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Ding thai, rén da phat trién nhiéu thanh phd ven bién s2 duge moe lén, Do dé, nhu cau v8 nude cho sinh hoat & céc Khu vye nay edn duge quan tam giai qu ‘vi nude bién va nude lg khéng thé ding tryc tiép cho sinh hoat. ‘Trén thé gigi, tir lau con ngudi da nghi dén vie khir man nude bién bang cach bay hoi va ngung tu nhumg higu qua cha cao, Mot gidi php mang tinh dOt ph durge dura ra va img dung thinh edng dau tién Mj vio nhing nd 60 cia thé ky trade d6 la lge nude ign va nude Ig dé sir dung cho sinh hoat bang céng nghé tham thau nguge RO. Cho dén nay ky thugt nay ngy cng duge hodn thign . Tuy nhién, 6 Vigt Nam chua duge nghién iru ting dung nid. Trong khudn khé d& an t5t nghigp nay em tip trung tim hiéu vé cng nghé mang RO vva ting dung trong linh vye khit man, Bio cfo nay I 1a nhing két qua thu thap bude diu cho d@ tai tt nghigp trén trong thoi gian thue tip tt nghiép. Két thie loi mo dau em xin chan thinh cam on thiy Dang Xudn Hién, Newai da tao digu kign va tan tinh giip d9 ching em e6 duge nhimg budi tham quan ede e6ng trinh xix Iy nude cdp va mde thai rit hide thy. Sinh vign Neuyén Binh Mai Nghién citu khit mén medic bién bang céng nghé mang thdm thdu ngwoe ‘Trang |Vim thoa hoe vi cing mghé mi tring Baio cio thee tip wi mghilp MYC LYC DANH MYC CAC HINH 4 DANH MYC CAC BANG 6 CHUONG I: TONG QUAN VE KHU MUOI VA ade a CONG a KHU MUOINUGC BIEN. i LI. Cée vin 4 vé ngudn nude wen whi da LLL. Sucung tig va phan b6 nude trén hanh tinh:{2).... 11.2, Vai trd eta nude: 2], 1.2. Thanh phin va tinh chat cua nuiie va nude bién: 1.2.1, Nhimng dae tinh chung cua nuée tinh khiét-[1] 1.2.2. Thanh phan eiia nude bién-{1] : 1.2.3. Can bing cite mide bién:(1] 1.2.4, Céc each biéu thj d6 man nude bién:[7], 1.3, Sw can thigt phai khur man nude bién: fi 14, Khai quat vé tinh hinh khir min mudi bién trén the gid: 1.5. Ce cOng nghé khir man nue bién:[3] 15.1. Phan logi cdc bign phap khir mudi 15.2. Cée phuong php migt:...... 1.5.2.1, Bay hoi nhanh nhiéu bac (Multi Staye Flash - MSF). 1.5.2.2. Bay hoi da higu tig (Multiple Effect Evaporlation - MEE): 15.2.3. Bay hoi don hieu img (Single Effeet Evaporlation - SEE):.... 1524. Moré gi inh Khir mud i dong ng mg hit Kee 15.3. Cong nghé mang... a a 1.5.3.1. Mang diga tham (Electro Dialysis - ED)... 1.5.3.2. Ming tham thaw nguge (Reverse Osmosis - ROY: 1.6, Lara chon céng nghé khir mudi phii hop: . xy Khir mudi: 7. Van dé moi trang nay sinh tir cée nha n : : Te aera seeeteeeaeteneeet nee eeeeeceeeaeeceeisteeteatiaeaes sone 26, CHUONG II: CO SO LY THUYET CUA CONG NGHE THAM THAU NGUGC RO 27 ILL. So lugt vé ede loai mang va qué trinh mang: 27 ILL.1. Cac loai mang chinh[4) 7 1.2, Cée qua trinh mang:...... ca a seen 27 1.2. Cée khdi nigm lign quan: [5]... Sse erent geeaaeelaetseEtE | 1.2.1. Gidi thigu qué trinh loc mang: anteeet 27 1.22. Hig mg him th vim thd ng: er eestveaeacte 230) 11.2.3. Mo hinh dp sua tha thaw: : ee eal 1.2.4, Tinh toén ap suat thm tha ee ool 11.3. Cée co ché van chuyén:[ 4) 32 11.3.1. Gigi thigu hai ea ché van chuyén chinh:. 32 113.2. M6 hinh khuéch tan... : 234 11,3.2.1, Gradient 46 va Gradient suat trong mang: : cease ad| 1.3.2.2. Ap dung mo hinh khuéch tan cho tham thaw ng... 139) Nghién citu khit mén medic bién bang céng nghé mang thdm thdu ngwoe Trang 2Vim thoa hoe vi cing mghé mi tring Baio cio thee tip wi mghilp IL-4. Cae yéu 16 anh hong dén qué trinh tham thau nguge:{ 7]... 42 11.4.1, Anh hudng cia edu tric dung dich: 42 11.4.2. Anh hurting etia chat di6M IY? nnn snnnnne 43 44 11.4.3, Anh huong cua ap suat lim vige: 11.4.4, Anh hung cua nong 46 dung dieh:.. 11.4.5. Anh hugng cia edu trie mang: idsceenaneacennneeaaeensenoee 1 11.46, Hign tuong phan eye nang 46: 45 15. Ung dung thém théu nguge trong khir mn nude bién:{ 4] 46 11.5.1. Co so ly thuyét ctia qué trinh khir mudi: 46. 115.2. Anh hudng cia ap suat dong, néng d6 mudi (NaCl) va nhigt d6 ctia nude can xit ly én qua trinh lim vige ciia mang tham théu ngugc-[4] 47 1.5.2.1. Anh hung cia 6p suat dat vio: ... 47 1.5.2.2. Anh hung cita nong a9 mudi: : AT 1.5.2.3. Anh hudng cia nbigt d 48 11.5.2.4. Anh hurong ciia mot s6 yu t6 kde? oe ssessseeneeue Errata ae CHUONG III: GIGI THIEU MOT SO TRAM XU’ LY NUGC CAP VA NUOC THAL DA THAM QUAN oso é so) 116. Cie tram xie ly nude ep va kis khong: erence 11.6.1. Tram xit ly nude ep cho khu céng nghigp Bac Thing Long: 50 11.6.2. Tram xit ly nude ep cho nha may ma kém - Ma mau LiLaMa: 1.6.3. Tram khtt khong cho nha may ma kém - Mau LiLaMa... 1.6.4, He thang Ige nude RO edp cho hg théng sin xudt Hidrd cua nha may ma mau LiLaMa 55 17. Cée tram xir I nude thai esa 11.7.1. Tram xir ly nude thi sinh hoat cho khu cdng nghigp Bie Thang Long 57 17.2. Tram xir I nude thai cua nha may gidy Bai Bang: 59 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO... ci secrtstssenetensseneseetenOT Nghién citu khit mén medic bién bang céng nghé mang thdm thdu ngwoe ‘Trang 3Vim thoa hoe vi cing mghé mi tring Baio cio thee tip wi mghilp DANH MUC CAC HINH Chucong 1 Hinh 1 Ty 16 che loai muse trén trai dt Hinh .2 Thanh phin céc nguyén 6 co ban trong nude bién Hinh 3 Nha méy bién nude bién thanh nude ngot tai vinh Tampa, MS. Hinh 14 Nha may bién nud bién thanh made ngot véi céng suat 800m"ingay 6 Israel, sit dung cong nghé tham théu nguge Hinh 1.5 Farasan - nha may bién nude bién thanh nue ngot lin nhét trén thé gidéi nim Hinh 1.6 Nha may khis mudi Tuas. Cong trinh dau tién & Singapore - No cung cp 10% rnhu edu muée cho nurée miy Hinh 1.7 So 4 nguyén tie qué trinh khir mudi Hinh 1.8 So 48 phan logi cdc qua trinh khir mudi Hinh 1.9 H@ théng khir mudi bay hoi nhanh nhiéu b§e - tuan hoan dung dich mudi (MSF - BR) Hinh 1.10 Hi thang bay hoi nhanh nhiéu bac - dong di qua mét lin ( MSF-OT) Hinh 1.11 H@ thing bay ho’ da bac -trdn ding (MSF ~ M) Hinh 1.12 HE théng bay hoi da bac - nén hoi (MSF ~ VC) Hinh I.13 Hi thang chung da higu img véi dang vio song song (MED - PF) Hinh [.14 Qué trinh bay hoi don higu ting nén hoi ea hoe (SEE - MVC) Hinh I.15 Su loai bo ese ion trong qua trinh dign thim Hinh 1.16 Su di chuyén céc ion trong qué mang dign thim Hinh 1.17 So 48 quy trinh khit main bing mang thim théu nguge RO Hinh 1.18 D6 thi biéu di mot sO nue Iurgng nude duoc khit man bing c6ng nghé tham théu nguge & Chuong IT Hinh II, I Céc loai mang co ban Nghién citu khit mén medic bién bang céng nghé mang thdm thdu ngwoe Trang 4Vim thoa hoe vi cing mghé mi tring Baio cio thee tip wi mghilp Hinh I1.2 Cac qua trinh mang co ban va kich thuée 16 ede mang, Hinh 113 M6 ta qua trink mang Hinh IL4 Hii céch a3 dp sudt van hah trong qua tinh mang Hink I.5 Qué trinh thdu va tham thiu nguge Hink HL6. Mé t sy vin chuyén dung méi qua ming xép va ming chit Hinh 117 Kich thuge mao quan vi ly thuyét ap dung tt nhit cho ede qua trink ming co ban Hinh IL.8 Sir xuyén thm curdng bite cla dung dich m6t thanh phan theo mé hinh khuéch tn Hinh 1.9 Thé