EN1994 6 Davaine&Raoul PDF

Eurocodes - Background and applications
Dissemination of information workshop

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008
EN 1994 Part 2
Composite bridges
Joël RAOUL
Laurence DAVAINE
Ministry for Ecology, Sustainable development and Spatial Planning (Paris)

Technical Centre for Highways & Motorways
46, avenue Aristide Briand
BP 100
F - 92 225 Bagneux Cedex
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Contents : 7 parts
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 2
1. Introduction to composite bridges in Eurocode 4

2. Global analysis of composite bridges
3. ULS verifications
4. SLS verifications
5. Connection at the steel–concrete interface
6. Fatigue (connection and reinforcement)
7. Lateral Torsional Buckling of members in compression
All points are illustrated with numerical applications to a

twin-girder bridge with upper reinforced concrete slab.
EUROCODES
Introduction to composite bridges in EN1994
Composite bridges with steel girders under the slab
© Sétra
Box-girder bridges
Half through composite bridges
© Sétra
EUROCODES
The main others EN called when using EN1994-2
EN 1090 :
Execution
EN 1993 – 1-5 :
Stiffeners ; Plate buckling EN 1993 – 1-8 :
Joints
EN 1990 : EN 1993 – 1-9 :
EN 1993 – 1-1 :
Basis of design Fatigue
General rules for steel
Combinations
Annex A2 :
application to
bridges
EN 1993 – 2 : Steel bridges
EN 1993 – 1-10 :
Brittle fracture
EN 1994 – 2 : Composite bridges
EN 1993 – 1-12 :
S690 EN 1993 – 1-11 :
Cables
EN 1991 :
1-1 Permanent loads
1-3 Snow
EN 1992 – 2 : Concrete bridges
1-4 Wind
1-5 Temperature
1-6 Loads during execution
1-7 Accidental loads EN 1992 – 1-1 : General rules for concrete
2 Traffic
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Contents : 7 parts

7. Lateral Torsional Buckling of members in
compression
EUROCODES
Global analysis for composite bridges
• Elastic global analysis without bending redistribution

• Second order effect to be considered for structures
where Fcr
α cr = ≤ 10
FEd ,ULS
In this elastic global analysis, the following points should be taken into account :
• effects of creep and shrinkage of concrete,
• effective width of flanges for shear lag,
• stages and sequence of construction,
• effects of cracking of concrete,
• temperature effects of heat of hydration of cement (only for construction stages).
• Non-linear global analysis may be used (no application rules)

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CLASS 1 sections which can form a plastic hinge
with the rotation capacity required for a global plastic
analysis
BUILDINGS CLASS 2 sections which can develop M pl,Rd with

limited rotation capacity
CLASS 3 sections which can develop M el,Rd
COMPOSITE BRIDGES
In general, non-uniform section
CL. 1 CL.3/4 (except for small spans)
EUROCODES
Actual behaviour of a continuous composite girder
When performing the elastic global analysis, two aspects of the non-linear
behaviour are directly or indirectly considered.
Static structure θ
Cracking of concrete 1
M
Deformed structure M at mid-span with

Yielding 2 increase of P
Mpl,Rd
Mel,Rd Class 1
θ
EUROCODES
Cracked global analysis 1
• Determination of the stresses σc in the extreme fibre of the concrete

slab under SLS characteristic combination according to a non-cracked
global analysis
• In sections where σc < - 2 fctm, the concrete is assumed to be cracked
and its resistance is neglected
EI1 EI1
EI2
EI1 = un-cracked composite inertia (structural steel + concrete in compression)

EI2 = cracked composite inertia (structural steel + reinforcement)
! An additional iteration is not required.

EUROCODES
Cracked global analysis 1
Simplified method usable if :

- no pre-stressing by imposed deformation
- Lmin/Lmax>0.6 0.15 (L1+ L2)
EI2
As L1 L2
EI1
Ac = 0
In the cracked zones EI2 :
• the resistance of the concrete in
tension is neglected
• the resistance of the reinforcement is
taken into account
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Yielding 2
Yielding at mid-span is taken into account if :

– Class 1 or 2 cross-section at mid-span (and MEd > Mel,Rd )
– Class 3 or 4 near intermediate support
– Lmin/Lmax < 0.6
Lmax Lmin
Class 1 or 2 Class 3 or 4
• Elastic linear analysis with an additional verification for the cross-

sections in sagging bending zone (M>0) :
MEd < 0.9 Mpl,Rd
or
• Non linear analysis

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Global analysis of composite bridges - Synthesis
• To calculate the internal forces and moments for the

ULS combination of actions
– elastic global analysis (except for accidental loads)

» linear
» non linear (behaviour law for materials in EC2 and EC3)
– cracking of the concrete slab
– shear lag (in the concrete slab : Le/8 constant value
for each span and calculated from the outside
longitudinal rows of connectors)
– neglecting plate buckling (except for an effectivep area
of an element ≤ 0.5 * gross area)
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Global analysis of composite bridges - Synthesis
• To calculate the internal forces and moments for the

SLS combinations of actions
– as for ULS (mainly used for verifying the concrete slab)
• To calculate the longitudinal shear per unit length (SLS

and ULS) at the steel-concrete interface
– Cracked global analysis, elastic and linear

– Always uncracked section analysis
– Specific rules for shear connectors design in the elasto-
plastic zones for ULS (Mel,Rd < MEd < Mpl,Rd)
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Shear lag in composite bridges
bslab
• Concrete slab ⇒ EN 1994-2
beff ,slab
– Same effectives width beff for
σx
SLS and ULS combinations
of actions
• Steel flange ⇒ EN 1993-1-5

– Used for bottom flange of a
box-girder bridge
– Different effectives width for
SLS and ULS combinations
of actions
– 3 options at ULS (choice to
be performed in the National
Annex)
beff ,flange
b flange
EUROCODES
Effectives width of the concrete slab – EN1994-2
• Global analysis : constant for each span for simplification

(with a value calculated at mid-span)
• Section analysis : variable on both sides of the vertical
supports over a length Li /4
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Example : Twin-girder composite bridge
Application to a steel-concrete
composite twin girder bridge
Global longitudinal bending

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Example : Composite twin-girder road bridge
C0 P1 P2 C3
60 m 80 m 60 m
2.5 m 7m 2.5 m
34 cm
b fs = 1000mm
IPE 600 2.8 m
Note:
IPE600 every 7.5m in
b fi = 1200mm side spans and every
8.0m in central span
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Example : Structural steel distribution
bfs = 1000 mm
Note : Bridge dimensions verified
according to Eurocodes (cross-
section resistance at ULS, SLS h = 2800 mm
stresses and fatigue)
bfi = 1200 mm
Longitudinal structural steel distribution of each main girder
18 26 18 26 18
40 mm 55 80 120 80 55 40 55 80 120 80 55 40
35 m 5 10 18 8 10 28 10 8 18 10 5 35
60 m 80 m 60 m
C0 P1 P2 C3
EUROCODES
Example : Used materials
> Structural steel (EN1993 + EN10025) :

