10/12/21, 8:31 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Introduction to Geometry (2689)

Achilleas Sinefakopoulos

Friday
Apr 30, 2021 - Oct 8, 2021
7:30 - 9:00 PM ET (4:30 - 6:00 PM PT)

Overview
Week 10 (Jul 2) Class Transcript - More Quadrilaterals
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Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:29:03
Hi, everyone!

dan09
2021-07-02 19:29:21
Hello!

Mathqueen20
2021-07-02 19:29:21
hi

Sarah010
2021-07-02 19:29:21
hi

Bluepantzola1
2021-07-02 19:29:21
hi

Rinnypig
2021-07-02 19:29:21
Hello!

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-02 19:29:21
hi

pwr
2021-07-02 19:29:21
hello

MathNinja7
2021-07-02 19:29:21
Hi!

Brendangho
2021-07-02 19:29:21
hello

CalvinGarces
2021-07-02 19:29:21
hello!

takolhe12
2021-07-02 19:29:21
hi

GarudS
2021-07-02 19:29:21
hiya

Sirahulania
2021-07-02 19:29:27
hello

stxph4nix
2021-07-02 19:29:27
Hello!!

Robin2
2021-07-02 19:29:27
HI!

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40738 1/47
10/12/21, 8:31 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:29:29
Introduction to Geometry

Week 10: More Quadrilaterals

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:29:31
Today we continue our study of geometry by looking at a few more special types of quadrilaterals. Then, we'll reinforce our
knowledge by tackling some advanced quadrilateral problems.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:29:45
Last time, we learned about five different types of quadrilaterals: trapezoids, parallelograms, rectangles, and rhombi. Let's review
each of them quickly.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:29:51
A trapezoid is a quadrilateral with at least one pair of parallel sides.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:29:56

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:30:02
A parallelogram is a quadrilateral in which both pairs of opposite sides are parallel (hence the name).

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:30:05

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:30:12
A rectangle is a quadrilateral with all equal angles.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:30:13

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:30:18
A rhombus is a quadrilateral with all equal sides.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:30:19

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10/12/21, 8:31 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:30:36
We proved an assortment of facts about each of these. First, rectangles, and rhombi are all parallelograms as well, so they inherit
the properties of parallelograms.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:31:19
We also found various ways to calculate the area of each of these quadrilaterals. However, we left the proof for the rhombi for this
class.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:31:59
Today we're going to start with squares and familiarize ourselves with all of these quadrilaterals even more by doing some
problems.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:32:31
Let's continue our discussion about the area of a rhombus.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:32:59
What did we say about it last time?

Vitah2008
2021-07-02 19:33:31
it is the two diagonals multiplied together then divided by 2

dan09
2021-07-02 19:33:31
The area of a rhombus is the first diagonal multiplied by the second diagonal divided by 2

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:33:49
The area of a rhombus is one-half the product of the diagonals. There are a lot of ways to prove it.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:34:06

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:34:16
The most direct is probably to return to our congruent triangles. As we noted earlier, all four little triangles are congruent, so we
have [ABCD] = 4[AED]. Since △AED is a right triangle, we have

[AED] = (AE)(ED)/2,

so [ABCD] = 2AE ⋅ ED. The diagonals of ABCD bisect each other (ABCD is a parallelogram because it is a rhombus), so
AE = AC/2 and ED = BD/2. Therefore

AC ⋅ BD
[ABCD] = 2(AC/2)(BD/2) = .
2

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:34:37
What is the key fact about a rhombus that allows us to determine that its area is half the product of its diagonals?

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shenpinyi
2021-07-02 19:35:14
the diagonals are perpendicular

CalvinGarces
2021-07-02 19:35:14
the fact the diagonals meet at a right angle

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:35:16
The key property of a rhombus that allows us to determine its area from its diagonals is the fact that its diagonals are
perpendicular. This is not true of non-rhombus parallelograms.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:35:42
SQUARES

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:35:49
A square is a quadrilateral that has four congruent sides and four congruent angles. What other quadrilateral categories does a
square fit into?

dan09
2021-07-02 19:36:35
rectangle, parallelogram, rhombus

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-02 19:36:35
Rectangle, Rhombus, and Parallelogram

joeshu60091
2021-07-02 19:36:35
rectangle rhombus parallelogram ect

pwr
2021-07-02 19:36:35
parallelogram, rectangle, and rhombus

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:36:38
A square fits the definition of a rectangle and a rhombus, and as such is also a parallelogram.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:36:43
The square has the properties of all these objects, but because of so many congruencies within the square, many formulas can be
simplified. What is the area of a square that has side length s?

Sirahulania
2021-07-02 19:37:20
s^2

Suraahi
2021-07-02 19:37:20
2
s

GarudS
2021-07-02 19:37:20
2
s

JC0001
2021-07-02 19:37:20
s^2

grayspider
2021-07-02 19:37:20
2
s

Brendangho
2021-07-02 19:37:20
s^2

Sirahulania
2021-07-02 19:37:20
2
s

Sarah010
2021-07-02 19:37:20
s^2

Vitah2008
2021-07-02 19:37:20
s^2

RyanL2019
2021-07-02 19:37:20
s^2

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10/12/21, 8:31 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-02 19:37:20
s^2

dan09
2021-07-02 19:37:20
2
s

pwr
2021-07-02 19:37:20
s^2

SpencerSun
2021-07-02 19:37:20
s^2

Teediv
2021-07-02 19:37:20
s^2

joeshu60091
2021-07-02 19:37:20
s^2

Rinnypig
2021-07-02 19:37:20
s
2
.

MathNinja7
2021-07-02 19:37:20
2
s

shenpinyi
2021-07-02 19:37:20
s^2

ChippyChipmunk
2021-07-02 19:37:20
s^2

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:37:29
A square is a rectangle, so we can use our base times height to find the area. Here, the base and the height are the same; they both
equal s. Therefore, the area is s2 (ever wonder why raising something to the second power is called "squaring" it?). Incidentally,
this is also why s is called the "square root" of s2 : it's the length of the base, or "root" in old-fashioned language, of a square with
area s2 .

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:37:40
d1 d2
Using the rhombus formula, the area is also where d1 and d2 are the diagonals, but in a square these are congruent. We call
2
2
d
them both d, and we can just say the area is .
2

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:37:51
How can we use these area formulas to relate the diagonal of a square to a side of the square?

CalvinGarces
2021-07-02 19:38:35
diagonal of square = sqrt(2) * side of square

Brendangho
2021-07-02 19:38:35
2 2
s = d /2

shenpinyi
2021-07-02 19:38:35
the length of a diagonal is sqrt(2) times the length of a side

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:38:41
If we equate these we get an expected result comparing the side length of a square to its diagonal.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:39:05
Let the diagonal have length d.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:39:13
2
d
Since s2 = , we have 2s2 2
= d . Taking the square root gives s√2 = d.
2

Sirahulania
2021-07-02 19:39:28
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10/12/21, 8:31 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
or we could also use the 45-45-90 triangles that are formed when you draw the diagonal

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-02 19:39:28
We can use 45-45 90 triangles?

Teediv
2021-07-02 19:39:28
we can use 45 45 90 triangles

Suraahi
2021-07-02 19:39:28
The diagonal of the square is the hypotenuse of a 45-45-90 triangle so it is s√2

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:39:30
We can also show this by noting that the diagonal of a square splits it into two isosceles right triangles, and we know that the
hypotenuse of such a triangle is √2 times one of the legs.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:39:44
This is a simple use of area to prove something about lengths, but as you get into more complicated geometry, you'll be seeing this
tactic more and more.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:40:04
Before we dive into some more advanced quadrilateral problems, I'd like to remind you of a very useful phrase we discussed a few
weeks ago: if and only if. You'll sometimes see this abbreviated to "iff" or a double arrow: ⟺ . (Formatted as $\iff$ in LaTeX).

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:40:13
The reason we're talking about it again today is that you'll often see if and only if come up when talking about quadrilaterals.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:40:19
In particular, a lot of the facts we learned regarding quadrilaterals can also run in reverse. For example, we saw that if a
quadrilateral is a parallelogram, then its diagonals bisect each other. We also saw that the converse of this statement is true: If the
diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other, then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:40:35
We can put these two statements together by saying "A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if and only if its diagonals bisect each
other."

