Geometry Week 1 - 2689 Introduction To Geometry

9/20/21, 10:31 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
Introduction to Geometry (2689)

Achilleas Sinefakopoulos
Friday
Apr 30, 2021 - Oct 8, 2021
7:30 - 9:00 PM ET (4:30 - 6:00 PM PT)
Overview
Week 1 (Apr 30) Class Transcript - Angles
< Go back to the class overview page
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Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:22:09
ART OF PROBLEM SOLVING - Introduction to Geometry
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:22:11
Hello and welcome to the Introduction to Geometry class!
JC0001
2021-04-30 19:22:20
hello
Colorcrazy
2021-04-30 19:22:20
hello!!
ARay10
2021-04-30 19:22:22
Hello!
CalvinGarces
2021-04-30 19:22:22
hello!
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:22:24
My name is Achilleas Sinefakopoulos and I am the instructor for this course.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:22:27
Achilleas Sinefakopoulos graduated from the University of Athens in 2001 and then pursued graduate studies at Cornell University.
He completed his Ph.D. degree in combinatorial commutative algebra in 2007 and taught there until the summer of 2009 when he
moved back to Greece. He currently lives in Larissa, Greece, teaching at a private high-school. Ηe devotes much of his energy to
studying and solving problems from mathematical magazines and math contests, as well as being involved in the math contest
community in Greece. He was the leader of Greece’s team in EGMO2019 and (virtual) EGMO2020.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:22:45
Before we get started, I'd like to discuss a few details about our classroom!
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:22:48
Try typing "Hi!"
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:22:56
Oh, you see the message, but it says "sent to instructor"?
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:23:02
That's because...
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:23:18
The classroom is now moderated. This means that the messages you type will come to the instructors rather than going directly
into the room. We'll choose some of the messages to share with all the students.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:23:22
I'll go ahead and choose some of your messages to share now!
pwr
2021-04-30 19:23:29
https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40729 1/50
hi!
Suraahi
2021-04-30 19:23:29
Hi!
ARay10
2021-04-30 19:23:29
Hi!
Brendangho
2021-04-30 19:23:29
HI!
Colorcrazy
2021-04-30 19:23:29
Hi!
diamond2021
2021-04-30 19:23:29
Hi!
TThB0501
2021-04-30 19:23:29
HI!!!
JC0001
2021-04-30 19:23:29
Hii
GarudS
2021-04-30 19:23:29
hi
neptune08
2021-04-30 19:23:29
Hi!
turquoisewolf
2021-04-30 19:23:29
Hi
Rinnypig
2021-04-30 19:23:29
Hi!
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:23:33
It worked! Now you can see your messages.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:23:39
Once class begins, please feel free to ask questions at any time. Rather than going into the room, your questions will go directly to
me or one of the assistants, and we'll help you out!
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:23:45
Go ahead and ask some questions now to try it out!
Colorcrazy
2021-04-30 19:24:05
When does class start?
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:24:21
Class starts in 6 minutes.
diamond2021
2021-04-30 19:24:25
Where is the homework found?
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:24:45
You can find each week's homework at https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/homework
turquoisewolf
2021-04-30 19:24:49
Will we have different class assistants every week?
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:24:53
I hope not.
shenpinyi
2021-04-30 19:25:03
How long will the lesson be?
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:25:10
It's a 90-minute class.
Rinnypig
2021-04-30 19:25:13
Is the proof question supposed to take a long time to write?
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:25:49
Sometimes it could take a long time to write it rigorously and correctly. So, please start working on it as early as possible.
Sirahulania
2021-04-30 19:25:54
Is the homework entirely online?
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:26:03
Yes, the homework in entirely online.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:26:06
As you might have just experienced if you asked a question, sometimes we'll whisper quick comments to you. If you have a bigger
question that requires a back-and-forth conversation, we'll open a private message window with you and chat one-on-one.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:26:16
Sometimes we like to show images in the classroom! Let's test out the software real quick to make sure everyone can see them.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:26:25
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:26:27
TThB0501
2021-04-30 19:26:44
i see it!
turquoisewolf
2021-04-30 19:26:44
I can see it
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:26:46
If you can see the two images I just sent, it's working! But also, it's a spot the difference puzzle!
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:26:48
What's the difference between the two images?
hchhaya
2021-04-30 19:27:01
the url is different
cwc28
2021-04-30 19:27:01
the link is different
takolhe12
2021-04-30 19:27:01
the links at the bottom are different
Colorcrazy
2021-04-30 19:27:01
the link
Suraahi
2021-04-30 19:27:01
The link.
ARay10
2021-04-30 19:27:01
The URLs are different.
TThB0501
2021-04-30 19:27:01
hchhaya
2021-04-30 19:27:01
the url is different.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:27:02
You got it! They're the same except for the labels. Good eye!
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:27:06
Actually, we have one more image for you. If you can see it, then the software is working.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:27:08
cwc28
2021-04-30 19:27:37
smileys!
takolhe12
2021-04-30 19:27:37
its a smiley face
JC0001
2021-04-30 19:27:37
I can see it
Rinnypig
2021-04-30 19:27:37
I see it.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:27:38
If you don't see a smiley-face image, just say something and one of us can help you fix the issue.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:27:41
What happens when you double-click on the smiley-face?
ARay10
2021-04-30 19:28:03
I see a new window with the image when I double clicked it
hchhaya
2021-04-30 19:28:03
a little message comes up
Vitah2008
2021-04-30 19:28:03
it comes out in a seperate window
ChippyChipmunk
2021-04-30 19:28:03
A message window pops up
Suraahi
2021-04-30 19:28:03
A pop-up is displayed.
hchhaya
2021-04-30 19:28:03
a one on one window
Colorcrazy
2021-04-30 19:28:03
it opens up another box
okhurana2
2021-04-30 19:28:03
a message window pops up
MathNinja7
2021-04-30 19:28:03
It takes you to a new window
JC0001
2021-04-30 19:28:03
A message box pops up
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:28:04
Oh yeah! It opens up in a new window. This can be useful if you want to keep the image around while everyone keeps typing more
stuff into the classroom.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:28:11
Also, students can use LaTeX in the classroom, just like on the message board. Specifically, place your math LaTeX code inside
dollar signs. For example, type:
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:28:17
We know that $\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{3} = \frac{5}{6}$.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:28:22
This should give you:
pnacham
2021-04-30 19:28:56
1 1 5
+ =
2 3 6
cwc28
2021-04-30 19:28:56
We know that .
1 1 5
+ =
2 3 6
Vitah2008
2021-04-30 19:28:56
.
1 1 5
+ =
2 3 6
Save_The_Elephants
2021-04-30 19:28:56
1 1 5
+ =
2 3 6
pwr
2021-04-30 19:28:56
1 1 5
+ =
2 3 6
shenpinyi
2021-04-30 19:28:56
1 1 5
+ =
2 3 6
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:28:59
We know that 1
+
1
=
5
.
2 3 6
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:29:04
If you don't know LaTeX, that's no big deal. You don't have to use it. We'll tell you how to express different symbols in plain text as
we encounter them.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:29:12
If you are unfamiliar with LaTeX and would like to learn more about how to use it, we have a LaTeX Guide in the Resources area of
our site. The Message Board is also a good place to practice using LaTeX.
SpencerSun
2021-04-30 19:29:27
wait has class started already?
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:29:42
An email was sent out early today: "Since this is the first lesson, please arrive at least 20 minutes before the start of class."
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:29:57
I hope you received it, too.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:30:03
Your Introduction to Geometry course Message Board can be found here:
http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689/forum
There's also a link to the message board on the course homepage.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:30:16
Additionally, we have Office Hours: an AoPS staff member will be on the message board to answer questions in real time every day
from 4:00 - 5:30 PM ET (1:00 - 2:30 PM PT) and 7:30-8:30 PM ET (4:30-5:30 PM PT).
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:30:36
It's 7:30pm ET already, so let me post the same introductory stuff again for those who just joined us, only a bit faster.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:30:45
Hello and welcome to the Introduction to Geometry class!
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:30:47
My name is Achilleas Sinefakopoulos and I am the instructor for this course.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:30:50
Achilleas Sinefakopoulos graduated from the University of Athens in 2001 and then pursued graduate studies at Cornell University.
He completed his Ph.D. degree in combinatorial commutative algebra in 2007 and taught there until the summer of 2009 when he
moved back to Greece. He currently lives in Larissa, Greece, teaching at a private high-school. Ηe devotes much of his energy to
studying and solving problems from mathematical magazines and math contests, as well as being involved in the math contest
community in Greece. He was the leader of Greece’s team in EGMO2019 and (virtual) EGMO2020.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:30:59
Before we get started, I'd like to discuss a few details about our clean and shiny classroom!
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:31:05
Try typing "Hi!"
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:31:29
Oh, you see the message, but it says "sent to instructor"?
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:31:33
That's because...
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:31:37
The classroom is now moderated. This means that the messages you type will come to the instructors rather than going directly
into the room. We'll choose some of the messages to share with all the students.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:31:40
I'll go ahead and choose some of your messages to share now!
okhurana2
2021-04-30 19:31:44
Hi
pnacham
2021-04-30 19:31:44
Hi
apple.xy
2021-04-30 19:31:44
Hi!
shenpinyi
2021-04-30 19:31:44
Hi!
ChippyChipmunk
2021-04-30 19:31:44
Hi!