S355 N for t ≤ 80 mm (or S355 K2 for t ≤ 30 mm)
S355 NL for 80 < t ≤ 150 mm
Yield thickness t (mm)

strength
fy (MPa) t ≤ 16 16 < t ≤ 40 40 < t ≤ 63 63 < t ≤ 80 80 < t ≤ 100 100 < t ≤ 150
S 355 N 355 345 335 325
S 355 NL 315 295
Note : the requirements of EN 1993-1-10 (brittle fracture and through-thickness properties)

should also be fulfilled.
> Cross bracing and stiffeners : S355

> Shear connectors : headed studs with fu = 450 MPa
> Reinforcement : high bond bars with fsk = 500 Mpa
> Concrete C35/45 defined in EN1992 : fck,cyl (at 28 days) = 35 MPa
fck,cube (at 28 days) = 45 MPa
fctm = -3.2 MPa
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Creep - Modular ratios for bridges
n L = n 0 . (1 + ψ L φt )
Ea
n0 = for short term loading (ψL = 0)
E cm
φt = φ ( t − t 0 ) creep function defined in EN1992-1-1 with :
{
t = concrete age at the considered instant
t0 = mean value of the concrete age when a long-term
loading is applied (for instance, permanent loads)
t0 = 1 day for shrinkage action
ψL correction factor for taking account of the type of loading
Permanent loads 1.1

Shrinkage 0.55
Pre-stress by imposed deformations (for
instance, jacking on supports) 1.5
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Example : construction phasing
1. Concreting order of the 12.5-m-long slab segments

3 x 12.5 m 4 x 12.5 m
A B
1 2 3 16 15 14 4 5 6 7 13 12 11 10 9 8
D C
3 x 12.5 m 6 x 12.5 m
2. Construction timing
Non-structural equipments
Steel structure End of slab (pavement, safety barriers,…)
put in place concreting put in place
1st 16th Pre-stressing

... Time (in days)
... ...
t=0 t = 66 t = 80 t = 110
16 concreting phases in a selected order
assuming :
• 3 working days per segment assembling bridge
• only 1 mobile formwork (2 kN/m²) equipments
Note : 14 days are required in EN1994-2 before introducing pre-stressing by imposed deformations.
EUROCODES
Example : age of concrete
1st 16th
... ... Time
t=0 t = 66 t = 80 t = 110 (in days)
Phase 1 3
Phase 2 8 5
… … … …
Phase 16 66 63 … 3
Mean value of the ages of concrete segments : + 14 days + 30 days

66 + 63 + ... + 3
t0 = = 35.25 days
16 phases
used for all concreting phases t 0 = 49.25 days t 0 = 79.25 days
(simplification of EN1994-2).
φ1 = φ ( t = ∞, t 0 ) φ2 = φ ( ∞ , t 0 ) φ3 = φ ( ∞ , t 0 )
nL ,1 = n0 (1 + 1.1.φ1 ) nL ,2 = n0 (1 + 1.5.φ2 ) nL ,3 = n0 (1 + 1.1.φ3 )
Note : t0 = 1 day when shrinkage is applied to a concrete segment.
φ4 = φ ( ∞ , t 0 ) nL ,4 = n0 (1 + 0.55.φ4 )
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Example : creep function and modular ratio values
EN1992-1-1, Annex B :
0.3
⎛ t − t0 ⎞
φ ( t, t 0 ) = φ0 .βc ( t − t 0 ) = φ0 . ⎜ ⎟ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
t ⎯⎯⎯→ +∞
→ φ0
β
⎝ H + t − t 0 ⎠
⎡ RH ⎤
⎢ 1 − ⎥ ⎡ 16.8 ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
100 1
φ0 = φRH .β ( fcm ) .β ( t 0 ) = ⎢1 + .α1 ⎥ .α 2 . ⎢ ⎥.⎢ 0.2 ⎥
⎢ 0.10.3 h0 ⎥ ⎢⎣ fcm ⎥⎦ ⎣ 0.1 + t 0 ⎦
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
• RH = 80 % (relative humidity)
• h0 = notional size of the concrete slab = 2Ac/u
where u is the part of the slab perimeter which is directly in contact with the atmosphere.
• C35/45 : as fcm = 35+8 > 35 MPa, α1 = (35/fcm)0.7, α2 = (35/fcm)0.2
Short term loading Long term loading

Concrete self-weight nL,1 = 15.49
E Shrinkage nL,4 = 15.23
n0 = a = 6.16
E cm Pre-stressing nL,2 = 18.09
Bridge equipments nL,3 = 14.15
EUROCODES
Example: shear lag in the concrete slab
Equivalent spans Le :
C0 P1 P2 C3
60 m 80 m 60 m
in span 0.85x60 = 51m 0.7x80 = 56m 0.85x60 = 51m

on support 0.25 x (60+80) = 35m 0.25 x (60+80) = 35m
⎛L ⎞
beff = b0 + β1 .be1 + β2 .be2 where: • bei = min ⎜ e ;bi ⎟
⎝ 8 ⎠
• βi = 1.0 except at both end supports where:
Le
βi = 0.55 + 0.025 ≤ 1.0
bei
EUROCODES
Example: shear lag in the concrete slab
beff
be1 b0=0.6 m be2
b2 b1 b1=3.5 m b2=2.5 m
Le (m) be1 be2 β1 β2 beff (m)
Spans 1 and 3 51 3.2 2.2 / / 6.0

Span 2 56 3.2 2.2 / / 6.0
Internal supports P1 and P2 35 3.2 2.2 / / 6.0
End supports C0 and C4 51 3.2 2.2 0.948 1.129 < 1.0 5.83 < 6.0
=> No reduction for shear lag in the global analysis

=> Reduction for shear lag in the section analysis :
beff linearly varies from 5.83m at end supports to 6.0 m at a distance L1/4.
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Applied loads on the road bridge example
Permanent loads
Gmax , Gmin Self weight: EN1991 part 1-1
• structural steel
• concrete (by segments in a selected order)

• non structural equipments (safety barriers, pavement,…)
S Shrinkage (drying, autogenous and thermal shrinkage EN1992 part 1-1
strains) EN1994 part 2
Creep (taken into account through modular ratios)
P Possibly, pre-stressing by imposed deformations (for

instance, jacking on internal supports)
Variable loads
Tk Thermal gradient EN1991 part 1-5
UDL, TS Road traffic (for instance, load model LM1 with uniform EN1991 part 2
design loads UDL and tandem systems TS)
FLM3 Fatigue load model (for instance, the equivalent lorry FLM3) EN1991 part 2
EUROCODES
Effects of shrinkage in a composite bridge
ε cs + Ncs
− Ncs = − E c ε cs .bchc
hc
zcs
e.n.a.
+
Free shrinkage strain applied Shrinkage strain applied on

on concrete slab only (no the composite section (after
steel – concrete interaction) steel – concrete interaction)
1- Auto-equilibrated stress diagram in every section and an imposed rotation

due to the bending moment Miso = Ncszcs :
bc
1 ⎡ N cs (N cs z cs ) .z ⎤
σ concrete = −E c ε cs + .⎢ + ⎥
- n ⎣ A I ⎦
e.n.a. + z
N cs (N cs z cs ) .z
σ steel = +
- A I
EUROCODES
Effects of shrinkage in a composite bridge
2- Curvature in an isostatic bridge due to the imposed deformations :