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:40:45
Make sure you see that this sentence says two different things: First, it says that the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each
other. Second, it says that if the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other, then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:40:54
Furthermore, to prove that the statement "A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if and only if its diagonals bisect each other" is true, we
must prove both of the above statements separately. (In practice, the proof for one half of an if and only if statement can often be
used as a guide for the other half.)

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:41:08
To make sure we understand "if and only if," let's look at a couple of examples:

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:41:15
Is it true to say "ABCD is a square if and only if its diagonals bisect its angles"?

GarudS
2021-07-02 19:42:02
no

superhero2020
2021-07-02 19:42:02
no

shenpinyi
2021-07-02 19:42:02
no

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-02 19:42:02
No

pwr
2021-07-02 19:42:02
no

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Rinnypig
2021-07-02 19:42:02
No.

Hridhaan
2021-07-02 19:42:02
no

dan09
2021-07-02 19:42:02
No

Teediv
2021-07-02 19:42:02
no

Sarah010
2021-07-02 19:42:02
no

hchhaya
2021-07-02 19:42:02
no

cwc28
2021-07-02 19:42:02
no

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:42:04
No, it is not. Why not?

Suraahi
2021-07-02 19:42:35
No, that can happen with a rhombus too

shenpinyi
2021-07-02 19:42:35
in rhombi, diagonals bisect the angles

dan09
2021-07-02 19:42:35
ABCD could also be a rhombus

takolhe12
2021-07-02 19:42:35
because the same thing is with rhombuses

CalvinGarces
2021-07-02 19:42:35
there are other quadrilaterals like the rhombi that do so

pwr
2021-07-02 19:42:35
the same is true for a rhombus

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:42:46
Right! While it is true that if ABCD is a square then its diagonals bisect its angles, the converse to this statement is not true.
Specifically, there are quadrilaterals that are not squares in which the diagonals bisect the angles. In fact, we saw last week that
this is true of all rhombi.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:43:01
How about "P QRS is a parallelogram if and only if P Q = RS and SP = QR "?

apple.xy
2021-07-02 19:43:45
yes

CalvinGarces
2021-07-02 19:43:45
yes

Suraahi
2021-07-02 19:43:45
Yes

pwr
2021-07-02 19:43:45
yes that is true

shenpinyi
2021-07-02 19:43:45
that is true

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-02 19:43:45

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10/12/21, 8:31 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
True

Teediv
2021-07-02 19:43:45
yes

Sirahulania
2021-07-02 19:43:45
yes

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:43:56
Yes. This if and only if statement does hold true. Indeed, we proved in last week's class meeting that the opposite sides of a
parallelogram have the same length. We didn't discuss the converse in class, but you hopefully read about it in the book (Problem
8.10): if the opposite sides of a quadrilateral are equal, then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram. In fact, the proof we gave in class
that rhombi are parallelograms only really used the fact that opposite sides were equal, not that all four sides were equal.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:44:18
Now we'll tackle some challenging quadrilateral problems, to use many of the facts we've learned today and last week.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:44:26
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
Point E is the midpoint of side AB of square ABCD, which has side length 4. Find the smallest possible distance between a
¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
point X on side AD and a point Y on the circumcircle of triangle BCE.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:44:38

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:44:53
Let's start by thinking about what we know about the circle in this problem. The circle is the circumcircle of triangle BCE . What
can we say about the center of the circle?

JC0001
2021-07-02 19:45:59
It is on the midpoint of EC

Vitah2008
2021-07-02 19:45:59
the center is on the midpoint of CE

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-02 19:45:59
It is the midpoint of CE

shenpinyi
2021-07-02 19:45:59
it is on the midpoint of segment CE

Suraahi
2021-07-02 19:45:59
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
It is the midpoint of CE

Hridhaan
2021-07-02 19:45:59
It's the midpoint of EC

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turquoisewolf
2021-07-02 19:45:59
Midpoint of line segment EC

Brendangho
2021-07-02 19:45:59
Its the midpoint of line segment EC

SpencerSun
2021-07-02 19:45:59
The center of the circle is the midpoint of EC

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:46:09
The center of the circle is the circumcenter of △BCE . Since △BCE is a right triangle, the circumcenter is the midpoint of the
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
hypotenuse EC .

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:46:26
Let's call the center O and add it to our diagram:

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:46:28

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:46:39
Now let's make try to make sense of what the question is asking. We want the smallest possible distance between points X on
¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
AD and points Y on the circle.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:46:47
Here's one possible choice of X and Y :

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:46:48

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10/12/21, 8:31 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:46:53
Do you think this choice of X and Y minimizes the distance, or is there a better choice?

dan09
2021-07-02 19:47:24
I think there should be a better choice

shenpinyi
2021-07-02 19:47:24
there is a better choice

Sirahulania
2021-07-02 19:47:24
There is a better choice

Bluepantzola1
2021-07-02 19:47:24
There is a better choice

Teediv
2021-07-02 19:47:24
there is a better choice

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:47:27
There's definitely a better choice! Here's one:

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:47:29

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:47:33
Do you think this one is minimal?

superhero2020
2021-07-02 19:47:54

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10/12/21, 8:31 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
no

Sirahulania
2021-07-02 19:47:54
no

GarudS
2021-07-02 19:47:54
no

Vitah2008
2021-07-02 19:47:54
no

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-02 19:47:54
no

Bluepantzola1
2021-07-02 19:47:54
No

CalvinGarces
2021-07-02 19:47:54
nope

JC0001
2021-07-02 19:47:54
no

Suraahi
2021-07-02 19:47:54
No

pwr
2021-07-02 19:47:54
no

Sarah010
2021-07-02 19:47:54
no

dan09
2021-07-02 19:47:54
Still not minimal

TheIdentityProperty
2021-07-02 19:47:54
no

RyanL2019
2021-07-02 19:47:54
no.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:47:56
No, this one isn't minimal, either! Let's think about how to minimize the distance. Where should X be?

Rinnypig
2021-07-02 19:48:32
¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
Put X on the midpoint of AD.

JC0001
2021-07-02 19:48:32
On the midpoint of AD

Teediv
2021-07-02 19:48:32
at the midpoint of AD

joeshu60091
2021-07-02 19:48:32
on the midpoint of AD

Vitah2008
2021-07-02 19:48:32
on the midpoint of AD

TheIdentityProperty
2021-07-02 19:48:32
at the midpoint of AD

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-02 19:48:32
The midpoint of AD

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:48:38

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10/12/21, 8:31 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
Yes, it seems like X should be the midpoint of AD. And how about Y ?

shenpinyi
2021-07-02 19:49:39
Y should be on OX

Suraahi
2021-07-02 19:49:39
On the line through O and X on circle O

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:49:42
¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯¯
It looks like it should be the left-most point on the circle, or in other words, the intersection between OX and the circle:

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:49:44

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:49:57
Of course, this is just a guess! It looks right, but maybe we're being misled by the diagram. So what should we do?

Vitah2008
2021-07-02 19:50:34
prove it

dan09
2021-07-02 19:50:34
Prove it

JC0001
2021-07-02 19:50:34
Prove that it's the shortest distance

shenpinyi
2021-07-02 19:50:34
prove it?

pwr
2021-07-02 19:50:34
prove it

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-02 19:50:34
Prove it

GarudS
2021-07-02 19:50:34
prove it

CalvinGarces
2021-07-02 19:50:34
prove it

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:50:36
Yes, we need to PROVE that this pair minimizes the distance!

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:50:41

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10/12/21, 8:31 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
Let's think about how we might go about that. We need to show that the distance between this choice of X and Y is the smallest
¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
possible distance between a point on AD and a point on the circle.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:50:48
In other words, we're going to show that all other possible distances are longer.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:50:55
It's not clear how to do that, though. I think we're going to need to add something to the picture above.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:51:01
¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
If we want to prove that any other distance between a point on AD and a point on the circle is longer than XY , what will our
picture need that it currently doesn't have?

pwr
2021-07-02 19:51:29
another distance

Sirahulania
2021-07-02 19:51:29
more points on the circle and on AD?