tmathur2
2021-04-30 19:31:44
Hi
SpencerSun
2021-04-30 19:31:44
hi!
Mathqueen20
2021-04-30 19:31:44
hi
Wuwuspring
2021-04-30 19:31:44
hi
Sunshine2016
2021-04-30 19:31:44
Hi!
GarudS
2021-04-30 19:31:44
Hi
neptune08
2021-04-30 19:31:44
Hi!
LONC123
2021-04-30 19:31:44
Hi
cwc28
2021-04-30 19:31:44
Hi!
hchhaya
2021-04-30 19:31:44
hi!
TThB0501
2021-04-30 19:31:44
hi
WestAndEast
2021-04-30 19:31:44
hi
akim2008
2021-04-30 19:31:44
Hi!
Vitah2008
2021-04-30 19:31:44
hi
alicez18
2021-04-30 19:31:48
hi
CalvinGarces
2021-04-30 19:31:48
hi
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:31:52
It worked! Now you can see your messages.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:32:08
Once class begins, please feel free to ask questions at any time. Rather than going into the room, your questions will go directly to
me or one of the assistants, and we'll help you out!
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:32:17
Go ahead and ask some questions now to try it out!
tmathur2
2021-04-30 19:32:31
What is 1+1?
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:32:44
It's 2.
Sirahulania
2021-04-30 19:32:48
Is there a deadline for the homework?
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:33:05
Yes, there's a hard deadline for each writing problem.
Colorcrazy
2021-04-30 19:33:16
Do we need a compass and a protractor for this class?
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:33:55
You might need a compass or a protractor sometimes.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:34:06
As you might have just experienced if you asked a question, sometimes we'll whisper quick comments to you. If you have a bigger
question that requires a back-and-forth conversation, we'll open a private message window with you and chat one-on-one.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:34:26
Most of the time those whispers will come from your class assistants. Let's say hi to them now!
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:34:31
Your assistants for this course will be Victoria Li (mag1c) and Constantin Mateescu (Mateescu Constantin).
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:34:35
mag1c: Victoria studied mathemagics at Colorado Math Circle and HCSSiM, mathematics at University of Colorado Boulder,
mathematics abroad at Peking University and Tsinghua University, and research mathematics at places including MIT RLE,
BioFrontiers Institute, and Cryptorado. In all these her best memories were the math itself and the people who showed her it,
notably:
1. Hang out/living with physics grad students
2. Discovering her university major, applied math
3. Midnight excursions to the physics lab to make fractals with lasers and Christmas balls...
She continues to encounter shenanigans and role models as a student at the University of Nicosia, an employee at AoPS, and a
lifeform at Our Universe.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:34:41
Mateescu Constantin: Constantin has been an active member on AoPS since 2009. That's where he discovered his greatest
passion in mathematics: geometric inequalities. For many years, he solved hundreds of such inequalities on the AoPS Forums and
went on to create some very challenging ones as well. Apart from that, he enjoys coding from time to time and loves playing the
game of Snooker. So great is his passion that he installed a Snooker table at home and works really hard on improving his game. In
addition, he is a big fan of motorsports like Formula 1 and MotoGP, but also watches tennis each time King Federer is on court. On
a sunny day, Constantin is out riding the bicycle or climbing hills with an All-Terrain-Vehicle (ATV) in the nearby woods. Lastly, he
plays way too much backgammon with his cousin.
Mateescu Constantin
2021-04-30 19:34:47
Hello everyone!
mag1c
2021-04-30 19:35:15
Hello!
Suraahi
2021-04-30 19:35:20
Hello!
Rinnypig
2021-04-30 19:35:20
Hi!
MathNinja7
2021-04-30 19:35:20
Hi
pnacham
2021-04-30 19:35:20
Hello! Nice to meet you!
cwc28
2021-04-30 19:35:20
hello
Mathqueen20
2021-04-30 19:35:20
Hi Victoria
Sarah010
2021-04-30 19:35:20
hi
Colorcrazy
2021-04-30 19:35:20
hello!!
TThB0501
2021-04-30 19:35:20
hi!!!
Robin2
2021-04-30 19:35:20
hello!
ChippyChipmunk
2021-04-30 19:35:20
Hello!
pwr
2021-04-30 19:35:20
hi!!!
Sunshine2016
2021-04-30 19:35:20
hi
takolhe12
2021-04-30 19:35:20
Hi Constantin!
apple.xy
2021-04-30 19:35:20
Hi Victoria and Constantin!
TheIdentityProperty
2021-04-30 19:35:20
hello!
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:35:23
Sometimes we like to show images in the classroom! Let's test out the software real quick to make sure everyone can see them.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:35:27
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:35:28
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:35:34
If you can see the two images I just sent, it's working! But also, it's a spot the difference puzzle!
Brendangho
2021-04-30 19:35:51
the links are different
neptune08
2021-04-30 19:35:51
the link is different
pnacham
2021-04-30 19:35:51
The link is different. The URL
Suraahi
2021-04-30 19:35:51
The links are different.
Sarah010
2021-04-30 19:35:51
the links are different
Hridhaan
2021-04-30 19:35:51
the words at the bottom
takolhe12
2021-04-30 19:35:51
the urls are different
apple.xy
2021-04-30 19:35:51
The links are different
snake2020
2021-04-30 19:35:51
The links are different.
okhurana2
2021-04-30 19:35:51
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:35:57
You got it! They're the same except for the labels. Good eye!
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:36:15
Actually, we have one more image for you. If you can see it, then the software is working.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:36:17
shenpinyi
2021-04-30 19:36:39
smiley face
takolhe12
2021-04-30 19:36:39
smiley face
SpencerSun
2021-04-30 19:36:39
Vitah2008
2021-04-30 19:36:39
smiley face
okhurana2
2021-04-30 19:36:39
smiley
Mathqueen20
2021-04-30 19:36:39
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:36:41
If you don't see a smiley-face image, just say something and one of us can help you fix the issue.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:36:44
What happens when you double-click on the smiley-face?
pwr
2021-04-30 19:36:59
a message box pops up
pnacham
2021-04-30 19:36:59
It opens a new window
Vitah2008
2021-04-30 19:36:59
a little window pops up
JC0001
2021-04-30 19:36:59
a message window pops up
apple.xy
2021-04-30 19:36:59
It opens up in a new window
Colorcrazy
2021-04-30 19:36:59
another window opens
RyanL2019
2021-04-30 19:37:12
A small message box pops up
Save_The_Elephants
2021-04-30 19:37:12
a new window, and it actually stays this time
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:37:14
Oh yeah! It opens up in a new window. This can be useful if you want to keep the image around while everyone keeps typing more
stuff into the classroom.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:37:17
Some of you have asked about sound in the classroom. There is no audio. This link explains why; you can read it later:
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:37:21
http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/school/about-classroom
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:37:23
If you want more detailed information about how to operate the classroom you can find that here:
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:37:26
http://artofproblemsolving.com/school/documentation
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:37:32
Also, students can use LaTeX in the classroom, just like on the message board. Specifically, place your math LaTeX code inside
dollar signs. For example, type:
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:37:41
We know that $\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{3} = \frac{5}{6}$.
Sunshine2016
2021-04-30 19:38:04
1 1 5
+ =
2 3 6
pwr
2021-04-30 19:38:04
We know that .
1 1 5
+ =
2 3 6
pnacham
2021-04-30 19:38:04
1 1 5
+ =
2 3 6
hchhaya
2021-04-30 19:38:04
1 1 5
2
+ = .
3 6
Sarah010
2021-04-30 19:38:04
We know that .
1 1 5
+ =
2 3 6
Suraahi
2021-04-30 19:38:04
1 1 5
+ =
2 3 6
CalvinGarces
2021-04-30 19:38:04
1 1 5
+ =
2 3 6
apple.xy
2021-04-30 19:38:04
1 1 5
We know that 2
+ = .
3 6
Colorcrazy
2021-04-30 19:38:04
1 1 5
+ =
2 3 6
stjwyl
2021-04-30 19:38:04
we know that .
1 1 5
+ =
2 3 6
Save_The_Elephants
2021-04-30 19:38:04
1 1 5
+ =
2 3 6
Suraahi
2021-04-30 19:38:04
1 1 5
We know that 2
+ =
3 6
Vitah2008
2021-04-30 19:38:04
.
1 1 5
+ =
2 3 6
Rinnypig
2021-04-30 19:38:04
We know that
1 1 5
+ =
2 3 6
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:38:06
This should give you:
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:38:07
We know that .
1 1 5
+ =
2 3 6
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:38:15
If you don't know LaTeX, that's no big deal. You don't have to use it. We'll tell you how to express different symbols in plain text as
we encounter them.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:38:23
If you are unfamiliar with LaTeX and would like to learn more about how to use it, we have a LaTeX Guide in the Resources area of
our site. The Message Board is also a good place to practice using LaTeX.
pwr
2021-04-30 19:38:33
out of curiosity how do you write latex without it turning into latex form?
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:39:12
We use a backslash \ before each dollar sign $ with no space in between.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:39:33
Your Introduction to Geometry course Message Board can be found here:
http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689/forum
There's also a link to the message board on the course homepage.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:39:54
Additionally, we have Office Hours: an AoPS staff member will be on the message board to answer questions in real time every day
from 4:00 - 5:30 PM ET (1:00 - 2:30 PM PT) and 7:30-8:30 PM ET (4:30-5:30 PM PT).
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:40:22
You can also change the classroom size, font size, colors, and other settings in the Settings Menu at the top-right of your screen.
"Flashing notifications" determines if your private message window will blink/flash with a number of unread messages when you
receive one, or if it should only display the static number.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:40:32
We will also post "sticky" problems and important comments to the top of the room.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:40:39
You can slide the bar between the "sticky" portion of the room on the top of the classroom and the rest of the classroom to make it
larger or smaller. Doing this will help you read the sticky area and the classroom.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:40:53
At the end of class, we'll talk about homework and other class procedures. But for now, let's get going on the math.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:40:56
Introduction to Geometry Week 1: Angles
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:41:02
Those of you who have participated in our other courses will find this class a little bit different from the other introductory courses.
It'll take us a little longer to get to fun problems in this course because we have a lot of basic terms to make sure we have down.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:41:10
