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40742 24/48
10/12/21, 8:39 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

tkubota
2021-07-30 20:20:03
By creating a pair of parallel lines

JC0001
2021-07-30 20:20:03
drawing two parallel lines

pwr
2021-07-30 20:20:03
draw two parallel lines?

iejake
2021-07-30 20:20:03
draw two parallel lines

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:20:05
Perhaps we can draw the two bases, making sure they are parallel.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:20:08
Of course, once we have those we simply connect the endpoints of the bases to get our trapezoid. Do you notice anything about
this trapezoid?

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:20:13

hchhaya
2021-07-30 20:20:53
it is isosceles

shenpinyi
2021-07-30 20:20:53
it is isosceles

dan09
2021-07-30 20:20:53
It is an isosceles trapezoid

Suraahi
2021-07-30 20:20:53
It's isosceles

Sirahulania
2021-07-30 20:20:53
it seems isosceles

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-30 20:20:53
It is isosceles??

Suraahi
2021-07-30 20:20:53
It's an isosceles trapezoid

Rinnypig
2021-07-30 20:20:53
It's isosceles?

pwr
2021-07-30 20:20:53
it's isosceles

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:20:55
Looks rather isosceles, doesn't it? Let's hold off on the proof for a moment while we consider another question.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:21:10
https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40742 25/48
10/12/21, 8:39 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
Is it possible to make a cyclic parallelogram?

pwr
2021-07-30 20:21:44
yes

Teediv
2021-07-30 20:21:44
yes

Suraahi
2021-07-30 20:21:44
yes

hchhaya
2021-07-30 20:21:44
yea

tkubota
2021-07-30 20:21:44
Yes

GarudS
2021-07-30 20:21:44
Yes.

Sunshine2016
2021-07-30 20:21:44
yes

TheIdentityProperty
2021-07-30 20:21:44
yes

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:21:52
Where would we start in our drawing?

Sirahulania
2021-07-30 20:22:16
with the circle

Brendangho
2021-07-30 20:22:16
the circle

Sarah010
2021-07-30 20:22:16
draw a circle

shenpinyi
2021-07-30 20:22:16
drawing a circle

Suraahi
2021-07-30 20:22:16
Draw a circle!

Hridhaan
2021-07-30 20:22:16
the circle

iejake
2021-07-30 20:22:16
draw the circle

Teediv
2021-07-30 20:22:16
by drawing a circle

Siella
2021-07-30 20:22:16
draw the circle

Sirahulania
2021-07-30 20:22:16
start with drawing a circle

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:22:28
We draw the circle. Then, what?

pwr
2021-07-30 20:22:36
then parallel lines

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:22:42
Should they intersect the circle?
https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40742 26/48
10/12/21, 8:39 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Teediv
2021-07-30 20:22:51
yes

Siella
2021-07-30 20:22:51
yes

shenpinyi
2021-07-30 20:22:51
yes

pwr
2021-07-30 20:22:51
yes

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:22:58
How are they named then?

Sirahulania
2021-07-30 20:23:31
chords ?

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:23:49
Parts of the lines are named chords.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:23:52
Perhaps we could start again by drawing two parallel chords, but what must we make sure of this time?

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-30 20:24:32
We draw 2 parrallel chords of equal length.

Teediv
2021-07-30 20:24:32
they are equal in length

Sarah010
2021-07-30 20:24:32
the two chords are equal in length

tkubota
2021-07-30 20:24:32
they are the same length

dan09
2021-07-30 20:24:32
They are the same length.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:24:37
These parallel chords must be the same length; when we connect the endpoints to finish the quadrilateral, what will that look like?

