Introduction To Ep

Chapter-1 Introduction Page No.
INTRODUCTION
This is first chapter of the thesis, containing introductory part of the research work.
This chapter includes overview, general idea, basics of research study, statement of
problem, and fundamental definition of terms with motivation for the research
followed by a brief overview of all chapters of the thesis as the outline. At the end of
this chapter, contribution of this research work has given.
1.1 OVERVIEW
This research study provides a comprehensive overview of e-Governance and its
process builds on experience drawn from actual practice and guides e-Governance
research students towards a better understanding of the various disciplines, tasks
and specialties that contribute to the development of integrated environment.
Intended for researchers/students and professionals the next follows the full
software development life cycle including a thorough coverage of methods, tools,
principles and opportunities.
The twenty first century is the era of high-tech, digitalized and modern
societies. So it’s a challenging time for the Government of any country to move
ahead in their development with high technological advancement.
Now it’s very necessary to concentrate on effective approach of
functioning, conservation and research on technological delivery of services to
modern society.
E-Governance is a conceptual scientific hypothesis which is based on
technology and advancement paradigm for delivery of public services within
suitable environment by acceptable administration.
E-Governance is developed for work under high-tech methodological
system for provides good governance towards the citizens with their transparent
participation.
E-Governance is a very composite and conceptual structure which needs
the enthusiastic related different factors by ICT to citizens. Integrated e-
Chapter-1 Introduction Page No. 2
Governance is a system to transfers the data facts and delivers services within
some certain rules with facing various kinds of problems.
According to various methodologies different kind of approach can be
adapt to research in e-Governance depending upon framework or specific aspect
of the e-Governance. Government, Academic Institutions and the Private Sector
have explicit part to play in development and e-governance research.-Good
enough public and private corporations should come forward and as a corporate
social liability they should provide ICT resources to education institutions and to
urban and rural areas.
Integrated e-governance would be remove lot of problems but its
successful implementation depends on lot of factors, which is of great concern.
we can successful implementation of integrated e-governance have to do lot home
work targeting common person of every small area to large area.
E-governance has been useful for certain services within a large scale
benefited by common citizens to every part of the society. But it is yet to be seen
whether e-governance can eradicate poverty, reduce inequality and satisfy basic
human needs in a poor country like India. In India and there states e-Governance
is, in it’s child stage and little more only, there are many social & economical
issues.
As usual approach to convey of services to present society and every
person would turn with a big problem of Government. The basic problem is to
alteration environment of working and acceptance of appropriate approach of
conveys information and services towards the common citizen from which the
public expectations can be fulfilled according to their requirements and
technologically awareness with activities.
A key issue for researchers stopping from these changes is to develop an

understanding of the factors that influence the extent to incorporate electronic
strategies with activities, in their efforts to communicate with their publics. The
present study provides a technical overview of the rapidly emerging Information
Technology and Governance to recent society.
This thesis is unique in its coverage of such topics as e-Governance

metrics, real-time Governance, architecture design, quality of service assurance,
reliability, risk management, cost and schedule estimation, planning, testing and
integration process, and technological management. It establishes the concept of
execution of integrated e-Governance as an engineering process and team-
orientated concept. The notion of using components to measure properties of the
integration transactions as a result means to evaluate and control the development
process id described using an accepted review and documentation structure as an
outline.
Many interim common utility services of the government are described in

detail to permit the produce a credible draft of these services. While encouraging
the use of integrated model techniques for cost and schedule estimation,
reliability, real-time design and emphasize on need of calibrate models with actual
data. Explicit guidance is provided for virtually every task that a technical sound
structure designer may be assigned and realistic case studies and examples are
used extensively to reinforce the topic presented.
There is a strong need to develop more effective two-way communications

between the local service provider and end user. In integrated e-Governance it’s is
more important that how to delivering the service instead of which service is
going to be deliver. At last it can be said, this research study presents a unique
blend of practical and theoretical treatment of Governance, e-Government, e-
Governance, integrated e-Governance for its multiple transaction with multiple
departments.
“In order to more effectively prepare its new generation to participate in

this Network world, greater commitments and willingness to share and adopt
innovative solutions are needed from all aspects of society from governments, the
private sector communities. While the world has fundamentally changed over the
past hundred years and will continue to do so at an accelerating pace” [10]
1.2 BACKGROUND
As background for the research work, we start from explanation and consideration
of information Technology, Information & communication Technology with
classification, relationships of e-Government. Here it is defined as new &
universal modes of organizing mediated by technology and business interests and
managerial concepts. This research offers a different perspective on the role
played by the transfer of the technology of e-government and international
development policy as it brings into being new global governance architecture
and the broader context of the interplay of technology, geography and politics.
According to influence of e-commerce & e-business is increasing in our lives, the
government, organization and society as whole have started to know the need of
information technology and web.
1.2.1 IT And ICT
Information Technology (IT) is known as a electronic method to record, retrieve

and process on different types of data in its earlier stage but now, by information
technology is burgeoning and extends to government departments, ministries,
commercial and business establishments, large accounting firms, universities etc.
So we can say IT Industry provides various type jobs for skilled and non-skilled
groups. IT has made it possible today to provide high quality and Cost-Effective-
Services (CES) relating to video, voice and data content through a single
communication channel using appropriate terminal equipment. IT is a term, which
is basically used to actions and technologies allied with the use of computer and
communication resources. It was treated as an electronic technique to storage and
processing on several data. Now IT has moved to each citizen because of its great
usability and benefits. With the IT, various projects are running to provide the
several facilities in different areas of the world towards the citizens. In recent
digital era every Government also wants to maximum use of IT for the
development of country. Indian Government also takes IT as very seriously and
designs various types of projects to implement at every state level to every urban
area as well as rural area.
The word IT is commonly used for technologies connected with applies of

computer and does several actions. In wide-ranging IT is an application of
computer to save, retrieve and process on data.
Now, IT has moved into e-commerce and e-business. IT for business

would mean and include techniques for processing large amount of information
rapidly, the application of statistical and mathematical method of decision making
problems and simulation of high order thinking through computer programs.
The major trends in computer development are miniaturization, speed and

affordability, while the trends in communication development are connectivity,
interactivity and multimedia, which mean presenting information in more than
one medium such as text, video, pictures, sound and animation. The development
of World Wide Web (www) has permitted the Internet to include multimedia. The
major developments in IT have been reported to be the following:
Convergence: It has led to the convergence of various industries such as

computers, communications, electronics entertainment, mass media and
consumer.
Portability: Being small, powerful wireless, personal electronic devices have

brought the mobility in computing.
Personalization: Information being tailor made to suite user preferences.
The combination of information technology and electronic communication

resources generates the term Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
brought a very big change in real life world. Now, ICT has moved towards every
citizen due to its great usability and much more benefits. ICT became a necessary
part of every body’s life because ICT play a vital role in business and
Government. So, with the help of ICT various projects are running to provide
several facilities in all over the world towards the citizens. Information and
communication technologies (ICTs) have been powerful driving forces for
development. Besides their multiple applications for the business community,
they have assisted in achieving increased efficiency in other areas like health care,
education and natural resources management.
ICTs are defined for the purpose of this primer as a “diverse set of
technological tools and resources used to communicate, and to create,
disseminate, store, and manage information.” (Blurton.c.,2000). These
technologies also includes computers, Internet, broadcasting technologies such as
radio & television.
Despite the exponential increase in mobile phone and internet use, the
incorporation structure in the government departments remain underserved. ICTs
represent an unprecedented opportunity to make new knowledge, services and
opportunities available in urban and rural areas. Both urban and rural citizen may
benefit from ICTs by receiving: enhanced access to information and
communication across large distances, improved access to governmental and non-
governmental resources and services, new credit and financial services available
through mobile, pocket PC and information kiosks, new opportunities to design,
manufacture and market their products through internet or intranet systems, more
and better education through computers, and superior medical advices, diagnosis
or knowledge in their own locality using telemedicine.
Key Aspects to Encourage ICT: [9]
Intrinsic Aspects:
i. Keep up with latest technologies.
ii. Enlargement knowledge and sharing knowledge
iii. Enhancement of skill
iv. Enhancement of social status
v. Satisfy with curiosity