If you find the early classes easy, don't completely tune out. Geometry gets challenging very quickly. If you don't have a complete
mastery of the basics, you'll be in a world of struggle when we get in deeper water.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:41:18
Don't worry too much about learning all the terms right away. You'll get familiar with them as we use them in class, in the weekly
reading, and on homework.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:41:35
Some facts we will use in this course I will have to ask you to accept without proof. I will try to point those out when they occur.
When we don't prove something in this class, it will be for one of two reasons.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:41:58
1) Sometimes, I will ask you to accept a statement without proof because the proof would require technical background that goes
beyond the scope of this class or because we do not have time to cover the proof in class.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:42:07
2) Other times, mostly in these first few weeks while we're getting all the logical underpinnings set up, it will be because these
facts can't be proven. Rather, these initial facts I'm referring to must be assumed as a starting point to get the ball rolling. In
mathematics, we call these basic facts that you assume from the outset axioms or postulates.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:43:03
(Axioms are not special to geometry, by the way. Every mathematical subject is, and logically must be, founded on axioms. This is
quite analogous to the familiar fact that you can't stand on thin air. To keep from falling, you need your feet fixed on something
solid.)
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:43:20
Apart from these two reasons, however, we will make an effort to justify every claim we make in class.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:43:31
Enough reading. Let's do some math. Most of the classes will not be nearly so wordy as the start of this class has been.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:43:39
We'll start by reviewing a bunch of vocabulary quickly.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:43:45
For example, take a point. When you hear this word, you may think of a dot, which we always label with a capital letter:
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:43:50
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:44:01
Here is a diagram with some points. Pick a random dot and try to tell the other students which one it is.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:44:08
Wuwuspring
2021-04-30 19:44:36
the top one
TheIdentityProperty
2021-04-30 19:44:36
bottom left
Vitah2008
2021-04-30 19:44:36
The topmost dot
pnacham
2021-04-30 19:44:36
The top point
apple.xy
2021-04-30 19:44:36
the one on the very top lol
Rinnypig
2021-04-30 19:44:36
My point is the point in the top right.
Mathqueen20
2021-04-30 19:44:36
the one on the very bottom
ARay10
2021-04-30 19:44:36
The dot at the most southwest position
Sunshine2016
2021-04-30 19:44:36
the top one
hchhaya
2021-04-30 19:44:36
The dot at the bottom left, at the very bottom left.
Sirahulania
2021-04-30 19:44:36
the dot that is farthest left
JC0001
2021-04-30 19:44:36
the very top point
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:44:38
Pretty hard to do it, right?
snake2020
2021-04-30 19:44:49
I can't tell which one it is.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:44:51
It's much easier if we label the points, as below:
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:44:56
pnacham
2021-04-30 19:45:08
Wow, much easier now
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:45:10
Now let me know what point you're talking about!
hchhaya
2021-04-30 19:45:25
Point G.
apple.xy
2021-04-30 19:45:25
point J
pnacham
2021-04-30 19:45:25
Point J
Colorcrazy
2021-04-30 19:45:25
point F
ARay10
2021-04-30 19:45:25
Point G
Sirahulania
2021-04-30 19:45:25
point G
TThB0501
2021-04-30 19:45:25
Point D
okhurana2
2021-04-30 19:45:25
I am talking about A
ChippyChipmunk
2021-04-30 19:45:25
I was thinking of point A
RyanL2019
2021-04-30 19:45:25
Point J
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:45:31
That's way easier, isn't it?
turquoisewolf
2021-04-30 19:45:43
Yes
tmathur2
2021-04-30 19:45:43
yes
Colorcrazy
2021-04-30 19:45:43
Yes
pwr
2021-04-30 19:45:43
yes!!
Rinnypig
2021-04-30 19:45:43
Yes.
takolhe12
2021-04-30 19:45:43
yes it is!
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:45:49
It's really useful to label things so we can talk about them, instead of just saying "that point over there near the top right, where
those two lines meet. No, not those lines, the other ones." and stuff like that.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:46:01
There is an important rule I need you to remember, and use, when talking about points. Make sure to always use CAPITAL letters
when referring to points in this class.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:46:14
This is a rule that everybody follows when talking about geometry, and for good reason. Following this rule is important because it
helps you keep clear in your head which letters in your work are names of points and which letters are variables.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:46:27
As we go through class today, keep an eye out for all the examples you will see of us following this rule. I'll point it out for us a
couple times in the next few minutes. I'll point it out less often as class wears on if it looks like everybody has gotten the message.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:46:41
In order to help you remember to follow the rule (for the sake of your own understanding, as well as the sake of anyone, such as
myself and the graders, who will be reading your work), throughout this entire course I will not pass any responses during class
that use lowercase letters to name points. Not today. Not next week. Not ever.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:46:49
Of course, points alone are not very interesting. So, let's move on to...
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:47:06
ANGLES
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:47:14
If we have two rays that have a common origin, they form angles. In the diagram below, is the common origin, and we see rays
and making angle which we will denote as
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:47:28
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:47:34
Whenever there is no possibility of confusion (as in this case) we can denote the angle by only its vertex, giving us
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:47:43
By "no possibility of confusion", I mean that there is exactly one possible angle we could make with vertex at point namely
Consequently, it is clear that if I write then I must be talking about If there were more than one angle
that we could make with a vertex at point then we are not allowed to use a one letter name like Instead, we must use a
three letter name to make clear exactly which angle we're talking about.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:47:52
In general, while you're getting a hang of all of this, the safest thing to do is just to give a three letter name for every angle. That
way, there won't ever be any confusion which angle you're talking about.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:48:08
You can make the angle sign in LaTeX with the command \angle, so $\angle AOB$ gives you ∠AOB. In plain text, you can write
<AOB or "angle AOB."
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:48:22
You will often see rays OA and OB typeset like this:
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:48:23
−
−→ −
−→
OA and OB
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:48:38
−
−→
You can make that in LaTeX with \overrightarrow{}. For instance, $\overrightarrow{OA}$ gives you OA.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:48:52
In class, when you're typing, you can simply write "ray OA" and "ray OB", and I'll know what you're talking about.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:49:07
(But, let me be clear, your answer would not be passed to the classroom if you were to write "oa" or "ob"! We have to follow the
capitalization rule. O, A, and B are names of points, so we need to use CAPITAL letters to talk about them. Consequently, we also
need to use capital letters when we're combining those names of points to label more interesting geometric objects, like the ray
OA and the angle AOB.)
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:49:23
The arrows in the diagram indicate that the rays continue indefinitely in a given direction. We won't include these arrows in all of
our diagrams.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:49:34
Adding more rays, we can split the space surrounding O into several non-overlapping angles:
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:49:43
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:49:53
Once again, all of the things that are labeled in that diagram are points, so we had to use CAPITAL letters for all of their names!
Hopefully, by now you're getting the message that I'm really wanting you to follow the capitalization rule.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:50:07
We use a unit called degrees to measure angles. Adding the measures of all the angles around a point will always give
degrees, so in particular the five angles in the above drawing have measures that add to degrees.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:50:27
It is possible to use different units, such as radians, but for now we will stick with degrees. A natural question to ask would be why
was chosen to be the number of degrees in a circle. Does anyone have any insight (speculation or historical information) into
this question?
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:50:50
A year is close to 360 days, which means that the stars change position in the sky at a rate of just under one degree per day.
Vitah2008
2021-04-30 19:51:15
babylonian?
ARay10
2021-04-30 19:51:15
The Babylonians
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:51:28
The Babylonians based their number system on powers of 60, similar to how our number system these days is based on powers of
10, so it was natural for them to chop up a circle into 360 = 6 ⋅ 60 pieces.)
Evang12
2021-04-30 19:51:47
360 appears to have a lot of divisors
apple.xy
2021-04-30 19:51:47
360 has a lot of divisors
shenpinyi
2021-04-30 19:51:47
360 is divisible by a lot of numbers
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:51:50
Yes. The number 360 has a lot of factors; it is easy to tell how many degrees are in half a circle, or a third, or a twenty-fourth.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:52:03
Speaking of those fractions of circles, let's talk about some common values for angle measures. In this picture, the angle looks
like it takes up about what fraction of the circle around O?
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:52:08
Vitah2008
2021-04-30 19:52:43
1/4
apple.xy
2021-04-30 19:52:43
1/4
ARay10
2021-04-30 19:52:43
1
Wuwuspring
2021-04-30 19:52:43
1/4
ChippyChipmunk
2021-04-30 19:52:43
1/4
iejake
2021-04-30 19:52:43
1/4
Sarah010
2021-04-30 19:52:43
1/4
stxph4nix
2021-04-30 19:52:43
1/4
ARay10
2021-04-30 19:52:43
1
TThB0501
2021-04-30 19:52:43
1/4
CalvinGarces
2021-04-30 19:52:43
1/4