hod hoe, ap suat va hoat hod dung méi qua mang thdm thau theo co ché khuéch tan Hinh 11.10 Dit ligu vé sy loai bé mudi va déng nude di qua khi cho thim thau mot dung dich mudi (3.5 % NaCl) qua mét mang tham thau nguge chat lugng cao, Dong mudi thi tuomg thich véi céng thite II. sy giit Iai la mét hing sé va khéng phy thudc vio 4p sudt.Con dong nude trong eOng thite II. ting lén theo dp suit va dong bing 0 & dp suit 350 psi euia nude bién Hinh IL.11 Hin twong phan cue ndng 46 Hinh I1.12 Biéu dd anh hung cia ap sudt dén qué trinh tach mudi bing mang RO Hinh 11.13 Biéu 48 anh huréng ciia ndng 46 dn qua trinh tich mudi bing ming RO Hinh 1.14 Anb hudng cia nbigt 49 dén qué trinh kh mudi Churong 1H Hinh 11.1 Sq 48 qui trinh céng nghé tram xit lf nud cép cho khu cing nghiép Bic ‘Thang Long Hinh I11.2 Mat bing tram xir ly nude cp cho khu céng nghiép Bic Thing Long Hinh 113 So 48 quy trinh xir I nude cp cho céng ty ma k8m ma mau - LiLaMa Hinh IIL4 So 6 nguyén ly ctia hé théng khtr khong nuée cap cho day chuyén ma Hinh ILS So 45 nguyén If hé théng loc nude bing eéng nghé RO cap nude cho hé thang sin xuat hiro Hinh IIL6 So a6 quy trinh céng nghé xir ly nude thai sinh hoat khu céng nghi¢pBic ‘Thang Long Hinh [11.7 Mat bang tram xit ly nude thai sinh hoat cho khu céng nghiép Béc Thang Long Hinh IIL8 So 48 quy trinh cng nghé xir ly nude thai nha may gidy Bai Bing: Nghién citu khit mén medic bién bang céng nghé mang thdm thdu ngwoe Trang 5Vim thoa hoe vi cing mghé mi tring Baio cio thee tip wi mghilp Hinh IIL.9 Co cau cdo rie Hinh T11.10 Khuay tron hod chat Hinh 111.11 Ngan phan ing Hinh 111.12 Bé ling ngang va co cdu hut bin Hinh IIL. 13. Sq 48 diéu khién hé théng cho bé cén bing, thap lim mat va bé tigp xiie sinh hoe Hinh IIL14 So a8 digu ke Hinh IL15 So a8 digu ki Hinh I1.16 So a8 digu khién cho bé chita bin, va he théng ép bin bang tai in vi kigm soait cho bé tiép xiie sinh hoe va aeroten -n va kiém soat thap khit khi, bé ling thir cp va bom bin Hink IIL17 Bin tin dong 6 cudi bé ling ngang DANH MYC CAC BANG Bang 1.1 Tinh hinh sin xuat nude ngot tir nude bién & mot s6 nude trén thé gidi Bang 1.2 So sanh phuong phap khir mudi bing phuong phap nhiét va mang Bang I. 1 Thé hién kich thude mao quan va dp sudt cin dat vao cho mét sé qué trinh mang Nghién citu khit mén medic bién bang céng nghé mang thdm thdu ngwoe Trang 6Vim thoa hoe vi cing mghé mi tring Baio cio thee tip wi mghilp CHUONG I: TONG QUAN VE KHU' MUOI VA LUA CHON CONG NGHE KHU' MUOI NUOC BIEN 1.4.Cac van 48 vé nguén nude trén trai dat: 14.4.8 cung dng va phan bé nue trén han tinh:[2] Nue bao phi 71% dign ich cia qua dat trong d6 c6 97% li made man, edn lai 1a nude ngot. Trong 3% lugng nue ngot ¢6 trén qua dat thi ¢6 kho’ng hon 3/4 Iwong nuée ma con ngudi khong sir dung durge vi né nim qué sau trong long dat, bj déng bing, 6 dang hoi trong khi quyén va 6 dang tuyét trén lye dia, chi ¢6 0,3% mude ngot hign dign trong song, sudi, a0, hd ma con ngudi da va dang sir dung. Tuy nbie nhiém ra thi chi e6 khoang 0,003% la nude ngot sach ma con ngudi cé thé sir dung duge vi néu tinh ra trung binh méi ngudi duge cung cp 879.000 lit nude nggt dé str dung (Miller, 1988). néu ta trit phan nude bj 6 ink 1.1°T9 Wee oat nue ern er Nuc trén tral dat voc ngot 3% Séng 2% K. \\ Nuoc tren. ude ngee uae mat ust dat ‘ngot (long) [Nauén: Gleick, P. H, SH Schencide, Vi nguyén mu Bach khoa tir diéa v8 khi bu ith ‘Quyén II, Nha xuit ban Dai hoe OXFord, New york, 1996 Hon nia xét vé mat dia li, sw phan bé cia nude la khong dong déu. 15% lugng nude ngot toan cau duge gitt tai khu ve Amazon, Ngay trong kiu ve Dia trung hai, cée mrde gidu vé ti nguyén nude (Phép, Y, Thd Nhi Ki, Nam Tu ed) chiém t6i 2/3 long nude todn khu vye. Tinh trang nay din dén sy phan ha nhiing nude gidu vi nghéo tinh theo ti Ig tai nguyén nude trén dau ngudi: Giao dong tir chua dén 100m'/nam dén 10.000m'/nam. Dui ngutng 1000m'/nim/dau ngudsi nbiing c’ng thing bit dau xuit va ngudng thiéu nude durge xe dinh & mite 500m’ /ndm. Khong nhitng thé luong nude lai c6 sur phan b6 khéng déng déu theo théi gian, C6 mot sy mat cén di vé Ingng nude gitta ‘mia kh@ han va miia mura va gitta ce nam. Nghién citu khit mén medic bién bang céng nghé mang thdm thdu ngwoe ‘Trang 7Vim thoa hoe vi cing mghé mi tring Baio cio thee tip wi mghilp 14.2.Val trd cua nuée: [2] Nude gitt cho khi hau tuong d6i dn dinh va pha loang cde yéu 16 gay 6 nhiém moi true, ‘Nude la thanh phan cdu tao chinh yéu trong co thé sinh vat, chiém tir 30% - 97% trong. lugng cua co thé, ching han nh 6 nguéi nude chiém 70% trong lugng co thé va Stra bién nude chiém t6i 97% ‘Trong linh vue néng nghigp de lai cang khong thé thiéu, khong c6 nude sé khong ¢6 wong thye nudi séng con ngudi va cung cp ning Iiong cho sy van dng cia cdc hé sinh thai trong ty nhién. Mét nghién cir toan cau gan day do céc nha nghién cia ‘Vign Quin ly Nude Quéc té cho thdy it nhit 30% di cdn duge sir dung dé duy tri digu kign cita cde hé sinh thai nude ngot. dng ehay cia song ngdi trén thé Tuy khdng sit dung nude nhiéu nhu ndng nghigp nhung nude cing khdng thé thiéu trong hau hat céc hoat déng cng nghigp Negay nay dich wy va du lich ngay edng duge ch trong phat trién va day ciing 1a Tinh ‘vue tidy t6n nhigu muse. .2.Thanh phan va tinh chét cia nuée va née bién: 1.2..Nhing dic tinh chung cia nuée tinh khiét:{1] Nutée tinh khiét e6 cdng thite hod hoe ki H:O, trong phan tir nue e6 hai phan tir hydro va mOt nguyén tt Oxy. Cée phan ti nude khong nn tai rigng ré ma tao thanh tig nhém phan tir nhir cae lign két hydro. Nude c6 thé tén tai 6 thé rin, long hose hoi. 6 sip suét khi quyén Tat, nude dong die & nhigt 46 0 °C, s6i 6 nhigt 46 100 °C. O nhigt 46 thong nude tin tai 6 thé long, Phan tir nude c6 mémen hyng eye cao, hang s6 dign méi cao, ty trong Ikg/I, nhigt dung riéng Ical/g’c , nhiét bay hoi cao (540 cal/g), sire cing bé mat cia mrde bing 73 dyn/cm* ‘vi d@ nhot bang 0.01 poise 6 20°C. Nude c6 mot sé tinh chat dac bigt sau: = Nude 6 kha ning hoa tan mot s6 chat rin, n6 la dung dich dign ly véi anion, cation va céc chit khong dign ly € cute co thé hoa tan trong nurée vi ning 46 cao. Khi néng d6 ang thip tan cing I6n thi nhigt d6 sOi cia dung dich cing cao va nhigt d6 déng bang = DO hoa tan ciia khi vao nude phy thude vao nhigt dO va Ap sudt, Thuong thi d6 hod tan tang khi nhigt d6 giam va ap suat tang. Gia tri cia cae théng 56 hoa tan c6 thé xée inh theo dinh tuat Henry. = Site cang bé mat cita nude lin hon site cing bé mat cia nhigu chét khéc, tinh chat nay gitip ta kiém tra cde yéu t6 vé mat vat ly, diéu chinh giot va hign tong bé mat Nghién citu khit mén medic bién bang céng nghé mang thdm thdu ngwoe Trang 8Vim thoa hoe vi cing mghé mi tring Baio cio thee tip wi mghilp Nude khéng ¢6 mau, trong sudt, cho anh sing va song dai di qua. = Nude 06 ty trong t8i da 64 °C cho nén bing néi trén mt nude. = Nhiét bay hoi cia nude lin hon nhiét bay hoi ct sndt long khde cho