10/12/21, 8:37 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Introduction to Geometry (2689)

Achilleas Sinefakopoulos

Friday
Apr 30, 2021 - Oct 8, 2021
7:30 - 9:00 PM ET (4:30 - 6:00 PM PT)

Overview
Week 13 (Jul 23) Class Transcript - Introduction to Circles
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Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:29:11
Hi, everyone!

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-23 19:29:29
hi

dan09
2021-07-23 19:29:29
Hello!

Colorcrazy
2021-07-23 19:29:29
hello!

Sarah010
2021-07-23 19:29:29
hi

Brendangho
2021-07-23 19:29:29
hello

apple.xy
2021-07-23 19:29:29
Hi!!

Sirahulania
2021-07-23 19:29:29
Hello!

Rinnypig
2021-07-23 19:29:29
Hello!

Suraahi
2021-07-23 19:29:29
Hello!

WestAndEast
2021-07-23 19:29:29
hi

TThB0501
2021-07-23 19:29:29
hi

RyanL2019
2021-07-23 19:29:29
Hello!

tkubota
2021-07-23 19:29:29
Hi!

joeshu60091
2021-07-23 19:29:29
hi

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:29:34
Today, we leave the wonderful world of straight lines to learn about...

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10/12/21, 8:37 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:29:40
Introduction to Geometry

Week 13: Introduction to Circles

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:29:48
We've already seen and used circles in this class, but let's formally define them. Anyone have a good definition of a circle?

dan09
2021-07-23 19:32:50
The set of all points that are the same distance from a center

CalvinGarces
2021-07-23 19:32:50
the set of all points a certain distance from a point

Sirahulania
2021-07-23 19:32:50
the set of all points equidistant from a given point, called the center

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:32:58
A circle is defined as the locus of all of the points that are the same fixed distance from a center. This fixed distance is called a
radius. So if we identify a point to be the center of the circle and we specify the radius, the circle itself is all the points that are that
distance from the center.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:33:23
Circles are so important in geometry that a lot of terminology has been defined just for them. For fun, let's play a game. I'll draw a
diagram, and you tell me what different things are.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:33:37

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:33:41
Here, O is the center of this circle, and any of OA, OB, or OC are all equal to the radius.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:33:46
What do we call the line segment AB?

dan09
2021-07-23 19:34:12
diameter

Brendangho
2021-07-23 19:34:12
diameter

Vitah2008
2021-07-23 19:34:12
diameter

turquoisewolf
2021-07-23 19:34:12
diameter

Wuwuspring
2021-07-23 19:34:12
diameter

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10/12/21, 8:37 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

KindKitty
2021-07-23 19:34:12
diameter

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-23 19:34:12
The diameter!!

MathNinja7
2021-07-23 19:34:12
Diameter

Sirahulania
2021-07-23 19:34:12
diameter

pwr
2021-07-23 19:34:12
diamater

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:34:21
Segment AB is a diameter, which is a line segment from one point on the circle to another that passes through the center.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:34:41
(a diameter, not *the* diameter; it is not unique)

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:34:57
You can see that a diameter will consist of two radii joined at the center, so the length of a diameter is always twice the length of
the radius.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:35:11
What do we call the line segments AC and BC?

pwr
2021-07-23 19:35:51
chords

dan09
2021-07-23 19:35:51
chords

Sarah010
2021-07-23 19:35:51
chords

shenpinyi
2021-07-23 19:35:51
chords

Suraahi
2021-07-23 19:35:51
Chords

Sirahulania
2021-07-23 19:35:51
chords

GarudS
2021-07-23 19:35:51
chords

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-23 19:35:51
chords!!

iejake
2021-07-23 19:35:51
chords

joeshu60091
2021-07-23 19:35:51
chords

grayspider
2021-07-23 19:35:51
Chords

Hridhaan
2021-07-23 19:35:51
Chords

Rinnypig
2021-07-23 19:35:51
Chords.

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10/12/21, 8:37 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

cwc28
2021-07-23 19:35:51
chords

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:35:55
Segments AC and BC are chords, line segments joining two points on the circle. So by definition the diameter AB is a chord as
well.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:36:06
What about the red curved path from A to C, along the circle?

dan09
2021-07-23 19:36:36
arc

pwr
2021-07-23 19:36:36
an arc

Sirahulania
2021-07-23 19:36:36
arc

Sarah010
2021-07-23 19:36:36
arc

Suraahi
2021-07-23 19:36:36
arc

MathNinja7
2021-07-23 19:36:36
Arc

Vitah2008
2021-07-23 19:36:36
arc

shenpinyi
2021-07-23 19:36:36
arc

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-23 19:36:36
An arc!!

RollOver2020
2021-07-23 19:36:36
that is an arc

Colorcrazy
2021-07-23 19:36:36
arc

grayspider
2021-07-23 19:36:36
We call that an arc

Mathqueen20
2021-07-23 19:36:36
arc

Rinnypig
2021-07-23 19:36:36
An arc.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:36:39
That is called arc AC, the portion of the circle contained by two points on the circle.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:36:45
We can name either a chord or an arc by the two points that define it, and if context does not make it clear whether a chord or an
arc is being designated this must be made explicit by saying the word "chord" or "arc" first.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:36:56
Because chords are line segments, they are measured in units of length. Arcs are measured in degrees (or radians in later
courses) and, by definition, the measure of an arc is equal to the measure of the angle formed by connecting the center of the
circle to the endpoints of the arc.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:37:08
So for instance, we might say that the length of chord AC while arc AC
∘
= 4, = 70 .

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Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:37:16
How about the yellow shaded region on the left? What do we call that?

dan09
2021-07-23 19:37:49
sector

shenpinyi
2021-07-23 19:37:49
sector

Sarah010
2021-07-23 19:37:49
sector

Vitah2008
2021-07-23 19:37:49
a sector

Suraahi
2021-07-23 19:37:49
sector

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-23 19:37:49
a sector

joeshu60091
2021-07-23 19:37:49
a sector

MathNinja7
2021-07-23 19:37:49
Sector

Sirahulania
2021-07-23 19:37:49
sector

pwr
2021-07-23 19:37:49
a sector

CalvinGarces
2021-07-23 19:37:49
sector

Colorcrazy
2021-07-23 19:37:49
sector

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:37:52
That's called a sector, in this case, sector AOC.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:37:57
And the green shaded region?

Vitah2008
2021-07-23 19:38:39
segment

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-23 19:38:39
a circular segment

Suraahi
2021-07-23 19:38:39
segment

themikyway
2021-07-23 19:38:39
segment

shenpinyi
2021-07-23 19:38:39
circular segment

Sirahulania
2021-07-23 19:38:39
circular segment

CalvinGarces
2021-07-23 19:38:39
segment

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Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:38:42
The green shaded region is called a segment or a circular segment (to avoid confusion with a line segment), the portion of a circle
enclosed by a chord and the arc it intercepts.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:39:08
(semi- means "half"; clearly, the green shaded region is not half the circle)

turquoisewolf
2021-07-23 19:39:19
Should we have this vocabulary memorized? I haven't heard of some of these before

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:39:25
Yes, you should.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:39:34
Let's highlight one issue with arcs, sectors and segments. Does the point C lie on arc AB?

Sarah010
2021-07-23 19:39:59
it depends

dan09
2021-07-23 19:39:59
It depends if it is the major or minor arc

pwr
2021-07-23 19:39:59
depends on which arc we are talking about

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:40:01
It isn't clear. The arc we're referring to when we say "arc AB" could mean the one that goes around the top or the one that goes
around the bottom. It's ambiguous what we meant here. In general, with only the two endpoints named, there will always be
(exactly) two possible ways to go around.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:40:15
Fortunately, if the measure of our arc is not exactly 180 degrees, we can easily distinguish the two possibilities:

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:40:21
Any time an arc contains more than half the circle (meaning its measure is strictly greater than 180∘ ) we call it a major arc. In
contrast, a minor arc is less than half a circle (meaning its measure is strictly less than 180∘ ).

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:40:33
So we could call the red arc "minor arc AC," and if we wanted refer to the rest of the circle instead, we could call the remaining arc
"major arc AC."

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:40:45
By default, if you don't see the words "major" or "minor" mentioned, assume that "arc" means "minor arc". (This is the default you
should take since we tend to talk about angles less than 180∘ more often than we talk about angles bigger than 180∘ .)

