Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Yfvmbxswfgn

    Uploaded by

    jaysi chourasiya
    5 views6 pages
    yfvmbndx

    Original Title

    yfvmbxswfgn

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document
    yfvmbndx

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    5 views6 pages

    Yfvmbxswfgn

    Uploaded by

    jaysi chourasiya
    yfvmbndx

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 6
    78% Modding and Similitude 357 EZRA AEN Prediction of Prototype Performance from Model Data GIVEN A ong structural component of a nde hasan litical «ros section shown in Fig. E7S. tisknown that when a steady wind ‘laws pas thistype of blu body, vortices may develop on the dose ‘wind side that ace shed in a ragulr fashion at some definite fre ‘quency. Since these vortices can create harmful periodic forces ating (onthe structure, it is impertnt to devermine the sealing equency. Forthe specific structure of interest, D = 0.1 m, H = 03 m, znd a representative wind velocity is 50 im/lz Standard air can be as- surnad. The shedding frequency i tobe deere throgh the use (of asmall-scale model that ist be tested in a water tunnel. Far the ‘model D, = 29 mum and the water temperate is 20 °C. FIND Detemnine the mode! dimension, Hy andthe velocity at ‘Which the test should be performed. the shedding frequency for the model is found tobe 49.9 Hz, what is the coresponding fr quescy foe the prototype? Sotution =l— MFIGURE E7s d « Q) yb a ‘We expect the shedding quency. to depend on the ngs D reece oe ernst ‘cosity, 4. Thus, = /0,H.V,p.H) where a ae See he ast varies athe refenccimesions( 7), eee ted caer eva op _ ,( vo vt ee eee eee ee eee (hs Gennstral enlpe inte atin Sata mbar function ofthe geometric parameter, D/H, andthe Reynolds um ber, Ths, to saints cimilaray between enodel and prototype De _D Hy and Pain _ pvD Mme From the first similarity cequizement (Ans) ‘The second similarity requirement indicates that the Reynolds umber must be the atin for model and prottype so hat the ‘model velocity must saisfy the condition ao 179 x 10" kgjms, .23 kg/m", and for water at 20°C. x= 1.00 x {7 kg/m, = 998 kg/a The Mid velocity forthe prot ‘ype is (50 10% fe) [3600 s/he) “The required velocity can now be calculated from Eq. 1 as yg ~ {00 X 107 kel) (1.23 hg) a ar 3)) O88 kg/m?) (ot aoe) 479 m/s (Ans) “This igs rensoenblo Voc Gat onl bo edly achcred a ee "Wilh the wo similarity equemens sisi i follows that Sea er re eee = = 139m V, oD _ wD. vi Ve and the predicted protrype vortex shedding frequency is “yo 13.9 m/s) (20 x 10°? m) (mp) 1m (9) 358 COMMENT This same model could also be used to predict the drag per uni ength, (ft or Nf) onthe prototype, since et tore es ete erect frequeacy. Thus, the smaiy requirements would be the same tna with hese ronments Sail it follow tat the Gg per ‘unit Kength expressed in dimensionless form, such as S%/DpV2, Chapter 7 m Dimensional Analysis, Similitude, and Modeling ‘would be equal in model and prototype. The measured drag per unit length on the model could thea be related to the carrespond- ing drag per sit length on the peootype through the relationship = (BRE 7.8.2 Model Scales 11 is clear from the preceding section that the satio of like quantities for the model and prowtype naturally arises from the similarity requirements. For example, if in a given problem there are two length variables ¢, and ¢, the resulting similarity requirement based on a pi term obtained from these two variables is so that We define the ratio €9/C, oF €q/¢y as the length scale. For true models there will be only one length ‘scale, and ll lengths are fixed in accordance with this scale. There are, however, other scales such «asthe velocity scale, V./V. density scale. p,/p. viscosity scale, j4y/t, and so on. In fact. we can d= fine a scale for each of the variables in the problem. Thus, it is actually meaningless to talk about ind other scales as Ay. Ay. Ay. and so on, where the ‘subscript indicates the particular scale. Also, we will take the ratio of the model value to the pro= ‘otype value as the scale (rather than the inverse). Lengih scales are often specified, for example, as 1: 10 or as a 7g scale model. The meaning of this specification is that the model is one-tenth the size of the prototype, and the tacit assumption is that all relevant lengths are scaled accord- ae The ratio of a ‘model variable to the corresponding protospe variable ‘called the scale “scale” of a model without specifying which scale. Jor that variable. We will designate the length scale as Ae ingly so the model is geometrically similar to the prototype. F u dis n h a “Galloping Gertie” One of the mest dramatic bridge callapies occured in 1940 when the Tacoma Narrows bridge, located near ‘Tacoma, Washington, failed due to aerodynamic instability. The bridge had been nicknamed “Galloping Gertie” due to its tendency to sway and move in high winds. On the fateful day ofthe collapse the wind speed was 65 km/hr. This partcular combination of a high wind and the aerolasic