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:51:31
We need to draw another such distance, so we can compare it to XY ! We could pick another pair W and Z such that W is
¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
arbitrary on AD and Z is arbitrary on the circle, and we could prove that W Z ≥ XY . That would do it!

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:51:39

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:51:46
So our goal is now to show that

W Z ≥ XY .

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:51:59
Hmmm. This is visually obvious, but visually obvious does not make a proof.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:52:09
Let's think about how to go about showing W Z ≥ XY . Often, when it's not obvious how to prove an inequality directly, we find
something that's between the two quantities we're comparing.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:52:17
In other words, we find a length l in the picture such that

W Z ≥ l ≥ XY .

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:52:29

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Here's an easy way to go about that. Let's let P be the closest point to our fixed W on the circle. Then we clearly have that
W Z ≥ W P . Then if we show that W P ≥ XY , we'd be done!

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:52:49
That seems helpful. Let's see if we can spot a point P on the circle that's closest to W . Any ideas?

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:53:25
¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
A common guess is the point on the circle which lies on the line through W parallel to DC . Here it is, dotted in red:

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:53:27

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:53:34
Hmmmm. that doesn't quite look right, actually. Can anyone spot a point P on the circle that's even closer to W than that red
point?

Brendangho
2021-07-02 19:54:31
draw the line from W to O

CalvinGarces
2021-07-02 19:54:31
on WO

shenpinyi
2021-07-02 19:54:31
Where segment WO and circle O intersect

superhero2020
2021-07-02 19:54:31
one that lies on WO and intersects with the circle

grayspider
2021-07-02 19:54:31
Yes, a point both on the line W O and on the circle of △EBC

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:54:37
¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
Yes, the point at the intersection of OW and the circle looks better:

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:54:42

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40738 14/47
10/12/21, 8:31 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:54:52
OK. Let's recap a bit. Our strategy was to find a point P on the circle that's closest to W . Then by definition we have that
WZ ≥ WP.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:55:01
We'd then be able to finish the proof by showing that W P ≥ XY .

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:55:12
¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
We now have a good guess for point P : we think it's the point at the intersection of OW and the circle. However, we aren't
actually sure that this is the closest point to W . What do we need to do?

dan09
2021-07-02 19:55:36
Prove it!

JC0001
2021-07-02 19:55:36
Prove it

Sirahulania
2021-07-02 19:55:36
prove it

Vitah2008
2021-07-02 19:55:36
prove it

MathNinja7
2021-07-02 19:55:36
prove it

shenpinyi
2021-07-02 19:55:36
prove it

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:55:38
We need to prove it, of course! To prove that P is the very closest point, we need to show that W Z ≥ WP for any point Z on our
circle.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:55:48
With that in mind, let's clean the diagram up a bit. We won't be using X or Y for the time being, so let's remove them.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:55:57

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40738 15/47
10/12/21, 8:31 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:56:05
Let's now tackle our intermediate goal: showing that

WZ ≥ WP.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:56:13
Hmmm. It's again visually obvious that W Z ≥ WP. But that's still not a proof!

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:56:20
We're going to use our technique again: we're going to find a length that's in between the two lengths we're comparing.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:56:26
Any idea what we can add to this diagram to help out with that?

Vitah2008
2021-07-02 19:58:36
make something with the pythagorean theorem?

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:59:03
There is no right triangle to use in relation to the two lengths we want to compare.

apple.xy
2021-07-02 19:59:09
build right triangles

pwr
2021-07-02 19:59:14
make a right triangle

Achilleas
2021-07-02 19:59:16
How?

RollOver2020
2021-07-02 19:59:45
Perpendicular lines!

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:00:09
There is no useful perpendicular line in the given diagram.

dan09
2021-07-02 20:00:36
¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
Draw the perpendicular of Z to W O

shenpinyi
2021-07-02 20:00:36
draw an altitude from Z to WO in WZO

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:00:46
¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
Yes, let's drop a perpendicular from Z to W O ! Let R be the foot of the perpendicular:

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:00:53

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10/12/21, 8:31 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:01:00
Hmmm, that looks pretty good! Let's see if we can use W R as the "in-between" length. That means that we want to show

WZ ≥ WR ≥ WP.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:01:08
Let's see how to go about that. Why is W Z ≥ WR ?

RollOver2020
2021-07-02 20:02:08
Hypotenuse is greater than the legs

Sirahulania
2021-07-02 20:02:08
because the hypotenuse is always greater than a leg in a right triangle

shenpinyi
2021-07-02 20:02:08
they are in a right triangle and WZ is the longest side because it is the hypotenuse

MathNinja7
2021-07-02 20:02:08
Because it is the hypotenuse

Rinnypig
2021-07-02 20:02:08
Because W Z is the hypotenuse.

Vitah2008
2021-07-02 20:02:08
because it is the hypotenuse, which is longer than the two other lengths

Suraahi
2021-07-02 20:02:08
W Z > W R because it is the hypotenuse of the right triangle, ∆WRZ.

dan09
2021-07-02 20:02:08
Because W Z is the hypotenuse, and in a right triangle, the hypotenuse must be greater than either of the legs, so W Z ≥ WR

hchhaya
2021-07-02 20:02:08
because the hypotenuse of a triangle is always the longest side of a right triangle

MathNinja7
2021-07-02 20:02:08
Because it is the hypotenuse of WRZ

TheIdentityProperty
2021-07-02 20:02:08
because WZ is the hypotenuse

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:02:13
Yes, the hypotenuse of a right triangle is always greater than a leg. And why is W R ≥ WP ?

Sirahulania
2021-07-02 20:03:10
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10/12/21, 8:31 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
R is farther away from W than P

Brendangho
2021-07-02 20:03:10
WR is WP with a little more added to it

superhero2020
2021-07-02 20:03:10
WP is on WR

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:03:12
¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯ ¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
That's right, that's because W P is contained in W R. Actually... technically, we haven't proven that yet! To be totally rigorous, we
should show that R is actually between points O and P . Our diagram might not be accurate!

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:03:23
Luckily, that's not hard! It suffices to show that OR ≤ OP . Why is OR ≤ OP true? (Remember, we cannot assume that R is
between O and P as in our diagram, since we don't know the diagram is accurate.)

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:04:48
Hint: Recall what you just used about the hypotenuse of a right triangle.

pwr
2021-07-02 20:06:20
a leg or OR is always less than its hypotenuse and OP=OZ because they are radii

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:06:24
¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
We know that OR ≤ OZ since OZ is the hypotenuse of the right triangle. And of course, OP = OZ, since both of those are
lengths of radii of the same circle.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:06:42
That shows that OR ≤ OP , which lets us deduce that R is indeed between O and P and so W R ≥ WP as desired.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:06:53
All right, that means that W Z ≥ WP ! That was our intermediate goal. Now let's come back to what we wanted to show.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:07:01

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:07:09
Let's now remind ourselves of our goals and what we've shown so far.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:07:12
¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
We wanted to show that W Z ≥ XY for any pair of points W on AD and Z on the circle.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:07:18
Then we would know that the length XY is the answer to the original problem.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:07:23
We decided to tackle this by first finding the closest point P on the circle to W . So far, we've shown that
https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40738 18/47
10/12/21, 8:31 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
WZ ≥ WP,

¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
if P is the intersection of W O and the circle. This is, indeed, the closest point to W on our circle.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:07:34
So what do we need to show to finish the proof that W Z ≥ XY ?

GarudS
2021-07-02 20:08:33
W P ≥ XY

hchhaya
2021-07-02 20:08:33
WP >= XY

superhero2020
2021-07-02 20:08:33
prove that W P ≥ XY

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-02 20:08:33
WP>=XY

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:08:36
We need to show that W P ≥ XY ! Then we'll be done, since we'll know that W Z ≥ W P ≥ XY .

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:08:48
Luckily, this turns out to be relatively simple. We don't even need to add anything to the picture this time!

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:08:56
Does anyone have any ideas for how we can compare W P and XY ?

