CHAPTER 1 SPACE, TIME, AND MASS

Select odd-numbered solutions, marked with a dagger (†), appear in the Student Solutions
Manual, available for purchase. Answers to all solutions below are underscored.

1-1. Assume a height of 5 ft 10 in. Then, 5′10″ = 70 in = 70 in × 2.54 cm/in = 178 cm.
1-2. There are approximately 300 actual pages in this text (vol. 1). The thickness is 2.5 cm. Therefore
each page = 2.5 cm/300 pg = 8.3 × 10−3 cm.
1-3. 100 yd × 0.914 m/yd = 91.4 m; 53 1/3 yd × 0.914 m/yd = 48.7 m
1 step 1000 m steps
1-4. N = × = 1.7 × 103
0.60 m 1 km km
1 pica 17 1 pica
1-5. L = 11 in × = 66 picas. W = in × = 51 picas
1 2 1
in in
6 6
−8
1-6. Virus: 2 × 10 m × 10/0.3048 ft/m × 12 in/ft = 8 × 10−7 in
Similarly: Atom: 1 × 10−10 m × 39.4 in/m = 4 × 10−9 in
Fe Nucleus: 8 × 10−15 m × 39.4 in/m = 3 × 10−13 in
Proton: 2 × 10−15 m × 39.4 in/m = 8 × 10−14 in
†1-7. Let’s convert 1/2 inch to mm using conversion factors, then use proportional reasoning to do the
others until the number of significant figures becomes large.
1
in × 25.4 mm/in = 12.7 mm
2
1 12.7 mm
in = = 6.35 mm
4 2
1 6.35 mm
in = = 3.175 mm = 3.18 mm (to three significant figures)
8 2
1 3.175 mm
in = = 1.5875 mm = 1.59 mm (to three significant figures)
16 2
The number of digits is becoming large, so let’s do direct conversions for the rest of the problems.
1
in × 25.4 mm/in = 0.794 mm
32
1
in × 25.4 mm/in = 0.397 mm
64
10−3 in 2.54 cm 10−2 m 10−6 µm
1-8. 1 mil × × × × = 25.4 µm.
mil in cm m
1000 µm 1 mil
1 mm × × = 39.4 mil
mm 25.4 µm

1
 CHAPTER 1

1-9. (a) Grapefruit diameter ≈ 0.1 m

Ratio of grapefruit/sun = 0.1 m/(1.4 × 109 m) = 7 × 10−11
Earth diameter ≈ 13 × 106 m
Comparative size of Earth = 13 × 106 m × (7 × 10−11)
= 9 × 10−4 m ≈ 1 mm.
Nearest star distance = 4 × 1016 m
Comparative distance = 4 × 1016 m × (7 × 10−11) = 2.8 × 106 m
(b) Head diameter ≈ 0.2 m
Earth diameter ≈ 13 × 106 m
Earth/head ratio ≈ 7 × 107
Size of atom = 10−10 m
Comparative size of atom = 10−10 m × (7 × 107) = 7 × 10−3 m = 7 mm
Size of red blood cell ≈ 7.5 × 10−6 m
Comparative size of cell = 7.5 × 10−6 m × (7 × 107) ≈ 500 m = 1/ 2 km
1-10. Distance to Q1208 + 1011 = 12.4 × 109 × 9.47 × 1015 = 1.17 × 1026 m
Distance on the diagram (PRELUDE, p. 6)
1.17 × 1026
= 20
= 7.8 × 105 m
1.5 × 10
1-11. Size (diameter) of the sun = 2 × 6.46 × 108 = 1.4 × 109 m distance on the diagram (PRELUDE, p.
1.4 × 109
6) =  10−3 m = 1 mm
1.5 × 1012
10−9 m
1-12. ∆l = 10−6 × 633 nm × = 6.33 × 10−13 m. According to Table 1-1, the diameter of an
nm
atom is about 1 × 10−10 m, so this is 6.33 × 10−3 times the diameter of an atom, or roughly 1/100
the diameter of an atom.
†1-13. 1 turn = 360°, so 5° × 1 turn/360° = 0.0139 turn. For an English thread,
1in 0.0254 m 106 µm
0.0139 turn × × × = 4.41 µm. For a metric thread,
80 turns in m
0.5 mm 10−3 m 106 µm
0.0139 turn × × × = 6.94 µm.
turn mm m
1-14. 1 nmi = 1852 m; Circumference of Earth = 4.00 × 107 m
Circumference = (4.00 × 107 m)/1852 m/nmi = 21, 600 nmi
Also 360° × 60 min/deg = 21, 600 min, so 1nmi ⇒ 1min