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:40:59
Unfortunately, this convention of using the words "major" and "minor" to disambiguate what arc we mean doesn't work for a
semicircle, like we have with arc AB. In this case, we would simply use a three point name to make clear which arc we mean. For
example, we could label the upper arc as arc ACB.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:41:13
The given diagram does not allow us to clearly name the arc that is the semicircle from A counterclockwise to B. For that we
would need another point to assist in naming the arc.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:41:23
To be clear, since ambiguity is always the enemy of clear communication, you must always use a three point name to identify
which arc you're talking about in the case of semicircular arcs. It's not just a good idea; it's required. Try to remember to follow this
convention if needed when writing your solutions to long answer problems in coming weeks.

grayspider
2021-07-23 19:41:53
Are they ever called Obtuse and Acute arcs?

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:41:57
No, they are not.

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Suraahi
2021-07-23 19:42:05
Can we call it arc ACB?

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:42:09
Yes, you can.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:42:18
Now we are ready to talk about perimeter and area in circles. In order to do this we need to introduce this Greek symbol:

shenpinyi
2021-07-23 19:42:49
pi!

pwr
2021-07-23 19:42:49
pi!

iejake
2021-07-23 19:42:49
PI!!!!!

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-23 19:42:49
π!!

pwr
2021-07-23 19:42:49
π

Sirahulania
2021-07-23 19:42:49
π

Wuwuspring
2021-07-23 19:42:49
pi

Sarah010
2021-07-23 19:42:49
pi

Suraahi
2021-07-23 19:42:49
π

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:42:53
π .

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:43:00
This symbol is spelled "pi" in English, and pronounced like the word "pie." In the classroom, we can use the word "pi" in text or use
the symbol $\pi$ in LaTeX formulas.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:43:11
Pi is defined as the ratio between a circle's circumference and its diameter. The circumference is just another word we use in a
circle for the perimeter, the distance around the circle. So if the circumference is C and the diameter is d, we have C/d = π, or
C = dπ.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:43:28
The value of π is the same for circles of any size. Intuitively, this is because anytime the diameter increases there is a
corresponding increase in the circumference that keeps the ratio the same.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:43:42
The value of π starts with 3.1415926535 … . The decimal expansion of π never repeats, because π is an irrational number, as
was proven in the 1700's. In fact, π is transcendental, which means it's not a root of any polynomial with integer coefficients. This
has only been known since 1882!

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:43:54
You will sometimes be asked to use an approximation like or 3.14 for π, but remember these approximations are always
22

inexact and it is never acceptable in (this) math class to substitute one of these for π unless specifically instructed to do so.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:44:05
Let's write some formulas that might be familiar. How can we express the circumference in terms of the radius?

dan09
2021-07-23 19:44:57

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10/12/21, 8:37 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
2πr

Suraahi
2021-07-23 19:44:57
2πr

shenpinyi
2021-07-23 19:44:57
2πr

iejake
2021-07-23 19:44:57
2pi*r

Sarah010
2021-07-23 19:44:57
2*pi*r

pwr
2021-07-23 19:44:57
circumference is 2πr

Vitah2008
2021-07-23 19:44:57
2r *pi

JC0001
2021-07-23 19:44:57
2πr

grayspider
2021-07-23 19:44:57
2πr

turquoisewolf
2021-07-23 19:44:57
2rπ

Sirahulania
2021-07-23 19:44:57
2π ⋅ r

Brendangho
2021-07-23 19:44:57
2πr

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-23 19:44:57
So C = 2πr

Wuwuspring
2021-07-23 19:44:57
2πr

hchhaya
2021-07-23 19:44:57
2pir

Rinnypig
2021-07-23 19:44:57
C = 2πr

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:44:59
The diameter is twice the radius, so we can substitute 2r in for d into C = πd to get C = 2πr.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:45:15
Now let's talk about the area of a circle. Consider taking a circle and splitting it into a number of sectors:

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:45:22

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Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:45:26
How can we take the pieces and make something that resembles a rectangle?

CalvinGarces
2021-07-23 19:46:04
take them and put them in opposite directions

MathNinja7
2021-07-23 19:46:04
By rearranging the sectors

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:46:06
How?

dan09
2021-07-23 19:46:25
Take the sectors and arrange them one with point down, one with point up, one with point down, one with point up, etc.

apple.xy
2021-07-23 19:46:25
split them and rearrange them like ∆v∆v∆ (idk how to explain)

CalvinGarces
2021-07-23 19:46:31
face up, face down, up, down and so on

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:46:33
We can line the sectors up:

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:46:34

Sirahulania
2021-07-23 19:46:54
split the last two in half

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:46:56
Now we will take half the sector at the far left and bring it to the right side, creating something that looks a lot like a rectangle:

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:47:01

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10/12/21, 8:37 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:47:09
As the number of sectors increases this shape will begin to look more like a rectangle.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:47:15
Together, what are the top and the bottom sides of this "rectangle" made from?

shenpinyi
2021-07-23 19:48:00
the circumference

pwr
2021-07-23 19:48:00
the circumference

dan09
2021-07-23 19:48:00
Circumference

superhero2020
2021-07-23 19:48:00
the circumference of the circle

Vitah2008
2021-07-23 19:48:00
the circumference

Wuwuspring
2021-07-23 19:48:00
the circumference of the circle

MathNinja7
2021-07-23 19:48:00
The circumfrence

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-23 19:48:00
The circumference

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:48:10
The top and bottom sides of the rectangle together consist of the entire circumference of the circle, so what is the length of the
bottom of the rectangle in terms of π and r?

shenpinyi
2021-07-23 19:49:03
πr

dan09
2021-07-23 19:49:03
π ⋅ r

pwr
2021-07-23 19:49:03
π ⋅ r

Suraahi
2021-07-23 19:49:03
πr

superhero2020
2021-07-23 19:49:03
πr

Vitah2008
2021-07-23 19:49:03
pi*r

iejake
2021-07-23 19:49:03
pi*r

grayspider
2021-07-23 19:49:03
πr

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10/12/21, 8:37 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

turquoisewolf
2021-07-23 19:49:03
rπ

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-23 19:49:03
πr

ARay10
2021-07-23 19:49:03
πr

Wuwuspring
2021-07-23 19:49:03
πr

Sarah010
2021-07-23 19:49:03
pi*r

takolhe12
2021-07-23 19:49:03
r*pi

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:49:13
Since the entire circumference is 2πr, the top and bottom each are half this value, or πr. Now what is the height of the rectangle?

dan09
2021-07-23 19:49:44
r

Brendangho
2021-07-23 19:49:44
r

Sirahulania
2021-07-23 19:49:44
r

MathNinja7
2021-07-23 19:49:44
r

pwr
2021-07-23 19:49:44
r

shenpinyi
2021-07-23 19:49:44
r

Suraahi
2021-07-23 19:49:44
r

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-23 19:49:44
r

takolhe12
2021-07-23 19:49:44
r

Vitah2008
2021-07-23 19:49:44
r

ARay10
2021-07-23 19:49:44
r

Teediv
2021-07-23 19:49:44
the radius so r

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-23 19:49:44
r

Wuwuspring
2021-07-23 19:49:44
r

TheIdentityProperty
2021-07-23 19:49:44
r

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grayspider
2021-07-23 19:49:44
The height is the radius, r

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:49:54
The height is the radius of the circle, or r. This gives us what for the area?

dan09
2021-07-23 19:50:35
2
π ⋅ r

Vitah2008
2021-07-23 19:50:35
pi*r^2

RyanL2019
2021-07-23 19:50:35
r*πr=r^2π

shenpinyi
2021-07-23 19:50:35
πr^2

Sarah010
2021-07-23 19:50:35
pi* r^2

takolhe12
2021-07-23 19:50:35
πr^2

Brendangho
2021-07-23 19:50:35
pi r^2

joeshu60091
2021-07-23 19:50:35
pi*r^2

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-23 19:50:35
2
πr

Suraahi
2021-07-23 19:50:35
2
πr ⋅ r = πr

MathNinja7
2021-07-23 19:50:35
2
πr

pwr
2021-07-23 19:50:35
2
π ⋅ r

Sirahulania
2021-07-23 19:50:35
2
πr

Wuwuspring
2021-07-23 19:50:35
πr^2

Teediv
2021-07-23 19:50:35
pi r^2

Brendangho
2021-07-23 19:50:35
2
πr

iejake
2021-07-23 19:50:35
2
r π

grayspider
2021-07-23 19:50:35
2
πr

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-23 19:50:39
2
A = πr

ARay10
2021-07-23 19:50:39
2
πr

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10/12/21, 8:37 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:50:41
That's right,

2
A = (πr) ⋅ r = πr .

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:50:53
Of course, we didn't really have a rectangle there, so this was all an approximation to the area, but as we cut the original circle into
more and more pieces the resulting shape gets as close as we like to the rectangle with base π ⋅ r and height r, so we end up with
the exact area formula anyway!