Brendangho
2021-07-02 20:09:36
WXO is already a right triangle

Sirahulania
2021-07-02 20:09:36
use right triangle WXO

shenpinyi
2021-07-02 20:09:36
They are part of right triangle WOX

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:09:39
Ah-ha! We can again use the fact that the hypotenuse of a right triangle is longer than its legs.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:09:53
How exactly can we use right triangle W XO?

Sirahulania
2021-07-02 20:10:22
we know XO is less than WO, and YO, PO are radii, so WP must be greater than XY

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:10:31
We know that W O ≥ XO. But since OP = OY , we have that

W O − OP = W O − OY ≥ XO − OY .

That gives us that W P ≥ XY , like we wanted!

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:10:49
All right, we've finally shown that X and Y are indeed the points that minimize the distance. Now we just need to calculate what
this distance actually is.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:10:58
Let's go back to a less cluttered diagram:

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:10:59

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40738 19/47
10/12/21, 8:31 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:11:06
Who can tell me what OX is equal to? Don't forget, AECD is a trapezoid!

pwr
2021-07-02 20:11:39
OX=(AE+DC)/2

Suraahi
2021-07-02 20:11:39
(AE + CD)/2

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:11:52
Right! What does this give us for OX?

Sarah010
2021-07-02 20:12:23
3

shenpinyi
2021-07-02 20:12:23
3

apple.xy
2021-07-02 20:12:23
3

Teediv
2021-07-02 20:12:23
3

shenpinyi
2021-07-02 20:12:23
OX = 3

hchhaya
2021-07-02 20:12:23
OX = 3

RyanL2019
2021-07-02 20:12:23
OX=3

Bluepantzola1
2021-07-02 20:12:23
3

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-02 20:12:23
3

Sirahulania
2021-07-02 20:12:23
OX=3

pwr
2021-07-02 20:12:23
OX=(2+4)/2=3

MathNinja7
2021-07-02 20:12:23
OX=3

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10/12/21, 8:31 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Hridhaan
2021-07-02 20:12:23
3

GarudS
2021-07-02 20:12:23
3

Suraahi
2021-07-02 20:12:23
OX = 3

grayspider
2021-07-02 20:12:23
OX = 3

tkubota
2021-07-02 20:12:23
OX = 3

Vitah2008
2021-07-02 20:12:23
3

dan09
2021-07-02 20:12:23
2+4 6
= = 3
2 2

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:12:41
¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯¯
Yes, since AECD is a trapezoid, and OX connects the midpoints of the legs, we have that OX is the average of the bases,
which means that

AE + CD 2 + 4
OX = = = 3.
2 2

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:12:46
Now let's calculate OY . That's the radius of the circle, which is easiest to calculate by first calculating the diameter EC. What's
the diameter equal to?

Sarah010
2021-07-02 20:13:35
2sqrt(5)

Sirahulania
2021-07-02 20:13:35
2sqrt{5}

dan09
2021-07-02 20:13:35
√22 + 42 = √4 + 16 = √20 = 2√5

Sirahulania
2021-07-02 20:13:35
2√ 5

pwr
2021-07-02 20:13:35
2√ 5

Brendangho
2021-07-02 20:13:35
2√ 5

MathNinja7
2021-07-02 20:13:35
2 sqrt 5

Rinnypig
2021-07-02 20:13:35
EC = 2sqrt5.

tkubota
2021-07-02 20:13:40
2√ 5

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:13:41
is equal to √22 which means that OY What's our final answer?
2
EC + 4 = 2√5, = √5.

Sarah010
2021-07-02 20:14:15

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10/12/21, 8:31 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
3-sqrt(5)

shenpinyi
2021-07-02 20:14:15
3 - sqrt(5)

superhero2020
2021-07-02 20:14:15
3 − √5

hchhaya
2021-07-02 20:14:15
XY = 3 - sqrt(5)

Vitah2008
2021-07-02 20:14:15
XY = 3-sqrt(5)

RyanL2019
2021-07-02 20:14:15
3-√5

Sirahulania
2021-07-02 20:14:15
3 − √5

Teediv
2021-07-02 20:14:15
3-sqrt5

GarudS
2021-07-02 20:14:15
3 − √5

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:14:17
The minimal distance is

XY = OX − OY = 3 − √5.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:15:03
Next example:

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:15:05
Describe the quadrilateral formed by connecting the midpoints of a rhombus.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:15:31
(Draw a figure to guess - you have only one answer choice. )

Suraahi
2021-07-02 20:16:26
A rectangle

Hridhaan
2021-07-02 20:16:26
rectangle

MathNinja7
2021-07-02 20:16:26
Rectangle

Sarah010
2021-07-02 20:16:26
rectangle

GarudS
2021-07-02 20:16:26
rectangle

Teediv
2021-07-02 20:16:26
a rectangle is formed

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-02 20:16:26
rectangle

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:16:31

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10/12/21, 8:31 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:16:44
You probably notice that quadrilateral EF GH looks familiar.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:16:57
It sure looks like a rectangle. Of course, looks like is not enough! What do we need to do?

Sirahulania
2021-07-02 20:17:28
prove it

pwr
2021-07-02 20:17:28
prove it

apple.xy
2021-07-02 20:17:28
prove it!!

GarudS
2021-07-02 20:17:28
prove it

Sarah010
2021-07-02 20:17:28
prove it

Brendangho
2021-07-02 20:17:28
prove it

MathNinja7
2021-07-02 20:17:28
prove it

dan09
2021-07-02 20:17:28
Prove it!

Suraahi
2021-07-02 20:17:28
Prove it!

hchhaya
2021-07-02 20:17:28
prove it

JC0001
2021-07-02 20:17:28
prove it

CalvinGarces
2021-07-02 20:17:28
prove it!

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-02 20:17:28
prove it!

Vitah2008
2021-07-02 20:17:28
a proof

RollOver2020
2021-07-02 20:17:32
Prove it

shenpinyi
2021-07-02 20:17:32
prove it

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:17:33
We need to prove it!

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10/12/21, 8:31 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:17:45
What is the definition of a rectangle?

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:18:04
The definition contains the minimum information. We do not need to say that it is a parallelogram, for example. This property
follows from the definition.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:18:18
Nor do we need to say that all angles are right angles. This fact also follows from the definition.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:18:30
We reviewed it at the beginning of today's class.

pwr
2021-07-02 20:19:31
a quadralaterial with 4 equal angles

dan09
2021-07-02 20:19:31
A quadrilateral with all equal angles

apple.xy
2021-07-02 20:19:31
a quadrilateral with all equal angles

RollOver2020
2021-07-02 20:19:31
A rectangle is a quadrilateral with all equal angles

Sirahulania
2021-07-02 20:19:31
quadrilateral with all equal angles

hchhaya
2021-07-02 20:19:31
A rectangle is a quadrilateral with all equal angles.

Sirahulania
2021-07-02 20:19:31
A rectangle is a quadrilateral with all equal angles.

yoyododococo123
2021-07-02 20:19:31
A rectangle is a quadrilateral with all equal angles.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:19:41
A rectangle is a quadrilateral with all equal angles.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:19:54
All other properties that many of you mentioned about a rectangle are not part of the definition; they easily follow from it.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:20:18
So, what should we be investigating in order to verify our guess that EF GH is a rectangle? (angles or sides?)

Sirahulania
2021-07-02 20:21:06
angles

pwr
2021-07-02 20:21:06
angles

Brendangho
2021-07-02 20:21:06
angles

dan09
2021-07-02 20:21:06
Angles!

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-02 20:21:06
Angles!!

Hridhaan
2021-07-02 20:21:06
angles

ChippyChipmunk
2021-07-02 20:21:06
Angles

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10/12/21, 8:31 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

JC0001
2021-07-02 20:21:06
angles

Sarah010
2021-07-02 20:21:06
angles

TheIdentityProperty
2021-07-02 20:21:06
angles

hchhaya
2021-07-02 20:21:06
angles

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:21:13
We need to take a look at the angles. Let's label what we can. What do you notice that will help us establish congruent angles?

Brendangho
2021-07-02 20:22:05
There are two pairs of congruent triangles

Vitah2008
2021-07-02 20:22:05
congruent triangles

RollOver2020
2021-07-02 20:22:05
Congruent triangles?