2
 CHAPTER 1

†1-15. For one of the triangles, (R + 1.75 m)2 = R2 + (4700 m)2. Expand
this to get R 2 + 2(1.75 m) R + (1.75 m) 2 = R 2 + (4700 m) 2 . 9400

We expect R to be much larger than 1.75 m, so we can ignore

(1.75 m)2 relative to all the other terms. The R2 terms cancel, R
leaving
R + 1.75 m
(3.50 m)R = (4700 m)2, which gives R = 6.3 × 106 m.

1-16. 22 yr, 5 mo, 23 days = (8035 + 153 + 23) = 8211 days

(This excludes leap years and assumes average 30.5-day month.)
1 day = 1 day × 24 h/day × 60 min/h × 60 s/min = 86,400 s
8211 days = 8211 days × 86,400 s/day = 7.1 × 108 s
1-17. 1 yr = 365.25 days. Therefore, 4.5 × 109 yr
= 4.5 × 109 yr × 365.25 day/yr × 86,400 s/day = 1.4 × 1017 s
60 min 60 s 1 calculation
1-18. N =1h × × × = 3.6 × 1012 calculations/h.
h min 10−9 s
3600 s 60 s
1-19. 2 h 9 min 21s = 2 h × + 9 min × + 21s = 7761 s
h min
3600 s 60 s
1-20. 2 h 24 min 51s = 2 h × + 24 min × + 51s = 8692 s
h min
365.25 solar days/year 24 h
†1-21. 1 sidereal day × × = 23.934 h/sidereal day. Using 1 h = 60
366.25 sidereal days/year solar day
min to convert the 0.934 h to minutes gives 1 sidereal day = 23 h 56 min.
s
1-22. N = 4 ticks × 3.2 × 107 × 10 years = 1.2 × 109 ticks
year
1h 1day
1-23. 106 s × × = 11.6 days
3600 s 24h
7 days 24 h 3600 s
1-24. 1week × × = 168 h. 168 h × = 6.048 × 105 s
week day hr
beats 1 min 3.2 × 107 s
1-25. N = 71 ticks × × = 3.8 × 107 beats/year
min 60 s yr
1-26. (a) June 24−25: (20 − 4) s/day = 16 s/24 h = 0.67 s/h
June 25−26: (34 − 20) s/day = 14 s/24 h = 0.58 s/h
June 26−27: (51 − 34) s/day = 17 s/24 h = 0.71 s/h
(b) Average rate = (51 − 4)/3 day = 47 s/(24 × 3)h = 0.65 s/h