Suraahi
2021-04-30 19:52:43
1/4
superhero2020
2021-04-30 19:52:43
1
RyanL2019
2021-04-30 19:52:43
1/4
LONC123
2021-04-30 19:52:43
1/4
GarudS
2021-04-30 19:52:43
1/4
Save_The_Elephants
2021-04-30 19:52:43
1/4
snake2020
2021-04-30 19:52:43
1/4
hchhaya
2021-04-30 19:52:43
1/4
pnacham
2021-04-30 19:52:43
1/4
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:52:50
There are 360 degrees in total, so if this angle takes up exactly one fourth of the circle around O, how many degrees are in this
angle?
TheIdentityProperty
2021-04-30 19:53:18
90 degrees
pnacham
2021-04-30 19:53:18
90 degrees
Vitah2008
2021-04-30 19:53:18
90 degrees
JC0001
2021-04-30 19:53:18
90 degrees
turquoisewolf
2021-04-30 19:53:18
90 degrees
Rinnypig
2021-04-30 19:53:18
90 degrees.
stxph4nix
2021-04-30 19:53:18
90 degrees
takolhe12
2021-04-30 19:53:18
90 degrees
TThB0501
2021-04-30 19:53:18
90 degrees
Colorcrazy
2021-04-30 19:53:18
90 degrees
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:53:21
The angle is degrees. This angle shows up a lot, and we often refer to it as a right angle.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:53:30
What about an angle that cuts off 1/3 of a circle? How many degrees are in ∠O?
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:53:32
pnacham
2021-04-30 19:53:55
120 degrees
pwr
2021-04-30 19:53:55
120 degrees
JC0001
2021-04-30 19:53:55
120°
shenpinyi
2021-04-30 19:53:55
120 degrees
Sirahulania
2021-04-30 19:53:55
120 degrees
Colorcrazy
2021-04-30 19:53:55
120 degrees
Evang12
2021-04-30 19:53:55
120 degrees
takolhe12
2021-04-30 19:53:55
120 degrees
apple.xy
2021-04-30 19:53:55
120 degrees
Vitah2008
2021-04-30 19:53:55
120 degrees
tmathur2
2021-04-30 19:53:55
120 Degrees
neptune08
2021-04-30 19:53:55
120 degrees
iejake
2021-04-30 19:53:55
120 degrees
Wuwuspring
2021-04-30 19:53:55
120 degrees
ChippyChipmunk
2021-04-30 19:53:55
120 degrees
tkubota
2021-04-30 19:53:55
120 degrees
snake2020
2021-04-30 19:53:55
120 degrees.
stxph4nix
2021-04-30 19:53:55
120 Degrees
diamond2021
2021-04-30 19:53:55
120 degrees
turquoisewolf
2021-04-30 19:53:55
120 degrees
Hridhaan
2021-04-30 19:53:59
120 degrees
Rinnypig
2021-04-30 19:53:59
120 degrees.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:54:02
This angle traces out 1/3 of the circle. One third of 360 is 120, so this angle has 120 degrees.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:54:08
What about this angle?
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:54:10
Wuwuspring
2021-04-30 19:54:30
180 degrees
Sirahulania
2021-04-30 19:54:30
180 degrees
iejake
2021-04-30 19:54:30
180 degrees
Colorcrazy
2021-04-30 19:54:30
180 degrees
CalvinGarces
2021-04-30 19:54:30
180 degrees
apple.xy
2021-04-30 19:54:30
180 degrees
TheIdentityProperty
2021-04-30 19:54:30
180 degrees
stjwyl
2021-04-30 19:54:30
180 degrees
SpencerSun
2021-04-30 19:54:30
180 degrees
KindKitty
2021-04-30 19:54:30
180 degrees
WestAndEast
2021-04-30 19:54:30
180 degrees
akim2008
2021-04-30 19:54:30
180 degrees
diamond2021
2021-04-30 19:54:30
180 degrees
MathNinja7
2021-04-30 19:54:30
180 degress
ChippyChipmunk
2021-04-30 19:54:30
180 degrees
Suraahi
2021-04-30 19:54:30
180°
snake2020
2021-04-30 19:54:30
180 degrees.
RyanL2019
2021-04-30 19:54:30
180˚
TThB0501
2021-04-30 19:54:30
180 degrees
Sarah010
2021-04-30 19:54:30
180 degees
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:54:33
This angle separates out half the circle around so its measure is half of or degrees. You will notice that these two
rays form a straight line. For this reason we call degrees a straight angle.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:54:42
Now let's consider the case of two lines that intersect at forming four angles:
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:54:45
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:54:56
There is either a variable or a number to indicate the measure of each angle. The raised circle is the symbol for degrees.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:55:06
What is the measure of angle BOD? (A shorthand way to write this is to ask for m∠BOD, or just ∠BOD without the m.)
pwr
2021-04-30 19:56:22
180 degrees
JC0001
2021-04-30 19:56:22
180 degrees
Suraahi
2021-04-30 19:56:22
180 degrees
Wuwuspring
2021-04-30 19:56:22
<BOD = 180 degrees
tkubota
2021-04-30 19:56:22
180 degrees
iejake
2021-04-30 19:56:22
180 degress.
WestAndEast
2021-04-30 19:56:22
180 degrees
ARay10
2021-04-30 19:56:22
∘
180
Sarah010
2021-04-30 19:56:22
180 degrees
Colorcrazy
2021-04-30 19:56:22
angle BOD is 180 degrees
max_z
2021-04-30 19:56:22
180 degrees
Vitah2008
2021-04-30 19:56:22
180 degrees
takolhe12
2021-04-30 19:56:22
180 degrees
Suraahi
2021-04-30 19:56:22
180º
snake2020
2021-04-30 19:56:22
180 degrees.
Mathqueen20
2021-04-30 19:56:22
180 degrees
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:56:31
We have ∠BOD = 180 .
∘
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:56:46
Those of you using LaTeX can use ^\circ to make the degree symbol and \angle to make the angle symbol.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:56:52
So, we write
$\angle BOD = 180^\circ$
in LaTeX to get the equation above.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:57:07
Otherwise, in plain text, it's fine to use "less than," <, in place of ∠ and just omit the degrees symbol in class because it's a lot easier
to type. Or, to be more complete, instead of the degrees symbol, you can write the word "degrees" or "deg," so in plain text in this
case we'd have <BOD = 180 degrees.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:57:21
What does this tell you about ∠BOA and ∠AOD?
JC0001
2021-04-30 19:58:06
They're supplementary angles
Suraahi
2021-04-30 19:58:06
They are supplementary angles.
Mathqueen20
2021-04-30 19:58:06
They are supplementary
apple.xy
2021-04-30 19:58:06
They're supplementary
hchhaya
2021-04-30 19:58:06
they are supplementary angles; they add to 180 degrees.
ChippyChipmunk
2021-04-30 19:58:06
They add up to 180 degrees
pwr
2021-04-30 19:58:06
they add up to 180 degrees
Evang12
2021-04-30 19:58:06
they add up to 180 degrees
stxph4nix
2021-04-30 19:58:06
They add up to 180 degrees
takolhe12
2021-04-30 19:58:06
<BOA + <AOD = 180 degrees
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:58:10
Those two angles must add to degrees. We say that and are supplementary, and we can write the
equation
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:58:26
(By the way, when two angles add to degrees we will call them complementary.)
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:58:39
So what is the value of x? In other words, what is ∠BOA?
Vitah2008
2021-04-30 19:59:38
130 degrees
JC0001
2021-04-30 19:59:38
130°
hchhaya
2021-04-30 19:59:38
130 degrees.
shenpinyi
2021-04-30 19:59:38
130 degrees
iejake
2021-04-30 19:59:38
130 degrees
tmathur2
2021-04-30 19:59:38
130 Degrees
stxph4nix
2021-04-30 19:59:38
130 degrees
Rinnypig
2021-04-30 19:59:38
∘
m∠BOA = 130
ChippyChipmunk
2021-04-30 19:59:38
130º
Brendangho
2021-04-30 19:59:38
<BOA = 130 degrees
Hridhaan
2021-04-30 19:59:38
∘
130
CalvinGarces
2021-04-30 19:59:38
∘
130
Sunshine2016
2021-04-30 19:59:38
∘
∠BOA = 130
ARay10
2021-04-30 19:59:38
∘
130
MathNinja7
2021-04-30 19:59:38
∘
130
GarudS
2021-04-30 19:59:38
∘
130
superhero2020
2021-04-30 19:59:38
∘ ∘ ∘
∠BOA = 180 − 50 = 130
Mathqueen20
2021-04-30 19:59:38
∘
130
Suraahi
2021-04-30 19:59:38
180º - 50º = 130ª
doggy06
2021-04-30 19:59:38
130 degrees
Achilleas
2021-04-30 19:59:50
What are the values of y and z?
∘ ∘ ∘
x = ∠BOA = 180 − 50 = 130 .
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:00:02
(which is which? Also, please use "degrees")
Suraahi
2021-04-30 20:01:07
y = 50º and z = 130º
shenpinyi
2021-04-30 20:01:07
y = 50 degrees. z = 130 degrees.
Wuwuspring
2021-04-30 20:01:07
y= 50 degrees, z= 130 degrees
pwr
2021-04-30 20:01:07
y is 50 degrees and z is 130 degrees
hchhaya
2021-04-30 20:01:07
y = 50 degrees, and z = 130 degrees.
turquoisewolf
2021-04-30 20:01:07
y=50 degrees, z=130 degrees
tmathur2
2021-04-30 20:01:07
y = 50 degrees and z = 130 degrees
Evang12
2021-04-30 20:01:07
Colorcrazy
2021-04-30 20:01:07
y = 50 degrees and z = 130 degrees
ChippyChipmunk
2021-04-30 20:01:07
y=50 degrees and z=130 degrees
Sarah010
2021-04-30 20:01:07
WestAndEast
2021-04-30 20:01:07
y=50 degrees z=130 degrees
TThB0501
2021-04-30 20:01:07
y=50 degrees and z=130 degrees
Sirahulania
2021-04-30 20:01:07
SpencerSun
2021-04-30 20:01:07
y = 50 degrees z = 130 degrees
Rinnypig
2021-04-30 20:01:07
y=50∘ and z=130∘
Sunshine2016
2021-04-30 20:01:07
y = 50º and z = 130º
apple.xy
2021-04-30 20:02:17
y = 50 deg and z = 130 deg
neptune08
2021-04-30 20:02:17
y= 50 deg, z=130 deg
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:02:19
From line AOC, we see that y and z As a check, the measures of all four angles add to 360 degrees, as expected.
∘ ∘
= 50 = 130 .
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:02:21
Because of the way these angles are constructed from intersecting lines, we say that and are vertical angles.
Similarly and are vertical angles. What observation can you make about vertical angles?
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:03:18
(they are not "the same")
pwr
2021-04-30 20:03:26
verticals angles are congruent
max_z
2021-04-30 20:03:26
they have the same degrees
takolhe12
2021-04-30 20:03:26
vertical angles are equal in degrees
superhero2020
2021-04-30 20:03:26
they're always congruent
ARay10
2021-04-30 20:03:26
Vertical angles are congruent.
ChippyChipmunk
2021-04-30 20:03:26
Vertical angles are congruent
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:03:32
Vertical angles appear to have the same measure, or in other words, appear to be congruent. Is every pair of vertical angles
congruent to one another?
snake2020
2021-04-30 20:03:58
Yes.
Vitah2008
2021-04-30 20:03:58
yes
TThB0501
2021-04-30 20:03:58
yes
pnacham
2021-04-30 20:03:58
Yes.
turquoisewolf
2021-04-30 20:03:58
yes
shenpinyi
2021-04-30 20:03:58
yes
takolhe12
2021-04-30 20:03:58
yes
iejake
2021-04-30 20:03:58
yes
snake2020
2021-04-30 20:03:58
Yes.
okhurana2
2021-04-30 20:03:58
yes
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:04:01
That's a bold claim. What do we have to do now?
pwr
2021-04-30 20:04:14
prove it!!
apple.xy
2021-04-30 20:04:14
Prove it
hchhaya
2021-04-30 20:04:14
prove it!
Vitah2008
2021-04-30 20:04:14
prove it
MathNinja7
2021-04-30 20:04:14
Prove it
Sunshine2016
2021-04-30 20:04:14
prove it!
iejake
2021-04-30 20:04:14
prove it
Rinnypig
2021-04-30 20:04:14
Prove it!
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:04:17
We have to PROVE it! Unless we prove it, we can't be sure it's always true!
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:04:21
To prove it, let's look at an arbitrary pair of intersecting lines.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:04:25
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:04:30
Using the letters in this diagram, what is it we want to prove?
Brendangho
2021-04-30 20:05:11
<AOD = <BOC
Vitah2008
2021-04-30 20:05:11
<AOD = <BOC
apple.xy
2021-04-30 20:05:11
m<BOC = m<AOD
okhurana2
2021-04-30 20:05:11
∠AOD = ∠BOC
Rinnypig
2021-04-30 20:05:25
∠BOA = ∠COD
superhero2020
2021-04-30 20:05:25
∠BOC = ∠AOD and ∠BOA = ∠COD
MathNinja7
2021-04-30 20:05:25
∠AOB = ∠DOC
ARay10
2021-04-30 20:05:25
∠AOD = ∠BOC and ∠AOB = ∠DOC
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:05:39
We must show that ∠AOD = ∠BOC. A similar argument will show ∠BOA = ∠COD.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:05:50