L
Miso Miso
P2
P1 v (x)
3- Compatibility of deformations to be considered in an hyperstatic bridge :
P1 P3 P2
L1 L2
v (P3 ) = 0
Mhyper
1+2 = isostatic (or primary) effects

Effects of shrinkage
3 = hyperstatic (or secondary) effects
EUROCODES
Shrinkage and cracked global analysis
Concrete in tension
Cracked zone
Isostatic effects M iso

neglected in cracked
zones for calculating
hyperstatic effects M iso M iso M iso
SLS combinations iso + hyper effects hyper iso + hyper
ULS combinations hyper (if class 1) hyper hyper (if class 1)
- -
+ +
- -
M hyper
M hyper
EUROCODES
Thermal gradient from EN 1991 part 1-5
• could be neglected if all cross-sections are in Class 1 or 2
1- Non linear gradients : 2- Linear gradients :
16 °C -5 °C +15 °C -18 °C
0.6h
4 °C
400 -8 °C
3- Difference +/- 10 °C : +/- 10 °C

EUROCODES
Traffic load LM1 from EN 1991 part 2
Longitudinal axis of the

most loaded girder
Bridge axis
3.5 m 3.5 m
1m 0.5 m
Safety barrier
Safety barrier
Residual
Lane no. 1 Lane no. 2 Lane no. 3 area
3m 3m 3m 2m
girder no. 1 girder no. 2
UDL (Uniform
Design Load)
9 kN/m²
2.5 kN/m²
Characteristic
300 kN / axle values
200 kN / axle 100 kN / axle of traffic loads
TS (Tandem from LM1
System)
2m
EUROCODES
Combinations of actions
For every permanent design situation, two limit states of the

bridge should be considered :
> Serviceability Limit States (SLS)
• Quasi permanent SLS

Gmax + Gmin + S + P + 0.5 Tk
• Frequent SLS
Gmax + Gmin + S + P + 0.75 TS + 0.4 UDL + 0.5 Tk
Gmax + Gmin + S + P + 0.6 Tk
• Characteristic SLS
Gmax + Gmin + S + P + (TS+UDL) + 0.6 Tk
Gmax + Gmin + S + P + Qlk + 0.75 TS + 0.4 UDL + 0.6 Tk
Gmax + Gmin + S + P + Tk + 0.75 TS + 0.4 UDL
> Ultime Limite State (ULS) other than fatigue

1.35 Gmax + Gmin + S + P + 1.35 (TS + UDL) + 1.5 (0.6 Tk)
1.35 Gmax + Gmin + S + P + 1.35 Qlk + 1.35 (0.75 TS + 0.4 UDL) + 1.5 (0.6 Tk)
1.35 Gmax + Gmin + S + P + 1.5 Tk + 1.35 (0.75 TS + 0.4 UDL)
EUROCODES
Un-cracked global analysis
σ (MPa) : Stresses in the extreme fibre of the concrete slab, under Characteristic SLS combination
when considering concrete resistance in every cross-section
8
2
x (m)
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
-2
-4
-6
-8 −2.f ctm = −6.4 MPa

-10
-12
x = 49.7 m x = 72.5 m x = 121.6 m x = 150.6 m
Cracked Cracked
zone on zone on P2
P1
L1 = 60 m L2 = 80 m L3 = 60 m
17 %.L1 15.6 %.L2 23 %.L2 17.7 %.L3
EI1 EI2 EI1 EI2 EI1
Note : Dissymmetry in the cracked lengths due to sequence of slab concreting.

EUROCODES
Cracked global analysis: bending moments
80
60 56.07
50.16 50.84
Bending moment (MN.m)
40 37.06 41.33 37.59
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
-20
-40
-60
-80 -80.69 -77.66

ELS caractéristique
Characteristic SLS
-100 ELU fondamental
Fundamental ULS
-107.25 -103.54
-120
x (m)
EUROCODES
Cracked global analysis: shear forces
10
8 ELS caractéristique
Characteristic SLS
7.47 7.39
ELU fondamental
Fundamental ULS
6
5.54 5.49
4 4.38
Shear force (MN)
3.24 3.09
2
1.09
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
-2
-3.09 -2.92 -3.26
-4
-4.40
-5.54 -5.49
-6
-7.46 -7.41
-8
-10
x (m)
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Contents : 7 parts

compression
EUROCODES
ULS verifications of a composite bridge
• resistance of the composite cross-sections

- to bending moment M (EN 1994-2, 6.2.1)
- to shear force V (EN 1994-2, 6.2.2.1 to 6.2.2.3)
- to interaction M+V (EN 1994-2, 6.2.2.4)
• shear resistance of the concrete slab (EN 1994-2, 6.2.2.5(3) )
• concrete slab (EN 1992)
• shear connection (see below, point 5)
• fatigue ULS (see below, point 6)
• LTB around intermediate supports (see below, point 7)
EUROCODES
ULS section resistance to M > 0
fck/γC 0.85 fck/γC

compression
(+) (+)
p.n.a
e.n.a
(−) (−)
fy/γM0 fy/γM0
tension
Elastic resistance Plastic resistance
(for classes 1 to 4) (for classes 1 and 2)
e.n.a. = elastic neutral axis
p.n.a. = plastic neutral axis
EUROCODES
ULS section resistance to M < 0
tension fsk/γS
fsk/γS (−)
0.85 fck/γC
p.n.a
(−)
fy/γM0
e.n.a
(+)
(+)
fy/γM0
compression fy/γM0
Elastic resistance Plastic resistance

(for classes 1 to 4) (for classes 1 and 2)
EUROCODES
Class 4 composite section with construction phases
• Use of the final ULS stress distribution to look for the effective cross-section
• If web and flange are Class 4 elements, the flange gross area is first reduced. The corresponding first
effective cross-section is used to re-calculate the stress distribution which is then used for reducing the
web gross area.
Ma,Ed Mc,Ed MEd = Ma,Ed + Mc,Ed
+ =
Recalculation of the stress distribution A eff , Ieff , Geff

respecting the sequence of construction
1- Flange
2- Web
Justification of the recalculated

stress distribution
EUROCODES
ULS resistance under V and interaction M + V
Ö Plastic resistance : ensured by the steel web

fy
Vpl,a,Rd is calculated by using Eurocode 3 part 1-1. VRd = Vpl,a ,Rd = A V .
γ M0 3
Ö Shear buckling resistance :
See Eurocode 3 part 1-5. ηf yw h w t w
VRd = Vb,Rd = Vbw ,Rd + Vbf ,Rd ≤
γ M1 3
Ö Interaction between M and V :
• For Class 1 or 2 sections :
– If VEd< 0.5.VRd, no interaction occurs.
– If not, the criterion MEd < Mpl,Rd is verified using a reduced Mpl,Rd value
2
⎛ V ⎞
η = ⎜ 2 Ed − 1⎟
⎝ VRd ⎠
• For Class 3 or 4 sections : See Eurocode 3 part 1-5.