nén nd thurdng duge sir dung trong cde qua trinh truyén nhiét. = Nhigt hod tan eta nude cao hon ede chit Ling khic va tgo digu kign gitt nhigt do 6n dinh 6 diém tinh khiét cua nude, = Nhigt dung ring cia nude cao hom nhigt dung riéng cia cdc chit long Khe 12.2.Thanh phan cia nuée bién:[1} Nuc bién 1 san pham két hop gitta nhing khdi lwong khéng Id cae axit vai bazo tir hig giai doan diu cia si hinh thanh tréi dat, Cac axit HCl, HsSOy va CO; sinh ra tir trong long dat do sy hoat dong cia ni lira két hgp véi cde bazo sinh ra do qué trinh phong hoa cde dé théi nguyén thuy va tao thanh mudi va nude. ‘Thanh phan chit yéu cita nude bién la cde anion nh Cl, SO,”, CO. cation nhu Na’, Ca™,...Néng 49 mudi trong nude bién 1én hon nude ngot 2000 lin, Vi bién va ede dai duwong thong nhau nén thinh phin cée chit trong nude bién tuong di déng nhat. Ham lugng mudi (46 min) cé thé khac biét nhung ty 1é vé nhéing thanh phan cchinh thi hau nhw khong d0i. ‘Trong nude bién ngoai Hz va O ra thi Na, Clz, Mg chiém 90%K, Ca, S (Dudi dang, $0.") chiém 7% tong long cac chat. G dai Tay durong ty Ig Na/C1 = 0.55 ~ 0.56. 6 Thai Binh Duong va Dai Trung Hai ty 1g Mg/C1 = 0.06 ~ 0.07 va K/C1= 0.02 Dai duong [a noi King dong cudi cling ciia nhiéu vat thé, sin phdm cau nhiéu qua trinh hod dia cing nhu cfc chat thai do hoat eng cia con ngudi tha vio. Dai duong chép ‘han qua trinh tuan hoan lai tir cae Iue dia, siz hod tan va bay hoi ctia nhigu sinh vat trén trai dat Dign dat theo ngon ngit hod hoe thi “Nude bién ld dung dich cia 0.5 mol NaCl, 0.05 mol MgSO, va vi long cua tit ca cde nguyén t6 6 mit trong toan cau” Nghién citu khit mén medic bién bang céng nghé mang thdm thdu ngwoe Trang 9Vim thoa hoe vi cing mghé mi tring Baio cio thee tip wi mghilp ‘ink 12 Voanh phn ede nguyen 1 ev bam trong nue Biba Sea salts Sea water cae Nagnesur Ngwins hepfenwikipedia.org/wikiImage:Sea_salt-e_Ng.svE 12.3.Can bing cua nu6e bién:{1] ‘Ngudi ta ude doan ring trong khoang 500 trigu nam , dai duong da trai qua 5 trigu lin quay vong, nghia la chu ky 1 vong quay la 1000 nam va do dé pha long da bi xéo tron menh Can bing nude bién rit phic gp vi d6 18 hin hyp cua mot hé théng cée nguyen 18 véi nhiing théng sO de déo nhu: Nhié¢t 46 trung binh: 5°C (0 ~ 30 °C); ap suat trung binh: 200 at (1 at 6 b8 mat va 1000 at 6 duréi day) ‘D6 pH trong nude bién dao déng dn dinh trong khoang 8.1 + 0.2 é pE trong nue bign dao dng trong khong 12.5 + 0.2 12.4.Céc cach biéu th d@ man née bién:(7] Dé xc dinh thinh phin nud bién nguéi ta thudng sir dung céc thang s6: Bd Clo, 46; mudi (26 man); tingle madi = Dé Clo ciia nude bién la ting s gam bac edn c6 dé lim Clo, Brom, iot 66 trong. 0.328523 kg nude bién d6 két tia hodn toan. Don vi do d6 Clo la %o (phn nghin). Ki hig 46 Clo la Cl % = DG mudi (DO man) cia nude bién 1a tong so gam mudi ho’ tan trong 1000 gam nude bign, trong dé cée mudi cacbonat, bromua, iotdua, duge thay thé fing cic oxyt hitu co. DG mudi tinh bing %o va ki higu S Se tuong ting va ké e@ oxyt etia cc Gitta d9 mudi va 46 Clo ciia nude bién e6 hé thite lign hg sau: $% = 0.030 + 1.8050*CI %e - Téng lugng mudi cua née bién 1a ting sé gam cae loi mudi c6 trong 1000 gam nude bién, Téng lung mudi eiing duge tinh bing, Se va ky higu 2% Nghién citu khit mén medic bién bang céng nghé mang thdm thdu ngwoe ‘Trang 10Vim thoa hoe vi cing mghé mi tring Baio cio thee tip wi mghilp ‘H¢ thite lién hé gitta d6 Clo va tong lvong mudi qua hé thite sau E%o = 0.073 + 1811XCI%e = Nude bién chira cang nhiéu mudi hoa tan thi cing dac vi nguge lai. Dé biéu thi mite 49 dic, loing 46 cia nude bién, ngudi ta ding mot thuat ngit ndng do. Nang 46 nurde bién do bing Bomé ké duge goi la ndng do Bomé (°BE). Nuée bién chiia cing nhigu ec mudi hoa tan thi dé Bamé cdng lém. Quan hé gitta nding d} Bomeé va ty trong nude bién & 15°C 1443 Os= aap 1443-"Be,, Trong d6: dys: Ty trong cia mae bién 6 15°C Be: Nng d9 Bomé eta nude bién & 15°C Quan hg gita nding 49 Bomé va nhigt d9 cia muse bién “BK (0.00002748 °BE,s —0.00007837)*t? — (0.00158*"Bé,s + 0.00326)*t (1.01675"Béys + 0.2242) Trong d6 "Be: Nong do Bomé ca nurse bien 6 15°C U: Nhigt d6 nude thai "Bé\.: Nong do Bomé cia nude bién 6 15°C Pham vi ép dung cng thite trén trong khoaing ti 0 40°C 13.Sy cn thiét phai khir mn nuée bien: : ‘Trén Trai dit, mde bién neay cing déng vai tw quan trong trong vige cung edp nurie uudng do vige phat trién ede nguén nude ngot ty nhién bj han ché, Nhu da ndi dén 6 trén, khoang 97% nude trén trai dat 1a nude bién. Nude ma con ngudsi cé thé sit dung dé ding 3 chi chiém 0,01% tng lugng made ngot. Trong khi 46, dan s6 toan cdu ting t6i séu ty ngud 3,5 ty ngudi trong sé nay chac chin sé di mat véi tinh trang thiéu nuée.[9] ching han nhwr nuge trong song va ‘vao nim 2000 va sé dat tim tj vao nam 2025, Nhing con sé théng ké gin day dang thye sy lim ching ta lo ngai. Cir 6 ngudi, e6 1 ngudi khong thuong xuyén co duge nguon nude udng an toan. Hon 1/3 dan so, tire khoing 2,4 ty ngudi khong o6 cdc didu kign vé sinh diy di, Cir mi 8 gidy lai c6 mot te ‘em chét vi céc bénh lién quan dén nude, va cic bénh nay gay ra 80% bénh tat va cdi chét @ cae nude dang phat trign- dé that sy la bi kich d6i véi loai ngudi khi tir Kau ching ta da hain ra ring cée ean bénh nay d& ding phong trénh durge [9] Nghién citu khit mén medic bién bang céng nghé mang thdm thdu ngwoe ‘Trang 11Vim thoa hoe vi cing mghé mi tring Baio cio thee tip wi mghilp Doi vei Vigt Nam ching ta khong thigu nude dén mite tram trong nhung dign tich dat nude trai dai doe theo 3260 km doc theo bé bién, new nghigp LA ngdnh phat trién theo hung dénh bit xa bér phai liu Kiu ngay ngoai bién, nginh van tai bign dang trén da phat trién manh mé, nhitng chién tau ché hang di trén bién rit dai ngay. Dae biét dan ow trén. cée dio etia Vigt Nam van chura e dit nude sinh hogt. Nguén nude sinh hoat cho eu dn trén dao chit yéu 1a nude mura hose nuée duge cher tr dat lién ra, uy nhién nude duve cha tir dt lién ra v6i chi phi tong di cao va khdng phai la céich gidi quyét tot nat ‘Dong thai dat nuée ta dang trong qué trinh céng nghiégp hod manh mé, céc thanh phd du lich ven bién, cée thinh phé cng s8 moc lén nhanh chéng va tai cdc 46 thi nay ngudn nue ngot cling khdng dé dng gi e6 duge. Tir nhiing nhin nhan nhw vay ta thay khir m&n nude bién la vige Kim can thiét dé giai quyét phan nao ngudn nude sinh hoat cho cong ding. LA Khai quét v8 tinh hinh Khir mn nuée bién trén thé Neiy nay, trén thé gidi & 66 nhigu nha may bién muse bién thinh mide ngot tai ‘Trung Dong (Israel, Ardp Xéit), Dia Trung Hai (Malta), chdu My, Nam Au, Caribbean, Nhat Ban, quin dao Channel, dio Tenerife va Gran Canaria - noi nguén nus ty nhién rit hiém do lugng mua thdp. Isracl va A-Rap Xé-it phai phy thuge nhiéu vao nhing nha ‘may nhu vay 48 cp nude cho ngudi dan trong khi cic bang Florida va California etia MY cing bit diu xdy dung nha may loc nude bién. 18 nha may kiéu nay dang durge xem xét