3
 CHAPTER 1

(c) 10h30m on June 30 is 70.5 h after noon June 27. By average loss, watch should have lost 70.5
h × 0.65 s/h = 46 s. Combined with loss of 51 s on June 27 gives total loss of 97 s. Therefore the
correct WWV time is 10h 31m 37s . With the largest rate, loss is 70.5 h × 0.71 s/h = 50 s. Combined
loss is 51 + 50 = 101 s. Then estimated WWV time is 10h 31m 41s . The wristwatch can be trusted to
about ±4 s on June 30.
†1-27. 1 day = 24 hr = 86,400 s. The earth rotates 360º per day, which corresponds to a rotation rate of
360° 60 min
× = 0.250 min/s. A timing error of 1 s will result in an angular error of 0.250
86, 400 s degree
min. According to Problem 1-14, 1 min = 1852 m, so the corresponding error in position is 0.250
min/s × 1852 m = 463 m = 0.463 km.
1-28. 140 lb-mass = 140 lb-mass × 0.454 kg/lb-mass = 64 kg
140 lb-mass = 140 lb-mass × 0.454 kg/lb-mass × 1/14.6 slug/kg = 4.35slug
140 lb-mass = 140 lb-mass × 0.454 kg/lb-mass × 1 amu/(1.67 × 10−27 kg) = 3.8 × 10 28 amu
†1-29. m planets = (0.33 + 4.9 + 5.98 + 0.64 + 1900 + 553 + 87.3 + 10.8 + 0.66) × 1024 kg = 2.56 × 1027 kg
(to three significant figures). msun = 1.99 × 1030 kg, so the total mass is
mtotal = msun + m planets = 1.99 × 1030 kg + 2.56 × 1027 kg = 1.99 × 1030 kg (to three significant
figures). The fraction of the total mass included in the planets is
m planets 2.56 × 1027
× 100% = × 100% = 0.134%. The fraction of the mass in the sun is 100% −
mtotal 1.99 × 1030
0.134% = 99.9%.
largest length 1 × 1026 m 40 longest time 4 × 1017 s
1-30. = = 5 × 10 . = = 4 × 1041.
smallest length 2 × 10−15 m shortest time 1 × 10−24 s
largest mass 1 × 1053 kg
= −31
= 1 × 1083. The first two ratios are within an order of magnitude of
smallest mass 9 × 10 kg
each other, and the third is roughly equal to the square of the other two. (Note that the first two
ratios will keep increasing because the universe is expanding and aging.)
†1-31. From the periodic table in the Appendix, we see that the uranium nucleus contains about 238
nucleons, each with the mass of a proton. Table 1.7 gives 1.7 × 10−27 kg for the mass of a proton.
Then the total mass of the electrons is (92)( 9.1 × 10−31 kg) = 8.4 × 10−29 kg, and the total mass of
the nucleus is (238)( 1.7 × 10−27 kg) = 4.0 × 10−25 kg. To two significant figures, the total mass of
the atom is 4.0 × 10−25 kg. The fraction of the total mass in the electrons is 8.4 × 10−29/4.0 × 10−25
= 2.1 × 10−4 = 0.021%. The fraction of mass in the nucleus is 99.98%.
1-32. Let m represent the mass of material and M represent the mass of one mole. Then
⎛m⎞ atoms ⎛ 0.1 × 10−6 g ⎞
N = N A ⎜ ⎟ = 6.02204 × 1023 ×⎜ 14
⎟ = 3 × 10 atoms.
⎝M ⎠ mol ⎝ 197 g/mol ⎠
1-33. 1 lb avoirdupois = 0.453 59 kg = 435.59 g (given in the text)
0.453 59 kg
1 lb troy = 0.822 86 lb avoidupois × = 0.373 24 kg = 373.24 g
lb avoidupois
⎛m⎞ atoms ⎛ 10−21 kg ⎞
1-34. N = N A ⎜ ⎟ = 6.02204 × 1023 ×⎜ 4
⎟ = 1.1 × 10 atoms
⎝M ⎠ mol ⎝ 0.055 85 kg/mol ⎠

4
 CHAPTER 1

1-35. (a) Since the density of water is 1 g/cm3, 250 cm3 of water has a mass of 250 g, which is 250
g/(18 g/mol) = 14 mol. Therefore, the number of molecules is 14 mol × 6.02 × 1023
molecules/mol = 8.4 × 1024 molecules.
(b) Mass of sea-water (density = 1030 kg/m3)
is 1.3 × 1018 m3 × 1030 kg/m3 = 1.3 × 1021 kg = 1.3 × 1024 g
Number of molecules of sea-water is
1.3 × 1024 g × 1 mol/18 g × 6.02 × 1023 molecules/mol = 4.3 × 1046 molecules.
(c) Ratio of molecules of water from cup to molecules from sea is
8.4 × 1024/4.3 × 1046 = 2.0 × 10−22 .
The probability of a single molecule drawn from the ocean being originally from the cup is
therefore 2.0 × 10−22. Drawing a cup full then should result in 2.0 × 10−22 × 8.4 × 1024
= 1680 molecules.