Extrinsic Aspects:
i. Proper schedule of convenient tanning program
ii. Support of quick & reliable respond
iii. Interactive training for allied category of human resources
iv. Interaction with another from a isolated area
v. Interaction with experts of those fields even those from distant area.
1.2.2 E-Government
The conception of e-government is the use of IT among every government level,

citizens and business area. E-government also provides services, information and
whole financial operations or transactions. (Fang, 2002)
The impact of information and communication technologies in the global

environment is ever increasing the pervasive. Nowhere is this impact more
profound than in the government sector. In recent digital era, every Government
of the world wants to maximum use the phenomenon of ICT for development of
their country. Indian Government is also very serious in as the same and designs
various projects to implement from national level to state level, state level to
urban level and as well as rural level.
The term ‘E-Government’ has wide scope and encompasses the use of ICT
to promote efficient and cost effective government, enable more convenient
government services, provide greater access to information and ensure
accountability to citizens.
E-Government' (or Digital Government) is defined as ‘The utilization of

the Internet and the world-wide-web for delivering government information and
services to the citizens.’ (United Nations, 2006; AOEMA, 2005)
'Electronic Government' essentially refers to the approach ‘How

government utilized IT, ICT, and other web-based telecommunication
technologies to improve and/or enhance on the efficiency and effectiveness of
service delivery in the public sector.’ (Jeong, 2007)
Figure: 1.1 E-Government: “Go on-line instead of in-line”
The “new model” is one of ICT supporting and transforming the external
working of governance by processing and communicating information and data
and providing interactive services through multiple channels. Figure: 1.1
illustrates the dynamic, interactive links that can be created by network ready
governments, including G2G. Network communication technology has
revolutionized how agents in the economy interact, transact, and share
information with each other – namely government, businesses, and
households/citizens. Network technology now allows governments to offer multi-
channel and multi-media access, communication and interaction, including,
among others, the usage of Wide Area Networks (WANs), the Internet, as well as
wireless and mobile computing networs.
Backus (2001) state, “this is not a dream that government offer their
services on one counter without wasting citizens’ time, 24\7 services available.
This will be possible in near future if governments are willing for E-government.
Each citizen can fully utilize government service through a website where all
forms, news, information and other service will be available. In Europe and USA,
commercial banks have introduced this technology. Citizens can do many
transactions through ATM, by email or by the Internet, which can increase
revenue, save time and also enhanced citizen’s trust. Government can also adopt
this trend to make their internal operation more efficient, save cost and serve their
customers in a better way. Long term goals and short term steps make good
approach towards implementing E-government.” [2]
Basu (2004) described that, “developed countries are getting many

benefits and increasing their efficiency in different citizen’s services through E-
government. Developed counties experience shows that it is not difficult for
developing countries, if they start reengineering, decentralize the process and use
Internet. E-government is not just to put a website on the Internet. This is
strategically to support and reduce the gap between government and the citizens.
The use of ICT facilities the governments operation and help them to develop
effective and efficient interaction between citizens, business, public and other
agencies.” [3]
“The services offered by the e-government are categorized in three phases:

publishing, interacting, and transacting. Government websites are primarily being
used to obtain information and limited progress has been made in interacting with
citizens and online business transactions.” [4]
E-Government is basically defined as utilization of ICT to better the

course of action of government. According to common intelligence, some times
we can say e-Government is defined as citizen’s services, re-engineering with
technology/procurement over the internet.
According to Layne, (2001) A fully functional e-Government development

have four phases and foundation of each phases have technological,
organizational and managerial feasibilities. E-Government is an evolutionary
paradigm and consists following four stages of growth model for e-Government.
i. Cataloguing
ii. Transaction
iii. Vertical Integration
iv. Horizontal Integration.
As shown in the following figure 1.2 according to their phases complexity and
levels of integration phases are arranged.
Figure: 1.2 Development of e-Government: Phases & Dimensions

(Layne2001)
E-government is concerning to improve efficiency of Government through

the use of Internet & its related technologies. [5].
According to Michiel Backus(2001) regarding e-government a distinction

can be made between the objectives for internally focused processes (operations)
and objectives for externally focused services. The external objective of e-
government is to fulfill the public’s needs and expectations satisfactory on the
front-office side, by simplifying the interaction with various online services. The
use of ICT in government operations facilitates speedy, transparent, accountable,
efficient and effective interaction with the public, citizens, business and other
agencies. In the back-office, the internal objective of e-government in
government operations is to facilitate a speedy, transparent, accountable, efficient
and effective process for performing government administration activities.
Significant cost savings (per transaction) in government operations can be the
result.
Due to indirect and un-integration system most of the mass is unable to

use technologies. In such condition to get more benefits by ICTs it suggested that
it will be more useful for citizens ICTs is provided in such a place where common
person can come without hesitation and get the benefits of these technologies. The
universal public service has traditionally been viewed as being bureaucratic,
unresponsive, cumbersome and inefficient. Due to this negative image to be
dispelled, the universal public services need to embark on radical change. A
Government official is insensitive, corrupt, and inefficient, comes late, seldom
works, causes harassment and delay, raises frivolous objections and is aloof from
the ground realities.
E-Government renovates citizen services and grants access to information

to authorize citizens. It makes possible citizen participation in government with
enhance citizen’s fiscal and social opportunities, so that citizen can make better
lives for themselves and for the next generation. Governments are striving to
become more customer-centric in their approach to the delivery of information
and services. The ideal of a seamless relationship between government and their
clients such as voting public, staff, other government departments and

stakeholders has become fundamental in the manner in which services are being
rendered.
E-government is not a magic to solve all the problems of corruption and

inadequacy, or it can conquer all barriers to society. Although, it brings change
and show more new way of organizational process. This is why E-government has
become priority for developing countries after reaching in developed countries.
(The World Bank e-government handbook, 2002)
A dramatic idea build up by proper mixture of ICT and e-Government

concept to deliver services with effectiveness and transparency towards several
parts of the society which known as e-Governance.
Due to highly networked world many challenges related to the effective

use and managing of Information & Communication Technologies (ICTs) comes
mostly in public sector because of traditionally thinking, the persons of this sector
not easily ready to use technological and service innovation. Today, however
examples around where ICTs are being actively used to renovate the very natural
world of public and private service delivery, involvement in decision-making and
regulatory activities. Thus, ICTs provides new business models and new modes of
e-Governance.
“What e-government is NOT: Terms such as data resale, digital democracy, e-

politics etc. are also frequently mentioned within the same breath as e-
government. Neither of these terms, however, observes the principle of leveraging
the Internet to simplify government. Digital democracy is, in fact, e-politics rather
than e-government; that is, leveraging the Internet to simplify the election process
(rather than government). It is important that these terms not muddle the
objectives of e-government.”
1.2.3 Classification of E-Government:
According to previous researches studies e-government can be classified as

follows in broad level:
Government-to-Citizen (G-2-C): According to Yen and Evans (2005), this group

of service keeps an eye on the activity of government and citizen to replace
information to each other in an electronic way. A primarily benefit of G-2-C is the
simple posting of forms and applications online. 24/7 services are available
through the Internet. Citizen can access government information instantly,
conveniently without visit office.
Government to Business (G2B): Yen and Evans (2005 mentioned that, this
category focuses on the ability to cut the cost, collect information and make better
inventory control. In G2B government can acquire items, pay invoices, and
perform other business activities in a more beneficial way. Obtaining data to
scrutinize and assist in decision-making can be done, to support the government
through G2B. Some of the advantages for this type are the online regulations
availability for agencies and increasing electronic tax facilities for industry. In the
past, it was big haggard for industries to search information pertaining to their
business. Now all the information can be check in one place for strength, safety,
employment, environment, and tax rules. Fang, 2002 discussed that, governments
to business are those services which use by businesses, agencies, corporations for
a commercial purpose.
Government to government (G2G): Ndou (2004) said that G2G build