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:24:42

dan09
2021-07-30 20:25:03
A rectangle

shenpinyi
2021-07-30 20:25:03
rectangle
https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40742 27/48
10/12/21, 8:39 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

pwr
2021-07-30 20:25:03
a rectangle

Sarah010
2021-07-30 20:25:03
rectangle

Brendangho
2021-07-30 20:25:03
a rectangle

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-30 20:25:03
Rectangle!!

tkubota
2021-07-30 20:25:03
a rectangle

hchhaya
2021-07-30 20:25:03
a rectangle

GarudS
2021-07-30 20:25:06
A rectangle!

takolhe12
2021-07-30 20:25:06
a rectangle

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:25:08
Hmmmm. Cyclic trapezoids must be isosceles. Cyclic parallelograms must be rectangles. Something is going on here.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:25:15
Let's go back to our original cyclic quadrilateral.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:25:16

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:25:27
Generalizing from the above examples of the isosceles trapezoid and the rectangle, it seems like there is an interesting property
about opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral; what is it?

KindKitty
2021-07-30 20:26:07
they are supplementary

Sirahulania
2021-07-30 20:26:07
opposite angles must add to 180 degrees

hchhaya
2021-07-30 20:26:07
opposite angle are supplementary

shenpinyi
2021-07-30 20:26:07
opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral add to 180 degrees

tkubota
2021-07-30 20:26:07

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10/12/21, 8:39 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
They must add up to 180 ∘

Sarah010
2021-07-30 20:26:07
they add up to 180 degrees

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:26:11
In both of our examples above, it seems like opposite angles are supplementary, so we conjecture this is true for any cyclic
quadrilateral.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:26:20
Let's try to prove this. We'll show that ∠A + ∠C = 180
∘
for any cyclic quadrilateral ABCD.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:26:24
We see that ∠BAD is an inscribed angle. What is its measure in relation to some arc in the diagram?

tkubota
2021-07-30 20:28:50
measure of arc BCD = 2∠BAD

pwr
2021-07-30 20:28:50
it is half arc BCD

Sarah010
2021-07-30 20:28:50
<BAD=(arc BCD)/2

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-30 20:28:50
It is half of arc BCD

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:28:58
∠A is half the measure of its intercepted arc, arc BCD. (It's important to use three letters for this arc, since BD is ambiguous--

which of the two arcs does it mean?)

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:29:08
What else should we notice to continue our proof?

pwr
2021-07-30 20:29:31
angle C

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:29:36
What about ∠C ?

JC0001
2021-07-30 20:30:39
<C = (arc DAB)/2

dan09
2021-07-30 20:30:39
∠C is half the measure of its intercepted arc, arc DAB

tkubota
2021-07-30 20:30:39
measure of arc BAD = 2∠C

cwc28
2021-07-30 20:30:39
it's half of arc BAD

Sarah010
2021-07-30 20:30:39
<C=(arc DAB)/2

shenpinyi
2021-07-30 20:30:42
angle BCD = (arc BAD)/2

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:30:45
∠C is half the measure of arc DAB.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:30:49
Let's add these two expressions together:

arc BCD arc DAB
∠A + ∠C = + .
2 2

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Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:30:57
And what do the measures of arcs BCD and DAB add up to?

pwr
2021-07-30 20:31:24
360 degrees

shenpinyi
2021-07-30 20:31:24
360 degrees

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-30 20:31:24
360 degrees.

Suraahi
2021-07-30 20:31:24
360º

tkubota
2021-07-30 20:31:24
∘
360

dan09
2021-07-30 20:31:24
∘
360

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:31:27
∘
360
Arcs BCD and DAB add up to 360∘ , which means that ∠A + ∠C =
∘
= 180 . So, the opposite angles of a cyclic
2
quadrilateral are supplementary.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:31:35
But wait, we've only shown that ∠A + ∠C We must also show that ∠B + ∠D How should we proceed?
∘ ∘
= 180 ! = 180 .

Sirahulania
2021-07-30 20:32:06
use the same logic

Rinnypig
2021-07-30 20:32:06
The same way.

takolhe12
2021-07-30 20:32:06
the same way

hchhaya
2021-07-30 20:32:15
use the same process

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:32:17
Right, since the reasoning used for angles B and D would be the same, we can just write: "By similar reasoning,
∠B + ∠D = 180 ." Now we are really done!
∘

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:32:27
(Or we can say that ∠A + ∠B + ∠C and since the other pair sums up to 180 , we have all pairs of opposite
∘ ∘
+ ∠D = 360

angles summing up to 180 .)