As we observed earlier, what relationship can we write between ∠AOD and some other angle?
Vitah2008
2021-04-30 20:06:53
<AOD + <AOB = 180
pnacham
2021-04-30 20:06:53
< AOD and < BOA are supplementary angles
takolhe12
2021-04-30 20:06:53
<AOD + <BOA = 180 degrees
Vitah2008
2021-04-30 20:06:53
<AOD + <AOB = 180 degrees
Sarah010
2021-04-30 20:06:53
∘
∠BOC + ∠BOA = 180
Hridhaan
2021-04-30 20:06:53
∘
m∠AOD + m∠BOA = 180
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:06:58
We have ∠AOD + ∠BOA = 180 .
∘
(I'm already tired of writing the m before the angle symbol for "measure"!)
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:07:06
We are interested in making a statement about ∠BOC ; what can we say about that angle?
apple.xy
2021-04-30 20:07:55
<BOC + <BOA = 180 deg
Vitah2008
2021-04-30 20:07:55
<BOC+<AOB = 180 degrees
Evang12
2021-04-30 20:07:55
angle BOC + angle AOB = 180 degrees
takolhe12
2021-04-30 20:07:55
<BOC + <BOA = 180 degrees
pwr
2021-04-30 20:07:55
<BOC+<BOA=180 degrrees
shenpinyi
2021-04-30 20:07:55
<BOC + <AOB = 180 degrees
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:07:58
We have ∠BOC + ∠BOA = as well.
∘
180
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:08:06
How can we finish our proof that any pair of vertical angles is congruent?
Vitah2008
2021-04-30 20:09:08
<BOC+<BOA = <AOD+<BOA. When <BOA cancels out, we are left with <BOC = <AOD
shenpinyi
2021-04-30 20:09:08
<AOD + <BOA = <BOC + <BOA, so <AOD = <BOC.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:09:15
Since ∠AOD + ∠BOA and ∠BOC both equal 180 we have
∘
+ ∠BOA ,
∠AOD + ∠BOA = ∠BOC + ∠BOA.
Subtracting ∠BOA from both sides gives ∠AOD = ∠BOC.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:09:47
Or
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:09:49
We can subtract the equation ∠AOD + ∠BOA = 180 from the equation ∠BOC + ∠BOA The 180 and the
∘ ∘ ∘
= 180 . 's
∠BOA's cancel, and we are left with ∠BOC − ∠AOD = 0, so ∠BOC = ∠AOD.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:10:18
Here is yet another way:
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:10:20
We want to show that ∠AOD = ∠BOC, so we solve for ∠AOD and ∠BOC in the two equations we have.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:10:24
Since ∠AOD + ∠BOA = 180 , we see that ∠AOD
∘ ∘
= 180 − ∠BOA.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:10:27
Since ∠BOC + ∠BOA = 180∘ , we also know that ∠BOC = 180
∘
− ∠BOA.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:10:34
Combining these, we have
so
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:10:51
Our explanations work regardless of the actual size of the angles. Thus we have completed our first PROOF in geometry.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:10:57
In addition to learning how to solve problems in this course, we will also be discussing how to write up solutions once you find
them. We will particularly emphasize how to write proofs. We'll start with the proof we just found.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:11:04
We wish to show that vertical angles are congruent. We include a diagram in our proof. Readers like diagrams -- imagine what the
Introduction to Geometry book would be like without any diagrams!
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:11:13
Here's our diagram of two arbitrary lines intersecting and forming vertical angles:
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:11:14
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:11:21
Here's that proof again, written out fully:
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:11:23
¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
From BOD, we have ∠AOB + ∠AOD From AOC , we have ∠AOB + ∠BOC Combining these two
∘ ∘
= 180 . = 180 .
equations gives us
∠AOB + ∠BOC = ∠AOB + ∠AOD.
Subtracting ∠AOB from both sides gives ∠BOC = ∠AOD, as desired. Therefore, vertical angles are equal.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:11:40
¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
(Notice that we used a new bit of notation -- BOD is read as "line segment BOD." The LT
A
EX for this expression is:
$\overline{BOD}$.)
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:11:58
One important rule of good writing, just like in English, is that our proof consists of complete sentences. It's not just a bunch of
equations. For example, here's a badly written proof:
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:12:10
AOB + AOD = 180, AOB + BOC = 180. AOB + AOD = AOB + BOC, so AOD = BOC.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:12:20
First, the notation here is not quite right. All of the angles' names are missing the angle symbol "∠". This is important since as we
go forward in the class we'll see that there are other kinds of objects that will have three point names (like triangles, circle arcs,
etc), so it's important to clearly indicate exactly what kind of geometric object AOB, for example, is referring to.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:12:35
Next, all the statements are true, but there's no explanation why each statement is true. Let's look back at our sample of a better-
written proof.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:12:41
We have complete sentences, and each claim has justification. Also, all of our equations are incorporated into our complete
sentences in a way that retains correct grammar and is easy to read. We then end our proof with our conclusion, that vertical
angles are equal.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:12:57
Some of you may be familiar with two-column proofs. In a two-column proof, we don't write in complete sentences. We make two
columns, one of statements and the other of reasons.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:13:03
We won't be using two-column proofs in this class, and you shouldn't use them on the message board or in your assignments. You
may have teachers in geometry classes who require you to use them, and you'll have to use them there. (In cases where the
teacher wants you to use two-column proofs, they'll show you what they expect, so don't worry about my not showing you here.)
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:13:15
We won't be using two-column proofs in this class because this proof style is not used anywhere except in middle school and high
school geometry classes. Everywhere else, proofs are written as we did above: complete sentences in which the justifications are
included in the sentences.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:13:26
Next let's consider two parallel lines and Parallel lines are lines that never intersect even if they are both extended infinitely
in both directions. Lines and are crossed by a transversal and several angles ( and ) are formed.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:13:37
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:13:45
Here, the letters do not denote points, so we use lowercase.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:13:54
We'll be using this diagram a lot. You can open it up in another window by double-clicking it.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:14:06
Notice the arrows on lines m and n. These indicate that the lines are parallel. A third line parallel to these would have an arrow as
well. (We won't always include these arrows in our diagrams.)
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:14:17
In the diagram we call angles and corresponding angles because they show up in corresponding positions relative to the
transversal and their respective lines. In other words, if we slide line onto line , these angles would land on top of each other.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:14:29
What are some other pairs of corresponding angles?
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:14:43
(please include all pairs in one post)
Suraahi
2021-04-30 20:15:32
b and f, d and h, g and c.
pwr
2021-04-30 20:15:32
b,f and d,h and g,c and a,e
Colorcrazy
2021-04-30 20:15:32
c and g, h and d, b and f
CalvinGarces
2021-04-30 20:15:32
a and e, c and g, d and h, b and f
Rinnypig
2021-04-30 20:15:32
a and e, c and g, d and h, b and f.
stxph4nix
2021-04-30 20:15:32
d and h, b and f, c and g
neptune08
2021-04-30 20:15:42
c and g, b and f, d and h
Sirahulania
2021-04-30 20:15:42
b and f, d and h, c and g
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:15:44
b and f are corresponding angles, as are c and g, along with d and h. If you look closely at the diagram, you might suspect a
property to be true of corresponding angles. What is it?
apple.xy
2021-04-30 20:16:22
Corresponding angles are congruent
hchhaya
2021-04-30 20:16:22
That corresponding angles are congruent.
Colorcrazy
2021-04-30 20:16:22
they are congruent
pwr
2021-04-30 20:16:22
corresponding angles are congruent
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:16:25
Corresponding angles are congruent. We won't prove this here. Indeed, we will take this as one of our axioms. Remember from a
few minutes ago, axioms are foundational facts that we assume to be true. We use axioms and the basic rules of logic to prove
other statements. When we prove a statement starting from axioms and chasing out the consequences using logic, we call that
statement we've proven a theorem. We can also use theorems we have previously established as input for proving new theorems.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:16:45
Now, let's get back to parallel lines, and see what we can prove with the axiom that corresponding angles are equal.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:16:49
For instance, we call and alternate interior angles.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:16:54
They're called alternate because they are on opposite sides of the transversal.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:17:05
They're called interior because they are between the two parallel lines -- they're the inside of the area between the two lines.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:17:14
What do we think is true about alternate interior angles?
stxph4nix
2021-04-30 20:17:54
They are congruent
MathNinja7
2021-04-30 20:17:54
They are Congruent
Sunshine2016
2021-04-30 20:17:54
they are congruent
pnacham
2021-04-30 20:17:54
They are congruent.
pwr
2021-04-30 20:17:54
alternate interior angles are congruent
Evang12
2021-04-30 20:17:54
they are congruent.
Rinnypig
2021-04-30 20:17:54
They are congruent.
Sarah010
2021-04-30 20:17:54
they are congruent
turquoisewolf
2021-04-30 20:17:54
They are also congruent
snake2020
2021-04-30 20:17:54
They are always congruent.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:17:57
It sure looks like alternate interior angles are congruent.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:18:12
But we have to prove it. How can we prove that d = e, for example?
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:19:02
(justify your equations)
stjwyl
2021-04-30 20:20:02
d=a, vertical angles and a=e, corresponding angles so, d=e
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:20:04
We have a = d because they are vertical angles, and we have a = e because they are corresponding angles. Putting these
together gives us d = e.
shenpinyi
2021-04-30 20:20:06
Since d and h are corresponding angles, so d = h. Since e and h are vertical angles, e = h. Therefore, d = e.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:20:08