relationship with organizations, such as national, local, regional and with other
foreign government organization. Online communication and cooperation play
major role between government agencies and departments to share databases,
resources, pool skills and capabilities, enhancing the efficiency and processes.
G2G provide [1] cooperation of both external and internal agencies and improve
service inside or outside of governments. It is also include exchange information
within the governments. Yen and Evans (2005) explained that this category of
service includes improving the efficiency of transaction and business functions

within itself or with other governments. In order to recognize the importance of
single access point, association and cooperation along with different
governmental departments and agencies is required. It allows the government to
eliminate unemployment, crime, and homeland security. For this act government
has introduced intergovernmental assistance, amplify the emergency help line
response, and connection of law enforcement agencies.
Government to Employees (G2E): According to Fang (2002) this group of

service consists of relationship between government and its employess. G2E
encourage employees to participate in an effective way and also provide e
learning, bring employees together, increase efficiency among them. Ndou (2004)
He further explained that [14] it gives the possibilities to employees to accessing
the policies related to compensation and benefits. G2E another large area, which
requires a full attention G2E, facilitates the management and communicates with
government employees in order to make e-career and e-office.
Table 1.1: Characteristics of Classifications of E–Government [1]

1.2.4 Relationship between Government, Business And Citizens
As the above mention categorization of e-government, government, business and

citizens are highly interrelated with a great interconnection with the various
objectives, economical, direct and indirect process. How they are related to each
other and what is the relationship between government, business and citizens,
Fang (2002) explained as following facts:
• Citizens to E-government: Relationship between governments and

citizens, Relationship between government service delivery and citizen’s
needs Relationship between countries and international institutions
• Government to E-government: Relationship between central

government and local governments, Relationship between organizations
and department or agencies, Relationship between legislature and the
executive
• Business to E-government: Relationship between governments and

markets, Relationship between government and private sector
Figure 1.3: Relationship between E-government, Business and citizens [1]

1.2.5 E-Governance
“Electronic Governance (eGovernance) incorporates all those processes and

structures by means of which the new information and communication
technologies (ICTs) can be deployed by government to enable the following:
•Administration of government (eAdministration) and delivery of services to the

public (eServices). This generically constitutes electronic government
(abbreviated eGovernment);
•Informing, vote-enabling, representation-enabling, consulting and involving the

citizenry in, among others, broad consensus making in society in matters pertinent
This constitutes Electronic Democracy (abbreviated eDemocracy);

Transacting business with its “supply chain”, namely, partners, clients and the
markets. This constitutes Government Electronic Business (abbreviated simply
eBusiness).” [by Rogers W’O Okot-Uma, Commonwealth Secretariat London ]
All the definitions are consolidated as follows:
Figure 1.4: Broad Definitional Schematic for e-Governance [by Rogers

W’O Okot-Uma, Commonwealth Secretariat London ] [7]
A simpler version is as follows:
Figure 1.5: Citizen, Government and Business [ by Michiel Backus April 2001[8]
E-Governance or electronic governance may be defined as deliverance of

governmental services and information to people using electronic methods.
Electronic governance is the application of Information Technology for the
procedure of government functions. E-Governance is referred as SMART (simple,
meaningful, accessible & accountable, responsive and transparent) governance.
(Information Technology and e-Governance by N.Gopalsamy)
Governance is an approach to express the relations among government and

their surrounding boundaries – administrative, societal and political. In single
statement we can government’s primary job is to target society on get the public
interest and governance is the way of describing the connection between
government and its broader environment-administrative, social, political and
economical. E-Governance made the government services accessible to the
citizens in a suitable, convenient, transparent and efficient way. In e-Governance
three core target groups those can be distinguished in the governance theories are
Government, citizens and businesses with the idea of no distinct boundaries.
“E-Governance is defined as the application of electronic means in (by

Michiel Backus) the interaction between government and citizens and government
and businesses, as well as (by Rogers W’O Okot-Uma, Commonwealth
Secretariat London ) in internal government operations to simplify an improve
democratic, government and business aspects of Governance.” (Michiel Backus,
April-2001)
We know that every invention has a perfect motive behind it, so as the e-
Governance. The need of e-Governance is the demand within business,
government and society to make better use of ICT and to better applies for
improvement of customer interaction, business and social process and information
exchange across the society. The fundamental and basic idea behind e-
Governance is welfare of citizens and ICT is only just one way. e-Governance is
the apply of a range of recent ICTs such as Internet, Local Area Networks,
mobiles etc. by the government to get better service delivery and to encourage
self-governing system.
Blake Harris (2000) summarizes the e-governance as the following: E-

governance is not just about government web site and e-mail. It is not just
about service delivery over the Internet. It is not just about digital access to
government information or electronic payments. It will change how citizens relate
to governments as much as it changes how citizens relate to each other. It will
bring forth new concepts of citizenship, both in terms of needs and
responsibilities. E-governance will allow citizens to communicate with
government, participate in the governments' policy-making and citizens to
communicate each other and to participate in the democratic political process.
Therefore, in broadest sense, E-governance has more implications than E-
Government. [9]
“Governance is not government, nor is it the act of governing. It is more

usefully seen as a process: the process by which institutions, organizations,
companies and societies 'guide' themselves. It is also about how these bodies
interact with each other, with their 'clients' and with the public. At its most basic
level, it is about how society organizes itself for collective decision making, and
also provides transparent mechanisms for seeing those decisions through. E-
governance is a shorthand term for the use and impact of technology, in particular
information and communications technology (ICT), in governance systems.” [10]
E-Governance is a set of tools in the hands of government or in the hands

of administration. In other words, the starting point here is not the State or its
transformation, but the possibilities the NICTs offer. Says the Commonwealth
Centre for Electronic Governance.
“E-Governance is a tool. And like any other tool, no matter how powerful, it has
limited value and relevance in itself. Its value arises from its application to
specific goals and objectives. E-governance is really about choice. It is about
providing citizens with the ability to choose the manner in which they wish to
interact with their governments.” “E-governance is the commitment to utilize
appropriate technologies to enhance governmental relationships, both internal and
external, in order to advance democratic expression, human dignity and
autonomy, support economic development and encourage the fair and efficient
delivery of services.”[11]
E-Governance is an appliance of ICT to achieve transparency and

effectiveness in delivery of government services towards various end-users such
as citizens, business, employee and government itself. E-Governance enables the
citizens, businesspersons and employees to take advantage of automated admin
processes. So, we can say a technical relationship reside through the government
to citizen, business, employee. It is proved that e-Governance is buying and
selling government functionality over electronic media within and for the society
and citizens.
We can say the foremost spirit of e-Governance is to create consideration

on improvement of service delivery methods with enhancing the efficiency of
services and emphasis leading a big range of access of information & services. E-
Governance can be hugely valuable in increasing the efficiency of government
working and improving public service delivery with in the bridging environmental
partition. E-Governance is an actual realization to cover all the fields within the
view to provide complex free, efficient and transparent services to the common
citizen.
This research work will explore introduction part to implementation part

