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    8 views5 pages

    Rvgftukll

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    jaysi chourasiya
    rvgfttk

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 5
    396 — chyytr8 Internal incompressible Viscous Flow “Thus our guess for f is too large. Guess = 0.70. From Fig. 821, K should be 0.69. From Eq. 1, = 0295 (0707 ‘Thus our guess for is still too large. Guess f= 065. From Fig. 821, K should be (.67. From Eq. 1, 029g Cos ‘There is satisfactory agreement with 9 ~ 0.66 and 602 D, = 6D, = 0.56(0.25m) = 0.165m ae ‘To find the permanent head loss for this device, we could simply use the diameter ratio 1 ~ 0.66 in Fig. 8.24; but instoad ‘we will find it from the given data. To evaluate the permanent head loss, apply Eq. 829 between sections () and @). cme pe nPeph an F akon 0 Assumptions: (3) a,V; = asV3 @) Neglect Az. ‘Then PIZPs _ Pi=P2~ a= Pa) @ = ar) > Equation 2 indicates our approach: We will find ps ~ py by using py ~ ps = 300mm H.O, and obtain a value for s~ Px by applying the x component of the momentum equation to a control valume between sections @) and @) = 05) = O{1) Governing equation: B+ yh Bf uote [ upV-dk (4.184) Assumptions: (5) Fx = 0 (©) Uniform flow at sections @) and @. (7) Prosure uniform across duct at sections @ and @. (8) Neglect friction force on CV. ‘Then, simplifying and rearranging, (2— ps) Ar = u2(—pV 242) + us(pVsAs) = (us uz) = (Vs -V2)02 Ps Pr = (V2-Vs)o— ST Linear Flow Meters 397 NowVs = Q/Ay, and fo Bo 2 2° Ar U65A, ~ 0.6557 Ay Thus, a int®xaypm £1 1 jus Pip lar «Soa aaa |e Py~ pa = 1290N/mt The diameter ratio. 3. was selected to give maximum manometer deflection at maximum flow rate. Thus Pompe puosan 235958 x91 x0s0mx NE a 20N/at Subsituting into Eg. 2 sves 2 PInPs | Pi= P= (PsP) My e e N nm hy = @o0-190)8 xB - To compare with Fig. 824, express the permanent pressure loss as a frac- tion of the meter differential Pi=Ps _ (2940 ~ 1290) N/m? Pi=P 2840 N/m ‘The fraction from Fig. 8.24 is about 0.57. This is satisfactory agreement! = 0561 Linear Flow Meters 8.117 ‘The disadvantage of restriction flow meters (except the LFE) is that the measured ‘output (Ap) is not linear with the flow rate Q. Several flow meter types produce outputs that are directly proportional to flow rate. These meters produce signals without the ced to measure differeatial pressure. The most common linear flow meters are dis- cussed briefly in the following paragraphs. Float meters may be used to indicate flow rate directly for liquids or gases. An example is shown in Fig. 8.25 In operation, the ball or float is carried upward in the tapered clear tube by the flowing fluid uniil the drag force and float weight are in equilibrium. Such meters (often called rowmeters) are available with factory cali= bration for a number of common fluids and flow rate ranges. ‘A free-running vaned impeller may be mounted in a cylindrical section of tube (Fig. 826) to make a turbine flow meter. With proper design, the rate of rotation of the impeller may be made closely proportional to volume flow rate over a wide range. Rotational speed of the turbine clement can be sensed using a magnetic or modulated carrier pickup external to the meter. This sensing method therefore requires no penetrations or seals in the duct. Thus turbine flow meters can be used 398 Chapt & Intemal incompressible Viscous Flow Fig. 8.25 Float-type ‘vanable-area flow meter. (Courtesy of Dwyer Instrument Co, Michigan City, indiana) safely to measure flow rates in corvosive or toxi fui, The electrical signal can be displayed, recorded, oF integrated to provide total flow information. "An interesting device i the vortex flow meter. This device takes advaniage of the fact that a uniform flow will generate a vortex street when it encounters a bluff body such 28 a elinder perpendicular to the flow. A. vortex street isa series of altereating vortices shed from the rear of the body; the alternation generates an oscillating Sideways force on, and therefore escillation of, the cylinder (the classic example of this being the “singing” of telephone wires in a high wind). Tt tune out that the dimensionless group characterizing this phenomenon is the Strouhal number, Si = jL/V (fis the vortex shedding frequency, Lis the cylinder diameter, and V is the frestream velocity), and itis approximately constant (Si ~ 0.21). Hence we have a device for which Y= f. Measurement of f thus directly indicates the veloaty V (however, the velocity profile does affect the shedding frequency so calibration is required), The cylinder used in a low meter is usually quite short in length—10 mm or lesr—and placed perpendicular tothe flow (and for some devices ie nat a cylinder at all but some other stall bluff object). The oscillation can be measured using a drain gage or other senser. Vortex low meters can be wed over a201 range of flow rates 25]. The electromagnetic flow meter uses the principle of magnetic induction. A magnetic field is created across a pipe. When a conductive uid passes throush the field, a voltage is generated at right angles to the field and velocity vectors. Elec- trodes placed on a pipe diameter are used to detect the resulting signal voltage. The signal voltage is proportional to the average axial velocity when the proile is axisymmetric, ‘Magnetic flow meters way be used with liquids that have electrical conductivities above 100 miicrosiemens per meter (I siemen = 1 ampere per volt). The minimum flow speed should be above about 0.3 mis. but there are no restrictions on Remolds number. The flow rate range normally quoted is 10-1 [25} Uraconie flow meters also respond to average velocity ata pipe cross section, Two principal types of ultrasonic meters are common: Propagation time & measured for Glean liquids, and reflection frequency shift (Doppler effect) is measured for fows carrying particulates. The speed of an acoustic wave increases in the flow direction and decreases when transmitted against the flow. For clean liquids, an acoustic path inclined to the pipe axis is used to infer flow velocity. Multiple paths aze used to estimate the volume flow rate accurately Doppler effect ultrasonic flow meters depend on reflection of sonic waves (in the MBz range) from scattering particles in the fuid. When the particles move at flow speed, the ftequency shift is propomional to flow speed: for a suitably chosen path, output is proportional to volume flow rate. One or two transducers may be used; the meter may be camped to the outside of the pipe. Ultrasonic meters may require calibration in place. Flow rate range is 10:1 [25]. Fig. 8.26 Turbine flow meter. (Courtesy of Potter Aeronautical Corp...Union. New Jersey) SI2 Traversing Methods 399 Traversing Methods 8.12 In situations such as in sir handling or refrigeration equipment, it may be impractical or impossible to install fixed flow meters. In such cases it may be possible to obtain |) DED flow tte data using traversing techniques. g To make a flow rate measurement by traverse, the duct cross section is COM jaw Ln deed ceptually subdivided into segments of equal area. The velocity is measured at the fuonemme center of each area segment using a pitot tube, a total head tube, or a suitable anemometer. The volume flow rate for each segment is approximated by the product, of the measured velocity and the segment area. The fow rate through the entire dact is the sum of these segmental flow rates. Details of recommended procedures for flow rate measurements by the traverse method are given in (27]. Use of pitotor ptorsatic mbes for traverse measurements requires direct access to the flow field. Pitot tubes give uncertain results when pressure gradients or streamline curvature are present, and their response times are slow. Two types of anemometen— thermal anemometers and laser Doppler anemometers (LDAs)—overcome these

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