Sirahulania
2021-07-02 20:22:05
congruent triangles

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-02 20:22:05
Congruent triangles?

shenpinyi
2021-07-02 20:22:05
congruent triangles

Sarah010
2021-07-02 20:22:05
there are some congruent triangles

GarudS
2021-07-02 20:22:05
well i see congrent triangles

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:22:11
Triangles AEF and CGH are congruent isosceles triangles by SAS (AE = AF = CH = CG, and ∠A = ∠C ), so
∠AEF = ∠AF E = ∠CGH = ∠CH G. Let's call these angle measures x. What else?

dan09
2021-07-02 20:24:13
△EH D ≅ △GF B

pwr
2021-07-02 20:24:13
triangles GBF and HDE are congruent too

RollOver2020
2021-07-02 20:24:13
Triangles EDH and GBF

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:24:18
Same thing with triangles DEH and BGF , so ∠DEH = ∠DH E = ∠BGF = ∠BF G. Let's call these angle measures y.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:24:35
(make sure the corresponding vertices match)

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:24:39

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10/12/21, 8:31 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:24:48
Now for the angles of EF GH . What is the measure of each angle in EF GH in terms of x and y?

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-02 20:25:40
180-y-x

GarudS
2021-07-02 20:25:40
180 − (x + y)

shenpinyi
2021-07-02 20:25:40
180 - x - y

Brendangho
2021-07-02 20:25:40
180 − x − y

Sirahulania
2021-07-02 20:25:40
180-x-y

Suraahi
2021-07-02 20:25:40
Each angle of EFGH = 180 − (x + y)

MathNinja7
2021-07-02 20:25:40
180 − x − y

Sarah010
2021-07-02 20:25:40
180-x-y

Sirahulania
2021-07-02 20:25:40
180 − (x + y)

Vitah2008
2021-07-02 20:25:40
180-x-y

hchhaya
2021-07-02 20:25:40
180 - (x+y)

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:25:43
Each angle of EF GH has measure 180 As you can see now, x and y are not themselves important. What is important
∘
− x − y.

about this observation?

pwr
2021-07-02 20:26:55
all the angles are congruent

superhero2020
2021-07-02 20:26:55
all the angles are equal

Hridhaan
2021-07-02 20:26:55
All of the angles are equal

Sirahulania
2021-07-02 20:26:55
we see all the angles of EFGH are equal in measure

Suraahi
2021-07-02 20:26:55
The angles of EFGH are equal, so each angle is 360º/4 = 90º, thus EFGH is a rectangle

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grayspider
2021-07-02 20:27:01
This means that all the angles of the quadrilateral are congruent, proving that EF GH is a rectangle!

Suraahi
2021-07-02 20:27:01
360 º
The angles of EF GH are equal, so each angle is º thus EFGH is a rectangle.
= 90 ,
4

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:27:05
All four angles in the quadrilateral are congruent. Note that we didn't have to algebraically solve for x and y, and in fact we can't.
We didn't need to do any algebra to solve for 180 − x − y either. All we need show is that the angles are all equal.
∘

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:27:18
This means that all the angles must be 360/4 = 90 degrees, so EF GH is a rectangle.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:27:28
Connecting the midpoints of a rhombus gives a rectangle.

Teediv
2021-07-02 20:27:38
yay

cwc28
2021-07-02 20:27:38
coooool

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:27:40
What happens when we connect the midpoints of a rectangle?

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:28:05
(draw a figure to see )

Suraahi
2021-07-02 20:29:05
We get a rhombus

JC0001
2021-07-02 20:29:05
we get a rhombus

shenpinyi
2021-07-02 20:29:05
you get a rhombus

Vitah2008
2021-07-02 20:29:05
a rhombus

RollOver2020
2021-07-02 20:29:05
It makes a rhombus

pwr
2021-07-02 20:29:05
we get a rhombus

hchhaya
2021-07-02 20:29:05
a rhombus

ChippyChipmunk
2021-07-02 20:29:05
You get a rhombus

Rinnypig
2021-07-02 20:29:05
Rhombus...

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-02 20:29:05
Rhombus.

Sarah010
2021-07-02 20:29:05
rhombus

RyanL2019
2021-07-02 20:29:05
rhombus

superhero2020
2021-07-02 20:29:05

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40738 27/47
10/12/21, 8:31 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
we get a rhombus

Teediv
2021-07-02 20:29:05
a rhombus lol

MathNinja7
2021-07-02 20:29:05
Rhombus

apple.xy
2021-07-02 20:29:05
rhombus

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:29:10

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:29:19
You probably notice that quadrilateral EF GH looks familiar.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:29:36
It sure looks like a rhombus. But what do we need to do again this time?

pwr
2021-07-02 20:30:08
we need to prove it

Sirahulania
2021-07-02 20:30:08
prove it

MathNinja7
2021-07-02 20:30:08
Prove it

Teediv
2021-07-02 20:30:08
PROVE IT

Suraahi
2021-07-02 20:30:08
Prove it!

Sunshine2016
2021-07-02 20:30:08
Prove it!

Teediv
2021-07-02 20:30:08
prove it

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-02 20:30:08
Prove it!!

Sarah010
2021-07-02 20:30:08
prove it

ChippyChipmunk
2021-07-02 20:30:08
Prove it

hchhaya
2021-07-02 20:30:08
PROVE IT

Bluepantzola1
2021-07-02 20:30:08
prove it

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40738 28/47
10/12/21, 8:31 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

shenpinyi
2021-07-02 20:30:08
prove it

dan09
2021-07-02 20:30:08
Prove it again!

TThB0501
2021-07-02 20:30:14
prove it!

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:30:15
Prove it!

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:30:25
What is the definition of a rhombus?

RollOver2020
2021-07-02 20:31:17
A quadrilateral with all equal sides

Sirahulania
2021-07-02 20:31:17
A rhombus is a quadrilateral with all equal sides.

Brendangho
2021-07-02 20:31:17
a quadrilateral with all equal sides

Rinnypig
2021-07-02 20:31:17
A quadrilateral with four sides of equal length.

TheIdentityProperty
2021-07-02 20:31:17
a quadrilateral with all equal sides

dan09
2021-07-02 20:31:17
A quadrilateral with all equal sides.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:31:20
A rhombus is a quadrilateral with all equal sides.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:31:45
What should we be investigating in order to verify our guess that it's a rhombus? (angle measures/side lengths?)

Sirahulania
2021-07-02 20:32:15
side lenghts

apple.xy
2021-07-02 20:32:15
side lengths

ChippyChipmunk
2021-07-02 20:32:15
Side lengths

Vitah2008
2021-07-02 20:32:15
side lengths

Teediv
2021-07-02 20:32:15
side lengths

RollOver2020
2021-07-02 20:32:15
Side lengths this time

pwr
2021-07-02 20:32:15
side lengths

dan09
2021-07-02 20:32:15
Side lengths

JC0001
2021-07-02 20:32:15
side lengths

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40738 29/47
10/12/21, 8:31 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Suraahi
2021-07-02 20:32:15
Side lengths

TheIdentityProperty
2021-07-02 20:32:15
side lengths

shenpinyi
2021-07-02 20:32:15
side lengths

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-02 20:32:15
Side lengths

MathNinja7
2021-07-02 20:32:15
Side lengths

Rinnypig
2021-07-02 20:32:15
Side lengths.

Sarah010
2021-07-02 20:32:15
side lengths

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:32:18
We need to look at side lengths. What tool will we use to prove equal side lengths?

shenpinyi
2021-07-02 20:32:51
congruent triangles

Sirahulania
2021-07-02 20:32:51
congruent triangles

MathNinja7
2021-07-02 20:32:51
Right triangles

dan09
2021-07-02 20:32:51
Right triangles

RollOver2020
2021-07-02 20:32:51
Right triangles

Suraahi
2021-07-02 20:32:51
Pythagorean theorem and right triangles

RyanL2019
2021-07-02 20:32:51
congruent triangles

Rinnypig
2021-07-02 20:32:51
The Pythagorean Theorem.