xay dumg tai California, Trong nhiing thip ky 1960-1970, eu tr Idi cho tink trang thiéu nude 1a xdy dung, nhigu hé chia hon, Tuy nbién, gid dét gia ting da lam cho ede edng ty nude throng mai khong thé Iya chon gidi phép nay. Khir mudi trong muée bién 1a mt gidi phap tuong d6i méi, Né bit nguén tir Trung Déng vao nhing nam 1980 va 1990. Trong téng s6 hon 7.500 nha may khtr mudi dang hoat dng trén toan thé gidi, 60% nim tai Trung Dong voi tng cong suat 16 ty lit nude mdi ngay. Nha may Ige nude bién lin nhdt Trai dat 6 A-Rap Xéuit sin xudt 128 trigu galon mdi ngiy (tuong duong 581 trigu lit). A-Rép Xé-it 1a nude sin xuit murde ngot tir nude bién \én nhat thé gi6i, dap img 70% nhu cau nuée udng hign nay cia dét nude edng nhu cung cp cho cae trung tam d6 thj va cong nghigp théng qua mang ludi duong dng dai hon 3.700km, Nhiéu nba méy mdi dang duge trién khai va st dua tng 26 nha bidn nude bién thanh nude ngot én gan 30. Trong khi dd, 12% nude duge khir mudi eta thé gidi duge sin xudt & chau MY véi phan lon nha may nam tai Caribbean va Florida. ‘41 Tinh hinh sin wut mute ngot te nude bién & m9 36 muse tren thé gid Nghién citu khit mén medic bién bang céng nghé mang thdm thdu ngwoe ‘Trang 12Vim thoa hoe vi cing mghé mi tring Baio cio thee tip wi mghilp Nuwe ‘SO to may Cong suit (m'/ngity) Cée tiéu vuomg quée A Rap a ee thong nhat Bahrain 156 1.151.204 Arap Xéit 2.074 1.656.043 Oman 102 845.507 Qatar 94 1.223.000 Kuwait 178 3.129.588 Libya 431 1.620.652 Iraq 207 418,102 Ai Cap 230 236.865 Israel 2 149.594 ‘Algeria 174 301,363, Tunisia 64 148,882 Yemen 66, 132.897 ‘Ngwin: itp: setnamineton/Khoahoc ovo 2004706108037 inh anh mt s6 nha may khit mudi trén thé gigi Hint 4 Nh miy bién made bién Hin LS Farasan ~ whi may ‘in3 Ns my vidn muse bia ath “Auge goat Gone. tage lem mae bien th ne mee nh made nga tat vinh TAMD% Sogmraaiy oe Iracl, sir dang cing Kin obit tn thE git nm ph ight thm thw ngage, AsRip Xe kt mudi Tas, Cig rs Singapore N6 cong cp 10% ahu eu nave eho nude may Neu: hutpi/sietnammet.vwkhoahoe/hose/2004/06/160869) Nghién citu khit man mud bién bang cong nghé mang thd thu ngwoc ‘Trang 13Vim thoa hoe vi cing mghé mi tring Baio cio thee tip wi mghilp 1.5.Cac cong nghé khir man nuse bién:[3] hie musi: Ban chat cia gud trinh khir mudi la tach cée mudi ty do 6 trong nude bién hose nude lo, véi cite mudi 66 trong dang nude dau vio cia qua trinh khit mudi sé duge nang cao néng do trong dung dich cia dong nuge thai bé sau xtr IY. Ca hai phurong phap nhiét va loc mang duge sir dung trong Tinh vue nay. Hinh 1.7 m6 ta. Khdi nigm ca qué trinh Khir ‘mudi, hinh I.8 dua ra cic loai eng nghé chinh trong hai qué trinh trén. Hink 1.7 So db nguyen ie qua tein ki mud 4c dang ning hong Niet Bin co — i BS pha phn tc) Nude bién a hoe nixve lo Mbitihoie ming — Sebi . Neu: H. El-Dessouky and HL Ettou ESCWA in January, 2001, Hinh 1.8 So ad phn ogi ee qua tinh Khe mudi . aa = irceratuane eee Jie: meatal ae Conroe EPMO [Sete est the Ger Nga TE EDessouky and ‘Sindy on water desalination fochnolagies™ prepared or Ain January, 2001. Nghién citu khit man mud bién bang cong nghé mang thd thu ngwoc Trang 14Vim thoa hoe vi cing mghé mi tring Baio cio thee tip wi mghilp 1.5.2.Céc phuong phap nhigt: 1.5.2.1.Bay hoi nhanh nhigu béc (Multi Stage Flash - MSF): Phuong php niy duge thuong mai hoa vao nhiing ném 50 cia thé ky XX. Hé théng loai nay ¢6 nhting de trung sau: + Cb tir 15 dén 25 bae + Cong suat e6 thé dat duge giao dong tir I ~ 15 trigu gallon/ngay + Nhigt dd cua dung dich mudi trong hé théng ttr 70-90 °C Trong céng nghé nay ngudi ta da phat trién thém nhing hé théng khéc nhau dé nang cao higu qua cia qua trinh chung v6i mét sé céng nghé co ban thude nhém nay nh: ‘Tuan hoan dung dich mudi, Nuée di qua hé thdng | lan, Nén hoi, hay khudy, trong s6 40 thi he théng bay hoi nhiéu bae c6 tuin hodn dung dich duge sit dung rOng rai nhat © Hé théng khir mudi bay hoi nhiéu bac tudn hodn dung dich mudi: lam mat (M,,) sau 46 duuge dua tré Iai bién, dong thir hai la dong nguyén ligu vio hé théng (M9. Dong nay duge Khir Khi va xtt ly hod hoc & bO phan thai mhigt true khi vao cée bac chumg phia sau. ‘v6i théng nay, nue du vio duge chia thanh hai dong, Dang thir nhat li dong Dang dung dich twin hodn (M,) duge ly tir bé chita & Bae cudi cling eta bO phan thai nhigt va durge dura vao cée ng ngung ty 6 bac cudi cing ciia bo phan thu hoi nhigt. Dong. nay duroc gia nhiét nh sy hip thy dn nhiét ngmg ty. Dang hoi néng (M,) duge ngumg ty bén ngoai bé mat cde Sng ngung ty. Con dong dur dong ngung ty va nhigt dé cia né tang lén dén gid tri cue dai, hay goi TBT (Tu) dich mudi thi hép thy an nhige eta Dung dich nuée mudi néng di vao céc bc bay hoi nhanh & b6 phan thu hi nhigt sau 46 di sang b9 phan thai nhigt, tai day m6t it hoi nude doe tao thanh bai su bay hoi dung dich mudi trong mdi bac. Nhu mé ta & dude hoi duge ly nh& vao sy gidm ap sudt trong. bie Trong mi bée bay hoi thi hoi duge ngung ty bén ngoai cae ay ho ng ngung ty, tai day dong dung dich mudi tuin hodn (M,) di bén trong éng dé lam lanh hoi hoi néng bén ngoai. BO phan thu hOi nhiet c6 tée dung lam ting nhiet d9 ca dung dich mudi Hoi nude ngung tu bén ngoai cdc dng ngung tu duoc tich trit lai qua cde bac va tao thanh dong sin phim cét (M,), dong nay di qua nhiéu bée theo hudng tir bac c6 nhigt 46 cao dén bac 6 nhigt d6 thap hon va nude di duge loai mudi durge thu hdi 6 bac cudi cng ea bQ phiin thai nbigt Sur bay hoi va hoi nude duge hinh thanh bi gidi han béi sir gia tang thé tich riéng & nhigt d thép ciing nhu nhtmg khé khan gap phai trong qué trinh van hanh & p swat tinh Nghién citu khit mén medic bién bang céng nghé mang thdm thdu ngwoe ‘Trang 15Vim thoa hoe vi cing mghé mi tring Baio cio thee tip wi mghilp thap. Theo kinh nghiém chung thi nhigt d6 6 bac cudi cing khoang 30 ~ 40 °C tong tng Véi van hanh trong mia dong va mita he. Whig bée bay hoi cia hé théng MSF hoat dong duéi 100°C va dp sudt thp. Trong qué trinh hoat d6ng dung dich nude mudi c6 thé gia ting céc khi hoa tan duéi dang vet do sit ro Fi tir ngodi vdo, do sy khir khi khng hoan toan 6 thap khir khi hay do phan giai CaHCO,, didu nay c6 thé 18 nguyén nhén chinh [A gid van We tai nhit wita cée budng bay hoi vii nhau. Theo thi gian diéu nay c6 thé lim gia ting khuynh hudng &m mon va gidm van te bay hoi. Qua trinh tién xir ly nude bién trace khi dua vio hé thing (My+ Mcx) thug chi la qua trinh loc so b6 va k¥ hon la thém céng dogn khir khi va bé sung cac hoa chat dé gidm sy déng can hay kéo mang trong thiét bi. Hin 1.94 thd kit wut bay bot nha nb - tuin hodn dung dich madi (MSF - BR) = ER inguin PSH gun: H. ELDessouky and H. Ettouny, “Study on water desalination (echnologies", prepared for ESCWA in January, 2001. © Hé théng khir mudi bay hoi nhiéu bac cho dung dich di qua mét Lin: He théng nay cdng twong tw nhu hg théng trén (Hinh) v6i sé bac twong duvong nhau . Nhung khéng cé c6 b6 phan giai nhiét nhw hé