We have d = h because they are corresponding angles, and we have e = h because they are vertical angles. Putting these
together gives d = e.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:20:14
Notice how this proof justifies each step using only the facts about angles we already know (vertical angles are congruent, and
corresponding angles are congruent). You want to do that every time you write a proof!
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:20:32
What's wrong with using the following argument to prove that alternate interior angles are equal: angle d is supplementary to c,
angle e is supplementary to f , and angle f equals angle c, so angle d equals angle e?
hchhaya
2021-04-30 20:21:41
Because we don't know whether angle f = c or not, we havent proved it.
shenpinyi
2021-04-30 20:21:41
f = c is unjustified.
pwr
2021-04-30 20:21:41
because it uses that f=c which is what were trying to prove (alt interior angles)
CalvinGarces
2021-04-30 20:21:41
you are using the fact that alternate interior angles are equal to prove alternate interior angles are equal
takolhe12
2021-04-30 20:21:41
how do you know f=c?
apple.xy
2021-04-30 20:21:41
It assumes f = c which is what we're generally trying to prove
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:21:45
That "proof" uses f = c as a step, but those are alternate interior angles. We're trying to prove alternate interior angles are
congruent, so we can't use that fact yet!
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:21:54
Instead, we have to depend on what we know about corresponding angles, as we did earlier.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:22:09
So now we have proved that alternate interior angles are congruent.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:22:16
I should also note that some sources will use one of the other parallel line facts we will discuss as an axiom, instead of using the
fact about corresponding angles like we are. Either way is fine. The main point is that one of these facts must be assumed true,
and we can then prove the rest of them with it.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:22:33
We've studied some pairs of angles in this diagram. Can you point out any other interesting pairs of angles and explain the
relationship between them?
tmathur2
2021-04-30 20:23:10
b and g are alternate Exterior angles?
pnacham
2021-04-30 20:23:10
b,g they are alternate exterior angles
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:23:13
Let's call and alternate exterior angles. What can we say about them?
pwr
2021-04-30 20:23:16
alternate exterior angles are congruent
apple.xy
2021-04-30 20:23:16
g and b (alternate exterior angles?) are congruent
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:23:20
a and h are congruent. Of course, we have to prove it. Why are they congruent?
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:23:45
(justify your claims)
Suraahi
2021-04-30 20:24:20
a = h because h = d as they are corresponding angles and d = a because they are vertical angles.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:24:26
Angles a and d are vertical angles, so a = d, and d and h are corresponding angles, so d = h. Putting these together gives
a = d = h.
neptune08
2021-04-30 20:25:09
a=h because e and a are corresponding angles and e=h so then that relationship between a and h is called an alternate exterior angle
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:25:12
Angles a and e are corresponding angles, so a = e, and e and h are vertical angles, so e = h. Putting these together gives
a = e = h.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:26:03
We can use what we just learned about alternate interior angles. We have a = d and e = h because vertical angles are congruent,
and we just proved that d = e because they are alternate interior angles, so a = d = e = h, which means a = h.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:26:12
So, now we have a group of four congruent angles:
a = d = e = h.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:26:16
What about the other four angles? How are those four related to each other?
shenpinyi
2021-04-30 20:26:58
they are congruent
Suraahi
2021-04-30 20:26:58
They are all congruent.
Evang12
2021-04-30 20:26:58
the other four angles are all congruent.
Vitah2008
2021-04-30 20:26:58
c=b=g=f
superhero2020
2021-04-30 20:26:58
b = c = f = g
snake2020
2021-04-30 20:26:58
They are all congruent.
GarudS
2021-04-30 20:26:58
b = c = f = g
apple.xy
2021-04-30 20:26:58
They are also congruent
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:27:01
The other four angles are congruent, for the same reasons the first four are congruent:
b = c = f = g.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:27:12
How are the two groups related?
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:27:47
(there are no supplementary "groups")
apple.xy
2021-04-30 20:28:49
AN angle from one group is supplementary to an angle from the other group
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:28:53
Each angle in the first group is supplementary to each angle in the second group.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:29:05
We can see this by considering angles a and b along line m. These two angles together make a straight angle, so
∘
a + b = 180 .
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:29:23
Since a = d = e = h and b = c = f = g, we can use substitution in a + b to see that each angle in the first group is
∘
= 180
supplementary to each angle in the second group.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:29:39
Each pair of supplementary angles has a special name. For example, b and h are "same side exterior angles." I didn't put that term
in bold because I don't bother remembering it. Don't worry so much about the names here; the relationships are what's important.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:29:55
In general, with parallel lines, the main thing to know is that the eight angles can be divided into two groups of four equal angles.
(And to know which angles are equal to which.) Furthermore, each angle in one group is supplementary to an angle in the other.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:30:05
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:30:15
Because m and n are parallel, we have:
a = d = e = h
and
b = c = f = g,
and the angles in the first group are supplementary to those in the second.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:30:28
Let's look at a sample problem:
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:30:30
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:30:34
Suppose that line segments AB and CD are parallel.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:30:39
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
Typeset, that looks like this: AB ∥ CD. In plain text, we could write segments AB || CD.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:30:48
(You can make that in LaTeX with $\overline{AB} \parallel \overline{CD}$.)
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:30:56
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
Be aware that you can change the order in which you name a line segment. So AB means the same thing as BA. Thus, we can
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
also write BA ∥ DC .
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:31:06
What is q?
tmathur2
2021-04-30 20:31:45
63 Degrees
Brendangho
2021-04-30 20:31:45
63 degrees
hchhaya
2021-04-30 20:31:45
63 degrees.
TThB0501
2021-04-30 20:31:45
763 degrees
Evang12
2021-04-30 20:31:45
63 degrees
pnacham
2021-04-30 20:31:45
63 degrees
Vitah2008
2021-04-30 20:31:45
63 degrees
Wuwuspring
2021-04-30 20:31:45
63 degrees
Colorcrazy
2021-04-30 20:31:45
63 degrees
GarudS
2021-04-30 20:31:45
∘
63
TThB0501
2021-04-30 20:31:45
63 degrees
turquoisewolf
2021-04-30 20:31:45
63 degrees
Sarah010
2021-04-30 20:31:45
63 degrees
MathNinja7
2021-04-30 20:31:45
∘
63
pwr
2021-04-30 20:31:45
63 degrees
Sirahulania
2021-04-30 20:31:45
63 degrees
TheIdentityProperty
2021-04-30 20:31:45
∘
q = 63
CalvinGarces
2021-04-30 20:31:45
∘
63
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:31:50
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
Since AB ∥ CD, we have q = s = u = 63
∘
and p = r = t = v. So, q ∘
= 63 .
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:31:56
How about p?
neptune08
2021-04-30 20:32:27
117 degrees
Vitah2008
2021-04-30 20:32:27
117 degrees
Sarah010
2021-04-30 20:32:27
117 degrees
tmathur2
2021-04-30 20:32:27
117 degrees
WestAndEast
2021-04-30 20:32:27
117 degrees
Brendangho
2021-04-30 20:32:27
117 degrees
pwr
2021-04-30 20:32:27
117 degrees
shenpinyi
2021-04-30 20:32:27
p = 117 degrees
Wuwuspring
2021-04-30 20:32:27
117 degrees
stjwyl
2021-04-30 20:32:27
117 degrees
Hridhaan
2021-04-30 20:32:27
∘
117
Suraahi
2021-04-30 20:32:27
p = 180º - 63º = 117º
LONC123
2021-04-30 20:32:27
117 degrees
Evang12
2021-04-30 20:32:27
p is 117 degrees
Save_The_Elephants
2021-04-30 20:32:27
117º
Sunshine2016
2021-04-30 20:32:27
p=117º
takolhe12
2021-04-30 20:32:27
117 degrees
MathNinja7
2021-04-30 20:32:27
∘
117
stxph4nix
2021-04-30 20:32:27
117 degrees
akim2008
2021-04-30 20:32:27
117 degrees
Rinnypig
2021-04-30 20:32:31
p=117
∘
JC0001
2021-04-30 20:32:31
p = 117°
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:32:33
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
Angle p is one of the obtuse angles, and because AB ∥ CD, all the obtuse angles are supplementary to all the acute angles. So,
∘ ∘ ∘
p = 180 − 63 = 117 .
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:32:43
Thus, when we have parallel lines cut by a transversal, we get two groups of four equal angles. Basically, when you have parallel
lines that are cut by a transversal, the angles that look equal are equal. (Be careful with that last bit if all 8 angles look equal!)
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:32:57
Consider the following diagram, where all the lines that look parallel are parallel, and the line cutting through all of those goes
through intersection points of the aforementioned lines. All angle measures are in degrees, and all capital letters represent points
while the other letters and numbers express angle measures:
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:33:09
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:33:19
Our goal is to find the values of x and y. (Reminder: You can double-click on that image to open it in a new window.)
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:33:27
Often in geometry problems, it won't be immediately obvious how to find the answer. With these types of problems, we find as
much as we can, and label our diagram as we find new information.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:33:36
We'll try this strategy here by finding many angles in our diagram in terms of x and y.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:33:42
Let's start with ∠QP R; what is ∠QP R in terms of x and y, and why?
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:33:48
(Don't forget to answer the "and why?" part!)
Suraahi
2021-04-30 20:35:57
It equals x because <RPQ and <PQO are alternate interior angles.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:36:01
¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯¯
Because F K ∥ GJ , we have ∠QP R = ∠P QO = x. (Ignore the horizontal lines to see this more easily!)