Teediv
2021-07-02 20:32:51
we can use right triangles

Vitah2008
2021-07-02 20:32:51
congruent triangles

superhero2020
2021-07-02 20:32:51
congruent triangles?

cwc28
2021-07-02 20:32:51
right triangles

ChippyChipmunk
2021-07-02 20:32:56
Congruent triangles?

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-02 20:32:56
Congruent triangles

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40738 30/47
10/12/21, 8:31 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:32:58
Congruent triangles or Pythagorean Theorem will do the trick. Let's use congruent triangles. Why are all of those right triangles
congruent?

apple.xy
2021-07-02 20:33:25
AE=ED=BG=GC and AF=FB=DH=HC and <A=<B=<C=<D, so triangles AEF, DEH, BGF and CGH are congruent by SAS

Sirahulania
2021-07-02 20:33:25
they are congruent by SAS

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-02 20:33:25
SAS congruence.

dan09
2021-07-02 20:33:25
By SAS

shenpinyi
2021-07-02 20:33:25
SAS congruence

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:33:28
We have △AEF ≅ △DEH ≅ △CGH ≅ △BGF by SAS. Now what?

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-02 20:34:36
EF=FG=GH=HE so EFGH is a rhombus!

pwr
2021-07-02 20:34:36
by CPCTC segments FG=GH=HE=EF

Brendangho
2021-07-02 20:34:36
EF = FG = HG = EH

MathNinja7
2021-07-02 20:34:36
We now know that GH = F G = EF = EH

RyanL2019
2021-07-02 20:34:36
EF=HG=HE=EF because of SAS congruence

TheIdentityProperty
2021-07-02 20:34:36
the hypotenuses are congruent as well

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:34:39
Now we know that the hypotenuses of the four triangles are congruent: EF = F G = GH = EH .

shenpinyi
2021-07-02 20:34:46
their hypotenuses make a rhombus

CalvinGarces
2021-07-02 20:34:46
we casn say that EFGH is a rhombus

Hridhaan
2021-07-02 20:34:55
All of the sides of EFGH are congruent, so it is a rhombus

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:34:56
All four sides of EF GH are congruent, so it is a rhombus.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:35:13
What happens when we connect the midpoints of a square?

hchhaya
2021-07-02 20:35:55
another square

Suraahi
2021-07-02 20:35:55
We get a square

pwr
2021-07-02 20:35:55
we get another square

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40738 31/47
10/12/21, 8:31 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Teediv
2021-07-02 20:35:55
we get another square

MathNinja7
2021-07-02 20:35:55
A square

JC0001
2021-07-02 20:35:55
we get another square

dan09
2021-07-02 20:35:55
A square

ChippyChipmunk
2021-07-02 20:35:55
You get a square

Siella
2021-07-02 20:35:55
It forms another square

Brendangho
2021-07-02 20:35:55
you create another square

TheIdentityProperty
2021-07-02 20:35:55
another square

shenpinyi
2021-07-02 20:35:55
you get a square

cwc28
2021-07-02 20:35:55
we get another square

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-02 20:35:55
Square!!

Vitah2008
2021-07-02 20:35:59
another square

grayspider
2021-07-02 20:35:59
We get another square

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:36:04

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:36:16
Since ABCD is a rhombus, EF GH is a rectangle, and since ABCD is a rectangle, EF GH is a rhombus. Thus EF GH is also
a square. We can just combine our results from the last two problems and don't need to do any work!

Hridhaan
2021-07-02 20:36:27
Cool!

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:36:29

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:36:43
https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40738 32/47
10/12/21, 8:31 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
In quadrilateral ABCD, AB and CD are perpendicular to AD, with AB + CD = BC, and AD = 7. What is AB ⋅ CD?

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:36:46

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:36:56
(Drawing is not to scale.)

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:38:04
What should we do to work with all possible quadrilaterals that satisfy the given information?

iejake
2021-07-02 20:38:52
draw right triangles

JC0001
2021-07-02 20:38:52
right triangles?

RollOver2020
2021-07-02 20:38:52
We use right agnles

Sirahulania
2021-07-02 20:38:52
make right triangles

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:39:05
Making a right triangle is a good idea.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:39:16
We have right angles, so we think of right triangles, because these allow us to write equations with the Pythagorean Theorem.

Sarah010
2021-07-02 20:39:22
draw a perpendicular line from B to side CD

Sirahulania
2021-07-02 20:39:34
draw a line through B parallel to AD

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:39:35
¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
Drawing a line through B parallel to AD that meets CD at X makes right triangle BCX.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:39:58
Also, let's assign variables. If we let AB = x and CD = y, then we have BC = x + y, and we want to find xy.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:40:08

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40738 33/47
10/12/21, 8:31 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:40:17
What are the side lengths of triangle BCX?

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:41:02
(label your answers...e.g. BX=.., etc)

pwr
2021-07-02 20:41:39
BX=7, CX=y-x, and BC=x+y

dan09
2021-07-02 20:41:39
BX = 7, CX = y − x, BC = x + y

shenpinyi
2021-07-02 20:41:39
BX = 7. CX = y – x. BC = x + y

CalvinGarces
2021-07-02 20:41:39
BX = 7, CX = y - x, BC = x + y

apple.xy
2021-07-02 20:41:39
BX = 7, XC = y-x, and BC = x+y

iejake
2021-07-02 20:41:47
BX=7 and CX= (y-x) and BC=(x+y)

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:41:51
We know that BX = AD = 7 because quadrilateral BXDA is a rectangle. We are given in the problem statement that
BC = x + y. We also see that

CX = CD − XD = CD − AB = y − x.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:42:01
Now what?

dan09
2021-07-02 20:42:31
Use the pythagorean theorem!

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-02 20:42:31
Pythagorean Theorem

Sirahulania
2021-07-02 20:42:31
use the pythagorean theorem

RyanL2019
2021-07-02 20:42:31
7^2+(y-x)^2=(x+y)^2

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:42:33
We apply the Pythagorean Theorem to △BCX, and we have (x + y)2 = 7
2
+ (y − x)
2
.

apple.xy
2021-07-02 20:42:42
then we have x^2 + 2xy + y^2 = x^2 + y^2 -2 xy + 49 using pythagorean theorem

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:42:44

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40738 34/47
10/12/21, 8:31 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
Expanding both sides, we have

2 2 2 2
x + 2xy + y = 49 + x − 2xy + y .

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:42:53
What's the final answer?

apple.xy
2021-07-02 20:44:01
49/4

Sirahulania
2021-07-02 20:44:01
49/4

pwr
2021-07-02 20:44:01
49/4

hchhaya
2021-07-02 20:44:01
xy = 49/4

Sarah010
2021-07-02 20:44:01
AB*CD=49/4

RyanL2019
2021-07-02 20:44:01
4xy=49, xy=49/4

Brendangho
2021-07-02 20:44:01
49/4

dan09
2021-07-02 20:44:01
49

Hridhaan
2021-07-02 20:44:01
49/4

GarudS
2021-07-02 20:44:01
49

Brendangho
2021-07-02 20:44:01
xy = 49/4

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-02 20:44:01
xy=49/4

RollOver2020
2021-07-02 20:44:01
xy = 49/4

hchhaya
2021-07-02 20:44:01
xy = 49/4

Teediv
2021-07-02 20:44:01
49/4

TheIdentityProperty
2021-07-02 20:44:01
xy = 49/4

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:44:07
49
The x2 and y 2 cancel, and solving for xy gives us xy = = 12.25 .
4

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:44:32
So even though there's no way to know what x and y are, we can find xy. Always keep your eye on the goal!

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:44:54
Last problem:

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40738 35/47
10/12/21, 8:31 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:44:55
Prove that the measure of the segment passing through the point of intersection of the diagonals of a trapezoid and parallel to the
bases with its endpoints on the legs is the harmonic mean between the measures of the bases. The harmonic mean of two
numbers is defined as the reciprocal of the average of the reciprocals of the two numbers.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:45:01

dan09
2021-07-02 20:45:23
Too many words!

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:45:31
True! First, let's understand the definition of harmonic mean.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:45:38
What is the reciprocal of x?