théng (Hinh ), nhu vay dung dich mudi hist di vi thai ra cOn mang mOt nhigt 46 twong d6i cao digu ny 06 thé 1am 6 nk ngudn tigp nhan lai né (thurémg thi né duage dura lai bién) Nghién citu khit man mud bién bang cong nghé mang thd thu ngwoc Trang 16Vim thoa hoe vi cing mghé mi tring Baio cio thee tip wi mghilp ‘ink 1.10 thing bay hot nhanh nbitu be ~ dng dk qua mpc tin (MSF-OT) = Enel Banos Nguin: H. ELDessouky and H. Ettouny, “Study on water desalination technologies", prepared for ESCWA fn January, 2001, © Hé théng khir mudi bay hoi nhiéu bac khudy tron dung mudi Hé théng nay cing c6 nguyén tie hoat dong nhur hé théng MSF véi sé bac twong dong, tuy nhién nade khi di vao day budng chung t dong nude bién duge tron véi mot phan ciia dong dung dich mudi xa, B6 trdn c6 tie dung gia nhigt cho dung dich tude khi vio cde bong bic hoi. Voi hé thong nay ta tan dung duge mot phan nhi¢t thai dua tro lai hé thong dong thoi ‘glam mot phan nhigt thai ra moi trudng. inh 1.11 Wig ning bay hot da be tem dng (MSF ~M) "oere a Mig ls deviation th ri mig Esta gud: EL-Dessouky and Hl. Ettouny, “Study on water desalination (echnolosies”, prepared for ESCWA in January, 2001, © Hé théng khir mudi bay hoi nhiéu bac nén hoi Véi hé 1 ng nay thi nude durge gia nhiét va lam bay hoi 6 diu vao sau dé hoi nay duge hit va nén bing céc Ejecter va tgo thanh ding khi néng, nbigt nay duge dura dén dé Nghién citu khit man mud bién bang cong nghé mang thd thu ngwoc ‘Trang 17Vim thoa hoe vi cing mghé mi tring Baio cio thee tip wi mghilp ‘8ia nhigt cho cée buong bay hai theo bée & phia sau. Va dong dung dich mu Khoi day budng chung duge dua lai dé wia nhigt bc hoi nude diu vio, Hind 1.12 14 bog bay bot da bend bo (MISE — ssau khi ra acta a tren loner exter a hin ere on ism ached Diag test HL Ek-Dessouky and H. Ettouny, “Study on water de ESCWA in January, 2001, jon technologies", prepared for 1.5.2.2.Bay hoi da higu tng (Multiple Effect Evaporlation - MEE): Bay hoi da higu img hay con goi la qua trinh chung da higu img (Multiple Effect Evaporlation - MED) va né 6 co sé tir qua trinh bay hoi nhieu bac (MSF), MED 1a qua trinh chung cat cng nghiép lau déi nhat duge sir dung trong Khir man rude bién, N6 ld cong nghé chile chin, ki thud hoan hao, cht lvong mude edt cao, va qua tinh hoat dng theo d3i_ 8 ding. Hign tgi Khong 3.5 % lugng nude khir mu gigi duge tao ra bing phuong phap nay én thé Phuong phap nay c6 thé durge phan thanh hai logi i MED nhiét 46 thap (LT - MED) va MED nhigt 46 cao (HT - MED), D6i v6i hé théng LT ~ MED thi nhigt 46 lm vige c6 thé thép & 60°C — 70°C va nhigt 46 ra 6 higu ting cudi cing ¢6 thé & 40°C, qua trinh nay sir dung nang long higu qua hon so v6i hé théng MSF va thoi gian kim vige khodng 23 nam. Con HT ~ MED thi sir dung dong khé nhigt d6 cao, qui trinh déng ein duge kiém soat trong suét qué trinh tién sir ly cua dong nude bién vio, HT - MED duge sir dung nhigu hon LT ~ MED va higu suat cua qua trinh nay gap doi HT ~ MED. Sau ay 1a mot qua trinh dién hinh cho e&ng nghg ny ‘+ Bay hoi da higu tg voi dong vao song song: Hé théng MED bao gim mot s6 thiét bi bay hai thusmg tir 8 — 16, thiét bi ny tam vige theo nguyén tée trao d6i nhigt gidn tiép, mot day ede hdp béc hoi, ede bo ngung tu va hé thing thing gid. Mot “higu img” riéng ré bao gdm bo phan trao doi nhigt, KhOng gian bay hoi, bo khir suong va cde phy kign khac, Trong thiét bj bay hoi thi ding mde duge Nghién citu khit mén medic bién bang céng nghé mang thdm thdu ngwoe ‘Trang 18Vim thoa hoe vi cing mghé mi tring Baio cio thee tip wi mghilp phun tir trén xudng dudi dang cae hat nho li ti va tiép xtie voi cae Sng duge bo tri nam gang, cée Ong nay e6 dong ki di qua bén trong. Trong hé théng dong hoi di tir trai sang phai theo chiéu gidm 4p sudt, cdn don nude bién hay dung dich mudi di thing géc véi cée “higu ”, dong nude duge dan tir thiét bj bay hoi thir nhat dén b6 phan bay hoi thir hai, tai day dong nude duge tron ln voi dong hoi Nude bign hit vio duge dura vio binh ngung, tai day né hép thy an nhigt cia hoi nuée ngung tir “higu ting” cudi cing, sau khi qua binh ngung nhiét d6 cua nude dau vao dive ting 1én, mt phin nude lam tanh thi duge dua tré lai nguén, phiin kia thi chia thank anhigu dng duge xit ly hod hge, durge khir khi rdi sau d6 phun vio cfc thiét bj bay hoi Trong méi “higu ting”, nhigt d9 tng 1én dén nhigt 46 s6i tuong img véi Ap sudt trong khong gian bay hoi trrde mt Iueng nho hoi nuée duge tao thank, Ngung tu kiém soat lurgng hoi qué mhigt di vao bén trong efe bé dng o“higu ting thir nhdt” cung edp nhu edu nhigt cho gia nhigt lai va bay hoi Dang hoi mang nhigt di vao qua trinh duge c4p tir mdt ndi hoi bén ngoai, nude cb 46 sach cao 6 thiét bj bay hoi thir nhat dirge dura tré lai n6i hai. “Hind 1.138 thing chug da higa ira, vt ding vio song song (MED - PI Sipe ‘Ding ich md . F1touny, “Study on water desalination technologies" prepared for CWA in Janay, 2001. [Negoai qué trinh trén di véi quy trinh bay hoi nude bi inghé khéc nb - Bay hoi - Bay hoi da da higu ting cdn mot sé cong. gu img dong vao ndi tiép igu img ding vao di theo hudmg thing dimg Nghién citu khit mén medic bién bang céng nghé mang thdm thdu ngwoe Trang 19)Vim thoa hoe vi cing mghé mi tring Baio cio thee tip wi mghilp 1.5.2.3.Bay hoi don higu ng (Single Effect Evaporiation - SEE): Day cling 18 qué trinh bay hoi nhung don gidn hon so véi ede higu ting trén vi qua trinh nay chi di qua m6t thiét bi chung. Sau day la quy trinh bay hoi dom higu img phd bién nhdt ~ Qua trinh bay hoi dom higu ig nén hor ea hoe. © Qué trinh bay hoi dom higu img nén hoi car hoe’ Trong qua tinh nay nude bién (Ma Ty) du tidn duge chia thinh hai ding va. bom ‘vo hai thidt i trao di mhigt gidn tip. Mot dong tao 46 nhigt vi sin phim (Ma, T.JeOn mét dong trao déi nhigt voi dung dich mudi thai bé (M,, T,). Dong nude bién vao di trong cfc dng ca thit bi con déng sin phkin va dng mu6i thai bé di ben ngodi tht bi ‘ng chim, Nude bién vao sau khi trao doi nhigt vi hai dong trén sé duge gop lai mot dong (Mp {) trade khi duge dra vao thiét bi bay hoi, con ding sin phim sau khi tra0 di nhiét véi dong nude vio sé thanh san phim cudi cing (Mg.T.) va dong mudi thai la dong (Mp.To) Dang (Mst) sau 46 duge dan vio thap chung bang cach phun digu vao tiét dign thap ‘bing mt gitn phun, nude sau khi duge phun dui dang ede hat nhd Hi ti s€ tig xite véi ‘bé mat ngoai cia cdc dng trao doi nhigt durge xép ngang bén trong cic ng c6 dong hoi néng di qua. Khi tigp xtc véi ede éng trao d6i nhigt thi made hép thy én nhigt va tang nhigt d6i dén nhigt boc hoi hoi nay di qua tém khir suong va sau dé duge ngung tu thanh dong sin pham (Mg, T.), con nurde bién sau khi di qua gian béc hoi sé tang ning d6 mui vva di xudng day thap tgo thnh dong dung dich thai (My.T)) He théng nay Ia h@ théng chung cé dién va twong ddi don gian, higu sudt bay hoi chua cao déng thoi chit long nude sin phim sau khi cat cing thap hon so véi