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:36:10
We then add this to our diagram:
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:36:27
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:36:35
Before we continue, a couple words about writing solutions. In our class (and as you move to high-level competitions), you can
¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯¯
explain that ∠QP R = x just as we did above. Namely, we wrote, "Because F K ∥ GJ , we have ∠QP R = ∠P QO = x. "
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:37:28
(Some people wrote: "it is x because they are alternate angles". What are they? Be specific. Which angles are alternate angles (and
why?) )
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:37:46
If you take a geometry class in your middle or high school, your teacher may make you use those names we mentioned before, like
¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯¯
this, "Because ∠QP R and ∠P QO are alternate interior angles of parallel lines F K and GJ , we have ∠QP R = ∠P QO = x. "
It's fine to be this specific in this online course, as well.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:37:59
Let's try another one. How about ∠QOI ?
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:38:24
"We have ∠QOI =. . . because ..."
pwr
2021-04-30 20:40:16
<QOI is 2y+10 because <POJ and <QOI are vertical angles
stjwyl
2021-04-30 20:40:16
<QOI=2y+10 because it is a vertical angle with <JOP
shenpinyi
2021-04-30 20:40:16
<QOI = 2y + 10 because <QOI and <LOJ are vertical angles
Brendangho
2021-04-30 20:40:16
Because <LOJ and <QOI are vertical angles, <QOI = 2y + 10
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:40:24
We have ∠QOI = ∠P OJ , because they are vertical angles, so ∠QOI = 2y + 10 .
∘
We add that to the diagram.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:40:25
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:40:39
How about ∠OP K?
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:41:19
"We have ∠OP K =. . ., because..."
JC0001
2021-04-30 20:42:56
<OPK = x + 70° because it has a corresponding angle <PRQ which is equal to x + 70°
Brendangho
2021-04-30 20:42:56
Because angles <QRP and <OPK are corresponding angles, <OPK = x + 70 degrees
Evang12
2021-04-30 20:42:56
angle OPK = x + 70 because angle QRP and angle OPK are corresponding angles
takolhe12
2021-04-30 20:42:56
We have <OPK = x+70 degrees because <OPK and <QRK are corresponding angles
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:43:00
¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
Because H E we have ∠OP K
∘
∥ I L, = ∠QRP = x + 70 .
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:43:03
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:43:15
Write some equations involving x and y using this picture.
Evang12
2021-04-30 20:44:28
x + 70 + x + y = 180
Vitah2008
2021-04-30 20:44:28
2x + y = 110
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:44:30
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
Because RP K is a line, we have x + y + (x + 70 so we have 2x + y
∘ ∘ ∘
) = 180 , = 110 .
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:44:31
What else?
Sirahulania
2021-04-30 20:44:56
2y +x = 100
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:44:58
¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯¯
Because F K we have ∠OP K so (x + 70 which gives us x + 2y
∘ ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘
∥ GJ , + ∠P OJ = 180 , ) + (2y + 10 ) = 180 , = 100 .
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:45:03
See if you can solve these equations to find x and y.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:45:43
(use degrees)
Suraahi
2021-04-30 20:46:12
x = 40º and y = 30º
hchhaya
2021-04-30 20:46:12
x = 40 degrees, y = 30 degrees
Sunshine2016
2021-04-30 20:46:12
x = 40º and y = 30º
Vitah2008
2021-04-30 20:46:12
y = 30 degrees and x = 40 degrees
pwr
2021-04-30 20:46:12
x=40 degrees and y=30 degrees
CalvinGarces
2021-04-30 20:46:12
x = 40 degrees, y = 30 degrees
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:46:15
We have two equations in terms of x and y. Solving 2x + y = 110
∘
for y gives us y = 110
∘
− 2x. Substituting this into
x + 2y = 100 gives x + 2(110 − 2x) = 100 .
∘ ∘
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:46:50
Simplifying the left side gives 220 Solving this equation gives x Substituting this into y
∘ ∘ ∘ ∘
− 3x = 100 . = 40 . = 110 − 2x
gives y = 30 .
∘
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:47:05
It wasn't immediately obvious how we could find x and y in this problem. Rather than just sitting and staring, we did what we could:
we found a bunch of angles in terms of x and y until we were able to find a way to make some equations in terms of x and y. As
we found angles in terms of x and y, we added this information to our diagram, which helped us see when we were able to make
an equation.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:47:14
In the diagram, m ∥ n, and the angles are as marked. Find x.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:47:20
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:47:27
Can we use any of our parallel line relationships to find x quickly? For example, is x = 35
∘
or x = 40 ?
∘
Sarah010
2021-04-30 20:48:00
no
Mathqueen20
2021-04-30 20:48:00
no
Sunshine2016
2021-04-30 20:48:00
sadly no
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:48:03
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
No, we can't easily relate x to the angles we have right away. Neither AB nor AC is parallel to m and n, so it isn't yet obvious how
to find x.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:48:07
What might we do?
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:48:49
(x is not an angle, but rather the measure of an angle)
shenpinyi
2021-04-30 20:49:33
you can draw another line through point A parallel to m and n
Sarah010
2021-04-30 20:49:33
draw a parallel line through A so that it is parallel with lines m and n
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:49:40
We know a lot about parallel lines and angles.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:49:50
We have to be specific, though.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:50:12
For example, "Draw a line parallel to m and n" is too vague. There are infinitely many such lines.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:50:49
Specifying a point that this line goes through is enough to determine the line.
Sunshine2016
2021-04-30 20:51:34
draw a line that is parallel to m and n that passes through point A
Evang12
2021-04-30 20:51:34
draw a line parallel to m and n that goes through point A
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:51:40
That point is A (not x).
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:51:45
Parallel lines are so useful in problems that we often add a line to an existing diagram such that our new line is parallel to existing
lines in the diagram. Here, we split ∠BAC in to two angles by drawing a third line, l, through A parallel to both m and n :
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:51:48
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:52:15
How does this help?
apple.xy
2021-04-30 20:52:55
We can find <BAX and <CAX, then add the, to get the measure of angle x
Sunshine2016
2021-04-30 20:52:55
now using alternate interior angles we can find the answer
max_z
2021-04-30 20:52:55
we can determine the angle of BAX, which helps us fidn x
stjwyl
2021-04-30 20:52:55
we can use alternate interior angles
pwr
2021-04-30 20:53:06
we can use alternate interior angles
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:53:17
What's the answer? x =?
okhurana2
2021-04-30 20:54:08
∘
x = 75
pwr
2021-04-30 20:54:08
x=75 degrees
Vitah2008
2021-04-30 20:54:08
x = 75 degrees
Suraahi
2021-04-30 20:54:08
x = 75º
Sirahulania
2021-04-30 20:54:08
x equals 75 degrees because of the alternate interior angles
Wuwuspring
2021-04-30 20:54:08
x =75 degrees
hchhaya
2021-04-30 20:54:08
75 degrees
WestAndEast
2021-04-30 20:54:08
75 degrees
MathNinja7
2021-04-30 20:54:08
75 degrees
Sarah010
2021-04-30 20:54:08
75 degrees
snake2020
2021-04-30 20:54:08
∘
75
GarudS
2021-04-30 20:54:08
∘
x = 75
WestAndEast
2021-04-30 20:54:08
x=75 degrees
cwc28
2021-04-30 20:54:08
75 degrees
stjwyl
2021-04-30 20:54:08
75 degrees
Sunshine2016
2021-04-30 20:54:08
75º
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:54:18
Because and are parallel, we have Because and are parallel, we have Therefore,
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:54:25
This problem is an example of the very important tactic in geometry problems of breaking a desired angle, length, or area into
pieces that you know how to handle.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:54:29
It is also an example of the very important tactic of adding more to your diagram. A lot of hard problems can be made easy by
finding the right extra line to draw in your diagram!
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:54:34
Next, let's take a look at how we can use what we know about parallel lines to find out something interesting about triangles.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:54:39
Consider the following diagram of a triangle, and pay attention to its three angles:
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:54:41
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:54:57
Suppose we want to find the sum of ∠A, ∠B, and ∠C. We now have some interesting information about parallel lines. How can
we use that information to help us find the sum ∠A + ∠B + ∠C?
pwr
2021-04-30 20:55:33
draw a line parallel to segment BC through A
Sunshine2016
2021-04-30 20:55:33
draw a line that is parallel to BC that passes through point A
apple.xy
2021-04-30 20:55:33
add a line parallel to line BC that goes through point A
Sirahulania
2021-04-30 20:55:33
draw a line through A parallel to BC
shenpinyi
2021-04-30 20:55:33
we can draw a line through A that is parallel to segment BC.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:55:35
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
If we add a parallel line to the top (through A, parallel to BC ) we get the following figure:
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:55:37
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:55:42
What can we say about angles in this figure, using what we know about parallel lines?
Suraahi
2021-04-30 20:56:46
<DAB = <ABC and <CAE = <ACB
Sarah010
2021-04-30 20:56:46
<B = <DAB and <C=<EAC
Evang12
2021-04-30 20:56:46
angle DAB = angle B and angle C = EAC
Brendangho
2021-04-30 20:56:46
Angle <ABC = <DAB and angle <ACB = <CAE.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:56:48
We know that ∠ABC = ∠DAB because they are alternate interior angles. Similarly we know that ∠ACB = ∠EAC. What can
we say about ∠DAE?
Vitah2008
2021-04-30 20:57:15
<DAE = 180 degrees
apple.xy
2021-04-30 20:57:15
it is 180 degrees
hchhaya
2021-04-30 20:57:15
its 180 degrees
takolhe12
2021-04-30 20:57:15
its 180 degrees
Sarah010
2021-04-30 20:57:15
it is 180 degrees
Suraahi
2021-04-30 20:57:15
<DAE = 180º
Mathqueen20
2021-04-30 20:57:20
<DAE = 180 degrees
neptune08
2021-04-30 20:57:20
<DAE = 180 degrees
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:57:22
We know ∠DAE is a straight angle, so it measures 180 degrees. What equation can we write now?
MathNinja7
2021-04-30 20:58:11
That ∠DAB + ∠BAC + ∠EAC = 180