1-36. The mass of H2 and He, respectively, is 0.70 × 1.99 × 1030 kg = 1.39 × 1030 kg and 0.30 × 1.99 ×
1030 kg = 0.60 × 1030 kg. The atomic mass of hydrogen and helium, respectively, is 1 g/mol and 4
g/mol. Therefore, the number of hydrogen atoms is
NH = 1.39 × 1033 g × 1 mol/g × 6.02 × 1023 molecules/mol = 8.38 × 1056 molecules.
The number of helium atoms is NHe = 0.60 × 1033 g × 1 mol/4 g × 6.02 × 1023 molecules/mol
= 9.03 × 1055 atoms.
Total number = 9.28 × 1056
†1-37. Molecular mass of N2 = 28 g/mol
Molecular mass of O2 = 32 g/mol
Molecular mass of Ar = 40 g/mol
Therefore, 1000 g of air will contain:
755 g N2 = 755 g/(28 g/mol) = 27.0 mol
232 g O2 = (232/32) mol = 7.25 mol
13 g Ar = (13/40) mol = 0.325 mol
The percentage by number of molecules of these substances is:
N2: 27.0/(27.0 + 7.25 + 0.325) × 100% = 27.0/34.575 × 100% = 78.1%
O2: (7.25/34.575) × 100% = 21%
Ar: (0.325/34.575) × 100% = 0.9%
Therefore, the “molecular mass” of air is
(0.781 × 28) + (0.21 × 32) + (0.009 × 40) = 28.95 g/mol.
1-38. The mass of elements is:
Oxygen: 0.65 × 73 kg = 47.4 kg; atomic mass = 16
Carbon: 0.185 × 73 kg = 13.5 kg; atomic mass = 12
Hydrogen: 0.095 × 73 kg = 6.94 kg; atomic mass = 1.008
Nitrogen: 0.033 × 73 kg = 2.41 kg; atomic mass = 14
Calcium: 0.015 × 73 kg = 1.09 kg; atomic mass = 40.08
Phosphorous: 0.01 × 73 kg = 0.73 kg; atomic mass = 31

5
 CHAPTER 1

The number of atoms of these substances is:

O: 47.4 × 103 g × 1/16 mol/g × 6.02 × 1023/mol = 1.78 × 1027
C: 13.5 × 103 g × 1/12 mol/g × 6.02 × 1023/mol = 6.77 × 1026
H: 6.94 × 103 g × 1 mol/g × 6.02 × 1023/mol = 4.17 × 1027
N: 2.41 × 103 g × 1/14 mol/g × 6.02 × 1023/mol = 1.04 × 1026
Ca: 1.09 × 103 g × 1/40 mol/g × 6.02 × 1023/mol = 1.64 × 1025
P: 0.73 × 103 g × 1/31 mol/g × 6.02 × 1023/mol = 1.42 × 1025
Total number of atoms: = 6.76 × 1027
†1-39. 0.53° = 0.53/360 × 2π rad = 9.25 × 10−3 rad
d = 9.25 × 10−3 rad × 1.5 × 1011 m
= 1.4 × 109 m
r = 6.9 × 108 m
⎛ m⎞ days h s
1-40. 1 ly = ⎜ 3.00 × 108 ⎟ × 365.25 × 24 × 3600 = 9.47 × 1015 m
⎝ s ⎠ year day h
15
1-41. 1 ly = 9.47 × 10 m
2.2 × 106 ly = 2.2 × 106 ly × 9.47 × 1015 m/ly = 2.1 × 1022 m
1-42. 1 light-s (ls) = 3.00 × 108 m/s × 1 s = 3.00 × 108 m
1 light-min (lm) = 3.00 × 108 m/s × 60 s = 1.80 × 1010 m
E-S distance = 1.50 × 1011 m × 1/(1.80 × 1010) lm/m = 8.3 lm
E-M distance = 3.84 × 108 m × 1/(3.00 × 108) ls/m = 1.28 ls
1 2π 1
1-43. 1 second of arc = degree = × rad = 4.85 × 10−6 rad
3600 360 3600
1 AU
(a) = 4.85 × 10−6
pc
1 pc = 1 × 1/(4.85 × 10−6)AU = 2.06 × 105 AU
(b) 1 pc = 2.06 × 105 AU × 1.496 × 1011 m/AU = 3.08 × 1016 m
1 ly = 9.47 × 1015 m
1 pc = 3.08 × 1016 m × 1 ly/(9.47 × 1015 m) = 3.25 ly
(c) 1 ly = 3.00 × 108 m/s × 1 yr = 3.00 × 108 m/s × 3.156 × 107 s = 9.47 × 1015 m
2
2 ⎛ 1 ft ⎞ 2
1-44. 1m × ⎜ ⎟ = 10.76 ft . Note that the conversion factor must be squared.
⎝ 0.3048 m ⎠
3
⎛ 1 ft ⎞
⎟ = 35.31 ft . Note that the conversion factor must be cubed.
3
†1-45. 1m3 × ⎜
⎝ 0.3048 m ⎠
1 m2
1-46. Use the result from 1−44: A = (78 ft)(27 ft) × z = 196 m2.
10.76 ft 2
†1-47. His height is measured to a precision of 0.1 inch, so we want to see how many significant digits
this implies. 8 feet = 96 inches (exactly), so to the nearest 0.1 inch his height can be expressed as
107.1 inches, which contains four significant figures. Converting 11.1 inches to feet gives his
height in feet: 8 ft + 11.1 in = 8.925 ft, which also contains four significant figures. Thus his
m
height in meters should be specified to four figures: 8.925 ft × 0.3048 = 2.720 m.
ft