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:51:05
A more rigorous proof of this formula can be given but that would require us to use the language and machinery of calculus, which
lies firmly beyond the scope of this course. Hopefully the picture explained above gives you a reasonable idea of why the formula
is true that will suffice until you learn how to give a more rigorous argument using calculus a few years from now.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:51:16
Let's work on some problems before moving on to more interesting facts about circles:

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:51:31
Sixteen times the reciprocal of the number of inches in the circumference of a circle equals the number of inches in the diameter
of the circle. What is the number of square inches in the area of the circle?

pwr
2021-07-23 19:51:54
write some equations

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:51:56
We have to turn the words into an equation, then find the area.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:52:08
First, we define variables for the quantities described in the problem. Let C be the circumference and let d be the diameter. What
equation can we create from the information in the problem?

Suraahi
2021-07-23 19:53:05
1
16 = d
C

Suraahi
2021-07-23 19:53:05
16
= d
C

dan09
2021-07-23 19:53:05
16
= d
C

grayspider
2021-07-23 19:53:05
1
16 ⋅ = d
C

shenpinyi
2021-07-23 19:53:05
16/C = d

Brendangho
2021-07-23 19:53:05
16(1/C) = d

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:53:10
That's right! We have

1
16 = d.
C

Now what?

dan09
2021-07-23 19:53:43
Turn C and d into expressions involving r, the radius so we have only 1 variable.

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10/12/21, 8:37 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:53:45
We want the radius in order to find the area, and we can write C and d in terms of r to make sure the radius shows up in this
equation. What are the substitutions we can make?

Vitah2008
2021-07-23 19:53:54
C = 2pi*r, and d = 2r

Sirahulania
2021-07-23 19:53:54
now plug in the fact that d=2r and C=2πr

MathNinja7
2021-07-23 19:53:59
d = 2r, C = 2πr

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:54:01
We know that

C = 2πr and d = 2r.

What happens to our original equation now?

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:54:31
(use parentheses)

Suraahi
2021-07-23 19:54:57
16
= 2r
2πr

pwr
2021-07-23 19:54:57
16
= 2r
2πr

yoyododococo123
2021-07-23 19:54:57
16*1/(2pir)=2r

Vitah2008
2021-07-23 19:54:57
16 * 1/(2pi*r) = 2r

takolhe12
2021-07-23 19:54:57
16/(2πr)=2r

Sarah010
2021-07-23 19:54:57
16/(2 pi*r)=2r

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:55:05
Substituting gives

16
= 2r.
2πr

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:55:12
Let's multiply both sides by the circumference:

16 = 2r ⋅ 2πr.

Simplifying we get 16 = 4πr .

2
Now what should we do?

Suraahi
2021-07-23 19:55:49
Divide both sides by 4

cwc28
2021-07-23 19:55:49
divide by 4

iejake
2021-07-23 19:55:49
divide both sides by 4

Brendangho
2021-07-23 19:55:49

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40741 14/52
10/12/21, 8:37 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
divide both sides by 4

shenpinyi
2021-07-23 19:55:49
divide by 4

pwr
2021-07-23 19:55:49
divide by 4 and you have the area

Sarah010
2021-07-23 19:55:49
divide by 4 on both sides

grayspider
2021-07-23 19:55:49
Simplify: divide each side by 4

takolhe12
2021-07-23 19:55:49
divide both sides by 4

dan09
2021-07-23 19:55:49
Wait, don't solve for r2 ! The quantity we want is the area, π ⋅ r2 , so just divide by 4 and we are done!

Sirahulania
2021-07-23 19:55:49
solve for πr2 right away to get it is 4

GarudS
2021-07-23 19:55:49
divide by 4

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:56:03
What do we get then?

Suraahi
2021-07-23 19:56:24
Divide both sides by 4 giving 4 = πr
2
so the area is 4.

hchhaya
2021-07-23 19:56:24
4 = pi(r^2)

pwr
2021-07-23 19:56:24
the area is 4!

dan09
2021-07-23 19:56:24
16
The area is = 4
4

RyanL2019
2021-07-23 19:56:24
the area is 4

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:56:28
Just divide both sides of this equation by 4, getting 4 2
= πr , so the area is 4.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:56:35
Keeping an eye on what we're looking for can often give us quick solutions.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:56:49
What is the number of square centimeters in the area of one 30 degree sector of a circle of radius 12 centimeters? Express your
answer in terms of π.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:56:57
You will quickly approach the point where you do not need to draw a diagram to solve such a problem, but for now here is what it
looks like.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:57:03

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40741 15/52
10/12/21, 8:37 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:57:09
How would we find the area of sector AOB ?

Sirahulania
2021-07-23 19:57:27
relate its area to the area of the circle

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:57:36
How is its area related to the area of the circle?

Wuwuspring
2021-07-23 19:58:49
find the area of the circle and divide it by 12

Brendangho
2021-07-23 19:58:49
find the area of the entire circle, times it by 1/12

Vitah2008
2021-07-23 19:58:49
it is 1/12th of the circle

Sirahulania
2021-07-23 19:58:49
it is 1/12 of the circle's area

shenpinyi
2021-07-23 19:58:49
it is 30/360 = 1/12 of the area of the circle

dan09
2021-07-23 19:58:49
The area of sector AOB is of the area of the circle
1

12

takolhe12
2021-07-23 19:58:49
it is 1/12 of the area of the entire circle

Sarah010
2021-07-23 19:58:49
the area of AOB is 1/12 of the total area

apple.xy
2021-07-23 19:58:49
its area is 1/12 of the area of the circles

Yashvini
2021-07-23 19:58:49
area of the circle divided by 12

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-23 19:58:49
Area of sector AOB*12=Area of circle O

Rinnypig
2021-07-23 19:58:49
1
It seems to be 12
of the area of the circle.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:58:54
We know that 30 degrees is one twelfth of 360 degrees, a complete circle. So we just need to find the area of the circle and
multiply it by one twelfth to get the area of the sector. What is the area of the circle?

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40741 16/52
10/12/21, 8:37 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Sirahulania
2021-07-23 19:59:33
144π

dan09
2021-07-23 19:59:33
2
π ⋅ 12 = 144 ⋅ π

pwr
2021-07-23 19:59:33
144π

shenpinyi
2021-07-23 19:59:33
144π

Wuwuspring
2021-07-23 19:59:33
144*pi

joeshu60091
2021-07-23 19:59:33
144pi

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-23 19:59:33
144π

JC0001
2021-07-23 19:59:33
144pi

RollOver2020
2021-07-23 19:59:33
144 pi

Rinnypig
2021-07-23 19:59:33
144π.

TThB0501
2021-07-23 19:59:33
144pi

RyanL2019
2021-07-23 19:59:33
144π

Sarah010
2021-07-23 19:59:33
144 pi

Vitah2008
2021-07-23 19:59:33
144pi

takolhe12
2021-07-23 19:59:33
144π

Teediv
2021-07-23 19:59:37
the area of the whole circle is 144 pi

Achilleas
2021-07-23 19:59:39
By the formula A we have A for the whole circle. So what is the area of the sector?
2 2
= πr = π ⋅ 12 = 144π

apple.xy
2021-07-23 20:00:13
12pi

Sirahulania
2021-07-23 20:00:13
so the area of the sector is 12π

takolhe12
2021-07-23 20:00:13
12π

pwr
2021-07-23 20:00:13
12π

Vitah2008
2021-07-23 20:00:13
12 pi

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40741 17/52
10/12/21, 8:37 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

dan09
2021-07-23 20:00:13
144⋅π
= 12 ⋅ π
12

superhero2020
2021-07-23 20:00:13
12pi

GarudS
2021-07-23 20:00:13
12π

shenpinyi
2021-07-23 20:00:13
12π

Teediv
2021-07-23 20:00:13
12pi

Wuwuspring
2021-07-23 20:00:13
12*pi

Suraahi
2021-07-23 20:00:13
1
⋅ 144π = 12π
12

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-23 20:00:13
12π

tkubota
2021-07-23 20:00:13
12π

Sarah010
2021-07-23 20:00:13
12 pi

RyanL2019
2021-07-23 20:00:13
12π

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:00:23
1
The area of the circle is 144π, so the area of our sector is 144π ( ) = 12π.
12

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:00:34
Now what is the length of arc AB ?

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:00:37
What should we do?

pwr
2021-07-23 20:00:55
use the same strategy

Sirahulania
2021-07-23 20:00:55
relate it to the circumference of the circle

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:01:13
Just as above, this arc takes up 30 degrees of the 360 degrees in the circle. So ?