of integrated e-Governance with the discussion and travel around of several
technical architectures, functional features, approaches, opportunities, difficulties
and present status of e-Governance. This research work more emphasis on
interrelated and integrated system in order groups of independent departmental
components which are associated collectively according to directed plan. To
explore a variety of effects, it is essential to take an emergent area for illustration.
So I have chosen a developing area (Bikaner Division), which is well known by
me.
In other words, I can say this research work will discover above-
mentioned aspects with progressive growth orientated divisional area of Rajasthan
state. In this research I accomplished a proposed technical model for better
functionalities, more transparency and better deliverance of services to the
citizens. Name of this proposed model has given e-DISC (Electronic Deliverance
of Information and Services towards Citizens). This model is made through out
the comparison of several already developed models for deliverance and
implementation of e-Governance. The basic idea behind this proposed model is
atomization and integration of several Government services with effective and
simple manner. So, in this research work I will represent several beneficial aspects
of automation and integration in Governance. At last discussion will be move
ahead for recommendations for successful execution of integrated e-Governance.
E-DISC integrated system deal with the collected works; management and
analysis of large volume of spatially referenced data together and also focus on
logical and numerical attributes.
There are various attractions of integrated e-Governance system

phenomena such as cost-effective process, betterment of customer services,
knowledge markets, swapping the related services, information sharing,
convenience and controlling, motivation of teamwork and ensure secrecy. This
system is also a analyzing system with a view to making systems more effective
either by modification or by substantial redesign. The system involved will
invariably by business systems and governmental functionality in under
consideration as aid for improving the system’s operations. This model also
describes various methodological activities including operational research,
organization & methods with work-study.
The main mission of integrated e-Governance is to create a wide ranging,

growth oriented citizen-centric formal society where common person can create,
access, utilize and share knowledge & information to achieve their prospective
improvement of quality of life.
To build a people-centered, inclusive and development-oriented

information society, where everyone can create, access, utilize and share
information and knowledge, enabling individuals, communities and people to
achieve their full potential in promoting sustainable development and improving
their quality of life. (Source GOAP ICT Policy)
According e Fang (2002) is also defined e-government is a concept of IT

which is applicable at all levels of government, people and business. It is also bid
services and grant information and financial transaction.
As per Ndon (2004) many emergent countries are not having enough
technological infrastructure and communication for growth of e-Government.
Government should think about all communication methods like cell phones,
internet, emails and satellite signals etc., to make sure that every member of
society can be supplied.
E-government is still facing a lot of issues as it is in progress of process.

Government must think about essentials of strategy, authoritarian concern,
financial side matter and accurate of consumer earlier than designing and
implement e-government websites. They additional explicate some challenges to
implementing the E-government (1) keep up a citizen relation (2) defensive
individual privacy (3) appropriate safety power (4) Make homogeneous examine
to citizens. [Jaeger and Thompson (2003)]
Most of Governments to start with articulacy a exposure obsessed by

opinionated schema, without much satisfaction of actual and challenging obstacle
involved in execute of e-Governance. In simple line a sensible and feasible idea
for e-Governance desires to be clear. e-Governance stands for SMART
governance (Simple, Moral, Accountable, Responsive and Transparent. The
approach manuscript should describe extensive agenda for the following:
i. Aims of e-Governance initiative
ii. Precedence for e-Governance
iii. Advancement and approach to e-Governance
iv. Frame of e-Governance
v. Architecture of e-Governance
vi. Recognition of foundational appliance and task
vii. Technology, Source and execution
Internet has been playing a vital role to communicate with organization on

the huge level. It has the prospective to communicate in order to develop business
conversion. The Government has accomplished on the Internet through few
exceptions. Therefore through online services government transform and re-
design of government are becoming very fast. Now new environment has
produced where companies can effort collectively through networks of consumer
and suppliers. According to Davison (2005) In commerce world major focus has
been taken located on the implementation of web technologies, in particular B2C

(Business to Customer) and B2B (Business to Business), G2B (Government to
Business), G2C (Government to Citizens), G2E (Government to Employees) and
G2G (Government to Government). [Burn and Robins (2003)]
Until in recent digital era the concept of e-Governance is not a very much
known phenomenon by the common public in the Rajasthan state of India. This is
my foundation motive to do research in state (Rajasthan). The state is divided in
several divisions/regions. Progress of e-Governance in bikaner division due to my
person experience with e-mitra in bikaner division. Just after the first initial
research I became more concerned about the very slow progress of non effective
deliverance of services to people so I learn about the implementation and progress
of e-Governance in bikaner division of rajasthan state of India and try to explore
the effective service or information delivery concept within the e-Governance.
According to Limayem (2006) e-government provide improved services

through technology and make more effective the government process by budding
displace services and information.
According to Michiel Backus (March-2001, IICD Research, Brief No-1) e-

Governance in Developing Countries: e-Governance not only a website but there
are different explanation and generally used terms are e-democracy, e-business, e-
government. Electronic stands for the communication between government,
people and businesses, as well as in government itself and internal government
actions to make simpler and get better self-governing, government and business of
Governance. E-governance initiatives are very familiar in most of countries both
developed and developing countries. As a result there has been considerable
attention on growing e-governance finest study. Government agencies are highly
depends upon its business practice. Government Process Re-Engineering (GPR) is
concerning to rethinking of governmental procedures and also includes integrated
recipient as design and implement of the business processes. GPR required to put
emphasis on with the evaluation of e-governance proposals.
“A probable model for successful E-Government adoption and diffusion is

suggested in this section as depicted in the following Figure 1.6. The policy
makers and the decision makers may take help of one or many advisory
committees for framing policies and taking decisions in technical and
administrative matters. The implementing agencies / groups and the development
agencies / groups may consult with one or many consulting agencies for BPR,
architecture, technology, security etc. The progress Monitoring Committee (PMC)
will continue to monitor and evaluate the progress, find the gap with the pre-
defined goal(s) and feed it to the Implementing Agency or the Decision Maker
with analysis results in order to minimize or control the said gap.”
Figure:1.6 “A probable model for successful E-Government adoption

and diffusion.”
1.2.6 E-Government Vs E-Governance
Governance is a topic [32], not a standpoint, thesis, method or solution.

Governance, in the public context, is about how to manage, direct or guide society
in order to best serve public interests, i.e. to achieve the common good.
Governance is a hot topic for many reasons, including the changing role of
knowledge and information, a trend towards networks as an organizational form,
globalization issues and, last but not least, advances in information and
communications technology. Like all the 'e' subjects, e-Governance is about
applying advanced information and communications technology to improve and
support all tasks in the underlying domain, in this case the governance domain.
E-Government refers [1] to the use by government agencies of information

technologies, such as web-based Networks, the Internet, and mobile computing,
that have the ability to transform relations with citizens, businesses, and other
arms of government. These technologies can serve a variety of different ends:
better delivery of government services to citizens, improved interactions with
business and industry, citizen empowerment through access to information, or
more efficient government management. The resulting benefits can be less
corruption, increased transparency, greater convenience, revenue growth, and/or
cost reductions. E-governance is beyond the scope of e-government. While e-
government is defined as a mere delivery of government services and information
to the public using electronic means, e-governance allows citizen direct
participation of constituents in political activities going beyond government and
includes E-democracy, E-voting, and participating political activity online. So,
most broadly, concept of E-governance will cover government, citizen’s
participation, political parties and organizations, Parliament and Judiciary
functions. [1]
“There is an important distinction to be made between “government” and

“governance”. Government is the institution itself, whereas governance is a
broader concept describing forms of governing which are not necessarily in the
hands of the formal government. Corporate governance, for example, refers to
how the private sector structures its internal mechanisms to provide for
accountability to its stakeholders, while government may be involved in this
through company law; there are aspects which it does not control.” [12]
Examples of e-Government and e-Governance:
E-Government should enable anyone visiting a city website to communicate and

interact with city employees via the Internet with graphical user interfaces (GUI),
instant-messaging (IM), audio/video presentations, and in any way more
sophisticated than a simple email letter to the address provided at the site”(Kaylor,
C.,2001) and “the use of technology to enhance the access to and delivery of
government services to benefit citizens, business partners and employees”.
(Deloitte Research,2000) The focus should be on:
• The use of Information and communication technologies, and particularly

the Internet, as a tool to achieve better government. (OECD,2003)
• The use of information and communication technologies in all facets of
the operations of a government organization. (Koh, C.E.,2003)
• The continuous optimization of service delivery, constituency participation

and governance by transforming internal and external relationships
through technology, the Internet and new media. (Gartner Group,2000)
While e-Government has traditionally been understood as being centered

around the operations of government, e-Governance is understood to extend the
scope by including citizen engagement and participation in governance. As such,
following in line with the
OECD definition of e-Government, e-Governance can be defined as the use of