cdc hé thong a Hink 1.14 Qui trinh bay hoi ew hge (SEE -MVC) Tata be = Cocke, sin be Dong eh ml x = Tt Metta an sit Sar encom _Nauén: HL El-Dessouky and I. Ettouny, “Study on water desalination technologies”, prepared for ESCWA in January, 2001. Nghién citu khit mén medic bién bang céng nghé mang thdm thdu ngwoe ‘Trang 20Vim thoa hoe vi cing mghé mi tring Baio cio thee tip wi mghilp 1.5.2.4.M@t s6 qua trinh Khir mudi str dung nang lweng nhigt Khac: ‘Trong quy trinh Khir mudi si dung nhigt ngoai cde hé théng e6 thé 4p dung & quy mo cong nghigo trén thi ngay nay ngudi ta phat trién thém mot s6 phuomg php mii cing sir dung nang Iugng nhigt nhung kh6ng tigu ton nhiéu nang lvong nhi vao vige tin dung cic gudn ning lugng ti tyo nhur nding hxgng gid, ning lung mat i, ning lung song hay tan hay tn dung qué trinh bay hoi tw nhién. Hode da vio sy ehénh Iéch khdi lung riéng iia nude ngot va nude bién & nhigt 46 dong dic dé ding bang va thu hdi nude ngot, tuy nhién trén thyc té thi bién phap nay khéng kha thi kim. 1.5.3.Céng nghé mang: 1.5.3.1.Mang dign thm (Electro Dialysis - ED): ‘Theo cing nghé nay murée bién hose muse ky duoc bom vio khodng gitta cée mang, trao d6i ion véi ap suit thap, s6 song va xen k@ nhau, ei m$t mang trao déi cation thi dén mt ming trao d6i anion think Iwgng cae mang c6 thé lén dén hang tram mang dat song timg cum. Ming trao déi cation la nhing mang chi cho phép cée ion dwrong chuyén qua. Ming ‘rao di anion chi cho phép cde ion am di qua. Trong qué trinh mang dign thim tach, tap chit durge tich loai Khoi mure nor dong ign, Dong dign mét chiéu chuyén cic ion qua ming dé tao ra dong nude ngot va dong nue mudi cé néng a6 cao hon. Mang sé hinh thinh mot rio can giita dung dich mudi va ra hién trong phan ce nng 46, tita khae, “nude ngot”. Phia mang cé néng 46 mudi cao héné gi nhiém ban hitu cg, tao can khoang chat da voi va céc inh 1.15 Sw ogi bo cdc ion trong qu trinh ign Hin 1.16 Swi chuyén ci ion trong qué ming dign ‘him ‘him Neuin: H. ELDessouky and H. Ettouny, ESCWA in January, 2001 ration technologies”, prepared for Nghién citu khit mén medic bién bang céng nghé mang thdm thdu ngwoe ‘Trang 21Vim thoa hoe vi cing mghé mi tring Baio cio thee tip wi mghilp 1.5.3.2. Mang thém thdu nguge (Reverse Osmosis - RO): Trong qué trinh thim théu nguge, mde tir nguén dung dich mudi 4p Ie cao duge tich mudi hoa tan bing cach thim qua mang ban thim. Dang chat long tham qua mang dyoc gi la dong Ipc (Permeate), né durge sinh ra do chénh lech ap suat gita dung dich mud 4p suit cia dang san phim xp xi véi ap sudt khi quyén. Phin cdn Igi cia dung dich cdp vao tiép tue chay qua mang bén phia c6 ap suat cao va tao ra dong dae (C6 ham Ingng mudi cao). G day hoan toan khong cn gia nhiét va cling khng dién ra qué trinh bién déi pha, Do dé nang Iuong chu yéu 1a cp cho qua trinh tao ap dang vao hé thong RO. <6 Ap suat Lim vige ctia hé thing RO déi voi nude Ig tir 250-400 psi, cdn déi vei nude bin tr 800 ~ 1000 psi Trén thyc té, nude cép duge bom vao binh kin dé tao ra ap suat trén bé mat mang. Mét phan nude thim qua mang, phan cdn lai sé ¢6 ndng d6 mudi cao hon ndng 46 mudi cap 18 6 cde mm dn lai ngudi ta xd bot mot phin ra kkhdi binh chita. Néu khdng xa thi ndng d§ muéi trong dung dich cp vio sé khang nging ting lén din t6i yéu edu nang Iuong ep vao cing phai gia tang dé khic phue hign twong aia ting ap suit thm thé Hinh 1, Biéu doan ear bin sau hoa tan trong pl quy trinh Khir min oa mét hg théng thim théu nguge gbm cic giai = Hat nude tir bién vio (Intank seawater) Cée nha may khir mudi thong dat gin bo bién nhung vi mye nude bién thép ding thai thuong dy nude ech xa bo tir vai chye dén vai trim mét do 46 ma phai tn nang lugng cho bom dé hitt née tir bién vao. = Tidn xt ly (Pretreament): Nude truée khi ep vao edie module mang Ige cin phai logi bé chét rin to ling, iéu chinh pH cho phi hyp, bd sung thém cée tre ché kiém soat thanh phiin cée chat gay n tong déng can trén bé mat mang nh CaSO, , cing nhu cdc thanh phin o thé kkéo mang sinh he trén bé mat mang rahi - Tyo dp va phan tach bing ming RO (Reserve Osmosis Process): Ap suat duge tgo ra nhir hg théng bom. Tuy thude vao tig logi mang ciing nhw thanh phin va ndng d trong nude ma sip lye duge (yo ra khée nhau khi dura vio hé théng tich ming Do tinh chat de bigt cia mang bin thdm ngén chan céc mudi hod tan nhung Iai cho phép nurée thim qua. Nén két qua la sau khi di qua ede module mang, tir ding nude bién ban dau s@ tao thanh hai dong: Dong nude tinh khiét va dong dung dich mudi dém dic. Nghién citu khit mén medic bién bang céng nghé mang thdm thdu ngwoe ‘Trang 22Vim thoa hoe vi cing mghé mi tring Baio cio thee tip wi mghilp Do mang khéng hon héo nén céc mudi hoa tan van ¢6 thé tham qua no, két qua la trong. dong sin phim vin e6 thé ehira mot lugng nho mudi hod tan ‘Mang thim thdu nguge thudng duge thiét ké duéi dang cde module véi cde dang khée nhau nh: + Module dang cugn xoan + Module dang soi x6p + Module dang dia Nhung trong s6 d6 thi module dang xoain 6c duge sir dung rong rai va higu qui hon ca, Trong hinh 1.17 biéu dign mét module dang xoiin é¢ dién hinh = Xir ly b8 sung On dinh nude (Post -Treament) ‘Nude san phim sau khi ra khoi hé théng loc RO sé duge diéu chinh pH va duc ‘rude Khi vo bé chira va vao hé théng phan phdi - Trot trong bé chita (Freshwater storage): Thong thug thi nude sau xit ly duge xa vdo cée bé chia trugie khi dura vio mang ludi phan phéi ‘Miah 1.1780 4b quy tinh Kbit mn bing mdng thim thi nguye RO MB ct meee sach Orne bién clp vio _Neuénchttpliwww.awa.asnaulContent/Navigation Menu2/AboutWaterandtheWat erindustry/WaterFacteFactSheetsDevalintion! Nghién citu khit man mud bién bang cong nghé mang thd thu ngwoc ‘Trang 23Vign khoa hye vé eng nghé mai tring Biéo edio thu tip tt nghigp L6.Lya chen céng nghé khir mudi phi hop: Dé dura ra suv ha chon phii hyp nhim phat trién mOt cong nghé thich img v6i xu hung phat trién cong nghé khir man trén thé gidi déng thoi thich hop voi digu kign Viét ‘Nam ta phai o6 nhimg so sinh nhat dinh giira cde céng nghé khée nhau vé nhiéu mat, Bang 1.2 So sanh vé mét s6 chi tiéu gitra hai cong nghé nhiét va céng nghé mang ‘Bing 1.2 So sinh phrong phip kit mudi bing phuwng phip nhit va min MSF MED | ME-TVC | MVC RO ED ‘Nnigeap |= 120 =e 26 <6 Sas SE lam vige co, Dang ning | Steam | Sieam | Sicam | Mechanical Mechanical | Elesiat Tgmg (Elearcal) | Eletical) | “Energy energy energy Tidu thy | average [average [average | average | avenge nang lrgng 35 1S 1 &14* S78 (kWivim') Chit hrgng | — pa ~ pd va ‘gradient hoat tinh etla dung mdi (Y¢q)Mey) widm lién tue tr bén dung mi (nurée) sang ben dung dich mudi. Két qua la nude di chuyén tir phai sang trai Hinh 11.9 (b) biéu din thoi diém can bang tham théu, khi ép sudt dit duge ép vao ben ‘mén thi dong dung méi qua mang sé bing 0. G hinh 11.9 (b) thi ap suat bén trong mang duge gia thiét 1a khéng doi (p.). O day e6 mot diém gay ép sudt tai