Hridhaan
2021-07-23 20:01:22
1/12 of the circumference

Suraahi
2021-07-23 20:01:22
circumfrence divided by 12

cwc28
2021-07-23 20:01:22
find the circumference and divide it by 12

Yashvini
2021-07-23 20:01:22
circumfrence divided by 12

shenpinyi
2021-07-23 20:01:22
https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40741 18/52
10/12/21, 8:37 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
find the circumference of the circle then divide by 12

Suraahi
2021-07-23 20:01:22
circumference divided by 12

grayspider
2021-07-23 20:01:22
The length of arc AB is 1/12 the circumference of the circle!

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:01:35
So it is one-twelfth of the circumference of the circle. As with the previous example, we need to multiply the circumference by
one-twelfth. What is the circumference?

dan09
2021-07-23 20:02:20
24 ⋅ π

Sirahulania
2021-07-23 20:02:20
24π

RyanL2019
2021-07-23 20:02:20
24π

pwr
2021-07-23 20:02:20
24π

hchhaya
2021-07-23 20:02:20
24pi

grayspider
2021-07-23 20:02:20
C = 2πr = 24π

TheIdentityProperty
2021-07-23 20:02:20
24pi

Wuwuspring
2021-07-23 20:02:20
24pi

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-23 20:02:20
24π

Sarah010
2021-07-23 20:02:20
24 pi

Vitah2008
2021-07-23 20:02:20
24 pi

JC0001
2021-07-23 20:02:20
24pi

shenpinyi
2021-07-23 20:02:20
24π

Suraahi
2021-07-23 20:02:20
circumference = 12 ⋅ 2 ⋅ π = 24π

takolhe12
2021-07-23 20:02:20
24π

Rinnypig
2021-07-23 20:02:20
C = 24π.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:02:26
By the formula C = 2πr we have C = 2π12 = 24π. So what is the length of arc AB ?

joeshu60091
2021-07-23 20:03:14
2pi

takolhe12
2021-07-23 20:03:14
https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40741 19/52
10/12/21, 8:37 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
2π

Sarah010
2021-07-23 20:03:14
2 pi

Yashvini
2021-07-23 20:03:14
2pi

Wuwuspring
2021-07-23 20:03:14
2*pi

Teediv
2021-07-23 20:03:14
2pi

Suraahi
2021-07-23 20:03:14
2π

Vitah2008
2021-07-23 20:03:14
2pi

shenpinyi
2021-07-23 20:03:14
2π

pwr
2021-07-23 20:03:14
2π

dan09
2021-07-23 20:03:14
2π

MathNinja7
2021-07-23 20:03:14
2π

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-23 20:03:14
2π

RyanL2019
2021-07-23 20:03:14
2π

Wuwuspring
2021-07-23 20:03:14
2pi

JC0001
2021-07-23 20:03:14
2pi

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:03:23
1
The circumference is 24π, so our arc has length 24π ( 12 ) = 2π.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:03:33
Now let's try a proof.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:03:34
Prove that if two chords AB and CD in a circle are congruent, then arcs AB and CD are congruent as well.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:03:51

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40741 20/52
10/12/21, 8:37 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:04:05
Before we can prove this, I need to tell you what it means for two arcs of a circle to be congruent.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:04:14
We saw earlier that the measure of an arc is defined as the angle formed by the radii to the endpoints of the arc. So, two arcs of the
same circle are called congruent if the two angles formed by drawing radii to their endpoints are congruent.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:04:27
Let's work on proving that the angles coming from the center of the circle to meet the endpoints of the arcs are congruent. How
can we do this?

Brendangho
2021-07-23 20:04:56
connect points A, B, C, and D to the center of the circle.

Sirahulania
2021-07-23 20:04:56
try congruent triangles by connecting the points on the circle to the center

dan09
2021-07-23 20:04:56
Draw the line from each point to the center of the circle

pwr
2021-07-23 20:04:56
draw radii and prove triangles are congruent

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:04:59
First we draw the angles:

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:05:00

KindKitty
2021-07-23 20:05:04
triangle congruence

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:05:05
Why are the two triangles we formed congruent?

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40741 21/52
10/12/21, 8:37 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

shenpinyi
2021-07-23 20:06:00
SSS

MathNinja7
2021-07-23 20:06:00
By SSS

Brendangho
2021-07-23 20:06:00
SSS congruence

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-23 20:06:00
SSS congruence.

KindKitty
2021-07-23 20:06:00
by SSS

dan09
2021-07-23 20:06:00
By SSS

GarudS
2021-07-23 20:06:00
SSS

Sarah010
2021-07-23 20:06:00
by SSS congruency

pwr
2021-07-23 20:06:00
SSS

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:06:04
Right!

Sirahulania
2021-07-23 20:06:17
the triangles ABO and CDO thus formed will be congruent by SSS because AO=BO=CO=DO=r and we are given AB=CD

Suraahi
2021-07-23 20:06:17
The chords AB and CD are congruent and AO, BO relate to CO and DO which are all radii

Teediv
2021-07-23 20:06:17
because the other two sides of the triangle are radii so they are congruent

Vitah2008
2021-07-23 20:06:17
SSS, because the other two sides of each triangle are the radii

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:06:21
The lengths of legs OA, OB, OC, and OD are equal to the radius of the circle, and we are given that segments AB and CD are
congruent, so triangles AOB and COD are congruent by SSS.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:06:36
This gives us ∠AOB = ∠COD, which tells us that arc AB has the same measure as arc CD.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:06:45
This also runs in reverse: If two arcs have the same measure, then the chords connecting (subtending) those arcs are congruent.
The proof is much the same. What congruence theorem would we use this time?

shenpinyi
2021-07-23 20:07:30
SAS

Sirahulania
2021-07-23 20:07:30
SAS

pwr
2021-07-23 20:07:30
SAS

CalvinGarces
2021-07-23 20:07:30
SAS

Suraahi
2021-07-23 20:07:30

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40741 22/52
10/12/21, 8:37 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
SAS

Hridhaan
2021-07-23 20:07:30
SAS

Sarah010
2021-07-23 20:07:30
SAS

Teediv
2021-07-23 20:07:30
SAS

GarudS
2021-07-23 20:07:30
SAS

Vitah2008
2021-07-23 20:07:30
SAS

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:07:33
We have corresponding angles of equal measure and all the radii have the same length, so we'd use SAS.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:07:40
So, in a circle, two chords AB and CD are congruent if and only if arcs AB and CD are congruent.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:07:47
Even with circles, our most reliable techniques are still triangles!

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-23 20:07:54
cool

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:07:58
In the figure below, circle B is tangent to circle A at X, circle C is tangent to circle A at Y , and circles B and C are tangent to
each other. (By tangent circles, we mean that the circles touch in exactly one point.) If AB = 6, AC = 7, and BC = 9, what is
AX?

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:08:06

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:08:18
Where should we start?

dan09
2021-07-23 20:08:37
Fill in lengths we know and length/angle chase

Sarah010
2021-07-23 20:08:37
label the side lengths

Sirahulania
2021-07-23 20:08:37
label all you know on the diagram

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:08:41

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40741 23/52
10/12/21, 8:37 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
Let's label what we know, the three side lengths that were given to us:

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:08:42

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:08:56
In the absence of any obvious solution method, we can assign a variable to what we are looking for and then see if something else
in the diagram can help us solve for that variable. We let r = AX.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:09:14
What else does that tell us?

GarudS
2021-07-23 20:09:41
r = AY !

Brendangho
2021-07-23 20:09:41
AY = r

MathNinja7
2021-07-23 20:09:41
r = AY

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:09:47
AY is also a radius, so it equals r. What are the radii of the other two, smaller circles in terms of r?

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:10:23
(which is which?)

shenpinyi
2021-07-23 20:11:02
BX = r - 6, CY = r - 7.

Sarah010
2021-07-23 20:11:02
BX=r-6 and BY=r-7

Sirahulania
2021-07-23 20:11:02
YC= r-7 and BX=r-6

CalvinGarces
2021-07-23 20:11:02
BX = r - 6, CY = r - 7

Rinnypig
2021-07-23 20:11:04
CY = r − 7, and BX = r − 6.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:11:09
CY = r − 7 is the radius of the circle centered at C, and BX = r − 6 is the radius of the circle centered at B. How can we use
this?

dan09
2021-07-23 20:11:32
Set up an equation

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:11:35

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40741 24/52
10/12/21, 8:37 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
How?

Sirahulania
2021-07-23 20:11:55
we know their sum is 9, thanks to CB=9

Brendangho
2021-07-23 20:11:55
r-7 + r-6 = 9

shenpinyi
2021-07-23 20:11:55
add them together and make an equation about BC

Rinnypig
2021-07-23 20:11:55
CY + BX = 9.