∘

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:32:34
Let's see how this helps us understand cyclic parallelograms. In a parallelogram, what do we know about opposite angles?

Sirahulania
2021-07-30 20:33:05
they have the same measure

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:33:07
The opposite angles of a parallelogram are congruent.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:33:11
What if the parallelogram is also cyclic?

Hridhaan
2021-07-30 20:33:30
They are also supplementary

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:33:32

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If a parallelogram is cyclic, its opposite angles are supplementary. But because it is a parallelogram, its opposite angles are
congruent. What can we say about congruent angles that are supplementary?

pwr
2021-07-30 20:34:01
then they must be 90 degrees

Sirahulania
2021-07-30 20:34:01
they are 90 degrees

GarudS
2021-07-30 20:34:01
They are 90∘

Suraahi
2021-07-30 20:34:01
They both have to equal 90º, thus the parallelogram is a rectangle

Rinnypig
2021-07-30 20:34:01
They are right angles.

Wuwuspring
2021-07-30 20:34:01
they are 90 degrees

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:34:03
They must be 90 degrees. Therefore any cyclic parallelogram must be a rectangle. What about the cyclic trapezoid we considered
earlier?

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:34:14
We formed a cyclic trapezoid, and it turned out to look like it was isosceles:

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:34:16

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:34:20
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
Let ABCD be a trapezoid with bases AB and CD. What do we know about the angles ∠A and ∠D of the trapezoid ABCD?

shenpinyi
2021-07-30 20:35:01
they add to 180 degrees

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-30 20:35:01
They are supplementary.

Sirahulania
2021-07-30 20:35:01
they add up to 180 degrees

Sarah010
2021-07-30 20:35:01
they add up to 180 degrees

Suraahi
2021-07-30 20:35:01
They are supplementary

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superhero2020
2021-07-30 20:35:01
sides AB and CD are parallel so they are supplementary

Teediv
2021-07-30 20:35:01
they add up to 180 degrees

Rinnypig
2021-07-30 20:35:01
They are supplementary.

Wuwuspring
2021-07-30 20:35:01
they are supplementary?

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:35:04
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
Since AB and CD are parallel, we know that ∠A + ∠D = 180 .
∘
This is true for any trapezoid, whether it is cyclic or not.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:35:10
What if the trapezoid ABCD is cyclic as above?

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:35:35
What can we conclude about its angles?

Sirahulania
2021-07-30 20:35:38
we also know opposite angles are supplementary

apple.xy
2021-07-30 20:35:47
<A+<C=180º as well

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:35:48
The property we just discovered about cyclic quadrilaterals tells us that ∠A + ∠C = 180 .
∘
What does this tell us?

apple.xy
2021-07-30 20:36:15
<C=<D

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-30 20:36:15
<C= <D

Hridhaan
2021-07-30 20:36:15
<D=<C

Sarah010
2021-07-30 20:36:15
<C=<D

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:36:24
Combining ∠A + ∠C = 180∘ with ∠A + ∠D = 180 ,
∘
we have ∠C = ∠D.

Sirahulania
2021-07-30 20:36:43
it must be isosceles

pwr
2021-07-30 20:36:43
it must be isosceles

GarudS
2021-07-30 20:36:43
It is iscoseles

Rinnypig
2021-07-30 20:36:43
Cyclic trapezoids are isosceles.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:36:49
So the trapezoid is isosceles.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:37:00
Now, consider this claim: "If a trapezoid is not isosceles, then it is not cyclic." Can we deduce this statement from the work we just
did?

shenpinyi
2021-07-30 20:37:29
yes
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Suraahi
2021-07-30 20:37:29
yes

iejake
2021-07-30 20:37:29
yes

Wuwuspring
2021-07-30 20:37:29
yes

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:37:31
Above, we showed that a cyclic trapezoid must be isosceles. Therefore, every cyclic trapezoid is isosceles, which means that a
non-isosceles trapezoid *cannot* be cyclic.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:37:35
So, yes, we have proved the statement, "If a trapezoid is not isosceles, then it is not cyclic." This statement is called the
contrapositive of the statement "If a trapezoid is cyclic, then it is isosceles."