EUROCODES
ULS shear resistance in the concrete slab
• For the solid slab of a composite bridge:
VEd ≤ VRd,c => Shear reinforcement (Ast for b = 1 m) is not necessary (nor the
minimum shear reinforcement area according to EN1992-2,9.2.2)
VRd,c = ⎡⎣CRd,ck(100ρl fck )1 3 + k 1σcp ⎤⎦ bhc ≥ (v min + k1σcp )bhc

0.15 k1 = 0.12
• If the concrete flange is in tension : CRd,c = = 0.12
γC
N 10
σcp,0 = −1.85 MPa ≤ σcp = Ed
bhc
Lower fibre
8 Upper fibre
Stresses in the slab at ULS (MPa)
sigma_cp,0
6
v min = 0.035.k1.5 fck 4
2
200
k =1+ 0
hc -2
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
A st -4
ρl =
bhc -6
-8 x (m)
-10
EUROCODES
Example: Analysis of 2 different cross-sections
60 m 80 m 60 m
ΣA ΣB
Section ΣA Section ΣB
Concrete in tension Concrete in compression
M<0 M>0
Class 3 (elastic section analysis) Class 1 (plastic section analysis)
MULS = -107.25 MN.m MULS = +56.07 MN.m
VULS = 7.47 MN VULS = 1.04 MN
EUROCODES
Example: Cross-section ΣA under bending
Stress diagram under bending

2.5 m 3.5 m
-171.2 MPa
-149.2 MPa
-275.8 MPa
1000 x 120 mm²
2560 x 26 mm² 1200 x 120 mm²
261.3 MPa
fsk
Elastic section analysis : −434.8 MPa = − ≤ σre inf .
γS
fy
−295 MPa = − ≤ σsteel,sup
γM0
fy
σsteel,inf ≤ = 295 MPa
γM0
EUROCODES
Example: Cross-section ΣA under shear force
First cross-bracing
P1 in central span
2
a = 8000 mm ⎛h ⎞
k τ = 5.34 + 4 ⎜ w ⎟ = 5.75
⎝ a ⎠
VEd = 7.47 MN hw 31ε

≥ kτ
hw = 2560 mm
tw η
VEd = 6.00 MN Shear buckling to be considered:
tw = 26 mm
ηfywhw t w
VRd = Vb,Rd = Vbw,Rd + Vbf ,Rd ≤
γM1 3
Contribution of the web Vbw,Rd Contribution of the flange Vbf,Rd
τcr = k τ σE = 19.58 MPa Vbf ,Rd = 0.245 MN can be neglected.

fyw
λw = = 1.33 ≥ 1.08
τcr 3
1.37
χw = = 0.675
0.7 + λ w
f
Vbw,Rd = χ w yw hw t w = 8.14 MN
γM1 3
EUROCODES
Example: Cross-section ΣA under M+V interaction
VEd so the M+V interaction should be checked, and as the section is in

≥ 0.5
VRd Class 3, the following criterion should be applied (EN1993-1-5) :
⎡ M ⎤ 2
η1 + ⎢1 − f ,Rd ⎥ ⎡⎣2η3 − 1⎤⎦ ≤ 1.0
⎣⎢ Mpl,Rd ⎦⎥
at a distance hw/2 from internal support P1.
Mf ,Rd = 117.3 MN.m : design plastic resistance to bending of the effective composite section
excluding the steel web (EN 1994-2, 6.2.2.5(2)).
Mpl,Rd = 135.6 MN.m : design plastic resistance to bending of the effective composite section.
VEd
η3 = = 0.89
Vbw,Rd
MEd M
η1 = = 0.73 ≤ f ,Rd = 0.86 As MEd < Mf,Rd, the flanges alone can be used to
Mpl,Rd Mpl,Rd resist M whereas the steel web resists V.
=> No interaction !
EUROCODES
Example: Cross-section ΣB (Class 1)
2.5 m 3.5 m fck

9.2 MPa 0.85
γC
202.0 MPa +
p.n.a.
fyf
1000 x 40 mm²
γ M0
fyw
− -
2720 x 18 mm² γ M0
-305.2 MPa
1200 x 40 mm²
Plastic section analysis under bending : MEd = 56.07 ≤ Mpl,Rd = 79.59 MN.m
2
⎛h ⎞ h 31ε
k τ = 5.34 + 4 ⎜ w ⎟ = 5.80 and w ≥ k τ , so the shear buckling has to be considered:
a
⎝ ⎠ t w η
ηfywhw t w
VEd = 2.21 MN ≤ VRd = Vb,Rd = Vbw,Rd + Vbf ,Rd ≈ Vbw,Rd = 4.44 MN ≤ = 10.64 MN
γ M1 3
VEd
≤ 0.5 => No M+V interaction !
VRd
EUROCODES
Contents : 7 parts

compression
EUROCODES
SLS verifications in a composite bridge
• Limitation of stresses in cross-sections at characteristic SLS
σc ≤ 0.6.fck (concrete in compression)
M>0 σa ≤ 1.0.fyk
σs ≤ 0.8.fsk (reinforcement in tension)
M<0 σa ≤ 1.0.fyk
• Crack width control

• Limitations of deflections (national regulations)
• Web breathing (fatigue phenomenon, see EN1993-2)
Note : for shear connectors, see section 5 below
EUROCODES
Crack width control
1. Minimum reinforcement required

- in cross-sections where tension exists in the concrete slab for characteristic SLS
combinations of actions
- estimated from equilibrium between tensile force in concrete just before cracking
and tensile force in the reinforcement (at yielding or at a lower stress level if
necessary to limit the crack width)
2. Control of cracking due to direct loading

The design crack width wk should be limited to a maximum crack width wmax
by limiting :
- bar spacing s ≤ smax
- or bar diameter Φ ≤ Φmax
wmax depends on the exposure class of the considered concrete face
smax and Φmax depend on the calculated stress level σs = σs,0 + Δσs in the
reinforcement and on the design crack width wk
3. Control of cracking due to indirect loading

For instance, concrete shrinkage.
EUROCODES
Exposure classes for composite bridges (durability)
XC4, XS1*, XD3**, XF3 or XF4**

XC3, XS1*
waterproofing layer
XC4, XS1*, XD3**, XC4, XS1*, XD3***
XF1 or XF2**
XC4, XS1*, XD3***, * : for bridges near sea water
XF1 or XF2** ** : for bridges subjected to (very) frequent salting

*** : for the bottom surface of a bridge deck located
within 6 m above a road with (very) frequent salting
Class Description of the environment

XO No risk of corrosion or attack of concrete
Risk of corrosion of reinforcement XC1 to XC4 Corrosion induced by carbonation
XD1 to XD3 Corrosion induced by chlorides
XS1 to XS3 Corrosion induced by chlorides from sea water
Attack to concrete XF1 to XF4 Freeze/thaw attack
XA1 to XA3 Chemical attack
XM Mechanical abrasion
EUROCODES
Exposure classes for composite bridges (durability)
Hypothesis : Bridge in a low-level frost area

The choice of exposure classes leads
to define :
XC4, XF3 • a minimum resistance for concrete
(according to EN1992 and EN206),