Sarah010
2021-07-23 20:11:55
CY+BX=9

CalvinGarces
2021-07-23 20:11:55
CY + BX is also 9

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:11:58
BC is the sum of the two radii, so (r − 7) + (r − 6) = 9. What is r?

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:12:34
(let's get more than 11 answers now)

CalvinGarces
2021-07-23 20:12:48
r = 11

Sirahulania
2021-07-23 20:12:48
r=11

Sarah010
2021-07-23 20:12:48
r=11

Brendangho
2021-07-23 20:12:48
r = 11

MathNinja7
2021-07-23 20:12:48
r=11

RyanL2019
2021-07-23 20:12:48
r=11

Suraahi
2021-07-23 20:12:48
r = 11

Vitah2008
2021-07-23 20:12:48
r = 11

dan09
2021-07-23 20:12:48
r = 11

shenpinyi
2021-07-23 20:12:48
r = 11

iejake
2021-07-23 20:12:48
r=11

Rinnypig
2021-07-23 20:12:48
r = 11.

pwr
2021-07-23 20:12:48
r=11

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-23 20:12:48
r=11
https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40741 25/52
10/12/21, 8:37 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:12:52
Solving, 2r − 13 = 9, or r = 11.

dan09
2021-07-23 20:12:58
Then we can dance?

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:13:18
You can if you want. However, this was not a question for me to dance.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:13:51
(more than ...11, referred to the answer being ...11)

Hridhaan
2021-07-23 20:14:21
subtle

dan09
2021-07-23 20:14:21
haha sneaky

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:14:24

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:15:02
There is one important step we glossed over in solving this problem. There's an assumption we made that we didn't justify. Can
anyone see what it was?

dan09
2021-07-23 20:15:48
That CB is the sum of the two smaller radii

CalvinGarces
2021-07-23 20:15:48
the radius of circle B and C sum to 9

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:15:51
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
How do we know that BC really is the sum of the two radii? This is true if BC passes through the point where the two small
circles meet. It looks like it does in the diagram, but maybe the diagram isn't exactly right!

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:16:01
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
In fact, it is true that BC passes through the point where the circles meet. More generally, if two circles are tangent, then the point
where they meet is on the line between their centers.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:16:14
This is pretty tricky to prove, and we won't prove it now. Try proving it on your own as a challenge after class! You can discuss it on
the message board if you like.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:16:23
Now that we have a good understanding of the basics of circles, let's turn to one of my favorite types of geometry problems:
FUNKY AREAS.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:16:29
Let's start by finding the area of a circular segment.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:16:31
As we mentioned earlier, a circular segment is the region between a chord and an arc of a circle.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:16:34

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40741 26/52
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Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:16:39
Suppose that arc AB in our diagram is 120 degrees and the radius of the circle is 6. Our goal is to find the area of circular
segment AB. How can we do it?

pwr
2021-07-23 20:16:53
draw the center and radii

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:16:56
When dealing with a funky area, our main strategy is to express the area we want in terms of areas we can handle. We know how to
deal with sectors and triangles, so we connect the endpoints of our chord to the center of the circle:

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:16:57

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:17:06
So, in words, what does the area of our circular segment equal?

dan09
2021-07-23 20:18:06
The area of sector AOB minus the area of triangle AOB

Suraahi
2021-07-23 20:18:06
The area of the sector minus the area of triangle AOB

pwr
2021-07-23 20:18:06
area of sector - area of triangle

Yashvini
2021-07-23 20:18:06
we can find the area of the sector-the area of triangle AOB

shenpinyi
2021-07-23 20:18:06
the area of triangle ABO subtracted from the area of sector AOB

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:18:11
The area of circular segment AB equals the area of sector AOB minus the area of △AOB. We know how to handle the sector.
What is its area?

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takolhe12
2021-07-23 20:18:30
the area is equal to 1/3 the total area of the circle

grayspider
2021-07-23 20:18:30
1/3 the area of the circle?

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:18:35
120 1
Sector AOB is of the whole circle since ∠AOB
∘
= = 120 .
360 3

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:18:43
So, what is it?

Sirahulania
2021-07-23 20:19:05
12π

shenpinyi
2021-07-23 20:19:05
12π

Suraahi
2021-07-23 20:19:05
12π

Yashvini
2021-07-23 20:19:05
12pi

pwr
2021-07-23 20:19:05
12π

shenpinyi
2021-07-23 20:19:05
it is 12π!

dan09
2021-07-23 20:19:05
12π

cwc28
2021-07-23 20:19:05
12pi

TheIdentityProperty
2021-07-23 20:19:05
36pi/ 3 = 12pi

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-23 20:19:05
12π

Sarah010
2021-07-23 20:19:05
12 pi

joeshu60091
2021-07-23 20:19:05
12pi

Rinnypig
2021-07-23 20:19:08
12π.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:19:11
So, the area of sector AOB is

1
2
π(6) = 12π.
3

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:19:19
So we know that the area of circular segment AB is equal to 12π − [AOB].

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:19:25
Now we just need the area of △AOB. Any ideas on how we can find it?

Hridhaan
2021-07-23 20:19:57

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40741 28/52
10/12/21, 8:37 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
30-60-90 triangles

pwr
2021-07-23 20:19:57
split triangle OBA into 2 30-60-90's

shenpinyi
2021-07-23 20:19:57
30-60-90 triangles

Sirahulania
2021-07-23 20:19:57
make 30-60-90 triangles, split the 120 angle into two 60 degree angles

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:20:06
Triangle AOB is isosceles, and we know that AO = OB = 6. We have seen before that one way to tackle isosceles triangles is
to draw an altitude from the vertex of the triangle. This gives us:

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:20:08

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:20:23
Because AOB is isosceles, we know that OD bisects ∠AOB. Since ∠AOB = 120∘ , we have ∠AOD ∘
= ∠BOD = 60 .

Therefore, both △BOD and △AOD are 30 − 60 − 90 right triangles! So, what are OD and AD?

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:20:57
(which is which?)

dan09
2021-07-23 20:21:14
,
OD = 3 AD = 3√3

Sirahulania
2021-07-23 20:21:14
OD=3 and AD=3√3

shenpinyi
2021-07-23 20:21:14
OD = 3, AD = 3sqrt(3)

pwr
2021-07-23 20:21:14
AD=3*sqrt(3) and OD=3

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-23 20:21:14
OD=3, AD=3sqrt(3)

Sarah010
2021-07-23 20:21:14
OD=3 and AD=3sqrt3

Brendangho
2021-07-23 20:21:14
AD = 3√3, OD = 3

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:21:18
is opposite the 30 degree angle, so OD Therefore, AD
1
OD = AO = 3. = OD√3 = 3√3.
2

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:21:25

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40741 29/52
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So, what is the area of triangle AOB ?

Sirahulania
2021-07-23 20:22:57
9√ 3

Brendangho
2021-07-23 20:22:57
9√ 3

dan09
2021-07-23 20:22:57
9√ 3

shenpinyi
2021-07-23 20:22:57
9sqrt(3)

Hridhaan
2021-07-23 20:22:57
9sqrt(3)

pwr
2021-07-23 20:22:57
9√ 3

JC0001
2021-07-23 20:22:57
9*sqrt(3)

tkubota
2021-07-23 20:22:57
9√ 3

Suraahi
2021-07-23 20:22:57
9√3

grayspider
2021-07-23 20:22:57
[AOB] = 9√3

Teediv
2021-07-23 20:22:57
9root3

JC0001
2021-07-23 20:22:57
[AOB] = 9*sqrt(3)

CalvinGarces
2021-07-23 20:22:57
9 ⋅ √3

apple.xy
2021-07-23 20:22:57
9sqrt(3)

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-23 20:22:57
9sqrt(3)

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:23:24
We have

(AD)(OD)
[AOB] = 2[AOD] = 2 ⋅ = 9√3.
2

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:23:35
So, what is the area of the circular segment?