Wuwuspring
2021-04-30 20:58:11
<DAB + <BAC + <EAC = 180 degrees
apple.xy
2021-04-30 20:58:11
180 degrees = <DAE + <DAB + <EAC = <DAB + <B + <C
pwr
2021-04-30 20:58:11
<ABC+<BAC+<ACB=180
Sarah010
2021-04-30 20:58:11
<B +<C +<BAC = 180 degrees
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:58:14
∘
180 = ∠DAE = ∠DAB + ∠BAC + ∠EAC
= ∠ABC + ∠BAC + ∠ACB.
Vitah2008
2021-04-30 20:58:20
<A+<B+<C = 180 degrees
TheIdentityProperty
2021-04-30 20:58:20
<B + <C + <A = 180 degrees
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:58:30
This tells us that, in any triangle, the measures of the angles add to 180 degrees. This is one of the most useful facts in all of
geometry. And notice that is it true for ANY triangle, no matter how strangely shaped it is!
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:58:45
SUMMARY
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:58:47
Today we talked about angles and parallel lines. Make sure you have a complete mastery of which angles are congruent when you
have parallel lines and a transversal.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:58:54
We also learned that the sum of the angles in a triangle is 180 degrees.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:59:02
Throughout our work on the problems, we drew diagrams and labeled them with the information we had in the problem. Then, as
we learned more information, we often added that to the diagram as well. This is very, very important. If you learn only one
problem solving strategy in this entire course, it should be this one: draw good diagrams and label them with the information you
have.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:59:13
If you found today a little slow and easy, we will be getting into much more challenging problems as we develop the tools to solve
them.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:59:28
Now, I'd like to talk a little bit more about what you should do between classes.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:59:30
First, if you haven't been to the course homepage yet, check it out right after class. You can get to it by clicking "My Classes" on the
top right of any page on the AoPS website when you're logged in.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:59:36
The course homepage has several tabs: "Overview", "My Goals", "Homework", "Message Board", "Report", and "Alcumus". Here's
what each one is about:
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:59:40
Overview
This tab includes a Course Introduction document, which you should read once, and also the syllabus for the course. Also, within
an hour or two after every class, we'll post a transcript of everything that happened here. You can use this to review anything from
class that you might not have understood at the time.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 20:59:50
My Goals
This tab has two purposes. First, it is a week-by-week list of all the things you need to do to be successful in this class. Second, it
allows you to pick days on which you would like to work and adjusts the goals to fit that schedule. By picking multiple days to work
on during the week, this tab will help you manage your schedule so you don't have a ton of reading/homework to do the day before
(or the day of!) class.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 21:00:06
Homework
This tab will include a few problems to solve between classes each week. Some of these can be answered with just a number.
Other problems will ask you to write an explanation of your work. Learning to explain your thinking is just as important as learning
to think well in the first place! On the writing problems, you'll get written feedback from an AoPS grader.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 21:00:17
This tab will also list readings for this week and next week, as well as your Alcumus assignments for the week. It's important that
you read the book, and it's best if you read it before class! Students who keep up with the book do way better than those who don't.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 21:00:27
Message Board
The message board is where you can chat with the instructor and with other students during the week. Additionally, we have Office
Hours on the message board: an AoPS staff member will be on the message board to answer questions in real time every day from
4:00 - 5:30 PM ET (1:00 - 2:30 PM PT) and 7:30-8:30 PM ET (4:30-5:30 PM PT).
Achilleas
2021-04-30 21:00:34
We will post extra discussion questions after class each week that will give you all something to talk about!
Achilleas
2021-04-30 21:00:41
We have integrated the message board into the transcripts and homework to make it easier to discuss the transcript and the
homework -- even specific lines in the transcript or problems in the homework. If you see a speech balloon icon, clicking it will
show you the threads already discussing that item.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 21:00:49
Clicking a pencil and paper icon V will create a new thread linked to that item. A linked thread will make it easier for everyone to
see exactly what you want to discuss.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 21:00:56
Whenever you create a new thread, it will also e-mail the instructors and assistants to let them know that a question has been
asked. Also you have the option to ask questions that are anonymous to the other students (though you needn't ever be
embarrassed to ask a question!).
Achilleas
2021-04-30 21:01:04
You can also get to the course message board by clicking on the Message Board tab of the class homepage.
tmathur2
2021-04-30 21:01:11
In my other class there is handouts, but I do not see that taab here.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 21:01:20
There are no handouts in this class.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 21:01:23
Report
This tab will tell you how you're doing in this course. It has magic bars that track your performance on Alcumus, the weekly
Challenge Problems, and in class. Green bars mean that you've passed the task and can move on. Blue bars mean you've mastered
the task. Red and orange mean "Keep going!"
Achilleas
2021-04-30 21:01:38
Alcumus
Alcumus is our online learning system, and it is the main source of practice you'll have in this course. The course homepage will
tell you what subjects you have due each week. Alcumus feeds you problems, checks your answers, tells you solutions, and then
picks more problems. As you solve problems, you will gain experience points, and Alcumus will give you more challenging
problems.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 21:01:51
Throughout the course, you should visit the class homepage at least a couple of times a week, and use the Homework tab to make
sure you're keeping up with your work.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 21:01:56
In addition to class, message board problems, Challenge Problems, and Alcumus, you also have the textbook to learn from. The
Overview Tab of the course homepage has recommended reading. We recommend you do the reading before the class! If you don't
have the books yet, don't worry about it too much, as the first couple weeks will not be quite as fast-paced as the rest of the
course.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 21:02:04
If you have the online book, you can find it on the Textbook tab of the class homepage.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 21:02:13
Each time we teach a course with an accompanying textbook, we see a significant difference between those students who do the
reading and try problems in the text and those who do not. Those students who did the reading before class and tried some of the
problems in the text did much, much, much better than those who didn't. They understood more in class, were able to solve more
of the message board and challenge problems, and enjoyed the class much more than the other students.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 21:02:27
Simply put, those who did the reading and worked on problems in the book learned much more than those who didn't.
stjwyl
2021-04-30 21:02:30
also are there videos?
cwc28
2021-04-30 21:02:30
are there any videos?
Achilleas
2021-04-30 21:02:41
No, there are no videos for this class either.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 21:02:45
Discussion and Writing
Achilleas
2021-04-30 21:02:49
Each week, in addition to your Challenge Problems, you'll have either a Discussion Problem or a Writing Problem. We will alternate
between discussion problems and writing problems each week. There is a Writing Problem on the first week.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 21:02:57
Writing Problems are on all odd-numbered weeks, Discussion Problems are on all even-numbered weeks.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 21:03:07
In a Discussion Problem, you respond to a prompt on the message board and discuss it with your classmates. Remember to be
constructive and kind and on-topic. If the problem is open-ended, you can just share your thoughts instead of coming up with a full
solution.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 21:03:12
Moderators will be checking these threads to help keep the conversation on-track and provide feedback when necessary.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 21:03:20
In a Writing Problem, you will write a full solution to a challenge problem and submit it for grading. It's best to try to write out your
reasoning in a way that you think one of your classmates could understand!
Save_The_Elephants
2021-04-30 21:03:31
will there be a transcript
Achilleas
2021-04-30 21:03:54
yes, there will be a transcript posted at https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/overview shortly.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 21:04:20
Reviewing the class transcripts and the textbook material before grappling with any homework problems is highly recommended.
Achilleas
2021-04-30 21:04:28
That's it for class today! Let me know if you have any questions!
stxph4nix
2021-04-30 21:05:09
Thank you
JC0001
2021-04-30 21:05:09
Thank you!!
TheIdentityProperty
2021-04-30 21:05:09
Thank you! See you next week!
Suraahi
2021-04-30 21:05:09
Bye, thank you!
Mathqueen20
2021-04-30 21:05:09
Thank you
Colorcrazy
2021-04-30 21:05:09
Thank you! Bye!
Sunshine2016
2021-04-30 21:05:09
thank you and goodbye!
Achilleas
2021-04-30 21:05:11
Thank you all! have a wonderful weekend. See you next time.
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Geometry Week 1 - 2689 Introduction To Geometry

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Geometry Week 1 - 2689 Introduction To Geometry

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9/20/21, 10:31 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Introduction to Geometry (2689)

There's also a link to the message board on the course homepage.

1. Hang out/living with physics grad students

2. Discovering her university major, applied math

There's also a link to the message board on the course homepage.

$\angle BOD = 180^\circ$

in LaTeX to get the equation above.

∠AOD + ∠BOA = ∠BOC + ∠BOA.

Subtracting ∠BOA from both sides gives ∠AOD = ∠BOC.

∠AOB + ∠BOC = ∠AOB + ∠AOD.

property to be true of corresponding angles. What is it?

supplementary to each angle in the second group.

= ∠ABC + ∠BAC + ∠ACB.

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