properties ofthe ridge created lage oscillations leading tits ulure. The bridge was replaced in 1950, snd plans are underway to add a second teidge parallel tothe ex- ‘sting structure. To determine possible wind intererence etlects| ‘due to two bridges in clse proximity, wind tunnel tests were run in a9 m x 9.m wind tuanel operated by the National Research ‘Council of Canada. Models of the wo side-by-side bridges, each ‘having a length seal of |: 2L1, were tested under various wind conditions. Since the failure of the original Tacoma Narrows bridze, itis now common practice to use wind tunzel model stud- ies during the design process to evaluate any bridge that isto be subjected to wind induced vibrations, (See Problems 7.72) 7.83 Practical Aspects of Using Models Validation of Model Design. Most model studies involve simplifying assumptions with regard to the variables to be considered. Although the number of assumptions is frequently less stringent than that required for mathematical models, they nevertheless introduce some uncer- tainty in the model design. It is, therefore, desirable to check the design experimentally when- ‘ever possible. In some situations the purpose of the model isto predict the effects of certain proposed ‘changes in a given prototype, and in this instance some actual prototype data may be available. ‘The model can be designed, constructed, and tested, and the model prediction can be compared VZL11 Model of (fa ntcbery poral Models for which larity requirements Farol aga are called distorted V7.12 Disorted river model [=a 7% Modding and Similitude 359 with these data. If the agreement is satisfactory, then the moéel can be changed in the desired ‘manner, and the corresponding effect on the prototype can be predicted with increased conti- dence. ‘Another useful and informative procedure isto ran tests with a series of models of diferent sizes, where one of the models can be thought of as the prototype and the others as “models” ofthis prototype. With the models designed and operated on the basis of the proposed design, a necessary ‘condition for the validity of the model design is that an accurate prediction be made between aay pair of models, since one can always be considered as a model ofthe other. Although suitable agree= ‘ment in validation tests of this type does not unequivocally indicate a correct model design (eg. the length scales betwsen laboratory models may be significantly different than required for actual pro= totype prediction), itis certainly true that if agreement between models cannot be achieved in these tests, there is no reason to expect that the same model design can be used to predict prototype be- : ie Distorted Models. Although the general idea behind establishing similarity requirements for models is straightforward (we simply equate pi terms), itis not always possible to satisfy all the known requirements. If one or more of the similarity requirements are not met, for example, if Tl, # TT, then it follows thatthe prediction equation TT, = Tyq isnot tru; tht is, 1, Ty Models for which one or more ofthe similarity requirements are not satisfied are called distorted models. Distorted models are rather commonplace. and they can arise fora variety of reasons. For ‘example, perhaps a suitable fluid cannot be found for the model. The classic example of a dise torted model occurs in the study of open channel or free-surface flows. Typically, in these prob- Jems both the Reynolés number. pVE/. and the Froude number. VAVet. are involved. Froude number similarity requires Veal If the model and proterype are operated in the same gravitational fleld, then the required velocity scale is Reynolds number similarity requires and the velocity scale is v Since the velocity scale must be equal to the square root of the length scale, it follows that Hal 7 here the ratio jx/p is the kinematic viscosity, Although in principle it may be possible to sate isfy this design condition, it may be quite difficult if not impossible, to find a suitable model fluid, particularly for small length scales. For problems involving rivers, spillways, and harbors, for which the protctype fluid is water, the models are also relatively large so thatthe only practical model fluid is water However, in this ease (with the kinematic viscosity scale equal t unity) Eq. 7.15 will not be satisfied, and a distorted model will result Generally, hydraulic models of this type are distorted and are designed on the bass of the Froude number, with the Reynolds number different in model and prototype Distorted models ean be successfully used, but the interpretation of results obtained with this type of mode is cbviously more difficult than the interpretation of results obtained with true mod- cls for which all similarity requirements are mt. There are no general rules for handling distorted aor (7.15) 360 Chapter 7 m Dimensional Analysis, Similitde, and Modeling models, and essentially each problem mus: be considered on its own merits. The success of using

    You might also like