ICTs as a tool to achieve better governance.
GOVERNMENT GOVERNANCE
Superstructure Functionality
Decisions Processes
Rules Goals
Rules Performance
Implementation Coordination
Outputs Outcomes
e-Government e-Governance
Electronic service delivery Electronic consultation
Electronic workflow Electronic controllership
Electronic voting Electronic engagement
Electronic productivity Networked societal guidance
Table:1.2 E-Government and E-Governance

[Source: http://www.it.iitb.ac.in/~prathabk/egovernance/national_egov_plan.html]
1.3 FRAMEWORK OF E-GOVERNANCE
The range of tasks that comes within the concept of an interrelated system is not
clearly defined. Some organization split the functions of system components,
tasks and system design by recruiting and training. The component may be either
any physical part of the system or it may be any subsystem in a multi-level
stricture. So it can be said that a system is composed of subsystem which may
themselves be made up of other subsystems.
“E-Governance research and practice depends on a vision for the future of

ICT-enabled government and governance. Different approaches to e-Governance
research in different parts of the world. Much speculation and debate on the future
of e-Gov as a field of study, most extant research takes short-term view. Almost
all e-Gov development takes a short-term view. Implications are long term,
complex and dynamic [31]”
Figure 1.7: Common Data Handing-Out Organism
1.3.1 Objectives of E-Governance Initiatives
Main objective of e-Governance is to Improve Governance by delivery of services

and empowerment of people through optimal use of resources within electronic
mean and made a concept of smart work within the social and business
environment.
According to Sharon Dawes (2008) Purpose & goals of (e)Gov [31]:
• Developed world: public services, good management, cost-effectiveness,

technological advancement, competitiveness
• Developing world: transparency, accountability, knowledge economy,

sustainable development, ICT infrastructure, content creation
• Least developed world: stability and rule of law, basic economic security,
communication, education, human and social development
• Everyone: Security, equity, inclusion, access, competence
Though the e-governance a large number of services to the citizens on one

stop basis, it suffered from inefficient and ineffective implementation as many of
the participating Departments were not fully prepared to implement it. The
initiative of e-governance resulted in centers being run as mere revenue collection

points and that too not effectively. The Government extended undue benefits to
the private players by not imposing the penalties for violation of provisions of the
agreement.
According to Fang (2002) E-government is like a wave and keeps rising in

public sector across the world. Numerous governments have started using various
type of information technology (ICT) resources, especially Internet or web-based
network, to offer better service among governmental bodies, citizens, businesses,
employees. Further Fang explained its functions/objectives as follow:
• Citizen Access to Government Information: Giving access to view

government information is the common digital government initiative. This
type of initiative refers launch system, for instance, portal, website based
on customer point of view.
• Facilitating General Compliance: Digital government also represents

electronic access to services that facilitate compliance with a set of rules
or regulations.
• Citizen Access to Personal Benefits: Online application and other

information give personal benefits to the citizens.
• Procurement Including Bidding, Purchasing, and Payments: Private

sector can get the benefits through electronic commerce applications, as
procurement applications allow government agencies to take this chance.
Electronic transaction fulfills the need of government-to-government and
other private partner.
• Government-to-Government Information and Service Integration:

Electronic information sharing and integration requires integrating service
delivery programs across government agencies and between different
levels of government
• Citizen Participation: Citizens can participate in decision making process

through online discussion forums and e-voting. These serve the
community at large. Many governments are taking it into the
consideration.
Table: 1.3 Objectives of E-Governance
1.3.2 Expectation from e-Governance Model
i. Easy accessibility of information and services
ii. Availability of accurate information and services within accuracy
iii. Security of citizen documents and information with privacy
iv. Work on quick delivery of services concept
v. To make cost-effective delivery of services
vi. e-Governance must have predictability and homogeneity
vii. Transparency in working and delivery of information & services

1.3.3 Opportunities of E-Governance: The Areas of opportunities for e-

Governance are abounding but to start with we can identify some of them [20]:
i. Creation of IT Infrastructure: The implementation of this project requires

creating a standardized IT infrastructure across the country and this can be
achieved by taking the ICT to the grass root level.
ii. Standards for E-Governance Procedures: Nothing can be more disastrous

than each state having its own different standards to implement the project.
It’s like building a rail network where the tracks do not meet. Defining
standards would allow a seamless transfer of information crossing the man
made geographic barriers.
iii. Reengineering the Existing System: The existing systems have different
platforms and many of them are not even compatible with each other. To
implement e-Governance, these exiting systems would have to be reengineered
so as to establish a seamless network.
iv. Managing the Shifts in Social Paradigms by Long Term Approaches and
Strategies at National Level: The very concept of governance changes to a
faceless computer terminal and this leads to change in many paradigms. These
need to be addressed and any myths regarding the success or failure of this
system need to be dispelled.
v. Introduction of Indigenous & Cost-Effective Technologies More Suitable

For Rural Areas: This can be achieved by introduction of Community
Software Solutions such as enrich, developed by National Informatics Centre
(NIC). These are aimed at the rural masses and can be customized easily.
vi. Exploring Partnerships for Effectively Delivering E-Governance Services

at Grass Root Level: Public private partnership is one of the ways to
effectively deliver such a huge project. There would be other methods also to
take this initiative to the thousands of villages all over the country, which need
to be explored.
1.3.4 Parameters of e-Governance

Parameters of e-Governance can be discussed by consideration of service
orientation, technology, service orientation, sustainability and explicability.
1.3.4.1 Parameters with reference to service orientation:
Citizen Centric:
• Associated for Citizens’ requirement
• Local language use for interface
• Grouping on the basis of user need
• Less visits to Government departments.
User Convenience:
• Easy in usability.
• Simplicity of access.
• Availability 24*7.
• Access to several transactions with various interactions at single
window.
Efficiency of services:
• Quality and simplicity of user interface.
• Rapidity of service delivery.
• Fulfillment of services in committed time.
1.3.4.2 Parameters with reference to technology:
Architecture:
• wide-ranging
• Conformance to national architecture
• Conformance to international architecture
• Prerequisite for inter-functionality.
Standards Conformance:
• Designed agreement to open standards
• Meta-data standards
Security:
• Agreement to protection architecture
Scalability:
• Allowed of scalability
• A wide scale for improved hardware
Reliability:
• Accuracy
• Regularity of response times
• Accessibility of alternate service delivery channel in case of
system hang up.
1.3.4.3 Parameters with reference to Sustainability:

Organizational:
• Planned Organizational structure for managing the project
Commercial:
• Amenability of service delivery through PPP mode
• Collection of user charges
Cost Effectiveness:
• Reduction of Direct & Indirect Cost to the User
1.3.4.4 Parameters with reference to Explicability

• Generic processes functional
• Product orientation.
• Multiple platform feasibility
• Ease of installation
1.4 IDENTIFIED KEY ISSUES OF IMPLEMENTAITON