Vitah2008
2021-07-02 20:46:20
1/x

pwr
2021-07-02 20:46:20
1/x

iejake
2021-07-02 20:46:20
1/x

Brendangho
2021-07-02 20:46:20
1/x

hchhaya
2021-07-02 20:46:20
1/x

dan09
2021-07-02 20:46:20
1
x

Sirahulania
2021-07-02 20:46:20
1/x

apple.xy
2021-07-02 20:46:20
1/x

Suraahi
2021-07-02 20:46:20
1

shenpinyi
2021-07-02 20:46:20
1/x

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-02 20:46:20
1/x

MathNinja7
2021-07-02 20:46:20
1

Sunshine2016
2021-07-02 20:46:20

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40738 36/47
10/12/21, 8:31 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
1/x

Siella
2021-07-02 20:46:20
1/x

superhero2020
2021-07-02 20:46:20
1

SpencerSun
2021-07-02 20:46:20
1/x

GarudS
2021-07-02 20:46:20
1/x

Teediv
2021-07-02 20:46:20
1

ChippyChipmunk
2021-07-02 20:46:20
1/x

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:46:28
The reciprocal of x is 1/x. What is the average of x and y?

dan09
2021-07-02 20:47:01
x+y

apple.xy
2021-07-02 20:47:01
(x+y)/2

JC0001
2021-07-02 20:47:01
(x+y)/2

hchhaya
2021-07-02 20:47:01
(x+y)/2

RyanL2019
2021-07-02 20:47:01
(x+y)/2

Sunshine2016
2021-07-02 20:47:01
(x+y)/2

iejake
2021-07-02 20:47:01
(x+y)/2

TheIdentityProperty
2021-07-02 20:47:01
(x+y)/2

Sarah010
2021-07-02 20:47:01
(x+y)/2

shenpinyi
2021-07-02 20:47:01
(x + y)/2

pwr
2021-07-02 20:47:01
(x+y)/2

Vitah2008
2021-07-02 20:47:01
(x+y)/2

Brendangho
2021-07-02 20:47:01
(x + y)/2

ChippyChipmunk
2021-07-02 20:47:01
(x+y)/2

Teediv
2021-07-02 20:47:01
https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40738 37/47
10/12/21, 8:31 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
x+y

Sirahulania
2021-07-02 20:47:01
x+y

superhero2020
2021-07-02 20:47:01
x+y

Rinnypig
2021-07-02 20:47:01
x+y

2
.

GarudS
2021-07-02 20:47:01
x+y

Suraahi
2021-07-02 20:47:01
x + y

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:47:05
That's right! The average of x and y is (x + y)/2. It's good to make sure that everyone knows all the terms in that definition!

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:47:10
What is the average of the reciprocals of x and y?

pwr
2021-07-02 20:47:53
(1/x+1/y)/2

Brendangho
2021-07-02 20:47:53
1/x+1/y

Suraahi
2021-07-02 20:47:53
1 1
+
x y

dan09
2021-07-02 20:47:53
1 1
x
+ y

TheIdentityProperty
2021-07-02 20:47:53
(1/x + 1/y) / 2

Suraahi
2021-07-02 20:47:53
1 1
+
x y

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-02 20:47:53
(1/x+1/y)/2

Bluepantzola1
2021-07-02 20:47:53
(1/x+1/y)/2

CalvinGarces
2021-07-02 20:47:53
(1/x + 1/y)/2

Sunshine2016
2021-07-02 20:47:53
((1/x)+(1/y))/2

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:47:56
Right, it's

1 1
+
x y

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40738 38/47
10/12/21, 8:31 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:47:57
So, what is the harmonic mean of x and y? (Please, read the problem statement again, if needed.)

Hridhaan
2021-07-02 20:48:43
, sorry, typo
2
harmonic mean of x and y =
1 1
+ y
x

Suraahi
2021-07-02 20:48:43
1

1 1
+
x y

pwr
2021-07-02 20:48:43
2/(1/x+1/y)

CalvinGarces
2021-07-02 20:48:43
2/(1/x + 1/y)?

superhero2020
2021-07-02 20:48:43
2
1 1
+
x y

Brendangho
2021-07-02 20:48:43
2
1 1
+
x y

Vitah2008
2021-07-02 20:48:43
2/(1/x + 1/y)

Sirahulania
2021-07-02 20:48:43
2/(1/x+1/y)

ChippyChipmunk
2021-07-02 20:48:49
2/((1)/x+(1)/y)

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:48:51
The harmonic mean of x and y is

1 2
= .
1 1
+ 1 1
x y +
x y
2

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:48:55
¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯
We wish to find the length of CD.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:49:10
2
We want to prove that CD = .
1 1
+
AB EF

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:49:21
That's a pretty scary expression.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:49:26
Can we simplify it a bit? If so, how can we get rid of the "scary" denominator on the right-hand side?

Sirahulania
2021-07-02 20:49:53
multiply by 1/AB+1/EF

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:49:55
1 1
Multiplying both sides by that scary denominator, we get CD ⋅ ( + ) = 2 .
AB EF

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40738 39/47
10/12/21, 8:31 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:49:56
Can we simplify this any further?

Sirahulania
2021-07-02 20:50:21
distribute the CD

Teediv
2021-07-02 20:50:21
yes we can expand the left side

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:50:23
CD CD
Yes, we can! By the distributive property, this gives us + = 2 .
AB EF

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:50:29
Since these operations are reversible, all we have to do is show the latter equality. All we have done so far was clever algebraic
manipulations. Let's get back to geometry now.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:50:41
How do we usually evaluate ratios?

Sirahulania
2021-07-02 20:51:09
similar triangles

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-02 20:51:09
Similar triangles

Sarah010
2021-07-02 20:51:09
similar triangles

pwr
2021-07-02 20:51:09
similar triangles?

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:51:12
By using some similar triangles! So this is what we're going to do.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:51:18
Are we interested in similar triangles involving any particular length(s)?

Vitah2008
2021-07-02 20:51:50
CD, AE and EF

Sirahulania
2021-07-02 20:51:50
yeah, CD and AB, also EF

MathNinja7
2021-07-02 20:51:54
CD AB and EF

shenpinyi
2021-07-02 20:51:54
AB, CD and EF

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:51:56
¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯¯
¯¯¯
¯¯¯¯
We'd like to find some involving lengths along CD, i.e. CG or GD.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:52:06
CG CG
Since CD = CG + GD , let's see if we can find and first.
AB EF

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:52:15
Let's use the following figure instead, so that we focus on CG and we do not get distracted.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:52:16

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40738 40/47
10/12/21, 8:31 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:52:24
CG
We want to find . Which pair of similar triangles should we consider?
AB

Vitah2008
2021-07-02 20:53:45
ECG and EAB

Brendangho
2021-07-02 20:53:45
triangles ABE and CGE

shenpinyi
2021-07-02 20:53:45
triangles ECG and EAB

Suraahi
2021-07-02 20:53:45
ΔCGE  Δ ABE

Suraahi
2021-07-02 20:53:45
ΔCGE ∼ ΔABE

Sarah010
2021-07-02 20:53:45
triangle ABE and triangle CGE

GarudS
2021-07-02 20:53:45
ECG and EAB

superhero2020
2021-07-02 20:53:45
△AEB and △CEG

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:53:51
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
We should consider △ABE and △CGE . For instance, because AB and CG are parallel, it follows that △ABE ∼ △CGE

from the AAA similarity theorem.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:54:30
CG
What can we get out of △ABE ∼ △CGE about ?
AB

Suraahi
2021-07-02 20:55:10
CG/AB = EC/EA = EG/EB

dan09
2021-07-02 20:55:10
CG GE EC
= =
AB BE EA

Suraahi
2021-07-02 20:55:10
CG/AB = EC/EA = EG/EB

Vitah2008
2021-07-02 20:55:10
CG/AB = EC/EA = EG/EB

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:55:17
CG EC
That's right! We get = .
AB EA

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:55:21
CG
How about finding ? Which similar triangles should we use?
EF

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40738 41/47
10/12/21, 8:31 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

