CONCLUSIONS

As a conclusion, the objectives of the experiment which were to synthesize a sample of

hard soap and to test the soap produced were achieved by using three difference addition

solution which were distilled water, sodium chloride and trisodium phosphate. This experiment

involve the saponification reaction. Saponification is defined as a process by which

triglycerides are reacted with sodium or potassium hydroxide to produce glycerol and a fatty

acid salt, which is the soap. The reaction between fat and sodium hydroxide solution is

exothermic because heat is apply during the reaction. The white suspension formed is made

up of soap and glycerol. Based on the result obtained, by adding distilled water it only produced

foam. The foam was then decrease after adding sodium chloride. Same goes to the observation

for adding of trisodium phosphate. Here, there were a few errors that occur during the

experiment. Firstly, excessive addition of calcium chloride has been added more than the

required amount and it cause an error for the data of addition of trisodium phosphate. Next, the

solution was not stirred thoroughly which are the mixture of fat and sodium hydroxide and the

mixture of the soap and calcium chloride. Lastly, parallax errors occur during measuring the

substance require in the experiment.

RECOMMENDATION

In order to improve the experiment, the mixture of fat and sodium hydroxide should be

stirred thoroughly as it will completely dissolve. Next, this experiment also can be improve by

measuring the substance accurately or use the suitable ratio between the substances in order to

obtain a great result throughout the experiment. Besides, during the heating process, conical

flask should be wrapped by the aluminium foil to avoid evaporation that can affect the reaction

where it will reduce the mass of soap that will be collect later or the soap will easier to be

contiminated. Lastly, the equipment must be clean from any impurities and avoid from using

the same apparatus that has been used for other chemicals. By applying all these improvements,

the experiment can be handled successfully and the perfect result can be achive.