The correct answer for each question is indicated by a . 1 INCORRECT Which of the following helps define the term personality? A) characteristics that are typical for a person B) characteristics that make a person unique C) acting, thinking, and feeling D) all of the above Feedback: The answer is D. Although it might appear contradictory on the surface, the definition focuses on characteristics that are typical for the person, yet make the individual different from others. 2 CORRECT Allport calls the traits that influence and organize much of our behavior A) cardinal traits B) central traits C) secondary traits D) source traits Feedback: The answer is C. According to Freud, the conscious mind contains our present awareness, but is actually just the "tip of the iceberg" of our mind. The preconscious mind, just below the surface, contains memories of which we are not currently conscious, but can easily be brought into our consciousness. The unconscious mind contains information that is not easily brought into consciousness. 3 INCORRECT According to Freud, which part of the mind is composed mainly of life and death instincts? A) id B) ego C) superego D) none of these Feedback: The answer is B. According to Freud, the id is composed primarily of life instincts and death instincts. Life instincts consist largely of sexual and aggressive urges. The ego attempts to find realistic ways of satisfying the id's urges. The superego, the moral part of the mind, strives to attain a goal of perfection. 4 INCORRECT Each of the following is considered to be one of the "big five" personality traits except A) neuroticism B) extraversion C) conscientiousness D) friendliness Feedback: The answer is D. Neuroticism, extroversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness are the considered to be the “big five” personality traits; “friendliness,” however, is not. There is a considerable degree of consensus exists among trait theorists that there are five basic personality traits. 5 CORRECT According to Freud, primitive instinctual motives and repressed memories are stored in the A) conscious mind B) preconscious mind C) unconscious mind D) superego Feedback: The answer is C. For more information, review the section on “Freud’s Mind: Three Levels of Consciousness” found in Chapter 11 of your text. 6 INCORRECT According to Freud, information that you are not currently aware of that can be easily recalled into awareness resides in which part of the mind? A) preconscious B) conscious C) unconscious D) subconscious Feedback: The answer is A. The preconscious mind is the vast storehouse of easily accessible memories. The conscious mind is the portion of the mind of which we are presently aware. The unconscious mind is the storehouse of primitive instinctual motives and repressed memories. 7 INCORRECT The executive of the personality, which operates according to the reality principle, is the A) id B) ego C) superego D) none of the above Feedback: The answer is B. For more information, review the section on “Freud’s Mind: Id, Ego and Superego” found in Chapter 11 of your text. 8 INCORRECT According to Freud, which part of the mind is dominated by the pleasure principle? A) the id B) the ego C) superego D) the superid Feedback: The answer is A. According to Freud, the id operates according to the pleasure principle—the desire for immediate pleasure and the avoidance of pain, regardless of how harmful it might be to others. 9 CORRECT According to Freud, which part of the mind corresponds roughly to conscience? A) the id B) the ego C) the superego D) the superid Feedback: The answer is C. According to Freud, parental punishment creates the set of moral inhibitions known as the conscience, which is part of the development of one’s superego, the goal of one’s ideal perfection. 10 INCORRECT All of the following are examples of sublimation except A) competing in contact sports B) robbing a bank C) painting nude portraits D) competing in business Feedback: The answer is B. Sublimation is where a socially desirable goal is substituted for a socially harmful goal. Robbing a bank is obviously harmful to society. 11 INCORRECT To prevent itself from being overwhelmed by excessive demands from the id and superego, the ego relies on A) the Oedipus complex B) defense mechanisms C) the reality principle D) the pleasure principle Feedback: The answer is B. An example of such a defense mechanism is displacement, the process of substituting a more acceptable goal. 12 INCORRECT According to Jung, the unconscious mind with which all humans are born is called the A) innate id B) collective unconscious C) collective superego D) electra complex Feedback: The answer is B. According to Jung, the collective unconscious is the unconscious mind with which all humans are born 13 INCORRECT According to Adler, to develop a healthy personality it is necessary to learn to express A) the social interest B) the selfish interest C) the superego D) sexual and aggressive motives Feedback: The answer is A. According to Adler, the full development of a healthy personality requires that the individual learn to express the social interest motive fully in his or her relationships with others 14 INCORRECT According to Karen Horney A) Anxious insecurity is the source of all conflicts. B) Self-actualization is a basic human motive. C) Conflict is the inevitable result of the inborn motives of the id. D) We each possess both a personal unconscious and a collective unconscious. Feedback: The answer is A. According to Horney, anxious insecurity is the source of all conflicts 15 INCORRECT To the social learning theorist, each of the following processes is important in the development of personality except A) classical conditioning B) operant conditioning C) modeling D) feelings of inferiority Feedback: The answer is D. It was Alfred