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:37:45
Look at the pattern here. If we have a statement of the form, "If A, then B", then the contrapositive is, "If not B, then not A." A
statement and its contrapositive are logically equivalent! Make sure you see why these two statements are equivalent.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:37:57
Now consider this claim: "If a trapezoid is isosceles, then it is cyclic." Can we deduce this statement from the work we just did?

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-30 20:38:28
no

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:38:30
No, we have not proved this. We have proved that "If a trapezoid is cyclic, then it is isosceles." But we have not proved the
converse, which is, "If a trapezoid is isosceles, then it is cyclic."

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:38:37
I'll leave the converse as a challenge for you to explore.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:38:46
Let's try a few more challenging problems that call on our understanding of arcs and angles.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:38:52
In triangle ABC, suppose that median AM = 6 and BC = 12. Find the measure of ∠BAC.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:39:05

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:39:14
It sounds like we possibly don't have enough information to solve this problem!

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:39:15
Can anyone make any interesting observations?

Suraahi
2021-07-30 20:39:53
BM = CM = AM = 6

shenpinyi
2021-07-30 20:39:53
AM = BM = CM

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dan09
2021-07-30 20:39:53
BM = CM = AM

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:39:56
Notice that AM What does this tell us?
1
= BC.
2

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-30 20:40:37
<BAC is right.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:40:39
We proved earlier that the length of the median to the hypotenuse of a right triangle is half the length of the hypotenuse. Here, we
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
have the converse: we have median length AM to BC is half the length BC. So, we cannot use our earlier work to deduce that
ABC is right. We must prove this separately!

pwr
2021-07-30 20:41:06
it can be put into a circle with BC as the diameter and AM as a radius

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:41:08
¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
Since AM is a median, M is the midpoint of BC . So, we have 6 = AM = BM = CM , so the circle with center M and radius
AM goes through A, B, and C.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:41:10

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:41:17
What does this tell us?

Sirahulania
2021-07-30 20:41:49
angle BAC=90 degrees

CalvinGarces
2021-07-30 20:41:49
<BAC = 90 degrees

shenpinyi
2021-07-30 20:41:49
<BAC is right because arc BAC is 180 degrees

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-30 20:41:49
<BAC is right..

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:41:51
Because M , the center of the circle, is on side BC, side BC is a diameter of the circle. Therefore, arc BC on the bottom half of
our diagram is 180 degrees. Angle A is inscribed in this arc, so ∠A = 90 degrees.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:41:57
In the same way we solved this problem, we can prove that if the median of a triangle is equal in length to half the side to which it
is drawn, the triangle is a right triangle. The hypotenuse of this triangle is the side to which the median is drawn.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:42:15
There's another way we could have solved this problem, just by chasing angles.

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Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:42:24
Let ∠BAM = x and ∠CAM = y. What is ∠ABM ?

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:42:25

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-30 20:43:01
x

dan09
2021-07-30 20:43:01
x

Sirahulania
2021-07-30 20:43:01
angle ABM= x

Suraahi
2021-07-30 20:43:01
x

shenpinyi
2021-07-30 20:43:01
<ABM = x because triangle ABM is isosceles

Sunshine2016
2021-07-30 20:43:01
x

Sarah010
2021-07-30 20:43:01
<ABM=x

MathNinja7
2021-07-30 20:43:01
x

Rinnypig
2021-07-30 20:43:01
∠ABM = x.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:43:04
From isosceles triangle ABM , ∠BAM = ∠ABM = x. Similarly, from isosceles triangle ACM we have that
∠CAM = ∠ACM = y.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:43:11
But notice what this gives for the sum of the interior angles of △ABC :

∘
180 = x + (x + y) + y = 2(x + y).

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:43:21
So, what is ∠BAC?