Sirahulania
2021-07-23 20:24:28
12π − 9√3

Suraahi
2021-07-23 20:24:28
12π − 9√3

cwc28
2021-07-23 20:24:28
12pi-9root3

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10/12/21, 8:37 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
joeshu60091
2021-07-23 20:24:28
12pi-(9*sqrt(3))

Yashvini
2021-07-23 20:24:28
12pi-9sqrt3

shenpinyi
2021-07-23 20:24:28
12π – 9sqrt(3)

Sarah010
2021-07-23 20:24:28
12pi-9sqrt3

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-23 20:24:28
12pi-9sqrt(3)

CalvinGarces
2021-07-23 20:24:28
12π − 9√3

Teediv
2021-07-23 20:24:28
12pi - 9root3

grayspider
2021-07-23 20:24:28
12π − 9√3

pwr
2021-07-23 20:24:28
12π − 9√3

Wuwuspring
2021-07-23 20:24:28
12pi-9sqrt(3)

RyanL2019
2021-07-23 20:24:28
12π-9√3

takolhe12
2021-07-23 20:24:28
12π-(9sqrt(3))

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:24:32
We have

Desired Area = (Area of Sector AOB) − [AOB]

= 12π − 9√3.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:25:17
And that's all there is to it!

grayspider
2021-07-23 20:25:30
Cool!

dan09
2021-07-23 20:25:30
Cool!

JC0001
2021-07-23 20:25:30
yay!

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:25:32
It's good to give a quick check to see that these numbers are reasonable. Looking at the diagram, the triangle we're subtracting
should be a bit less than half the area of the whole sector. And indeed 9√3 is about 15 or so, and 12π is 38 or so. This seems
reasonable.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:25:46
Most funky area problems are simply more complicated versions of this problem. The key first step in this problem was expressing
the area we wanted in terms of areas we could determine. Namely, we drew the radii to the endpoints of the chord and noted that:

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:26:02

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40741 31/52
10/12/21, 8:37 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
Desired Area = (Area of Sector AOB) − [AOB].

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:26:28
We know how to tackle the sector and the triangle, so we're set.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:26:43
In nearly all funky area problems, you'll be fine if you follow these steps. Add lines to your diagram if necessary - usually these are
radii or chords of circles that help you cut regions into sectors and/or triangles. Then, express the region you want to find in terms
of simpler regions you know how to handle.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:26:55
Let's try a few more.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:27:00

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:27:05

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:27:08

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:27:21
Suppose the side length of square ABCD above is 8. Quarter circles with centers A and C are drawn as shown. Find the area of
the shaded region.
https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40741 32/52
10/12/21, 8:37 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:27:35
We'll tackle this problem a couple different ways.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:27:45
First, what's a straightforward way we can cut the desired region into pieces we know how to handle?

apple.xy
2021-07-23 20:28:47
draw DB

Suraahi
2021-07-23 20:28:47
Cut it along the diagonal, BD

JC0001
2021-07-23 20:28:47
draw a line from point D to point B

shenpinyi
2021-07-23 20:28:47
draw segment BD

Sarah010
2021-07-23 20:28:47
connect BD

pwr
2021-07-23 20:28:47
draw the diagonal connecting B and Dand solve for each circular segment

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:28:54
¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
If we draw BD, we cut the football-shaped shaded region into two circular segments:

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:28:56

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:29:02
Now we can try to find the area of just one of these circular segments at a time. Let's look at the upper right segment.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:29:06

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:29:18
How can we find the area of this yellow circular segment?

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Sirahulania
2021-07-23 20:29:31
it is part of sector DAB

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:29:33
This is easier to see if we remove the parts of the diagram that aren't relevant.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:29:34

Sirahulania
2021-07-23 20:29:59
yellow area= area of sector DAB-triangle DAB

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:30:01
We see our circular segment is formed by a circle with center A and radius AB. The area of circular segment BD within this
circle equals the area of sector BAD minus the area of △BAD.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:30:08
What is the area of sector BAD?

cwc28
2021-07-23 20:30:43
16pi

Sirahulania
2021-07-23 20:30:43
16π

apple.xy
2021-07-23 20:30:43
16pi

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-23 20:30:43
16pi

pwr
2021-07-23 20:30:43
16 pi

Wuwuspring
2021-07-23 20:30:43
16pi

Suraahi
2021-07-23 20:30:43
16π

shenpinyi
2021-07-23 20:30:43
16π

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:30:45
1
Sector BAD is a quarter of a circle with radius 8, so its area is π ⋅ 8
2
= 16π.
4

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:30:50
What about the area of the triangle, [BAD]?

Brendangho
2021-07-23 20:31:18
32

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40741 34/52
10/12/21, 8:37 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Sirahulania
2021-07-23 20:31:18
32

Wuwuspring
2021-07-23 20:31:18
32

Sarah010
2021-07-23 20:31:18
32

shenpinyi
2021-07-23 20:31:18
32

joeshu60091
2021-07-23 20:31:18
32

pwr
2021-07-23 20:31:18
32

RyanL2019
2021-07-23 20:31:18
32

takolhe12
2021-07-23 20:31:18
32

dan09
2021-07-23 20:31:18
32

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-23 20:31:18
32

superhero2020
2021-07-23 20:31:18
32

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:31:21
8 ⋅ 8
Triangle BAD is a 45 − 45 − 90 triangle with leg length 8, so its area is = 32.
2

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:31:27
So, what is the area of the yellow segment BD?

apple.xy
2021-07-23 20:32:06
16pi-32

dan09
2021-07-23 20:32:06
16π − 32

pwr
2021-07-23 20:32:06
16 pi − 32

JC0001
2021-07-23 20:32:06
16pi - 32

Suraahi
2021-07-23 20:32:06
16π − 32

Rinnypig
2021-07-23 20:32:06
16π − 32.

pwr
2021-07-23 20:32:06
16π − 32

Sirahulania
2021-07-23 20:32:06
16π − 32

Brendangho
2021-07-23 20:32:06
16π − 32

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10/12/21, 8:37 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

cwc28
2021-07-23 20:32:06
16pi-32

shenpinyi
2021-07-23 20:32:06
16π - 32

Sarah010
2021-07-23 20:32:06
16pi-32

Wuwuspring
2021-07-23 20:32:06
16pi-32

Teediv
2021-07-23 20:32:06
16pi - 32

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:32:11
The area of segment BD is the area of sector BAD minus [BAD], or 16π − 32.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:32:12

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:32:17
So, what is the area of the whole gray shaded region?

Sirahulania
2021-07-23 20:32:51
32π − 64

joeshu60091
2021-07-23 20:32:51
32pi-64

dan09
2021-07-23 20:32:51
32π − 64

Sarah010
2021-07-23 20:32:51
32pi-64

apple.xy
2021-07-23 20:32:51
32pi-64

cwc28
2021-07-23 20:32:51
32pi-64

TheIdentityProperty
2021-07-23 20:32:51
32pi-64

shenpinyi
2021-07-23 20:32:51
32π – 64

Hridhaan
2021-07-23 20:32:51
32pi-64

Teediv
2021-07-23 20:32:51
32pi - 64
https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40741 36/52
10/12/21, 8:37 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

pwr
2021-07-23 20:32:51
32π − 64

Brendangho
2021-07-23 20:32:51
32π − 64

RyanL2019
2021-07-23 20:32:51
32π-64

JC0001
2021-07-23 20:32:51
32pi-64

takolhe12
2021-07-23 20:32:51
32pi-64

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-23 20:32:51
32pi-64

GarudS
2021-07-23 20:32:51
32π − 64

shuxuekai
2021-07-23 20:32:51
32pi-64

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:33:00
The shaded region consists of two such circular segments, so its area is 2(16π − 32) = 32π − 64.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:33:28
By the way, make sure your answer is a positive number.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:34:15
If you thought that the answer was 64 − 32π, then you could easily check that this number is negative.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:34:38
Did anyone find a slicker way to do this problem?

apple.xy
2021-07-23 20:34:44
we could also find the area by adding the areas of the 2 quarter circles then subtracting the area of the square since adding the
quarter circles counts the shaded region twice

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:34:47
What area in our diagram do we get geometrically if we add the areas of the two quarter circles?

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:35:11
(in words)

Sirahulania
2021-07-23 20:35:20
the area of the square + the area of the shaded region

shenpinyi
2021-07-23 20:35:24
the area of ABCD plus the shaded area

apple.xy
2021-07-23 20:35:30
area of square + area of shaded region

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:35:35
If we add the area of the two quarter circles, we get the area of the whole square, but we count the shaded region twice. How can
we use this to find the area of just the shaded region?

apple.xy
2021-07-23 20:36:13
2(quarter circle) - area of square

JC0001
2021-07-23 20:36:13
subtract the area of the square

Sirahulania
2021-07-23 20:36:13
https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40741 37/52
10/12/21, 8:37 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
just subtract the area of the square

pwr
2021-07-23 20:36:13
then subtract the area of the square

Teediv
2021-07-23 20:36:13
subtractingf the area of the square

shenpinyi
2021-07-23 20:36:13
subtract the area of ABCD from this area

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:36:16
If we subtract the area of the square from the sum of the areas of the quarter circles, we end up counting the shaded region
exactly once, because we add it once for each quarter circle, then subtract it when we subtract the square. We don't count the
unshaded regions at all, since these are each added once and subtracted once.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:36:26
So, we have:

Shaded region  = 2(Quarter circle) − Square = 2(16π) − 64 = 32π − 64.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:36:33
In this solution, it is helpful to think about area "with multiplicity."