Adler, a psychoanalyst, who focused much of his work on feelings of inferiority 16 INCORRECT According to Bandura, self-efficacy and self- regulation emphasize the importance of what determinant of behavior? A) learning B) traits C) situations D) cognitions Feedback: The answer is D. According to Bandura, our learned cognitions are the prime determinant of behavior 17 INCORRECT The mutual interaction between a person's behavior and his or her social learning environment is called A) reciprocal determination B) self-efficacy C) self-regulation D) efficient regulation Feedback: The answer is A. Social learning theorists believe in reciprocal determination; we learn our behavior from interactions with other persons, but our behavior influences how other persons interact with us 18 INCORRECT The view that behavior is influenced by characteristics of both the person and the situation is called A) situationism B) interactionism C) the trait approach D) a and b above Feedback: The answer is B. Situationism suggests that behavior is consistent only as long as situations (especially those regarding other people) remain consistent. Interactionism represents a compromise view between the trait and situationism approaches 19 INCORRECT The humanistic view states that A) humans possess an inner-directedness B) humans possess an objective view of reality C) people should not frustrate themselves by continually trying to change and improve D) personality is dominated by an active unconscious Feedback: The answer is A. Humanistic psychologists believe that the inner-directedness with which we are born is basically a positive force. Social learning theorists, however, judge our slate to be clean (neutral) at birth; we can learn to be good or bad 20 INCORRECT Rogers believes that differences between the self and the ideal self A) are uncomfortable B) lead to incongruence C) lead to unsymbolized feelings D) all of the above Feedback: The answer is D, all of the above. For more information, review the section on “The Self-Concept” found in Chapter 11 of your text 21 CORRECT Which approach to psychology is referred to as the "third force"? A) psychoanalysis B) social learning theory C) humanistic theory D) trait theory Feedback: The answer is C. Humanistic theory burst on the psychological scene relatively late in psychology's history: in the 1950s, after psychoanalysis and behaviorism were already established forces 22 INCORRECT Humanistic psychologists believe that people are born __________ , whereas social learning theorists believe that people are born . A) good, selfish B) selfish, good C) neutral, good D) good, neutral Feedback: The answer is D. Humanists believe that people are born good, whereas social learning theorists believe people are born neutral 23 INCORRECT Which of the following is a problem with the use of interviews as a method of personality assessment? A) They are subjective. B) They are artificial situations. C) They may bring out atypical behavior. D) all of the above Feedback: The answer is D. The interview is the most universally used, yet one of the most limited, methods for obtaining information about personality. 24 INCORRECT Which method of personality assessment attempts to delve into unconscious areas? A) projective tests B) interviews C) objective tests D) none of the above Feedback: The answer is A. Projective tests ask the individual to interpret ambiguous stimuli. They assume that the individual will project his or her unconscious needs into the interpretation of the stimulus. 25 INCORRECT Which of the following is an example of a projective personality test? A) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) B) Minnesota Multiphasic Personalty Inventory (MMPI-2) C) Rorschach inkblot test D) a and c above Feedback: The answer is D. Projective personality tests use ambiguous stimuli in an effort to get the client to project his or her unconscious mind. The TAT asks the client to make up a story about ambiguous pictures. The Rorschach presents the client with a series of symmetrical inkblots. 26 CORRECT Which of the following characterizes the MMPI-2? A) It consists of multiple-choice and fill-in questions. B) It is designed to reveal unconscious conflicts. C) It allows for objective interpretation of the results. D) The items are divided into 25 different "scales." Feedback: The answer is C. The MMPI-2 is an objective test-no effort is made by the test to consider what the respondent meant by each answer. Items on the test are presented as true- false questions and are divided into 10 scales, each measuring a different aspect of personality. 27 INCORRECT Which objective personality test can be used to assess depression? A) MMPI-2 B) TAT C) interview D) observation Feedback: The answer is A. The only objective test listed among the choices is the MMPI-2. 28 INCORRECT Which of the following statements is correct? A) projective tests are generally good predictors of behavior B) psychologists generally agree about the usefulness of personality tests C) objective personality tests are generally more effective than projective tests in distinguishing among groups with different traits D) projective tests are generally more effective than objective tests in distinguishing among groups with different traits. Feedback: The answer is C. Research suggests that projective tests are generally not successful in predicting behavior . The results suggest caution in the interpretation of personality tests. 29 CORRECT According to the text, most personality researchers agree that personality is influenced strongly by A) traits B) situations C) situations and personal characteristics D) human altruism Feedback: The answer is C. The research cited in the "Application" section strongly supports the influence of person _ situational factors in determining personality.