Sunshine2016
2021-07-30 20:43:53
90º

dan09
2021-07-30 20:43:53
∘
90

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10/12/21, 8:39 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

pwr
2021-07-30 20:43:53
90 degrees

shenpinyi
2021-07-30 20:43:53
90 degrees

Sarah010
2021-07-30 20:43:53
<BAC=90 degrees

iejake
2021-07-30 20:43:53
90 degrees

Wuwuspring
2021-07-30 20:43:53
90 degrees

Suraahi
2021-07-30 20:43:53
x + y = 90 º
Sirahulania
2021-07-30 20:43:53
angle BAC= 90 degrees

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:43:56
We have ∠BAC = x + y = again.
∘
90

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:44:06
Two circles intersect at points A and B. AC is a diameter of the first circle, and AD is a diameter of the second. Prove that
points B, C, and D lie on the same straight line.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:44:08

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:44:16
Let's start by thinking about our general strategy. How might we prove that three points are on the same line?

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:45:08
If we have three points, how can we recognize whether they form a straight line?

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:45:17
What angle would be formed by the three points?

superhero2020
2021-07-30 20:45:35
they would form 180 degrees

TheIdentityProperty
2021-07-30 20:45:35
180 degrees

Sirahulania
2021-07-30 20:45:35
an angle of 180 degrees

Teediv
2021-07-30 20:45:35
straight angle

Sunshine2016
2021-07-30 20:45:35

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10/12/21, 8:39 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
180º

pwr
2021-07-30 20:45:35
a 180 degree angle

shenpinyi
2021-07-30 20:45:35
the angle would be 180 degrees

Brendangho
2021-07-30 20:45:35
180 degrees

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:45:52
They should form a straight angle.

dan09
2021-07-30 20:45:55
Prove that ∠CBD = 180
∘

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:45:57
If we prove that ∠CBD = 180∘ , then we know that C, B, and D are on a straight line.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:46:06
This is a really useful technique to keep in mind. If you want to prove that three points lie on a line, it is often easiest to compute
the angle they form and show it is a straight angle.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:46:12
So what must we do to the diagram?

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:46:56
(a line segment is not "a line")

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:47:12
Many of you suggest drawing line CD or CBD. What's the pitfall here?

pwr
2021-07-30 20:47:56
we dont yet know that B is on CD

superhero2020
2021-07-30 20:47:56
we don't know that CBD is one straight line segment yet

shenpinyi
2021-07-30 20:47:56
you don't know whether CD passes through B or not yet

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:48:02
We do not know that this passes through B. This is what we are trying to prove.

pwr
2021-07-30 20:48:23
draw line segments CB and BD

dan09
2021-07-30 20:48:23
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
Add in line segments CB and BD

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:48:24
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
Since we want to find ∠CBD, we should draw CB and BD. What else might we want to add to the diagram?

Sarah010
2021-07-30 20:48:44
AB

Sirahulania
2021-07-30 20:48:44
AB?

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-30 20:48:44
AB?

pwr
2021-07-30 20:48:47
line segment AB

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10/12/21, 8:39 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Sirahulania
2021-07-30 20:48:47
draw AB

Suraahi
2021-07-30 20:48:47
AB

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:48:50
We've already drawn several segments; we might as well draw segment AB as well, to create some more opportunities for
inscribed angles.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:48:55

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:49:04
Sometimes I deliberately draw an inaccurate diagram so that the line doesn't look too straight, so I don't accidentally assume what
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
we're trying to prove. Be careful not to assume that CB and BD combine to make a single straight segment!

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:49:10
We want to show ∠CBD = 180∘ . What can we do?

JC0001
2021-07-30 20:49:33
find the angles of <ABD and <ABC

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:49:36
How?

Sirahulania
2021-07-30 20:49:40
use arcs and inscribed angles

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:49:52
What do we get for∠ABC and ∠ABD?

Suraahi
2021-07-30 20:50:33
90º and 90º

Sirahulania
2021-07-30 20:50:33
they are both right angles!

shenpinyi
2021-07-30 20:50:33
<ABC = <ABD = 90 degrees

Teediv
2021-07-30 20:50:33
90 degrees for both of them

Sunshine2016
2021-07-30 20:50:33
90º

Siella
2021-07-30 20:50:33
90 degrees

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:50:40

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40742 38/48
10/12/21, 8:39 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
It sure looks like ∠ABC and ∠ABD are right angles. If we could prove that, then they'd add up to 180 and we'd be done! Why
∘

are ∠ABC and ∠ABD right angles?

pwr
2021-07-30 20:50:48
we know AD and AC are diameters so they are both 90 degrees

Sirahulania
2021-07-30 20:50:48
they are both right angles because AC and AD are diameters!!!