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:36:35
That is, when we add up overlapping areas, we make sure to count their overlapping regions multiple times.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:36:42
Here, when we add the two quarter circles, we get the below figure. The number indicates how many times we've accounted for the
area of a certain region.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:36:48

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:36:58
Then when we subtract off the square, we're left with what we want:

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:36:59

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40741 38/52
10/12/21, 8:37 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:37:14
Is this clear?

GarudS
2021-07-23 20:37:40
yes

CalvinGarces
2021-07-23 20:37:40
yes

MathNinja7
2021-07-23 20:37:40
yes

Sirahulania
2021-07-23 20:37:40
yep!

dan09
2021-07-23 20:37:40
Yup

shenpinyi
2021-07-23 20:37:40
yes

grayspider
2021-07-23 20:37:40
Yeah, it's clear

takolhe12
2021-07-23 20:37:40
yup

pwr
2021-07-23 20:37:40
yes

JC0001
2021-07-23 20:37:40
yes

Teediv
2021-07-23 20:37:40
yes

Sarah010
2021-07-23 20:37:40
yes

apple.xy
2021-07-23 20:37:40
Yes

Rinnypig
2021-07-23 20:37:40
Yes.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:37:44
In both solutions, we are expressing our target region in terms of areas we know how to handle.

Sirahulania
2021-07-23 20:37:54
only sometimes, it is hard to know which areas to subtract and which lines to draw to get the answer

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:38:04
Practice will make us better. Let's try another:

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40741 39/52
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Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:38:08

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:38:12
Each side of regular hexagon ABCDEF has length 6. As shown, six 120 degree arcs are drawn, each centered on a vertex of the
hexagon and connecting two other vertices. We wish to find the total area of the gray shaded regions.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:38:38
All six regions are the same, so we only have to find the area of one of the regions, then multiply by 6. Let's aim at the region with
segment AB as a side. What do we do?

apple.xy
2021-07-23 20:39:19
connect A and B to the center of the hexagon

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:39:22
We connect A and B to the center of the hexagon, as shown. How does this help?

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:39:24

CalvinGarces
2021-07-23 20:40:06
its an equilateral triangle

Sirahulania
2021-07-23 20:40:06
you get an equilateral triangle

cwc28
2021-07-23 20:40:06
to form an equilateral triangle

shenpinyi
2021-07-23 20:40:06
we have an equilateral triangle so we can find its area

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:40:09

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40741 40/52
10/12/21, 8:37 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
Triangle AOB is equilateral. So, how can we find the area of the shaded region inside this triangle?

pwr
2021-07-23 20:40:39
area of triangle - 2 circular segments

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:40:41
The shaded region equals the area of equilateral triangle AOB minus 2 times one of the circular segments. In other words:

Shaded Area in AOB = [AOB] − 2(Segment AO of circle F ).

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:40:51
We know how to tackle the area of △AOB. What about the circular segment AO of circle F , which is shown in yellow below?

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:40:56

Sirahulania
2021-07-23 20:41:16
use sector FAO to find it

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:41:20
Okay. How?

shenpinyi
2021-07-23 20:41:53
subtract the area of triangle AFO from the area of sector AFO

apple.xy
2021-07-23 20:41:53
sector FAO - [triangle FAO]

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:41:57
The area of circular segment AO of circle F equals the area of sector AF O minus the area of triangle AF O. So, we have:

Shaded Area in AOB = [AOB] − 2([sector AF O] − [AF O]).

What observation can we make to simplify the expression on the right?

grayspider
2021-07-23 20:42:33
[AOB] = [AF O] ?

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:42:48
Why is [AOB] = [AF O]?

apple.xy
2021-07-23 20:43:29
they are both equilateral triangles with side length 6

Sirahulania
2021-07-23 20:43:29
they are both equilateral triangles, so they must be congruent by SSS

Teediv
2021-07-23 20:43:29
because they are congruent by SSS

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MathNinja7
2021-07-23 20:43:29
By SSS congruence

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:43:39
Triangles AF O and AOB are congruent, so [AF O] = [AOB].

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:43:59
We have:

Shaded Area in AOB = [AOB] − 2([sector AF O] − [AOB]) = 3[AOB] − 2([sector AF O]).

Now we have the shaded area in terms of pieces we know how to tackle!

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:44:08
What is [AOB]?

apple.xy
2021-07-23 20:45:14
9sqrt(3)

Sarah010
2021-07-23 20:45:14
9sqrt3

shenpinyi
2021-07-23 20:45:14
9sqrt(3)

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-23 20:45:14
9sqrt(3)

Hridhaan
2021-07-23 20:45:14
9sqrt(3), the number shows up a lot

pwr
2021-07-23 20:45:14
9√ 3

Sirahulania
2021-07-23 20:45:14
9√ 3

iejake
2021-07-23 20:45:14
9sqrt3

Rinnypig
2021-07-23 20:45:14
9√ 3 .

Brendangho
2021-07-23 20:45:14
9√ 3

tkubota
2021-07-23 20:45:14
It is 9√3

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:45:25
Because AOB is an equilateral triangle with side length 6, its area is

2
6 √3
[AOB] = = 9√3.
4

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:45:30
What about sector AF O?

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:45:34

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Sirahulania
2021-07-23 20:46:13
the area of sector AFO= 6π

tkubota
2021-07-23 20:46:13
6π

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-23 20:46:13
6pi

shenpinyi
2021-07-23 20:46:13
its area is 6π

cwc28
2021-07-23 20:46:13
6pi

Rinnypig
2021-07-23 20:46:13
6π.

GarudS
2021-07-23 20:46:13
6π

apple.xy
2021-07-23 20:46:13
6pi

Yashvini
2021-07-23 20:46:19
6pi

takolhe12
2021-07-23 20:46:19
6π

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:46:20
1
Sector AF O is of a circle with radius 6 (angle AF O is 60 degrees because triangle AF O is equilateral), so its area is
6
1
2
π6 = 6π.
6

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:46:27
Putting these together, what is the area of the part of the shaded region inside AOB?

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:46:54
(Recall that

Shaded Area in AOB = 3[AOB] − 2([sector AF O]).

apple.xy
2021-07-23 20:47:34
27sqrt(3)-12pi

iejake
2021-07-23 20:47:34

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27sqrt3-12pi

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-23 20:47:34
27sqrt(3)-12pi

Sirahulania
2021-07-23 20:47:34
27√3 − 12π

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:47:36
We have

Shaded Area in AOB = 3[AOB] − 2([sector AF O])

= 3(9√3) − 2(6π)

= 27√3 − 12π.

So, what's the answer to the problem?

pwr
2021-07-23 20:48:22
162√3 − 72π

dan09
2021-07-23 20:48:22
162√3 − 72π

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-23 20:48:22
162sqrt(3)-72pi

iejake
2021-07-23 20:48:22
162sqrt3-72pi

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:48:25
The area of the total shaded region is 6 times the area we just found, or

162√3 − 72π.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:48:59
(It is easy to check that this is a positive number, at least)

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:49:08
Like the last problem, there's also a quicker approach if we're willing to use areas with multiplicities.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:49:11
Let's look back at the original diagram with the 120-degree sectors. Here I've outlined the sector centered at C :

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:49:14

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:49:44

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Let's add the areas of these six 120-degree sectors together. First, what total area will we get, if we add up the areas of all six
sectors?

apple.xy
2021-07-23 20:50:08
72pi

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:50:10
Six 120-degree sectors will make two full circles, so their area is 2 ⋅ π(6)2 = 72π .

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:50:15
Let's now figure out how many times we've counted each part of our diagram in adding up the sectors.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:50:23
How many times will we count each white unshaded region? That is, how many of the sectors is each white region contained in?

shenpinyi
2021-07-23 20:50:54
3 times

Brendangho
2021-07-23 20:50:54
3

Sirahulania
2021-07-23 20:50:54
3

pwr
2021-07-23 20:50:54
3 times

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-23 20:50:54
3

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:50:56
Each white region is part of three such sectors. For instance, the yellow "petal" is part of the three sectors formed by the red, blue,
and green arcs below:

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:50:57

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:51:05
How many times does each shaded region get covered by the sectors?

superhero2020
2021-07-23 20:51:42
2

Brendangho
2021-07-23 20:51:42
2

Sarah010
2021-07-23 20:51:42
2

shenpinyi
2021-07-23 20:51:42

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10/12/21, 8:37 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
2

pwr
2021-07-23 20:51:42
2 times

Sirahulania
2021-07-23 20:51:42
2

Rinnypig
2021-07-23 20:51:42
Twice.