XC3 for instance C30/37
waterproofing layer
• a concrete makeup (maximum E/C
ratio, minimum cement content)
according to EN206
XC4, XF1
XC4
XC4, XF1 • a structural class (S1 to S6) for
every face of the slab, chosen
according to Table 4.3 in EN1992
and to the retained concrete
• a minimum concrete cover for

every face of the slab according to
the exposure class and the structural
class
EUROCODES
Maximum crack width wmax
Recommended values defined in EN1992-2 (concrete bridges) :
The stress level σs,0 in the reinforcement is calculated for the quasi-permanent SLS
combination of actions (in case of reinforced concrete slab).
The tension stiffening effect Δσs should be taken into account.
EUROCODES
Minimum reinforcement
fct,eff
hc σc σs
z0
e.n.a.
calculated with n0 change in the
location of the
neutral axis
before after
cracking cracking
k sk. ⎡⎣k c fct,eff A ct ⎤⎦ = σs A s

1
kc = + 0.3 ≤ 1.0 stress distribution within the tensile concrete height hc before cracking
hc (including indirect loading) + change in the location of the neutral axis
1+
2z0 at cracking time
ks = 0.9 reduction of the normal force in the concrete slab due to initial cracking
and local slip of the shear connection
k = 0.8 effect of non-uniform shape in the self-equilibrating stresses within hc
fct,eff = fctm and σs = fsk give the minimum reinforcement section As,min.
EUROCODES
Example : minimum reinforcement
The elastic neutral axis is located in the steel web for every section of the
bridge, so Act is the slab section : Act = 6 x 0.34 = 2.04 m²
hc = 0.34 m
z0 = 0.52 m
⎡ ⎤
⎢ 1 ⎥
k c = min ⎢ + 0.3;1.0 ⎥ = 1.0
h
⎢1 + c ⎥
⎢ 2z0 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
fct,eff = fctm = -3.2 Mpa

fsk = 500 MPa
As,min = 94 cm² which means a minimum reinforcement ratio ρs ,min = 0.46%
For the design, the following reinforcement ratios have been considered :
• Top layer : high bonded bars with φ = 16 mm and s = 130 mm, so ρs,top = 0.46%
• Bottom layer : high bonded bars with φ = 16 mm and s = 130 mm, so ρs,bottom = 0.46%
We verify : ρs,top + ρs,bottom = 0.92% ≥ ρs,min

EUROCODES
Crack width control
Ast is put in place through n high bonded bars of diameter φ per meter.
Diameter φ∗ fct,eff
Φ = Φ*
(Table 7.1) 2.9 MPa
or
Spacing s = 1/n
(Table 7.2)
EUROCODES
Example : crack width control for direct loading
The stress level σs due to direct loading at quasi-permanent SLS combinations of actions can be
calculated :
• Top and bottom layers : Ast with φ = 16 mm and s = 130 mm, so ρs,top = ρs,bottom = 0.46%
• σs,0 = 106 Mpa (maximum tension) at quasi-permanent SLS in the top layer
100
50
Stresses at QP SLS (MPa)
-
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
-50
-100
Stresses in the upper layer
x (m) of reinforcement, calculated
by neglecting concrete
-150 resistance (in tension).
EUROCODES
Example : crack width control for direct loading
fctm
• Tension stiffening effect : Δσs = 0.4
ρs α st
• in the considered cross-section (where σs,0 is maximum) :

AI
α st = = 1.31 ρs = 0.92% (Reinforcement ratio)
A aIa
fctm
• Δσs = 0.4 = 106.2 MPa
ρs α st
• σs = σs,0 + Δσs = 212.2 MPa
• Φ*max = 22.3 mm (interpolation in Table 7.1 of EN 1994-2)
• Φ = 16 mm ≤ Φmax = Φ *max 3.2 / 2.9 = 24.6 mm

or
• s max = 235 mm (interpolation in Table 7.2 of EN 1994-2)
• s = 130 mm ≤ s max = 235 mm

EUROCODES
Example : crack width control for indirect loading
The stress level σs due to indirect loading (for instance, concrete shrinkage) can not
be calculated in the reinforcement.
In the sections where the concrete slab is in tension for characteristic SLS
combinations of actions, σs is estimated using :
A ct 2.04
σs = k skk c fct,eff = 0.9 0.8 1.0 3.2 = 250.4 MPa
As 0.92% 2.04
The reinforcement layers are designed using high bonded bars with φ = 16 mm.
φ∗ = φ fct,eff/fct,0 = 2.9/3.2 = 14.5 mm
The interpolation in Table 7.1 from EN 1994-2 gives : σs,max = 255 Mpa
We verify :
σs = 250.4 Mpa < σs,max = 255 Mpa
EUROCODES
Contents : 7 parts

compression
EUROCODES
Steel-concrete connection
Objective :
Transmit the longitudinal shear force vL,Ed per unit length of the steel-concrete
interface
Performed by the use of shear connectors (only studs in EN1994) and transverse
reinforcement
• Full interaction required for bridges

• Elastic resistance design of the shear connectors at SLS and at ULS
• Plastic resistance design of the shear connectors at ULS in Class 1 or
2 cross sections where Mel,Rd ≤ MEd ≤ Mpl,Rd
• Shear connectors locally added due to concentrated longitudinal shear
force (for instance, shrinkage and thermal action at both bridge deck
ends or cable anchorage)
• ULS design of transverse reinforcement to prevent longitudinal shear
failure or splitting in the concrete slab
EUROCODES
Resistance of the headed stud shear connector
≥ 1.5d PRk = min ⎡⎣ PRk (1) ; PRk (2) ⎤⎦
≥ 0.4d
⎧ πd 2 ⎫
• Shank shear resistance : PRk (1)
= 0.8f u . ⎨ ⎬
h ≥ 3d ⎩ 4 ⎭
d
• Concrete crushing : PRk (2) = 0.29αd 2 f ck E cm
t
h ⎛h ⎞
if 3≤ ≤4 , then α = 0.2 ⎜ + 1⎟
16 ≤ d ≤ 25mm d ⎝d ⎠
else α =1
Limit State Design resistance National Annex

PRk
U.L.S. PRd = γ V = 1.25
γV
S.L.S. k s .PRd k s = 0.75
EUROCODES
Elastic design of the shear connection
• SLS and ULS elastic design using the shear flow vL,Ed at the steel-concrete
interface, which is calculated with an uncracked behaviour of the cross sections.
2.5 m 3.5 m
Shear force from Ac zc + As zs zs

cracked global vL , Ed ( x ) = VEd ( x). zc
e.n.a.
I
analysis
Uncracked
mechanical properties
SLS ULS
For a given length li of the girder (to For a given length li of the girder (to be
be chosen by the designer), the Ni chosen by the designer), the Ni* shear
shear connectors are uniformly connectors are uniformly distributed and
distributed and satisfy : satisfy :
N i*
vL , Ed SLS ( x ) ≤
Ni
.{k s PRd }
vL , Ed ULS
( x ) ≤ 1.1 .PRd
li
li
li
( 0 ≤ x ≤ li ) ∫v L , Ed
ULS
( x ) dx ≤ Ni* .PRd
0
EUROCODES
Example : SLS elastic design of connectors
L1 = 29 m L2 = 41 m L3 = 41 m L4 = 29 m
1.4
1.2
1
v L ,Ed ⎡⎣SLS ⎤⎦
0.8
in MPa/m
0.6
Studs with :
0.4 d = 22 mm
h = 150 mm
Shear flow at SLS (MPa/m)
0.2 in S235
Shear resistance of the studs (MPa/m)
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
EUROCODES
Example : ULS elastic design of connectors
• Using the same segment lengths li as in SLS calculation

and the same connector type
1.6
1.4
1.2
v L ,Ed ⎡⎣ULS ⎤⎦ 1
in MPa/m 0.8
0.6
0.4
Shear flow at ULS (MPa/m)
0.2
Shear resistance of the studs (MPa/m)
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
EUROCODES
Example : longitudinal spacing of studs rows
e (mm)
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
spacing at SLS (mm)
100
spacing at ULS (mm)
0
x (m)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
=> Elastic design governed by ULS.