6
 CHAPTER 1

2
⎛ 3 ft ⎞ ⎛ 1 m2 ⎞
1-48. A = 100 yd × 53.33 yd × ⎜ ⎟ × ⎜ 2 ⎟
= 4.46 × 103 m2, using the result from 1−44.
⎝ yd ⎠ ⎝ 10.76 ft ⎠
3
⎛ 1 kg ⎞ ⎛ 100 cm ⎞
†1-49. 8.9 g/cm3 × ⎜ ⎟×⎜
3 3
⎟ = 8.9 × 10 kg/m . Note that the cm to m conversion factor
⎝ 1000 g ⎠ ⎝ m ⎠
must be cubed! 1 ft = 0.3048 m, 1 lb = 0.454 kg.
3
⎛ 1 lb ⎞ ⎛ 0.3048 m ⎞ 2 3
8.9 × 103 kg/m3 × ⎜ ×
⎟ ⎜
3
⎟ = 555 lb/ft , or 5.6 × 10 lb/ft to two significant
⎝ 0.454 kg ⎠ ⎝ ft ⎠
figures. Again, note that the m to ft conversion factor must be cubed. 1 ft = 12 in, so
3
⎛ 1 ft ⎞
555 lb/ft 3 × ⎜ 3
⎟ = 0.32 lb/in .
⎝ 12 in ⎠
1-50. Assume a mass of 73 kg and a density of 1000 kg/m3.
mass
V= = 73 kg × 1/1000 m3/kg = 0.073 m3
density
cm3 3600 s 10−6 m3
1-51. 92 × 24 h × × 3
= 7.9 m3/day.
s h cm
5.2 × 103 cm3
1-52. 1 liter = 103 cm3, so 5.2 liter = 5.2 × 103 cm3. t = = 57 s.
92 cm3 /s
10−4 m 2
1 cm 2 ×
†1-53. N = cm 2 = 108 transistors. If they’re stacked, N = the number of transistors per
m2
10−12
transistor
layer (108) × number of layers. If the cube is 1 cm high and each layer is 10−7 m, or 10−5 cm,
thick, then the cube holds 105 layers and the cube can hold 108 × 105 = 1013 transistors!
3
g −3 kg 3 cm 1 lb liter
1-54. 1 gal = 3.785 liter. Density = 1.00 3
× 10 × 10 × × 3.875 = 8.34
cm g liter 0.4536 kg gal
lb/gal
†1-55. (a) (3.6 × 104) × (2.049 × 10−2) = (3.6)(2.049) × 104−2 = 7.4 × 102
(b) (2.581 × 102) − (7.264 × 101) = (2.581 − 0.7264) × 102 = 1.855 × 102
7.9832 × 10−2
(c) 0.079832 ÷ 9.43 = 0
= 0.847 × 10−2−0 = 8.47 × 10−3
9.43 × 10
m m 3m 3(2.0 × 1030 kg) 3 g −6 m
3
1-56. Density = = = = × 10 × 10 = 1.5 g/cm3
V 4 4π R 3
4π (7.0 × 108
m) 3
kg cm 3
πR 3