CalvinGarces
2021-07-02 20:55:51
Triangles ACG and AEF

pwr
2021-07-02 20:55:51
triangles ACG and AEF

Suraahi
2021-07-02 20:55:51
ΔACG ∼ ΔAEF

GarudS
2021-07-02 20:55:51
ACG and AEF

hchhaya
2021-07-02 20:55:51
triangles ACG and AEF

superhero2020
2021-07-02 20:55:51
△ACG ∼ △AEF

JC0001
2021-07-02 20:55:51
ACG and AEF

Sarah010
2021-07-02 20:55:51
triangle ACG and triangle AEF

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:55:54
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
By a similar argument as above, △ACG and △AEF are similar triangles. Indeed, EF and CG are parallel lines and the AAA
similarity theorem applies.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:56:24
CG
What about △ACG ∼ △AEF ? What do we get about ?
EF

Suraahi
2021-07-02 20:57:16
CG/EF = AC/AE = AG/AF

Vitah2008
2021-07-02 20:57:16
CG/EF = AC/AE

apple.xy
2021-07-02 20:57:16
CG/EF = AC/AE = AG/GF

Sarah010
2021-07-02 20:57:16
AC/AE=CG/EF

apple.xy
2021-07-02 20:57:16
oops i mean CG/EF = AC/AE = AG/AF

iejake
2021-07-02 20:57:16
CG/EF=AC/AE=AG/AF

shenpinyi
2021-07-02 20:57:16
CG/EF = AC/AE = AG/ AF

CalvinGarces
2021-07-02 20:57:25
its AC/AE

dan09
2021-07-02 20:57:25
CG AC AG
= =
EF AE AF

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:57:28
CG CA
Awesome! We get = .
EF EA

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:57:32
Now what?

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40738 42/47
10/12/21, 8:31 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:57:36
CG CG
Can we find + ? If so, what's its value?
AB EF

CalvinGarces
2021-07-02 20:58:10
we can, it is 1

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:58:13
How?

Vitah2008
2021-07-02 20:58:40
it is EC/AE + AC/AE, and EC + AC = AE, so it is AE/AE = 1

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:58:45
Awesome!

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:58:50
CG EC CG CA
We can add = and = together to obtain
AB EA EF EA

CG CG EC CA EC + CA EA
+ = + = = = 1.
AB EF EA EA EA EA

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:59:03
Okay, we're half way through.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:59:13
CD CD CG CG
We wanted to show that + = 2 , and so far we've showed that + = 1 . What else do we need?
AB EF AB EF

dan09
2021-07-02 20:59:16
Now we do the same thing for DG

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:59:19
GD GD
We need the value of + .
AB EF

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:59:26
Let's look at the following figure now:

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:59:27

Achilleas
2021-07-02 20:59:35
Compare this diagram to the previous one. Do you see the resemblance?

Brendangho
2021-07-02 21:00:03
Its the same thing for the other side

pwr
2021-07-02 21:00:03
its the same thing as last time

dan09
2021-07-02 21:00:03
Isn't it the same exact thing, just flipped?

iejake
2021-07-02 21:00:03

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40738 43/47
10/12/21, 8:31 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
yes

TThB0501
2021-07-02 21:00:03
it looks flipped.

shenpinyi
2021-07-02 21:00:03
yes

Suraahi
2021-07-02 21:00:03
Yes, it's the same thing but with GD instead of CG

Achilleas
2021-07-02 21:00:05
GD GD
So what is + ?
AB EF

Achilleas
2021-07-02 21:00:37
(Let's get more than 1 answers this time )

Brendangho
2021-07-02 21:00:48
1

iejake
2021-07-02 21:00:48
1

Vitah2008
2021-07-02 21:00:48
1

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-02 21:00:48
1

JC0001
2021-07-02 21:00:48
1

CalvinGarces
2021-07-02 21:00:48
1

superhero2020
2021-07-02 21:00:48
1

apple.xy
2021-07-02 21:00:48
also 1

shenpinyi
2021-07-02 21:00:48
1

dan09
2021-07-02 21:00:48
1

hchhaya
2021-07-02 21:00:48
1

pwr
2021-07-02 21:00:48
1

grayspider
2021-07-02 21:00:48
GD GD
+ = 1
AB EF

Sirahulania
2021-07-02 21:00:48
1

Siella
2021-07-02 21:00:48
1

Suraahi
2021-07-02 21:00:48
1

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40738 44/47
10/12/21, 8:31 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

cwc28
2021-07-02 21:00:48
1

Achilleas
2021-07-02 21:00:53
(17...not bad!)

Achilleas
2021-07-02 21:00:56
GD GD
Mathematically it is fair to say that by the same reasoning we get + = 1 .
AB EF

Achilleas
2021-07-02 21:01:09
Now what?

hchhaya
2021-07-02 21:01:25
add the two sums that we got

Vitah2008
2021-07-02 21:01:25
we add them together to make 2

Achilleas
2021-07-02 21:01:27
We add the last two equations to get what we wanted!

pwr
2021-07-02 21:01:33
so their sum is 2

Brendangho
2021-07-02 21:01:33
1+1 = 2

Achilleas
2021-07-02 21:01:36
CD CD CG + GD CG + GD CG CG GD GD
+ = + = ( + ) + ( + ) = 1 + 1 = 2.
AB EF AB EF AB EF AB EF

Achilleas
2021-07-02 21:01:42
Done!

pwr
2021-07-02 21:01:58
yayy

Sirahulania
2021-07-02 21:01:58
yay!

Brendangho
2021-07-02 21:01:58
yay

apple.xy
2021-07-02 21:01:58
yay!!

Achilleas
2021-07-02 21:02:00
By the way, what's the relation between CG and GD?

Sirahulania
2021-07-02 21:02:52
aren't they equal to each other

Yashvini
2021-07-02 21:02:52
they are equal

apple.xy
2021-07-02 21:02:52
CG=GD

Sarah010
2021-07-02 21:02:52
they are congruent

Vitah2008
2021-07-02 21:02:52
they are equal

hchhaya
2021-07-02 21:02:52

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40738 45/47
10/12/21, 8:31 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry
they are equal

grayspider
2021-07-02 21:02:52
CG = GD

RyanL2019
2021-07-02 21:02:52
the equal

Siella
2021-07-02 21:02:52
they are equal

Suraahi
2021-07-02 21:02:52
CG = GD?

AndrewZhong2012
2021-07-02 21:02:52
CG=GD

hchhaya
2021-07-02 21:02:52
CG = GD

superhero2020
2021-07-02 21:02:52
CG=GD?

Achilleas
2021-07-02 21:02:56
1
Checking the above two equalities for CG and GD, we see that CG = GD = .
1 1
+
AB EF

Achilleas
2021-07-02 21:03:07
There is a famous saying/advice of a great Hungarian mathematician, George Polya: "If you can't solve a problem, then there is an
easier problem you can solve: find it!"

Achilleas
2021-07-02 21:03:18
This is basically what we did. We wrote our scary formula in a better way, we isolated a part of the diagram which seemed useful,
and then used similarity.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 21:03:24
In geometry, if there are many line segments and points and stuff in a figure, it's easy to get distracted. Oftentimes, we just need to
mentally isolate and focus on what seems important! It's not easy, but it can be done!

MathNinja7
2021-07-02 21:03:34
cool!

Achilleas
2021-07-02 21:03:37

Achilleas
2021-07-02 21:03:44
SUMMARY

Achilleas
2021-07-02 21:03:46
In today's class we discussed several types of quadrilaterals and proved properties for several of them. You will be asked to do a
few more proofs on the message board. By now you are certainly seeing the usefulness of triangles to prove things in geometry,
and you recognize the power of congruence as a tool in your proofs. Be sure to keep these strategies in mind as you continue to
prove things in geometry.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 21:03:59
Homework problems for this class will give you more practice using triangles to prove important properties about these various
types of quadrilaterals.

Achilleas
2021-07-02 21:04:03
There are also some extra-challenging quadrilateral problems on the message board to really test your skills!

Achilleas
2021-07-02 21:04:30
Thank you all! Have a wonderful 4th of July and see you next week!

https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40738 46/47
10/12/21, 8:31 PM 2689 Introduction to Geometry

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https://artofproblemsolving.com/class/2689-intro-geometry/transcript/40738 47/47