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:50:51
Each of ∠ABC and ∠ABD is inscribed in a semicircle, so each is a right angle. So, what can we conclude?

apple.xy
2021-07-30 20:51:17
<CBD = 180º and C,B,D do lie on the same line

JC0001
2021-07-30 20:51:37
<CBD = 180° which means that C,B,D are on the same line

shenpinyi
2021-07-30 20:51:37
CBD is a straight angle, so CD passes through B, therefore B,C and D are concurrent

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:51:39
We have ∠CBD = ∠CBA + ∠ABD so C, B, and D are collinear.
∘ ∘ ∘
= 90 + 90 = 180 ,

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:51:46
In a circle with center O, AD is a diameter, ABC is a chord, and BO = 5 . Also, ∠ABO and arc CD are 60∘ . Find the length of
segment BC.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:51:51
Try drawing a careful picture at home. Send me the word "AMaZiNg" when you are ready.

shenpinyi
2021-07-30 20:52:42
AMaZiNg

Sunshine2016
2021-07-30 20:52:42
AMaZiNg

apple.xy
2021-07-30 20:52:42
AMaZiNg

iejake
2021-07-30 20:52:42
AMaZiNg

pwr
2021-07-30 20:52:42
AMaZiNg

TheIdentityProperty
2021-07-30 20:52:42
AMaZiNg

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:52:44

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10/12/21, 8:39 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Sirahulania
2021-07-30 20:52:50
AMaZiNg

CalvinGarces
2021-07-30 20:52:50
AMaZiNg

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:52:54

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:53:06
Let's look at what we can do with that 60 degree arc. What does it tell us?

pwr
2021-07-30 20:53:32
<A=30 degrees

Sunshine2016
2021-07-30 20:53:32
<CAD = 30º

Sirahulania
2021-07-30 20:53:32
we know that angle CAD= 30degrees

Brendangho
2021-07-30 20:53:32
<CAD = 30 degrees

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-30 20:53:37
<DAC=30 degrees

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:53:38
∠A = 30 . Where does this lead us?
∘

dan09
2021-07-30 20:53:45
30-60-90 triangles!

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Sarah010
2021-07-30 20:53:45
triangle ABO is a 30-60-90 triangle

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:53:48
Now we know that AOB is a 30 − 60 − 90 triangle. How does this help?

superhero2020
2021-07-30 20:54:05
we can find the lnegths of the two other sides

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:54:12
How about AO and AB?

Teediv
2021-07-30 20:54:47
OA is 5sqrt3 and BA is 10

Suraahi
2021-07-30 20:54:47
AB = 10 and OA = 5√3

Sirahulania
2021-07-30 20:54:47
AO= 5 sqrt{3} and BA= 10

pwr
2021-07-30 20:54:47
AO=5*sqrt(3) and AB=10

iejake
2021-07-30 20:54:47
AO=5sqrt3 and AB=10

superhero2020
2021-07-30 20:54:47
AO = 5√3 and AB = 10

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-30 20:54:47
AB=10, AO=5sqrt(3)

Brendangho
2021-07-30 20:54:47
AO = 5√3, AB = 10

Wuwuspring
2021-07-30 20:54:47
AO=5sqrt(3), AB=10

shenpinyi
2021-07-30 20:54:47
AO = 5sqrt(3), AB = 10

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:54:49
AO = 5√3, and AB = 10. Now what?

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:54:52
If we want BC, how are we going to get to it?

dan09
2021-07-30 20:55:11
AC − AB

pwr
2021-07-30 20:55:15
CA-BA

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:55:16
Since we have AB, if we can find AC then we can subtract to get the answer to the problem. How do we go about finding AC?

Sirahulania
2021-07-30 20:55:27
draw DC?