bén thim cia mang, tai day ap sud mdi, ap suat nay bang higu (p. - p:) 66 thé duoc biéu thi nhw trong cdc biéu thite vé sy chénh léch thé hod gitta dong vio va dung dich thm, aim 46t ngQt theo m&t dung thing ding trp, xubng py, dp sult bén dung Méi quan hé gitta mang va bén dung dich thm la bing voi dung dich nay. O day, cong thre 2.12.66 thé loi dung méi quan hé cua hai hos thé: Miso = Hur 219) Nghién citu khit mén medic bién bang céng nghé mang thdm thdu ngwoe ‘Trang 37Vim thoa hoe vi cing mghé mi tring Baio cio thee tip wi mghilp Mini 1.9°TW6 bod hoe, 4p suit va hogt hos dung mdi qua ming Uke tn theo ech Khu in Dense soluton-atusion membrane ‘Dang dich ond fing Nude (Dung ms (@) Thi thin ae en Thé hos hye ,, ———-———] Ap suit > ‘Hoot aah dung myn (©) Cin bing thm th 9 ———_ Ngwin: Richard W.llaker, Membrane Technology and Application ‘Va nhu vay: RT In(yiim ny) + 0: Po = RT In(yana) + v:p1 (2.20) Viét Iai ta duge: RT In ttyony ~ RT In(yany) = ~0, (Pa pd (2.21) ‘Tai diém cf bing thim thaw A(yi ni) ¢6 thé duge biéu dign AGM) = Yarra ~ Yaron (2.22) ‘Va khi yom ~ I, thay thé cOng thite 2.20 vio céng thitc 2.21 ta duge: RT Inf ~ Afy, ms] = ~0, (ps pd (223) Khi A(yi ni ) rit nho thi Inf ~ A(yi ni )] = A(yi ni) cOng thite 2.23 age nit gon: Nghién citu khit mén medic bién bang céng nghé mang thdm thdu ngwoe ‘Trang 38Vim thoa hoe vi cing mghé mi tring Baio cio thee tip wi mghilp ~v(p.— pi) var AGini) RT RT (2.24) O day: 6 chénh fp suit (p, -p)) = IT va dong bing 0 Néu mot dp sudt cao hon dp suat thm thiu duge dat vio bén dung dich mudi cia ‘mang nh hinh 11.9 (c) thi sy chénh Iéch thé hod qua ming sé ting lén, két qua li ¢6 mot dong chuyén tir trdi sang phai, Day 1d qué trinh tham théu nguoe: 1.3.2.2.Ap dung mé hinh khuéch tan cho tham théu ngugc: z Ching han ta xét qué trinh tham thu nguge dé téch dung dich gdm hai edu tir made (i) va mudi (), Sau day 1a mot thi tye tng quét, Céc hoa thé & hai bén ming thi lie déu duge cin bing, toi b& mit chuyén tiép déng thi ap sudt cin dong dung dich véi ap subt bbén trong mang 1a ding nhét (Nhu hinh 11.9¢) edn bing hod thé tai bé mat nay duge biéu ign: Ginny = Ky yy (2.25) ‘M6t su chénh ap t6n tai 6 bé mat thm (Nhu hinh IL.9¢) tit p, trong mang dén p, trong dung dich thim, Sy can bing hod thé qua bé mat nay duge cho bt Hm — (2.26) CChuyén di tong dng hai bigu thire cho hod thé cia dong nén duge nhu cdg thise 2.26 ta duge _ Hor, + RT Int ana) + 0s (Pt ~ Pad Din dén: Bas RT In(7uimPt0)) * 0; Po Pied (227) BLP, — By) Ing am) = IMO ePiem) > 2.28) Quy hogch vi thay thé cho hg sé hap thy, K¢ (Theo Hence) vio cing thie 2.10, cho tabi thie cm Kiscuerp| 29) ‘Céng thire trén cho ta cdc ndng 46 bén trong mang tai bé mat chuyén tiép trong cong thite 2.25 va 2.29 thay vdo dinh luat Fick ta durge: a Et cee Cong thire 2.30 va biéu thite duong Iueng cia edu tir j cho dong nude va dong mudi qua ming. thim théu nguge trong méi lién hé gitta sw chénh Iéch dp sudt va ning 6 qua mang, ¢6 mot su giai thich cho biéu thite 2.30 ciia mot dung dich hai edu tir trén lan la cho phép tinh nang lam viée ciia mang duge tinh todn cho cic dO thim D, K'/I vi D, Nghién citu khit mén medic bién bang céng nghé mang thdm thdu ngwoe Trang 39Vim thoa hoe vi cing mghé mi tring Baio cio thee tip wi mghilp Kl, va cée néng 46 dong ¢,, and c),. Tuy nhién, théng thuong thi cong thite 2.30 duge don gin bai gid thiét ming chon Ioe rit cao, tie 1a D, KV >> D, K'/1, Day 18 mot gid thiét tt cho céc mang thim thdu nguge duge sir dung tach mudi trong nude. Xét dén dng mde dau tién, G mét diém ma tai d6 duge dat vio mét ép sudt thuy tinh edn bing v6i gradient hoat hoa cia nue, diém can bing thm théu (Hinh 2.9 b). Khi d6 dng nude ‘qua mang biing 0 va cng thire 2.30 tré thanh: {=etazy]|, B - | 231) Hay: =v (Az) xp) 2AAa) 2.32 of + | (2.32) ap suat thuy tinh cao hon 4/7, céng thie 2.30 va 2.32 hgp Iai thanh: = DK io fog) ~Pille. zpos] j= DE ef eA ey Hay: Oday: ‘Ap: Higu dp sudt thuy tinh qua mang (p, - p). Mot tinh todn thir cho bigu thite: —p, (4p Ax)/RT thi nh duréi diéu kign chuan ca tham thu nguge. Vi dy, trong nude mudi khi Ap = 1000atm, Ax = 10 atm, and v, = 18 cm’/mol, thi thanh phin vi (4p ~ 4x)/RT khoang 0.06 Cae digu kign khong di, don gin 1 — exp(x) + x as x + 0, edng thite 2. durge viét lai mt céch gan ding: (ap-An) TRT 2.35) ‘Cong thie niy e6 thé don gin thanks Ji = AtSp ~ dx) 2.36) 6 day, A 1a mot he 86 bing biéu thite: D; Keun; /RT , Trong thim théu nguge, A thurimg durge goi la Héing s6 thd made (water permeability constant. MGt cach trong tr, don gidn biéu thire cho dong muGi, Jj, xuyén qua mang ¢6 thé duye suy ra, bit du véi bigu thie ding hudng 2.30 Nghién citu khit mén medic bién bang céng nghé mang thdm thdu ngwoe Trang 40Vim thoa hoe vi cing mghé mi tring Baio cio thee tip wi mghilp mE, Vi biéu thite ~», (4p ~ 47)/RT rit nho va. ham md trong biéu thite 2.37 tién dén 1 cho eal}, ex (€,.-¢,) 238) ce) 2.39) 6 diy B thusng goi la hing s6 thm eita mudi va n6 o6 gid ti DK r B 2.40) Céc dy bio vé sy vén chuyén cia nude vA mudi qua m@t ming thém théu nguge ép dung mé hinh khuéch tin (Bat ngudn dau tién boi Merten va Cac eng su). Phi hgp voi Ong thie 2.36 dong nude xuyén qua mot mang thdm thdu nguge nh 6 mot Ap suat cho rude cata dumg dich mudi sau 46 ting lén theo ip suit dit vio. Céng thire 2.39 tong hop \V6i ding mudi bi chan cha yéu phu thude vao dp sudt, Mot vai két qua duge bigu hign ‘nh hinh 1.10 , nhwr thé hign trong hinh thi mot biéu thite duce got la hé s thu hoi (git lai), R duge dinh nghia: )*100% aly HG s6 thu héi (itt Iai) div dodn kha nang phan tich muéi tir dong dung dich vio Doi véi mét mang chon Igc hoan hao thi mudi di qua, cy = 0 va R = 100%, doi voi mt mang khOng chon lye thi ¢,7 = cy VAR =O Trong hinh II.10 Ta thy R tang lén theo dp sudt dat vao vi dong nude thi tang theo dp sudt nhumg dong mudi thi khong. ‘Mink 1.10 Dai yb tog 6 mu vd dng nae i qua ki cho thim thiu mt dung dish musi G.5 % Nac ‘qua mc ming thm thu nguye chit lrgng exo. Ding moo thi nrg thi wt eng hie 2.36 surgi Iai fi mit hing s8 va Khing phy thuge vio dip suit Can dong nude trong cong thie 12.39 tang Len theo Ap suit "a dng bing 0 p suit 380 ps eta mae bien Nghién citu khit mén medic bién bang céng nghé mang thdm thdu ngwoe ‘Trang 41Vim thoa hoe vi cing mghé mi tring Baio cio thee tip wi mghilp 2 From Wiens and Baker (1995) 2s Dong mae (Lin) | 8 ‘Muéi duge git lai 5 8 Bo ato — 600 B00 7005 7200 Ap suat tac dung'pso) Ngwin: Richard W.Baker, Membrane Technology and Application fe yéu t8 anh hudng dén qué trinh thm théu nguge:[7] 1144.Anh huéng cua edu tric dung dich: Dung dich la mot hn hop déng thé it nhat 1a c6 hai cu tir va e6 thanh phan thay di ‘Vi dung dich gm nhiéu edu tir nén dae trmg chi yéu cia dung dich la néng dé, 10 ring sir phan bé chit tan, sy lign két gitta cée phén tir dung mdi va phan tir chit tan tao thanh mét ding thé sé quyét dinh tinh chat dic trmg cia dung dich, tit cd c