EUROCODES
Elasto-plastic design (ULS) of the shear connection
• Eventually adding shear connectors in the elasto-plastic zones

where Mpl,Rd > MEd > Mel,Rd
P1 A B C P2
Elasto-plastic zone
First yielding in one fibre of MEd

the cross-section where
MEd = Mel,Rd Mpl,Rd
• NB (or NB*) is determined by
Elastic Elasto-plastic using an interaction M-N
design design diagram in the section B.
•
n=
( )
N B or N*B − N A
NA NB
PRk γ V
connectors to put between
sections A and B.
EUROCODES
Interaction diagram in the cross-section B
• Two options : simplified diagram (straight line GH) /

more precise diagram (broken line GJH)
MB (N.m)
Mpl,Rd
MEd H
Mel,Rd
J
+ Mc,Ed
Ma,Ed
G
NB (N)
0 Nel,B NB* NB Npl,B
0.85.f ck
• Plastic resistance of the concrete slab (within the
N pl,B = .b eff .h c
effective width) to compressive normal force :
γC
EUROCODES
Elastic resistance moment in the section B
Ma,Ed + Mc,Ed = MEd
σc(2) σc
fcd=fck/γc
σas(1) σas(2) σas fyk
+ k . =
fyk
σai(1) σai(2) σai
Step 1 : stress diagram Step 2 : stress diagram Step 3 : ULS stress

for load cases applied for load cases applied diagram in Section B (if
to the structure before to the structure after yielding is reached in the
concreting Section B concreting Section B extreme bottom fibre)
k (< 1) is the maximum value for keeping

step 3 within its yield strength limits. => Mel,Rd = Ma,Ed + k. Mc,Ed
(For instance, σai(1) + k.σai(2) = fyk )
EUROCODES
Example : Bending moment in section B
Concreting
phases
1 2 16 15 3 4 5 14 13 6 7 8 12 11 10 9
50 M_Ed+
Section B
M_Ed-
40 M_pl,Rd+
(Class 1) M_pl,Rd -
30
20
M (MN.m)
10
0
x (m)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
Ma,Ed(B) = 2.7 MN.m -----> MEd(B) = 22.3 MN.m < Mpl,Rd (B) = 25.7 MN.m
EUROCODES
Example : Normal stresses in section B
fy = -345 MPa
σc 11.9 MPa
88.2 MPa
σas(2) 151.7 MPa
-63.0 MPa σai(2) -360.3 MPa
Ma,Ed(B) = 2.7 MN.m Mc,Ed(B) MEd(B) = 22.3 MN.m
Mc,Ed(B) = 22.3 – 2.7 = 19.6 MN.m

σai(2) = (-360.3) – (-63.0) = -297.3 Mpa
fy − ( −63.0 )
k is defined by k = = 0.95 ≤ 1.0
σai(2)
Mel,Rd is then defined by Mel,Rd = Ma,Ed + k. Mc,Ed = 21.3 MN.m

EUROCODES
Example : Interaction diagram in section B
beff = 5.6 m
k * ULS stresses
0.95*11.9 MPa
26.9 cm
3.6 cm 0.95*3.0 MPa
fck
0.85 = 19.8 MPa
0.65 m γC
fck Nel = 11.4 MN
Npl = 0.85 .A c,eff = 30.3 MPa
γC
MB (MN.m)
Mpl,Rd = 25.7
MEd = 22.3
Mel,Rd = 21.3
MaEd = 2.7
NB (MN)
0 Nel = 11.4 NB = 25.8
Npl = 30.3
NB* = 15.7
EUROCODES
Example : Limits of the elasto-plastic zone
ULS Stresses (MPa) in the bottom steel flange

Section B
400 (σmax = -360.3 Mpa)
300
200
100
fy = -345 MPa
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
-100
3.3 m 2.8 m
-200
-300
-400
Section A Section C
fy
beff = 5.6 m Section A Section C
11.8 MPa 11.3 MPa

26.9 cm
3.6 cm 3.1 MPa 2.9 MPa
0.65 m Nel(A) = 12.1 MN Nel(C) = 11.5 MN

EUROCODES
Adding shear connectors by elasto-plastic design
• 9 rows with 4 studs and a longitudinal spacing equal to 678 mm

(designed at ULS)
e = 678 mm
3300 mm 2800 mm
Section A Section B Section C
Simplified (25.8-12.1)/(4x0.1095) = 28 (25.8-11.5)/(4x0.1095) = 33 rows

interaction rows
spacing = 2800/33 = 84 mm
diagram
spacing = 3300/28 = 118 mm (which is even lower than 5d=110 mm !)
More precise (15.7-12.1)/(4x0.1095) = 9 rows (15.7-11.5)/(4x0.1095) = 10 rows

interaction
spacing = 3300/9 = 367 mm spacing = 2800/10 = 280 mm
diagram
EUROCODES
Detailing for shear connectors
• for solid slabs :
• to allow a correct welding of the connector : 25 mm ≤ eD
• and if the used shear connectors are studs :
• d ≤ 2.5.t f
d
• d ≤ 1.5.t f for a structural steel flange in tension, subjected to fatigue
h
• h ≥ 3d
• Φ
head ≥ 1.5d
tf
• hhead ≥ 0.4d
EUROCODES
Detailing for shear connectors
> Longitudinal spacing between shear connectors rows
– to insure the composite behaviour in all cross-sections :

emax = min (800 mm; 4 h )
where h is the concrete slab thickness
– if the structural steel flange in compression which is connected to the

concrete slab, is a class 3 or 4 element :
235
e max ≤ 22t f
• to avoid buckling of the flange between two studs rows : fy
235
• to avoid buckling of the cantilever eD-long part of the flange : eD ≤ 9t f
fy
– and if the used shear connectors are studs : 5.d ≤ e min
> Transversal spacing between adjacent studs

etrans ,min ≥ 2.5.d for solid slabs
etrans ,min ≥ 4.d in other cases

EUROCODES
Transverse reinforcement for solid slabs
Truss model for transverse reinforcement which supplements the shear strength of
the concrete on potential surface of failure (a-a for instance)
b1 a b1 a
At
beff beff
hc
tension
a Ab co
n
mp
io
Transverse re
ss
ss
e
reinforcement io n
pr
m
1m
co
Ab+At
θf
v L ,Ed
b1
v aa = v L ,Ed ⎡⎣ULS ⎤⎦ . a cracks
beff
EUROCODES
Transverse reinforcement for solid slabs
• tension in reinforcement : v aa .hc .(1m). tan θf ≤ ( A b + A t ) .fsd
⎛ f ⎞
• compression in concrete struts : v aa ≤ 0.6 ⎜1 − ck ⎟ fcd .sin θf cos θf
⎝ 250 ⎠
• for slab in tension at ULS : 1.0 ≤ co tan θf ≤ 1.25 (or 38.6° ≤ θf ≤ 45° )
• for slab in compression at ULS : 1.0 ≤ co tan θf ≤ 2.0 (or 26.5° ≤ θf ≤ 45° )
• Other potential surfaces of shear failure defined in EN1994-2 :