Sarah010
2021-07-30 20:55:27
draw line CD

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:55:31
If we can make AC a side of a triangle, we might be able to use what we know of triangles to find the length.

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40742 41/48
10/12/21, 8:39 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:55:34
Let's draw segment CD to create triangle ADC . What do we know about this triangle?

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:55:38

Sirahulania
2021-07-30 20:56:01
it is a right triangle

Suraahi
2021-07-30 20:56:01
It's a right triangle

Brendangho
2021-07-30 20:56:01
its a right triangle!

iejake
2021-07-30 20:56:01
it is a right triangle

Sarah010
2021-07-30 20:56:01
it is a right triangle

Teediv
2021-07-30 20:56:01
it is a right triangle]

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:56:17
It is more than that.

dan09
2021-07-30 20:56:22
It's also a 30-60-90 triangle!

Suraahi
2021-07-30 20:56:22
It's a 30-60-90 triangle

Sarah010
2021-07-30 20:56:22
it is a 30-60-90 triangle

Teediv
2021-07-30 20:56:22
it is a 30 60 90 triangle

Brendangho
2021-07-30 20:56:22
its a 30-60-90 triangle

pwr
2021-07-30 20:56:22
30-60-90 triangle

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:56:27
Triangle ADC is also a 30 − 60 − 90 triangle, because ∠A = 30 degrees, and ∠C is inscribed in a semicircle, so it's a right
angle. Do we know any of its side lengths already?

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40742 42/48
10/12/21, 8:39 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

shenpinyi
2021-07-30 20:56:51
AD = 10sqrt(3)

Brendangho
2021-07-30 20:56:51
its hypotenuse 10√3

Wuwuspring
2021-07-30 20:56:51
DA=10sqrt(3)

Sirahulania
2021-07-30 20:56:51
yeah, DA is 10 sqrt{3}

pwr
2021-07-30 20:56:51
yes DA is 10*sqrt(3)

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:56:54
AD is a diameter, so AD = 10√3. Then what?

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:57:01
How about AC?

Wuwuspring
2021-07-30 20:57:23
AC=15

Sarah010
2021-07-30 20:57:23
AC=15

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-30 20:57:23
AC=15.

shenpinyi
2021-07-30 20:57:23
AC = 15

superhero2020
2021-07-30 20:57:23
AC = 15

joeshu60091
2021-07-30 20:57:23
AC=15

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:57:27
We have AC = 5√3 ⋅ √3 = 15. Now what is the final answer?

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-30 20:58:28
BC=5

Sarah010
2021-07-30 20:58:28
BC=5

Brendangho
2021-07-30 20:58:28
CB = 5

shenpinyi
2021-07-30 20:58:28
BC = 5

pwr
2021-07-30 20:58:28
BC=5

Rinnypig
2021-07-30 20:58:28
BC = 5.

Sirahulania
2021-07-30 20:58:28
BC= 5

Sunshine2016
2021-07-30 20:58:28
BC=5

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40742 43/48
10/12/21, 8:39 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Wuwuspring
2021-07-30 20:58:28
CB=5

JC0001
2021-07-30 20:58:28
BC = 5

superhero2020
2021-07-30 20:58:28
BC = 5

joeshu60091
2021-07-30 20:58:28
BC=5

GarudS
2021-07-30 20:58:28
BC=5

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:58:31

BC = AC − AB = 15 − 10 = 5.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:58:38
Always search for right triangles, particularly when you have 60 degree and 30 degree angles sitting around!

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:58:45
How else could we have done it? Here is our initial diagram again:

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:58:46

GarudS
2021-07-30 20:59:03
OC!

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:59:05
¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
Let's draw segments CD and CO to create △DOC . What do we know about this triangle?