tinh chit trén eiia dung djch digu phy thud vio edu trite dung dich va néng d6 dung djch ma it phy thude vio bain chit dung dich é gidi thich 1 nh hudng eta edu tric dung dich dén qué trinh kim vige ciia mang ngudi ta dwa vao cde dic trung “Nhiét ddng va cdu tric dung dich” Khi hoa tan mot chat fan trong mat dung méi nao 6, thi lap tie €6 sy tong tae gitta phan tir dung mdi va phdn tir chat tan ddng théi sinh ra higu img nhiét, higu img nhigt cla qu trinh hoa tan nhiéu khi rat lin, Vi vay, c6 thé cho ring: Qué trinh hoa tan la két qua iia mét phan img dae bigt 46 ta0 ra md lign két git dung moi va chat ta, Newai ta goi Nghién citu khit mén medic bién bang céng nghé mang thdm thdu ngwoe ‘Trang 42Vim thoa hoe vi cing mghé mi tring Baio cio thee tip wi mghilp qué trinh nay la qué trinh solvat hod (Hay qué trinh Hydrt hod): qua trinh nay duge dink ghia: Hydrat hod 1a sur dinh hudng eita ee phan ti née xung quanh ion chit tan, chuyén ng cing véi ching va téc dyng twong hd Hin nhau, Solvat hod ta dank tir chi qué trink trén nhumg dung moi khong phai la nue 1.4.2.Anh hung cia chat ign ty: Nhigu tée gid nghién ecru qué trinh téch cfc mudi v6 co tit dung dich nude bing phuong phap thim théu nguge da chi ra ring véi ede ion khée nhau tién hanh trong cing mét digu kién nhur nhau trén cing mét mang thi cée dic tnmg cita qué trinh tach cing khée nhau, Nhwr vay, qué trinh tach edn phy thude vio bin chit ctia cée chat dign ly & trong dung dich. Nhu da néi 6 trén kha nang hydrat hod khée nhau iia ede ion ¢6 anh huong dén tinh lya chon va thim thdu cia ming, Qua thye té nghién cir nhidu tc gid dua dén két luan: Dé Iya chon tang khi kha ning hydrat hod eta ion tang (Twong tng voi ban kinh ion gidm) va nguge ta Kha nang hydrat h of iia ede ion duge sip xép nhu sau: Jon hod tri 1: Li’ >Na’ >Rb°>Cs* Cr>Br >NO">1 >CNS Ton hod tr 2: Mg”">Ca"'>Cr°">Ba” Ton hod tr) 1&2: Sr*> Ba’ >Li">Na"> S0*>CI>Br>NO*>1 DG bén cia v6 hydrat hod duge danh wid nhur sau: (2.42) ‘Trong dé: 2x: dign tich anion 14: ban kin ion (A°) 0.25: Hang s6 dae trung cho sy khong di xing 6 vi tri iuong eve eta phan binge [Nhu vay khi d9 bén hydrat hod tang thi d@ fa chon tang va dd thim thiu giém, 1.4.3.Anh huéng ca ap sudt lam vige: MOt trong nhimg yéu t6 anh hung dén qué trinh tham thau ngwgc ¢6 tinh chat quan trong Id ép suat lim vige. Muén qué trinh tham théu nguge xy ra ta phai tao ap suit lin hon dp sudt thim thdu dé tao ra déng lye cla qué trinh. RO rang 4p sudt cing ting thi dong lye ctia qué trinh (AP-ATI) eang én, dé thém théu va d6 chon loc cing ting, tuy Jy trong timg ving Ap suét khang giéng nhau. nhién mite 49 ting cita céc thng Nghién citu khit mén medic bién bang céng nghé mang thdm thdu ngwoe Trang 43Vim thoa hoe vi cing mghé mi tring Baio cio thee tip wi mghilp Trong qua trinh loc mang thi khdng phai lam vige 6 dp suat cing cao thi cang t6t vi khong nhing 49 thim théu gidm, 9 chon loc khong ting duge bao nhiéu ma edn do ‘mang bj nén qué ldn dan téi mang bj bién dang qua gidi han dan hdi, lam pha huy cdu trie ctia mang. Thong throng mdi loai mang cae nha sin xudt déu dua ra cae thong sé lam vige nat dinh, 11.4.4.Anh huéng cla néng 46 dung dict Néng 46 dung dich cing la mét yéu 16 it quan trong anh hung dén qué trinh kam vige cia mang, khi ning 46 thay 46i khéng nhing déng Ive cha qué trinh thém théu nguge thay d4i (do dp suit thim thu phy thude vio ning dO) ma edu trie etia dung dich cing thay adi. Trong dung dich nguii ta thung chia thanh 3 ving néng d9 sau: - Ving néng dé loding: La ving néng cong tin tai cae phan tir nude @ trang thai ty do trong dung dich ~ Ving néng d9 gidi han: Tai eting nay khong edn tn tai ede phan ur nude & trang thai ty do ma né da 6 trong lop vo htdrat gin va xa. = Ving néng 49 c6 de: Tai ving nay toan b6 nude da chuyén vo lép v6 hydrat hoa thir nhat. ‘Theo mét sé tée gid khi chuyén tir ving ndng d6 cao sang ving néng d6 nay sang ving néng dé Khac thi cdu tric dung dich thay ddi dot ngot. ‘Véi dung dich loing anh hudng cia néng d6 dén dO chon loc va dé thim théu cia ‘mang la khOng dang ké vi trong dung dich luén tin tai cée phan tir nude tyr do tgo thank mét lép mang nude nguyén chat trén bé mat mang, Nhung khi ndng do dung dich ting dan lén thi so phan tir nude ty do trong dung dich giam di ching chuyén dan vao lop vo hhydrat tht hai va thir mhét, Khi dé tue twomg tée ita cdc ion chat tanva dung mdi rit lon, méi lign két nay rét ben vimng do dé bé mat mang khdng tao thinh lop made nguyén chat duge va xay ra hién tuyng bit kin ede mao quan do dé d6 chon Ioe va 46 tham théu sgidm di rt nhanb, ‘Theo Govindan va Souvirajan_ thi quan hé gitta d6 thém thdu va néng 46 due biéu hign qua céng thitc: pxk, HK ACD Px (2.43) Trong dé: AP: Déng Iue eta qua trinh, ke/em’? p: Khdi hong riéag cia dung dich, kgm? Nghién citu khit mén medic bién bang céng nghé mang thdm thdu ngwoe Trang 44Vim thoa hoe vi cing mghé mi tring Baio cio thee tip wi mghilp i: DO nhét ciia dung dich, Ns/m* C: Nang 49 dung dich, mol/L. n: Hing K,,K,: Hing s6 ting vei ting hé dung dich - mang thye nghigm 1L4.8.Anh huéng cua céu trie man ‘Trong qué trinh téch bing mang tham thdu_ngugc, mang ban thdm 6 anh huéng quan trong dén chat Ingng cia qué trinh, Cée mang thudng c6 46 chon loc va d khde nhau, ngay trong cing mét loai ming sin xuat theo diéu kign eGng nghé nhu nhau thi edu tric cia mang ciing khong giéng nhau, dO khuyét tat ctia mao quin trén timg théu rit ving cia mang cé duimg kinh khée nhau nén durimg kinh mao quan cing rét Khée nhaw do d6 ma duimg kinh mao quan chi tinh trung binh, Néi chung mang c6 dung kinh mao quan cang nhé thi cé kha n&ng gilt ion cang tét. Nhung dé dim bao qua trinh kim vige tt thi cde mang phai thoa man cae yéu cau sau: = C6 d6 tham thau lén véi nude va nho véi chat tan. ~ C6 d9 bén co hoe lin, ding déu vé ich thude va edu trie. = Céie mao quan ding nhat it khuyét tat. = Dé ché tgo, san xuat hang loat, dé bao quan. 1LA.6.Hign tugng phan eye ndng a6: Hinh 116 biéu dign profin ndng d9 tai bé mat mang trong qué trinh thim théu ngugc, 10 rang sy tich tu chat tan trén bé mat mang Lim cho vn tée khuyéch tin qua mang cham thon van téc chuyén chat tan tir nhan pha dén bé mat mang nén gay ra sy chénh lech nng 46 (grad C) giita nan pha va bé mat mang dé chinh 1a hign tung phan cye ndng 46 Hign tugng nay s@ lam ting ding chat tan di qua mang do dé Lim giim d9 chon loc etia mang Sy ting ndng dé trén I6p bién 6 thé dat t6i ndng dO bao hoa ciia cdu tir ndo dé va tgo két ta tren, mat mang, lim gidm bé mat lim vige cua mang (Tao thanh lép mang this hai) lam gidm dng dung méi. Hign tuong phan cue néng d6 lim gidm déng lye cla qué trinh do lam gia ting dp sudt thm théu. é khic phuc hign tung phan eve néng dé thi nén tién anh trong digu kign dung moi kh6ng qua ln, tgo dong chiy xody manh trén bé mat mang, ‘Hin 1.11 Mien cayg phin eve ning A Nghién citu khit mén medic bién bang céng nghé mang thdm thdu ngwoe Trang 45