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Matrix(comple.on(mo.va.on(and(methods(
Background(on(tensors(and(basic(generaliza.ons(from(matrices(
Overview(of(challenges(and(methods(for(tensor(decomposi.on(
Exis.ng(tensor(comple.on(methods(
Proposed(works(
10/5/16 Olfat, M. 2
Matrix Sensing & Completion
Problem:
• Minimize rank of matrix X subject to affine constraints A(X) = b
• In the case that A is a sampling operator, called Matrix Completion
• More general case called Matrix Sensing, contains vector cardinality minimization
Motivation:
• Motivated by compressed sensing, Candès & Tao (2005)
• Popularized by the Netflix Prize, recommending movies based on sparse ratings
• Applications include image compression, sensor positioning, multiclass learning
Challenges:
a) X in the null space of A: b) Matrix rank highly non-convex:
2 3
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 ↵ 0
e1 eT1 = 40 0 05 ↵
0 0
+ (1 ↵)
0 1
=
0 1 ↵
0 0 0
10/5/16 Olfat, M. 3
Matrix Sensing & Completion Approaches
Convex Relaxation: rank(X) ! kXk⇤
• Recht, Fazel & Parrilo (2010) show nuclear norm ball is tightest convex relaxation of rank ball
• Define the r-isometry constant: r = min : (1 )kXkF kA(X)k (1 + )kXkF 8X : rank(X) r
• Show min kXk⇤ gives exact solution given Restricted Isometry Property: 5r⇤ < 1/10
• Give cases where RIP holds with high probability
• Candes & Recht (2009) build on nuclear norm relaxation specifically for matrix completion
• Can give exact solution given O(rn1.2 log n) samples for small r, or O(rn1.25 log n) samples for any r
• Constant dependent on coherence of the matrix: µ(X) = nr max1in kPX ei k2
10/5/16( Olfat,(M.( 4(
Tensor Decomposition
Origination: Applications:
• First proposed by Hitchcock (1927a, b) • Signal processing
• First multi-way model using tensors by Cattel • Numerical linear algebra
(1944a, b) in the field of psychometrics • Image compression
• Employed sporadically throughout 1960’s • Data mining
• Spread to chemistry, Appellof & Davidson (1981) • Neuroscience
• Of more general interest in 2000’s • Quantum physics
• Full survey by Kolda & Bader (2009)
10/5/16 Olfat, M. 5
Tensor Decomposition
Some Problems:
• Hillar & Lim (2012) show that finding most standard decompositions for tensors is NP-hard
• Clipping smallest components in CP decomposition gives low-rank approximation, but not always the best
• Finding rank is therefore NP-hard in general as well
• In fact, De Silva & Lim (2008) show that finding low-rank approximations of tensors is ill-posed
• However, also show use of hyper-determinant in finding tensor rank (more later)
• Decomposition can depend on whether tensor can take complex numbers:
1 0 0 1 X 2 R2⇥2⇥2 ! rank(X ) = 3; X 2 C2⇥2⇥2 ! rank(X ) = 2
X1 = ,X2 =
0 1 1 0
Approaches:
• Anandkumar et al. (2012) efficiently solve for low CP-rank orthogonal symmetric tensor via power method
• Anandkumar et al. (2014) efficiently find approximations for low CP-rank incoherent tensors
• Generally depend on whitening step to make tensor symmetric first, but this is computationally expensive
• Ge et al. (2015) suggest online stochastic gradient descent method for decomposition
• But only provably converges to local solution
• In the case of Matrix Completion, Ge et al. (2016) showed that all local optima are global optima when
restricting set of matrices to be PSD
• Raises similar questions for tensors, but first need to rigorously define PSD tensors..
10/5/16 Olfat, M. 6
Tensor Completion Approaches
Alternating Least Squares:
minX rank(X ) X (1) (N )
! min kA(X ) A( i (ai · · · ai ))k2F
s.t. A(X ) = b
i2[r]
• Generalization of ALS for matrix completion proposed by Jain & Oh (2014)
• Initialize via iterations of tensor power method
• Generally cannot guarantee local optimality, but can show initialization starts off close to global optimum
• Show |A| = O(µ6 4 (X)r5 n 1/5 (log n)4 log rkX✏ kF ) ! error ✏ for a third-order tensor
• However, only works for low-rank orthogonal decompositions, has sub-optimal dependence on tensor rank
10/5/16 Olfat, M. 7
Results from Theta Norm Approach
Promising results, merit further investigation
10/5/16 Olfat, M. 8
Proposed Works
Conduct more extensive empirical Attempt to prove theoretical
study of recently proposed norm bounds
relaxation methods for tensors • Based on previous task
• Bounds do not currently exists
• But methods provide promising results
10/5/16 Olfat, M. 9