[CRITICAL ISSUES IN e-GOVERNANCE; Summary of Discussion using Issue Process Methodology Panel discussion in 5th
International Conference on e-Governance (ICEG 2007) 28-30 Dec 2007]
As implications from common citizen, business persons and stake holders with
covering industries, educational institutions and Government to identify a set of
significant issues to deal for ensuring successful implementation of e-Governance
projects. On the basis of several issues with covering the framework, benefits,
limitations, challenges and recommended action plans/strategies for effecting the
implementation in an encouraging trend, a collection of four critical issues have
been identified on the responses and received based are as listed below:
1.4.1 First Issue: Management of entire project life cycle
It was undergoing that there is serious need to take re-look at the entire project
lifecycle and Management of e-Governance programs. Nearly all early e-
Government enterprise in the developed world cost too much and delivered too
small and many still do today. The reasons for this are many, but they boil down
to the three core failures illustrated in Figure 1.8 below, each of which is then
discussed in more detail.
Figure: 1.8 Reasons for e-Government familiarly and under-delivery

[Source: Gov3 analysis, drawing on research published by the UK government (“Successful IT:
Modernizing Government in Action”, Cabinet Office, 2000; ”Common Causes of Project

Failure”, OGC, 2005) and by the European Commission (through its Breaking Barriers to e-
Government research programme http://www.egovbarriers.org/ )]
The Gov3 analysts have defined 7 classic causes of failure:

(i) Poor understanding & segmentation of customer requirements.
(ii) Lack of strategic transparency.
(iii) Poor management provider
(iv) Requirement of effectual engagement with stakeholders.
(v) Lack of skillfulness.
(vi) “Big Bang” implementation.
(vii) Lack of persistent direction at political & higher administration
level.
Finally, we can say, due to looking for deliver highly technical and
managerial alteration at just the once, a lot of projects not succeed. Success is
much more probable at initial deliverables which build customers significance as
likely for as low level of technology overheads and deliverance hazard as feasible.
1.4.2 Second Issue: Building block capacity Implementation.

There are various parameters to capacity building, which had come into view
throughout a invention procedure. E-Government is a practically composite
practice of developing and tie together the correct atmosphere that consists of
citizen who are dedicated to the origin and who have the correct awareness,
attitude and skills. For potentiality of e-Governance in betterment of quality
assurance of life associated with earlier initiatives, the Government has come up
with a national program - National e-Governance Plan (NeGP), which has been
approved. The national program has known a number of e-Governance projects
known as Mission-Mode-Projects (MMP) at Centre and State stage. Major
activities proposed in NeGP include:
(i) Core Policies
(ii) Core Infrastructure

(iii) Support Infrastructure
(iv) Core Projects – Mission Mode Projects (MMP)
(v) Technical Assistance
(vi) Human Resource Development or Training
(vii) Awareness and Assessment
(viii) Managerial Structures
(ix) Research and Development (R&D)
Figure: 1.9 Capacity Building: Building Blocks
As above figure 1.9 showing some particular gaps these are:

(i) Lack of correct understanding of capacity building requirements.
(ii) Lack of information on the Human resource requirements to
support the central
(iii) and state e-Governance mission
(iv) Lack of personnel with appropriate background and aptitude
(v) Inadequate skill sets of personnel already deployed
(vi) Lack of appropriate institutional framework to handle the capacity
building
(vii) Lack of proper policy to fill the gap through sourcing from private
sector
(viii) In-adequate expertise and skills within the state training
institutions to lead
(ix) training programs at the policy maker level.
(x) Lack of thrust on institutional capacity building in the domain of e-
Governance.
(xi) Non-availability of specific standards, policy guidelines for e-
Governance
1.4.3 Third Issue: Enterprise design Model, Integration & Interoperability.

There is much more requirement of awareness of Enterprise Architecture (EA)
aspect and its benefits. Lack of proper & acceptable EA is a big hurdle for success
implementation of e-Governance projects in-front of the Government.
Architectures must be based on some standards containing such as interoperability
& Integration of citizen’s services among both state and central Government.
Following approach is described the EA on e-Governance based. EA is not only
depiction of the present but also future behavior and design structure of an
enterprise’s procedures, personnel sub-units, organizational sub-units, proper
direction with correct information systems.
Enterprise Architecture of e-Governance usually includes following segments or
components (See following Figure 1.9):
• Business-Process-Architecture
• Services-Architecture
• Technology-Architecture
• Data & Information-Architecture
Figure: 1.10 E-Government Enterprise Architecture
“Although often associated strictly with information technology, it relates

more broadly to the practice of business optimization in that it addresses business
architecture, performance management, organizational structure and process
architecture as well. Listed below are typical issues, followed by recommendation
of standards based Enterprise Architecture to resolve and avoid such issues. The
aim is to approach for Enterprise Architecture for the Government that is Citizen
Centric, Open, Standards Based, Interoperable, Transparent, Flexible, Secure,
Result Oriented and Dynamic.
a) Architectural Issues: Includes collated from the feedback and inputs received
from various stakeholders from the Government departments, academia and
Vendor community, who are directly or indirectly involved in these projects.
b) Integration and Interoperability Issues: Across various Government
departments lead with each department having their own set of data,
administrators, management procedures and related issues. These applications and
projects, which are not based on standards, create use of varied technologies,
which may not interoperate. This leads to duplication of work, increasing cost of
ownership and complexity.
c) Lack of Knowledge Sharing: A Successful implementation in one department
is rarely shared with other departments. This leads to duplication of effort and
resources
d) Security Issues: Data security, authenticity, integrity and reliability are

generally left to the discretion of the Government employees or private partner
staff that operates the systems. Many systems lack traceability mechanisms. IT
Security, controls the access to Government’s sensitive applications and data, it
enables secure online transactions between the Government and its Citizens and
protects the intellectual property. Ensuring Security of sensitive Citizen
Information and maintaining Compliance are amongst the most critical challenges
faced by the Governments.
e) Lack of Standards: There is a lack of adopted policy on key issues such as
Open Standards and Open Source, leading to issues related to sustainability, costs,
security, in dependence and e-Governance standards. These issues will have a
deep impact on not just the cost of the systems but also the sustainability of the
solutions as well as impact on wider IT adoption any state or country.
To overcome these issues, there is a need for a Standard based Enterprise
Architecture framework with appropriate knowledge and awareness amongst the
key stakeholders. Enterprise Architecture for the Government that is Citizen
Centric, Open, Standards Based, Interoperable, Transparent, Flexible, Secure and
Result Oriented and Dynamic is the need of the hour. Enterprise architecture is a
comprehensive framework used to manage and align an organization's
Information Technology (IT) assets, people, operations, and projects with its
operational characteristics.”
A well Defined Enterprise Architecture can lead to many benefits including:
i. Simplify and Standardize
ii. Service Oriented Architectures
iii. Technology Architecture:
iv. Technology Reuse
v. Open & Interoperable
vi. Built-in Security & Compliance
vii. IT Enterprise Architecture Policies and standards
viii. Accelerate Network Service Deployment
ix. Shared Business Responsibility, Mobility & Secure Access
“With the diversity of people, cultures, incomes, background and Critical

Issues in e-Governance expectations across various demography this task
becomes even more complex. Unless there are standards and well-defined
guidelines, this complexity can lead to confusion. A Well defined Enterprise
Architecture can help the Government to align its IT resources to its Strategic plan
of enabling Citizen Services using these IT resources. It helps cut costs and
complexity and also enabling business flexibility and process optimization. An
Enterprise Architecture can improve IT agility by standardization, consistency and
scalability at the same time increasing security and supporting compliance.”
“Technology Architecture: Technology Architecture forms the foundation of the
overall Enterprise Architecture and defines the software and hardware technology
platforms based on standards for interoperability, security, flexibility and
modularity. The Technology Architecture consists of many subcomponents,
including the ones listed below Figure 1.11. A Well-defined set of specifications
should be defined against each of these parameters to achieve standardization,
interoperability, integration and flexibility.
Figure: 1.11 Technology Architecture of EA

Technology is supporting the delivery of service components, including relevant

standards for implementing the technology. Together, the architectures are
intended to facilitate government wide improvement through cross-agency
analysis and the identification of duplicative investments, gaps, and opportunities
for collaboration, interoperability, and integration within and across government
agencies.”
1.4.4 Forth Issue: Socio-Political-Implications (SPI) of e-Governance:

“It is the most important fact that emerged are insinuation on demographic,
economic & technologically various groups identify senior citizens as an ever
more major segment. It contributes for good governance & also good governance
implies concern for them. The issues framed for discussion. Following
sociopolitical issues in e-Governance & procurement of e-governance projects:
• How can we take the benefits of IT to Micro Communities such as
organizations, blocks etc,
• Should we treat digital divide as a national issue and formulate a
national plan.
• With the villages getting a window to the larger world through IT,
what is the impact of such an initiative?
• Can we formalize a common decision making process
• How do we set e-government road maps and how do we leverage
the capacities
• Why not to have a power committee which can delegate the power
• Tendering and valuation. How do you look at both technical and
commercial in terms of the open tender system?”
1.5 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
However integration of various systems and treated as a single unit system is not
in its early stage. A large number of research groups are emerging very fast for
integration of several systems. In contrast to past projections, today the
introduction of new technology solution is increasingly application driven. Even
though commercial services at present display just a small number of integrated
center in the last some years but with sustain of technology and services
incorporation of thousands of center, building a huge computational authority
offered. Another important component of Information system necessary for e-
Governance is the human resources with necessary skills to use the IT. The skilled
manpower may most formidable problems in the promotion of e-Governance. A
comprehensive restructuring and reorganization of the existing bureaucratic
system and administrative hierarchy may be necessary. With the e-Governance
service deliver methods are rapid changing. At present the service delivery
method of the government is facing critical challenges such as improved services
delivery, regulatory fulfillment and cost reducing. Now, Governments are
improving the service delivery to citizen on aspects such as quality, speed, cost,
convenience, availability and reliability. The following table 1.4 showing
comparison based on some key standards of earlier and present period of service
delivery mechanism:
Standards Earlier period Present period

Approach Departmental centric approach Citizen centric approach
Orientation Process orientation Service orientation

Assessment Output based assessment Outcome based assessment
View Departmental view Integrated view
Governance Traditional governance Public-Private-Partnership
Governance
Involvement Government + Citizens Stake Holders + Business
Figure: 1.4 Comparisons Based Some Key Standards

As above table 1.4 descriptions there is an emerging public need in shape
of a proper working structure to caring of different types of desired interactions
and transaction. Here the meaning of different types of desired transaction and
interaction includes common public services, grievance, utility bills, common
revenue collection, proposals, and feedbacks. This framework looks like a
association based to integrate all the pub in a single accessible network just like
network of network connected to the satellite or a big intranet. This is also
required a unique common /universal portal to make sure of data access, storage,
sharing & interoperability (travel between two connectivity) and the portal must
be user friendly with adoption of multiple technology and attractive user interface.
However e-Governance have high risk of internet start up organization,
lack of blue print for handing e-government functions, security, system & data
integrity, corporate vulnerability, system scalability A large amount of citizens are
not aware with the originally and actual meaning of e-Governance, this is the
main problem and a common citizen is always getting confuse with integration of
multiple different services of different departments. Most of the citizen has a
question in their mind, how will delivery of the services possible and how can a
common citizen avail multiple and different services within the integrated
environment?
First of all, the conservative thinking of working style and work with new
approach is a big hurdle in front of development of the e-Governance. There is
lack a new modern and flexible effective technical architecture for proper
distribution. The basic thing is, review the concepts of e-Governance in Rajasthan
state and its progressive growth oriented division Bikaner and analysis of
progression which exist in learning, presentation with set up some significant and
related material which can describe progress of e-Governance. Lack of proper
working flow architecture and Network architecture to deliver of services and

information in integrated manner is a big problem towards Government, public
and different Government departments.
1.6 KEY OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH
Objectives of this study sounding around to be centralize the system within the
integrated environment. Key of this research study is very clear and real /stated.
Integrated e-Governance system is based upon a systems approach to the several
organizations. The systems objectives are view of organizations as a set of
interrelated sub-systems in which variables are mutually dependent. An
interrelated system can be perceived as having some components, functions and
the process performed by these various components and relationship between
components that uniquely bind them together into conceptual governance.
However several big and small objectives of this research mentioned below but
the main objective of this study is to critically discuss the various aspects of the
removal of deficiencies in the previous models of e-Governance and set forth the
future directions for successful accomplishment and adaptation of current
technologies. As the summarized way we can say objectives of this research are
depend upon various components which are interrelated such as data capturing
from internal and external sources, processing on these captured data after then
storage of information, retrieval of information and dissemination of information.
Following points tell us the key objectives of this study:
To Re-engineering projects and learning from execution of another re-engineering

project.
i. To create task interdependency of sub-systems or components which link
together according to a plan.
ii. To improve service delivery and empowerment of people through information.
iii. To well-organized transactions and recent information to business about
universal and household markets
iv. To all time accessibility of information and services to course of action

developments.
v. NEGP (National e-Governance Plan) and initiatives in Rajasthan.
vi. To explore from preliminary steps to implementation of e-Governance in
Bikaner Division (district divisional area of Rajasthan state in India).
vii. To view of transactional data by MIS reports and results at the divisional level
for different types of services.
viii. To explore the technical architecture of deliver the services and comparative
study with a proposed a new Model.
ix. I am also describe, how to face the challenges in solving the practical
problems initiates’ research.
x. To drawing a conclusion for the better performance using some specific
changes and new deliverance model in scenarios.
xi. To support, make simpler and connect government, business and citizens.
xii. To Adopting bottom up and low cost solutions for successful implementation.
Thus, I can say, my thesis focus will be on e-Government, e-Governance,

Information Technology, ICT, Integration, atomization, progress of e-Governance,
difficulties in successful implementation, solution to effective delivery approach
of e-Governance towards the citizen by comparison of various developed
approaches. For the illustration of discussion of these above mentioned things
bikaner division an region of Rajasthan state has been facial point in the study.
1.7 MOTIVATION TO THIS RESEARCH

E-Governance is a very interesting and smart concept to choose researchers for do
the research and IT professionals for develop various types of user friendly
interfaces because it provides a separate managed platform where different types
of services availability possible in better manner concern to public sector.
E-Governance increases the transparency, effectiveness, accountability
and decreases the complexity to the avail the public services within a healthy
environment. It increases satisfaction of citizens with timesaving and availability
at low cost and efficient way. The benefit of e-Governance for participation of
citizen in the decision making in the public sector and Government have drawn
attention of many researchers who wants study to explore, how Information
communication technology beneficial to society.
There are different approaches to e-Governance research in different parts
of the world, much speculation and debate on the future of e-Governance as a
field of study. Future of e-Governance research and practice depends on a vision
for the future of ICT-enabled government and governance. E-GovRTD2020
project developed future scenarios and research themes that address the gaps
between those futures and today – Implications are long term, complex, and
dynamic.
There are several reasons to motivate me for choose this topic as my area
of research study those reasons are divided in two parts as respectively following
two questions, explanation are given as answers of following two reasons:
1. Why am I choosing E-governance?
2. Why am I selecting Bikaner division/region?
Question 1: Why Am I Choosing E-Governance?