EUROCODES
Contents : 7 parts

compression
EUROCODES
Fatigue ULS in a composite bridge
In a composite bridge, fatigue verifications shall be performed for :

• the structural steel details of the main girder (see EN1993-2 and EN1993-1-9)
• the slab concrete (see EN1992-2)
• the slab reinforcement (see EN1994-2)
• the shear connection (see EN1994-2)
Two assessment methods in the Eurocodes which differ in the partial factor γMf for
fatigue strength in the structural steel :
Assessment method Consequence of detail failure for the bridge

(National Choice)
Low consequence High consequence
Damage tolerant
Required regular inspections and γMf = 1.0 γMf = 1.15
maintenance for detecting and repairing
fatigue damage during the bridge life
Safe life
No requirement for regular in-service γMf = 1.15 γMf = 1.35
inspection for fatigue damage
EUROCODES
Damage equivalent stress range ΔσE
In a given structural detail of the bridge which is subjected to repeated fluctuations of stresses
due to traffic loads, a fatigue crack could initiate and propagate. The detail fails when the
damage D in it reaches 1.0 : Log Δσ (stress range)
Fatigue S-N curve of the

studied detail (EN1993-2)
weld 1
with 2 slopes (m=3 and m=5)
m
Longitudinal N = C.Δσ−m
Δσ stiffener on a web
crack ΔσC
damage Log N (cycles)
ni ni Ni NC = ND=5.106 NL=100.106
= di
Ni 2.106
ni
Total damage in the detail : D=∑
Ni
In term of D, the actual traffic (ni, Δσi)i is equivalent to nE = Σ ni cycles of
the unique equivalent stress range ΔσE.
EUROCODES
Fatigue Load Model 3 « equivalent lorry » (FLM3)
axle = 120 kN
• 2.106 FLM3 lorries are assumed to cross the bridge per year and per slow lane defined
in the project
• every crossing induces a stress range Δσp = |σmax,f - σmin,f | in a given structural detail
• the equivalent stress range ΔσE in this detail is obtained as follows :
ΔσE = λΦ.Δσp where :

• λ is the damage equivalence factor
• Φ is the damage equivalent impact factor
(= 1.0 as the dynamic effect is already
included in the characteristic value of the
axle load)
EUROCODES
Damage equivalence factor λ
In a structural steel detail (in EN 1993-2):

λ=λ1 λ2 λ3 λ4 < λmax
which represents the following parameters :
λ1 : influence of the loaded lengths, defined in function of the bridges

spans (< 80 m) and the shape of the influence line for the internal forces
and moments
λ2 : influence of the traffic volume
λ3 : life time of the bridge ( λ3=1 for 100 years)
λ4 : influence of the number of loaded lanes
λmax : influence of the constant amplitude fatigue limit ΔσD at 5.106 cycles
For shear connection (in EN1994-2): λ v = λ v ,1 .λ v ,2 .λ v ,3 .λ v ,4

For reinforcement (in EN1992-2): λ s = ϕfat .λ s,1 .λ s,2 .λ s,3 .λ s,4
For concrete in compression (in EN1992-2 and only defined for railway bridges):
λ c = λ c,0 .λ c,1 .λ c,2,3 .λ c,4
EUROCODES
Example : Damage equivalence factor λv
• for road bridges (with L< 100 m) : λ v ,1 = 1.55

• hypothesis for the traffic volume in the example (based for instance on the
existing traffic description in EN 1991 part 2):
Nobs = 0.5.106 lorries per slow lane and per year with the following distribution
Q1 = 200 kN Q2 = 310 kN Q3 = 490 kN Q 4 = 390 kN Q5 = 450 kN

40% 10% 30% 15% 5%
15
⎛ ∑ niQi5 ⎞
Qml =⎜ = 407 kN
⎜ ∑ n ⎟⎟
Mean value of lorries weight :
⎝ i ⎠
(1 8)
Q ⎛ Nobs ⎞ 407
λ v ,2 = ml ⎜ = = 0.848
480 ⎝ 0.5.106 ⎟⎠ 480
• bridge life time = 100 years, so λ v ,3 = 1.0
• only 1 slow lane on the bridge, so λ v ,4 = 1.0 λ v = 1.314

EUROCODES
Stress range Δσp = | σmax,f – σmin,f | in the structural steel
Basic combination of non-cyclic actions Fatigue loads

Gmax (or Gmin ) + 1.0 (or 0.0)S + 0.6Tk + FLM3
In every section : Mmax (or Mmin ) = Ma,Ed + Mc,Ed MFLM3,max and MFLM3,min
• Bending moment in the section where the structural steel detail is located :
MEd,max,f = Ma,Ed + Mc,Ed + MFLM3,max MEd,min,f = Ma,Ed + Mc,Ed + MFLM3,min
• Corresponding stresses in the concrete slab (participating concrete) :

⎛v ⎞ ⎛v ⎞ ⎛v ⎞ ⎛v ⎞
σc,Ed,max,f = Mc,Ed ⎜ 1 ⎟ + MFLM3,max ⎜ 1 ⎟ σc,Ed,min,f = Mc,Ed ⎜ 1 ⎟ + MFLM3,min ⎜ 1 ⎟
⎝ I1 ⎠ ⎝ I1 ⎠ nL ⎝ I1 ⎠nn0 ⎝ I1 ⎠n L 0
Case σc,Ed,max,f > 0 ⎡ va v1 v1 ⎤ ⎡ va v1 v1 ⎤ v1

1 σc,Ed,min,f > 0 Δσ p = ⎢Ma,Ed + Mc,Ed + MFLM3,max ⎥ − ⎢Ma,Ed + Mc,Ed + MFLM3,min ⎥ = ΔMFLM3
I ⎣ I a I 1 I I
1 ⎦ ⎣ Ia 1 I 1 ⎦ 1
Case σc,Ed,max,f < 0 v2

Δσp = ΔMFLM3
2 σc,Ed,min,f < 0 I2
Case σc,Ed,max,f > 0 ⎛v v ⎞ v v
Δσp = Mc,Ed ⎜ 1 − 2 ⎟ + MFLM3,max 1 + MFLM3,min 2
3 σc,Ed,min,f < 0
⎝ I1 I2 ⎠ I1 I2
EUROCODES
Stress range Δσp for the upper face of the upper steel flange
Sequence of
1 2 3 16 15 14 4 5 6 7 13 12 11 10 9 8
concreting
30
25
Stress range (MPa)
20
15
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
x (m)
Stress range from M_min Stress range from M_max
always without concrete participation always with concrete participation
EUROCODES
Stress range Δσs,p = | σs,max,f – σs,min,f | in the reinforcement
Case σc,Ed,max,f > 0 v1