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:59:07

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40742 44/48
10/12/21, 8:39 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Suraahi
2021-07-30 20:59:50
∆DOC is equilateral

shenpinyi
2021-07-30 20:59:50
it is equilateral

Teediv
2021-07-30 20:59:50
it is an equilateral triangle

Hridhaan
2021-07-30 20:59:50
It is equilateral

iejake
2021-07-30 20:59:50
it is an equilateral triangle

pnacham
2021-07-30 20:59:50
It is an equilateral triangle.

tkubota
2021-07-30 20:59:50
equilateral

Sarah010
2021-07-30 20:59:50
it is equilateral triangle\

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:59:52
△DOC is an equilateral triangle because it is isosceles (OC ) and has a 60∘ angle (∠DOC ).
∘
= OD = 60

Achilleas
2021-07-30 20:59:54
How about △CBO?

pwr
2021-07-30 21:00:11
it is isosceles

Sirahulania
2021-07-30 21:00:11
it is isosceles

Suraahi
2021-07-30 21:00:11
∆CBO is isosceles

Sarah010
2021-07-30 21:00:11
it is isosceles

shenpinyi
2021-07-30 21:00:18
it is isosceles

grayspider
2021-07-30 21:00:18
△CBO is an iscoceles

Achilleas
2021-07-30 21:00:19
△CBO is an isosceles triangle. Why is that true?

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40742 45/48
10/12/21, 8:39 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Sirahulania
2021-07-30 21:00:26
use the angles

Achilleas
2021-07-30 21:00:29
First, we note that
∘ ∘ ∘
∠COB = ∠BOD − ∠COD = 90 − 60 = 30 .

Next, from the external angle theorem, ∠OBA = ∠OCB + ∠COB. Solving this for ∠OCB gives us
∘ ∘ ∘
∠OCB = ∠OBA − ∠COB = 60 − 30 = 30 .

Achilleas
2021-07-30 21:00:46
Hence ∠COB = 30∘ = ∠OCB, which means that △CBO is an isosceles triangle with BC = BO = 5.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 21:00:56
Done!

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-30 21:01:09
Yay done

Sirahulania
2021-07-30 21:01:09
yay!

dan09
2021-07-30 21:01:09
Cool!

Suraahi
2021-07-30 21:01:09
Yay!

Achilleas
2021-07-30 21:01:11
SUMMARY

Achilleas
2021-07-30 21:01:13
In this class we explored three general relationships between angles and arcs of a circle.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 21:01:17

Achilleas
2021-07-30 21:01:19
We call ∠BAC an inscribed angle because its vertex is on the circle and B and C are points on the circle. Arc BC then is the
intercepted arc of the angle.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 21:01:30
The measure of an inscribed angle is 1

2
the arc it intercepts.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 21:01:33
One important application of this principle is the fact that any angle that is inscribed in a semicircle is a right angle.

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40742 46/48
10/12/21, 8:39 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-07-30 21:01:37
Next, we examined an angle both of whose rays intersect a circle, such as ∠BAC below.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 21:01:37

Achilleas
2021-07-30 21:01:39
By drawing chord CD and using the inscribed angles thus formed, we proved that ∠A equals half the difference of the arcs it
intercepts, or

1
∠A = (x − y).
2

Achilleas
2021-07-30 21:01:45

Achilleas
2021-07-30 21:01:46
Similarly, we can show that the angle between two intersecting chords is half the sum of the intercepted arcs, or z in
1
= (x + y)
2

the diagram above.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 21:01:53
We also introduced the cyclic quadrilateral, which can be inscribed in a circle:

Achilleas
2021-07-30 21:01:53

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40742 47/48
10/12/21, 8:39 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-07-30 21:01:58
One useful fact about cyclic quadrilaterals is that the opposite angles in any cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 21:02:02
We won't be working with cyclic quadrilaterals much more in this course, but those of you who continue your math studies into
more advanced geometry will be seeing much, much more of them in the future.

Achilleas
2021-07-30 21:02:12
Any questions?

Teediv
2021-07-30 21:02:33
no

dan09
2021-07-30 21:02:33
Nope

Sirahulania
2021-07-30 21:02:33
nope

JC0001
2021-07-30 21:02:33
nope!

cwc28
2021-07-30 21:02:33
noope

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-30 21:02:33
nope

Sunshine2016
2021-07-30 21:02:33
No bye

Achilleas
2021-07-30 21:02:36
Thank you all! Have a wonderful weekend! See you next time!

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https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40742 48/48