3
m m 3m 3(2.0 × 1030 kg) 1 metric ton −6 m
3
†1-57. Density = = = = × × 10
4
π R 3 4π R 4π (20 × 103 m)3
3
V 103 kg cm3
3
= 6.0 × 107 metric tons/cm3
1-58. Oceans of the earth have 1.3 × 1018 m3 of water. The mass of the oceans is 1.3 × 1018 m3 × 1030
kg/m3 = 1.3 × 1021 kg. Mass of the earth is 5.98 × 1024 kg, so that the percentage of the mass of
the earth that is water is:
(1.3 × 1021 kg/5.98 × 1024 kg) × 100% = 0.02%.

7
 CHAPTER 1

†1-59. From Table 1.10, 1 liter = 10−3 m3. According to data given in the “Conversion of Units” section
of the chapter, the density of water is 1000 kg/m3, so
10−3 m3 1 min
300 liters/min × × = 5.00 × 10−3 m3 /s, and
liter 60 s
5.00 × 10−3 m3 /s × 1000 kg/m3 = 5.00 kg/s.
1-60. 1 in = 1 in × 2.54 cm/in × 1/100 m/cm = 0.0254 m. Therefore volume on 1 m2 is V = 0.0254 m ×
1 m2 = 0.0254 m3 /m 2 .
Mass of this much water is 0.0254 m3/m2 × 1000 kg/m3 = 25.4 kg/m2.
m m 3m
†1-61. This can be solved using proportional reasoning. Density = = = , which means
V 4 4π R 3
πR 3

3
1/ 3
mlead mcopper ⎛ mlead ⎞ −15 ⎛ 3.5 ⎞
1/ 3

= , from which we get R = R ⎜ ⎟⎟ = (4.8 × 10 m) ⎜ ⎟

3
Rlead 3
Rcopper
lead copper ⎜m ⎝ 1.06 ⎠
⎝ copper ⎠
1/ 3
−15
⎛ moxygen ⎞ −15 ⎛ 0.27 ⎞
1/ 3

= 7.1 × 10 m. Likewise we get Roxygen = Rcopper ⎜ ⎟⎟ = (4.8 × 10 m) ⎜ ⎟

⎜m ⎝ 1.06 ⎠
⎝ copper ⎠
= 3.0 × 10−15 m. Note that it was not necessary to include the factor (× 10−25) when expressing the
masses because it cancels in the ratio.
mass 4
1-62. Density is calculated as where V = πr3.
volume 3
Planet Mass (kg) Vol (m3) Density (kg/m3)
23 20
Pluto 6.6 × 10 ? 1.13 × 10 5800 ?
23 19
Mercury 3.3 × 10 5.94 × 10 5600
Earth 5.98 × 1024 1.09 × 1021 5500
24 20
Venus 4.9 × 10 9.51 × 10 5100
Mars 6.40 × 1023 1.62 × 1020 4000
26 22
Neptune 1.03 × 10 4.58 × 10 2250
Uranus 8.73 × 1025 5.65 × 1022 1550
27 24
Jupiter 1.90 × 10 1.52 × 10 1250
Saturn 5.53 × 1026 9.23 × 1023 600
1-63. One dimension of each roof segment must be divided by cos 45°, or multiplied by 2. Then total
roof area = floor area × 2 = 250 m2 × 2 = 354 m2.
1-64. Use the radius of the earth from Table 1-1.
∆s 15 m
∆θ = = = 2.3 × 10−6 radian. In ∆θ ∆s = 15 m
R 6.4 × 106 m
R
degrees, this is (2.3 × 10−6 radian) × (180°/π
radian) = 1.3 × 10−4 degree.
1
†1-65. The slope is the tangent of the required angle. For a slope of 1:5, θ = tan −1 = 11°. For a slope of
5
1
1:10, θ = tan −1 = 5.7°. For a slope angle of 0.1°, tan θ = 1.7 × 10−3, so the slope is
10
1:( 1.7 × 10−3)−1 = 1: 5.7 × 102, so the rise is about 1 atom per 570 atoms.