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-23 20:51:42
2

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:51:44
Each shaded region gets covered twice:

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:51:45

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:51:54
So by adding all of the 120-degree sectors, we get this:

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:51:55

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:52:06
We know that this is 72π.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:52:15
Also, the hexagon has area

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40741 46/52
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3√ 3 3√ 3
2 2
s = (6) = 54√3.
2 2

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:52:22
How can we find the area of the shaded region from these two values?

Sirahulania
2021-07-23 20:53:02
subtract the area of the hexagon twice?

apple.xy
2021-07-23 20:53:02
subtract the total area of the hexagon twice

pwr
2021-07-23 20:53:02
subtract the hexagons area two times

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:53:04
If we do that, we will get the area of the white region.

CalvinGarces
2021-07-23 20:53:32
subtract the area of the hexagon 3 times, then multiply by -1

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:53:44
We can state this as follows:

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:53:46
We subtract the sectors from three copies of the hexagon. This gives us area

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:53:48

∘
3(Hexagon) − (Sum of 120  Sectors) = 3(54√3) − (72π) = 162√3 − 72π,

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:53:58
the same answer as before.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:54:19
Last problem:

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:54:20
Let ABC be an equilateral triangle with side length 4. Let S be the set of points that are a distance of 3 or less from triangle
ABC. Find the area and perimeter of S.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:54:25
Let's start with a diagram. Here's our triangle:

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:54:28

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:54:34
Try to picture the shape of S. After a minute or so, I'll post a diagram.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:55:04
How does it look like?

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pwr
2021-07-23 20:55:20
another triangle but with rounded edges?

Rinnypig
2021-07-23 20:55:20
A rounded equilateral triangle?

Suraahi
2021-07-23 20:55:25
Looks like a curved triangle

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:55:28

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:55:30
There's the region S. It includes everything inside the dotted curve (including the original triangle ABC ). How can we break it into
pieces that are more familiar?

apple.xy
2021-07-23 20:56:29
drop altitudes from A and B to one side, A and C to the other and C and B to the last

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:56:39
What do we achieve by doing this?

grayspider
2021-07-23 20:56:50
We can split each rounded corner into sectors

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:56:55
And what else?

apple.xy
2021-07-23 20:57:07
we get 3 sectors that form a circle and also 3 rectangles

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:57:09
Near each of the vertices, the region will be a sector of a circle of radius 3. Near the sides, it'll be a 3 × 4 rectangle.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:57:15
Let's add the endpoints of these sectors to make this clearer.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:57:16

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Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:57:23
What's the angle of each of these sectors?

Wuwuspring
2021-07-23 20:58:29
120 degrees

Suraahi
2021-07-23 20:58:29
120º

iejake
2021-07-23 20:58:29
120 degrees

pwr
2021-07-23 20:58:29
120 degrees

GarudS
2021-07-23 20:58:29
∘
120

takolhe12
2021-07-23 20:58:29
120 degrees

joeshu60091
2021-07-23 20:58:29
120 degrees

RyanL2019
2021-07-23 20:58:29
120˚

shenpinyi
2021-07-23 20:58:29
120 degrees

apple.xy
2021-07-23 20:58:29
360˚-2(90˚)-60˚ = 120˚

Brendangho
2021-07-23 20:58:29
120 degrees

JC0001
2021-07-23 20:58:29
120 degrees

RollOver2020
2021-07-23 20:58:29
They are 120 degrees

Rinnypig
2021-07-23 20:58:29
120 .
∘

Sarah010
2021-07-23 20:58:29
120 degrees

dan09
2021-07-23 20:58:29
∘
120

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:58:31
At each of A, B, and C, we have a 60 angle, two right angles, and an angle forming one of the sectors. So each sector is formed
∘

by an angle of 360 − 60 − 90 − 90 = 120 .

∘ ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:58:36
So what is the sum of the areas of the three sectors?

Suraahi
2021-07-23 20:59:14
9π

pwr
2021-07-23 20:59:14
9π

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-23 20:59:14
9pi

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10/12/21, 8:37 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

shenpinyi
2021-07-23 20:59:14
9π

iejake
2021-07-23 20:59:14
9pi

Brendangho
2021-07-23 20:59:14
9pi

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:59:16
The three sectors combined form a full circle of radius 3, so the sum of their areas is π(32 ) = 9π.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:59:17
What about the rectangles?

Achilleas
2021-07-23 20:59:43
(the sum of their areas, that is)

Brendangho
2021-07-23 21:00:01
36

pwr
2021-07-23 21:00:01
36

Suraahi
2021-07-23 21:00:01
36

Sirahulania
2021-07-23 21:00:01
36

apple.xy
2021-07-23 21:00:01
36

Rinnypig
2021-07-23 21:00:01
36.

GarudS
2021-07-23 21:00:01
12*3=36

iejake
2021-07-23 21:00:01
36

Sarah010
2021-07-23 21:00:01
36

shenpinyi
2021-07-23 21:00:01
36

tkubota
2021-07-23 21:00:01
36

RollOver2020
2021-07-23 21:00:01
36

Achilleas
2021-07-23 21:00:05
Three 3 × 4 rectangles have total area 36.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 21:00:05
So what is the area of S?

Achilleas
2021-07-23 21:00:22
If more than 10 answer this correctly, I will dance!

Achilleas
2021-07-23 21:01:06
Come on....come on...!

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10/12/21, 8:37 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

tkubota
2021-07-23 21:02:03
9π + 4√3 + 36

superhero2020
2021-07-23 21:02:03
9pi+36+4sqrt3

Achilleas
2021-07-23 21:02:10
Only two!

Achilleas
2021-07-23 21:02:12
Adding in the area of the triangle, which is 4√3, we get

[S] = 9π + 36 + 4√3.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 21:02:36
The perimeter is even easier. Let's split it between the rounded and straight portions.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 21:02:53
What is the total length of the rounded portions?

shenpinyi
2021-07-23 21:03:16
6π

pwr
2021-07-23 21:03:16
6π

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-23 21:03:16
6pi

takolhe12
2021-07-23 21:03:16
6pi

GarudS
2021-07-23 21:03:16
6π

iejake
2021-07-23 21:03:16
6pi

cwc28
2021-07-23 21:03:16
6pi

Achilleas
2021-07-23 21:03:18
The rounded portions again together make up a full circle of radius 3, with circumference 6π.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 21:03:19
So what's the total perimeter of S?

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-23 21:03:45
12+6pi

RyanL2019
2021-07-23 21:03:45
12+6π

dan09
2021-07-23 21:03:45
12 + 6π

takolhe12
2021-07-23 21:03:45
12+6pi

Sirahulania
2021-07-23 21:03:45
6π + 12

GarudS
2021-07-23 21:03:45
6π + 12

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10/12/21, 8:37 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

pwr
2021-07-23 21:03:45
12 + 6π

shenpinyi
2021-07-23 21:03:45
6π + 12

tkubota
2021-07-23 21:03:45
12 + 6π

Brendangho
2021-07-23 21:03:45
6pi + 12

RollOver2020
2021-07-23 21:03:45
12 + 6 pi

apple.xy
2021-07-23 21:03:45
6pi + 12

Achilleas
2021-07-23 21:03:48
Summing the straight and round portions, the perimeter of S is 12 + 6π.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 21:04:06
Awesome work everyone!

Achilleas
2021-07-23 21:04:07
SUMMARY

Achilleas
2021-07-23 21:04:13
Today we explored circles and parts of circles.

Achilleas
2021-07-23 21:04:21
We learned a few formulas most of you were probably already familiar with. Namely, if a circle has radius r, then

Circumference = 2πr,

2
Area = πr .

Achilleas
2021-07-23 21:04:29
We used our understanding of circles to find a variety of funky areas. We found in these problems that the key step was breaking
the desired areas into areas we know how to handle. Usually this involved building sectors, circular segments, and triangles, by
drawing radii and chords of circles. Also, we found that writing out the relationship between the desired region and these easier
regions in words helped us keep our information organized so we could find the areas accurately.

dan09
2021-07-23 21:04:46
We got more than 10 answers... can we dance?

Achilleas
2021-07-23 21:04:51
Sure!

Achilleas
2021-07-23 21:05:49
Thank you all! Have a wonderful weekend! See you next week!

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https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40741 52/52