Answer: Out of the numerous reasons, I would like to tell some important
i. It is also motivating for me that how e-Governance completes and manage the
different works coupled with different departments within a single window
concept or under one roof?
ii. To show the rapid development of Information technology in social, public,

private as well as business sector.
iii. E-Governance is only the major project of ICT from which we can reach to
the common citizen of the nation. Recent era called as IT era because IT has
became a part of common citizen. In this arrival the concept of e-Governance
played a vital role also increases my curiosity to study.
iv. It is only the way to strong the internal part of the nation, which is very
important to develop and improve economy of a nation. E-Governance affects
the every factor of citizen such as his economy, cost, better service
availability, satisfaction, time, easiness and actual facts in front of him.
v. Every body is beneficial who is associated with e-Governance such as
Government, Citizens, Business persons and Employee.
Question 2: Why am I selecting Bikaner division/region?
Answer: Answer of this second question essentially based on my personal

experience so here also I would like try to share some significant
experiences as following points:
i. E-Governance has been put their foot at world wide, so it’s a very large scale
topic to research or study. So, if I am not select a particular area, perhaps the
research is not comes to its end clearly and rather to understand as well as
explain with explore then I am also confuse with the various complexities of
different implementation issues, challenges, policies, awareness and resources
of different areas. Due to this main reason I must select a particular area
where I could give better outcomes and write a effective fruitful thesis.
ii. Previously, I touched bikaner (a divisional district of Rajasthan state) due to

near my native place and during my master degree; I was already visited
bikaner, as a PROJECT TRAINEE of RajComp, Jaipur for management
information system for urban improvement trust project. So this place is
seems as well-known for me.
iii. Just after a trainee, I was worked in RajComp, Jaipur as SOFTWARE

DEVELOPER on project basis where LokMitra, (application/project) in
Bikaner assigned to me for maintenance, initial operational working of
application with database server handling and transactional reports generation
etc. And LokMitra is the initial project of e-Governance starts in Bikaner.
iv. With continuation, I worked as DATABASE ADMINISTRATOR in PCS

Technologies under Facility Management Service (FMS) on e-Mitra Project of
e-Governance in Bikaner Division under the guidance of e-Governance
society and visited all over Bikaner division for maintenance and handling
problems during the operations of e-Mitra.
v. So, as my above working detail of continuously touched with e-Governance. I

am heartily wants to discover benefits of integrated e-Governance in an
progressive divisional area.
vi. To present the original picture of e-Governance and works has been done in
bikaner division in front of citizens and aware the public towards it.
vii. To explore how can bikaner division be a better in economically, socially and
technically through the e-Governance.
Due to above reasons and observations, I decided to undertake a

comprehensive study of implementation of integrated E-Governance (bikaner
division: a state of Rajasthan) and give a proposed better service delivery
technical model with remarkable recommendation for successful implementation.

I will hope that this study would make a significant contribution to e-Governance.
1.8 OUTLINE OF ENTIRE THESIS
This thesis divided into eight chapters. First chapter is an introductory part of the
research study. This chapter gives us the transparent introduction to the research
work followed by the purpose of the research, contribution and overview of the
entire thesis. The next second chapter explores the review of the literature and
theories associated with architecture, relationships and implementation. The third
chapter is describing material and methods with research methodology
containing the process of data collections and presentation. Fourth chapter
represents the observation, results and discussion from research work done. In the
fifth chapter conclusion and important finding are given with in order to
accomplish an analysis. Sixth chapter represents the recommendations of the
thesis approach and new purposed scenario with empirical findings. In seventh
chapter bibliography is given which is used in this research study. At the end of
this thesis, eighth chapter is given which describe our published paper related to
this research in national and international conferences, seminar and journals.
1.9 CONTRIBUTION OF THE RESEARCH
Main contribution of my research work is to recognize and show how tools, which
are most relevant to e-Governance, can be developed. The features implemented
include database and communication support for data transfer. An additional
contribution of this work is to develop a prototyped technical model that can be
built in ingeniously manner. However, also most work required to be done for
making it commercial and public viable. As summarized way we can say,
contribution of this research work is surrounding three basics such as Governance,
Technology and Innovation in deliverance of public services.
At first understood the actual mean of e-Governance with the ICT for
analysis review of the set of issues, problems, resources and initiatives. This study
is also helpful to determine e-government policies in Rajasthan state to secure the
result-oriented e-Governance. Earlier researches in this discipline have also not
studied structures in a process of modify, generally taking them as given. This
study contributes to move ahead in the research new edge of the discipline to
address also the environment and role of technology. ICTs bring together the
government and the private sector. Their environment is not surrounded by clearly
defined boundaries, but by their global significance and effect, and
institutional structures cannot be taken as given, but must be seen as in a very
substantial process of change and transformation.
The second contribution is in bringing to the notice of researchers in the

area of skill, modernization and technology studies that is an urgent requirement
to develop a research schema that can enlarge a innovative use of ICT’s.
Third contribution is to introduce new model for proper distribution of

services and aware the researchers to improve and develop effective technical
model to ahead in e-Governance more successfulness.
ICTs and Government re-innovate and create huge efficient, effective,

receptive and citizen-conversational information and services. ICT compose
efficient delivery of the government services in the design process, government
official's works, legislators, authoritarian agencies, citizens, deliberate
organizations, tools consultant and vendors, academics, researchers, government
funding agencies. E-DISC model, which is described in this thesis can be
composing a large level main concern is division of Indian states. This model
explains the practical idea and theoretical frame of effective, correct and
successful deliverance of services.

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Chapter-1 Introduction Page No.

A key issue for researchers stopping from these changes is to develop an

This thesis is unique in its coverage of such topics as e-Governance

Many interim common utility services of the government are described in

There is a strong need to develop more effective two-way communications

“In order to more effectively prepare its new generation to participate in

1.2.1 IT And ICT

Information Technology (IT) is known as a electronic method to record, retrieve

The word IT is commonly used for technologies connected with applies of

Now, IT has moved into e-commerce and e-business. IT for business

The major trends in computer development are miniaturization, speed and

Convergence: It has led to the convergence of various industries such as

Portability: Being small, powerful wireless, personal electronic devices have

Personalization: Information being tailor made to suite user preferences.

The combination of information technology and electronic communication

Key Aspects to Encourage ICT: [9]

i. Keep up with latest technologies.

ii. Enlargement knowledge and sharing knowledge

iii. Enhancement of skill

iv. Enhancement of social status

v. Satisfy with curiosity

i. Proper schedule of convenient tanning program

ii. Support of quick & reliable respond

iii. Interactive training for allied category of human resources

iv. Interaction with another from a isolated area

The conception of e-government is the use of IT among every government level,

The impact of information and communication technologies in the global

E-Government' (or Digital Government) is defined as ‘The utilization of

'Electronic Government' essentially refers to the approach ‘How

Figure: 1.1 E-Government: “Go on-line instead of in-line”

Basu (2004) described that, “developed countries are getting many

“The services offered by the e-government are categorized in three phases:

E-Government is basically defined as utilization of ICT to better the

According to Layne, (2001) A fully functional e-Government development

iii. Vertical Integration

iv. Horizontal Integration.

Figure: 1.2 Development of e-Government: Phases & Dimensions

E-government is concerning to improve efficiency of Government through

According to Michiel Backus(2001) regarding e-government a distinction

Due to indirect and un-integration system most of the mass is unable to

E-Government renovates citizen services and grants access to information

clients such as voting public, staff, other government departments and

E-government is not a magic to solve all the problems of corruption and

A dramatic idea build up by proper mixture of ICT and e-Government

Due to highly networked world many challenges related to the effective

“What e-government is NOT: Terms such as data resale, digital democracy, e-

1.2.3 Classification of E-Government:

According to previous researches studies e-government can be classified as

Government-to-Citizen (G-2-C): According to Yen and Evans (2005), this group

Government to government (G2G): Ndou (2004) said that G2G build

service includes improving the efficiency of transaction and business functions

Government to Employees (G2E): According to Fang (2002) this group of

Table 1.1: Characteristics of Classifications of E–Government [1]

1.2.4 Relationship between Government, Business And Citizens

As the above mention categorization of e-government, government, business and

• Citizens to E-government: Relationship between governments and

• Government to E-government: Relationship between central

• Business to E-government: Relationship between governments and

Figure 1.3: Relationship between E-government, Business and citizens [1]

“Electronic Governance (eGovernance) incorporates all those processes and

•Administration of government (eAdministration) and delivery of services to the

•Informing, vote-enabling, representation-enabling, consulting and involving the