8
 CHAPTER 1

h
1-66. tan θ = , where D = 75 m. Both D and θ are
D
specified to two significant figures, so the value h
calculated for h must be specified to two figures. θ
Thus h = D tan θ = (75 m)( tan 78°) = 3.5 × 102 m.
D
†1-67. In this calculation, assume that the calendar year is exactly 365 days long and a circle contains
exactly 360°, so these are not interpreted as numbers with only three significant figures. The
365
angle the earth moves through in one calendar year is θ = × 360° = 359.76°. In four
365.24
years, including one leap year with exactly 366 days, the total number of days is 3 × 365 + 366 =
1461
1461 days. The angle the earth moves through in four years is θ = × 360° = 1440.0°,
365.24
which is exactly four complete circles to five significant figures. (The angle is actually a little
larger than 1440.0°, which is why there are some four-year intervals that do not include an extra
day.)
1-68. The sun will set at Marchena n-minutes after 8 PM where
minutes in a day × distance between islands 24 × 60 × 60 × 103
n= = = 2.15 min
circumference of the earth 4 × 107
Therefore, the sun sets at Marchena at 2.15 min after 8 PM.
1-69. The diameter, d of the tree trunk is related to its length, L by
d = AL3/2, where A is a constant
7.6 = A(81)3/2
if L = 90 m, then
3/ 2
3/2 ⎛ 90 ⎞
d = A(90) = ⎜ ⎟ 7.6 = 8.9 m.
⎝ 81 ⎠
The mass, m of the tree trunk is related to d and L by
2
⎛d⎞
m = ρπ ⎜ ⎟ L, where ρ is the mass density.
⎝2⎠
π
6100 = ρ (7.6) 2 81
4
for L = 90 m,
2
π ⎛ 8.9 ⎞ 90
m = ρ (8.9) 2 90 = 6100 ⎜ ⎟ = 9295 tons
4 ⎝ 7.6 ⎠ 81
1-70. Distance from pole to equator = 1/4 circumference. Therefore
1 π π
d = (2πr ) = r = × 6.37 × 106 m = 1.00 × 107 m.
4 2 2
Straight line distance is, using the Pythagorean theorem:
d= r 2 + r 2 = 2r 2 = 2 × 6.37 × 106 m = 9.0 × 106 m.

9
 CHAPTER 1

M 235 g/mol
†1-71. matom = = = 3.902 × 10−22 g = 3.902 × 10−25 kg. In atomic mass units,
NA 23 atoms
6.02204 × 10
mol
3.902 × 10−25 kg
this is matom = = 235.0 u.
kg
1.66054 × 10−27
u
1-72. The molar mass M of water (H2O) is 18.0 g/mol. The mass m of 1 liter (1000 cm3) of water is
m 1000 g molecules
1000 g. N = × NA = × 6.02204 × 1023 = 3.35 × 1025 molecules. Each
M 18.0 g/mol mol
molecule contains one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms, so there are 3.35 × 1025 oxygen
atoms and 6.70 × 1025 hydrogen atoms.
1-73. Molecular mass of N2 is 2 × 14 g/mol = 28 g/mol. The density of air is 1.3 kg/m3. The number of
molecules in 1 cm3 of air is then number of molecules = 10−6 m3 × 1.3 kg/m3 × 1000 g/kg × 1
mol/28 g × 6.02 × 1023 molecules/mol = 2.8 × 1019 molecules.
3 3
cells ⎛ mm ⎞ −3 m
1-74. N = 5.1 × 10 6
3
× ⎜ 1000 ⎟ × 10 × 5.2 liters = 2.7 × 1013 cells.
mm ⎝ m ⎠ liter
1-75. Volume of paint = area × thickness.
volume ⎛ m3 ⎞ −4
Thickness = = (1 liter) × ⎜ 10−3 2
⎟ ÷ (8 m ) = 1.25 × 10 m (0.125 mm)
area ⎝ liter ⎠
2
⎛ m ⎞
1-76. The area is 9.4 × 106 km 2 × ⎜ 103 12
⎟ = 9.4 × 10 m .
2

⎝ km ⎠
mass ⎛ kg ⎞ −4
Area density = = 8 × 106 metric tons × ⎜ 103 12 2
⎟ ÷ (9.4 × 10 m ) = 9 × 10 kg/m
2

area ⎝ metric ton ⎠

1-77. 55 mi/h = 55 mi/h × 1.609 km/mi = 88.5 km/h

= 55 mi/h × 5280 ft/mi × 1/3600 h/s = 80.7 ft/s
= 88.5 km/h × 1000 m/km × 1/3600 h/s = 24.6 m/s
m m 3m 3(9.5 × 10−26 kg)
1-78. Density = = = = = 2.33 × 1017 kg/m3. In metric tons per
V 4 4π R 3
4π (4.6 × 10 −15
m) 3
πR 3

3
2
3 17kg 1 metric ton ⎛ 1 m ⎞ 8 3
cm this is 2.33 × 10 3
× 3
×⎜ 2 ⎟ = 2.3 × 10 metric tons/cm .
m 10 kg ⎝ 10 cm ⎠
h 3600 s
1-79. 120 yr × 365 days/yr + 237 days = 44067 days. 44067 days × 24 × = 3.81 × 109 s
day h
1
1-80. h = slope × 300 m = × 300 m = 33.3 m. d
9 h
d = (33.3 m) 2 + (300 m) 2 = 302 m.
300 m

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 CHAPTER 1

1-81. The distance traveled by the plane gliding:

x = 5 × 103/tan 15°
= 18.7 × 103 m = 18.7 km.
Therefore the pilot can reach San Francisco.

⎛ R ⎞
1-82. θ = cos−1 ⎜⎝ Rth ⎟⎠

⎛ 6.4 × 106 ⎞
= cos−1 ⎜ 6 3 ⎟
⎝ 6.4 × 10 + 2.3 × 10 ⎠
= 1° = 0.027 rad
τ = Rθ = 6.4 × 106 × 0.027
= 1.71 × 105 m
= 171 km

†1-83. The arc AB has a length of 3900 km, so the half angle
θ is 1950 km/RE, where RE is the radius of the earth. A C
φ
Using the value from Table 1-1 gives h
θ = (1950 km)/(6.4 × 103 km) = 0.305 radian = 17.5°. d/2
(a)The linear distance d from A to B is B
RE
d = 2 RE sin θ = 2(6.4 × 103 km)(sin17.5°) = 3840
θ θ
km. RE
(b)The depth h at the midpoint is
h = RE − RE cos θ = RE (1 − cos θ ), which gives O
3
h = (6.4 × 10 km)(1 − cos17.5°) = 296 km.
(c) “Horizontal” means parallel to the surface of the earth, or tangent to the surface of the earth at
that location. The tangent line is shown in the diagram, and the slope angle φ between the tangent
and the line AB is shown. Since the radius OA is perpendicular to the tangent line and the radius
OC is perpendicular to the line AB, the angle φ must be the same as θ. Thus φ = 17.5° and the
slope is the tangent of that angle: slope = tan 17.5° = 0.315. Using the ratio form of slope gives
slope = 1:(0.315)−1 = 1:3.2. (This is a quite steep slope!) Note that to observers standing at each
end, the tunnel appears to be sloping down into the earth.

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