Δσs,p = ΔMFLM3
1 σc,Ed,min,f > 0 I1
Case σc,Ed,max,f < 0 ⎡ v ⎤⎛ M + MFLM3,max ⎞
Δσs,p = ⎢ Mc,Ed + MFLM3,min 2 + Δσs,f ⎥ ⎜1 − c,Ed ⎟⎟
2 σc,Ed,min,f < 0 I2 ⎜ Mc,Ed + MFLM3,min
⎣ ⎦⎝ ⎠
Case σc,Ed,max,f > 0 v1 ⎡ v ⎤
3 σc,Ed,min,f < 0 Δσs,p = (Mc,Ed + MFLM3,max ) − ⎢ Mc,Ed + MFLM3,min 2 + Δσs,f ⎥
I1 ⎣ I2 ⎦
• influence of the tension stiffening effect

fctm Fatigue : 0.2
Δσs,f = 0.2
α st ρs ! SLS verifications : 0.4
AI A s,eff
α st = ρs = .100
A aIa A c,eff
• in case 3, Mc,Ed is a sum of elementary bending moments corresponding to different

load cases with different values of v1/I1 (following nL).
EUROCODES
Tension stiffening effect
Tension
stiffening Δσs,f
effect
Δσs,p,2 Slope v2/I2 (fully

cracked behaviour)
Δσs,p,3
Bending
moment in the
composite M
section
Δσs,p,1
case 2
Slope v1/I1
case 3
case 1
Mc,Ed + MFLM3,min
Mc,Ed + MFLM3,max σs Stresses in the reinforcement (>0 in compression)
EUROCODES
Fatigue verifications
Δσc Δτc
• In a structural steel detail : γFf ΔσE ≤ γFf ΔτE ≤
γMf γMf
3 5
⎛ γ Ff ΔσE ⎞ ⎛ γFf ΔτE ⎞
⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ ≤ 1.0
⎝ ΔσC γMf ⎠ ⎝ ΔτC γ Mf ⎠
ΔσRsk
• In the reinforcement : γF,fat ΔσE ≤ γ S,fat = 1.15
γ S,fat
log ΔσRsk
k1 = 5
fsk
k2 = 9
k1
1
ΔσRsk = 162.5 MPa k2

1
N* = 1.106 logN
EUROCODES
Classification of typical structural details
EUROCODES
Fatigue verifications for shear connectors
ΔτR (log) ΔσR (log)
m=8 m=3
Δτc= Δσc=
90 MPa
ΔτE 80 MPa m=5
Nc =
NR (log)
ΔσE NR (log)
Nc =
2.106 cycles 2.106 cycles
( ΔτR ) NR = ( ΔτC ) NC
m m
1. For a steel flange in compression at fatigue ULS :

Δτc γFf = 1.0
γFf ΔτE ≤ with the recommended values :
γMf ,s γMf ,s = 1.0
2. For a steel flange in tension at fatigue ULS :
Δσc Δτc γFf ΔσE γ Δτ

γFf ΔσE ≤ γFf ΔτE ≤ + Ff E ≤ 1.3
γMf γMf ,s ΔσC γMf ΔτC γ Mf ,s
EUROCODES
Contents : 7 parts

compression
EUROCODES
LTB around internal supports of a composite girder
To verify the LTB in the lower bottom flange (which is in compression

around internal supports), two approaches are available :
1. Bridge with uniform cross-sections in

Class 1,2 or 3 and an un-stiffened web
(except on supports) : U-frame model
2. Bridge with non-uniform cross-sections :

general method from EN1993-2, 6.3.4
• 6.3.4.1 : General method
• 6.3.4.2 : Simplified method
(Engesser’s formula for σcr)
fy σcr
αult αult = and α cr =
λLT = with
σa σa
α cr
χLT = f λLT ( ) χLT αult

≥ 1.0 ?
γ M1
EUROCODES
Example : lateral restraints
Lateral restraints are provided on each vertical support (piles) and in cross-
sections where cross bracing frames are provided:
• Transverse bracing frames every 7.5 m in end spans and every 8.0 m in
central span
1100
2800
600
1100
IPE 600
7000
Cross section with transverse bracing frame in span
• A frame rigidity evaluated to Cd = 20.3 MN/m (spring rate)

EUROCODES
Maximum bending at support P1 under traffic
Traffic loads (with unfavourable

transverse distribution for the TS = 409.3 kN/axle
udl = 26.7 kN/m
girder n°1)
+
Dead loads (construction phases,

cracked elastic analysis,
shrinkage)
MEd = -102 MN.m
NEd = MEd / h
= 38 MN
EUROCODES
Elastic critical load for lateral flange buckling
• EN 1993-2, 6.3.4.2 : ENGESSER

•NEd = constant = Nmax
t f bf 3 120.12003
• I = constant = Imax I= = c = Cd/a
12 12
Ncr = 2 EIc = 192 MN

L = 80 m
α cr = Ncr NEd = 5.1 < 10
• EN 1993-2, 6.3.4.1:
a = 7,5 m a=8m a = 7,5 m
General method
• I and NEd are variable
uy
• discrete elastic lateral
support, with rigidity Cd
(I)
x
α cr = Ncr NEd = 8.9 (Mode I at P1)

(II)
= 10.3 (Mode II at P2)
= 17.5 (Mode III at P1)
(III)
Lcr = 20 m
EUROCODES
EN1993-2, 6.3.4.1 (general method)
First order stresses in the mid plane

of the lower flange (compression at support P1)
400
300
Stresses in the mid-plane of the lower flange[MPa]
⎡ fyf ⎤ 295
αult,k = min ⎢ ⎥= = 1.18
200
σ
⎢⎣ f ⎥⎦ 249
100
α ult,k 1.18
λ op = =
0 α cr,op 8.9
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
-100
= 0.37 ≥ 0.2
-200
-300
-400
Using buckling curve d: χop = 0.875 ≤ 1.0

α ult,k 1.036
χ op = = 0.94 > 1.0 NO !
γ M1 1.1
EUROCODES
More information about the numerical design example by

downloading the PDF guidance book :
“Eurocodes 3 and 4 – Application to steel-concrete
composite road bridges”
on the Sétra website :
http://www.setra.equipement.gouv.fr/In-English.html
Thank you for your kind attention

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Eurocodes - Background and applications

Dissemination of information workshop

Ministry for Ecology, Sustainable development and Spatial Planning (Paris)

1. Introduction to composite bridges in Eurocode 4

All points are illustrated with numerical applications to a

Composite bridges with steel girders under the slab

1. Introduction to composite bridges in Eurocode 4

• Elastic global analysis without bending redistribution

• Non-linear global analysis may be used (no application rules)

BUILDINGS CLASS 2 sections which can develop M pl,Rd with

CLASS 3 sections which can develop M el,Rd

Deformed structure M at mid-span with

• Determination of the stresses σc in the extreme fibre of the concrete

EI1 = un-cracked composite inertia (structural steel + concrete in compression)

! An additional iteration is not required.

Simplified method usable if :

Yielding at mid-span is taken into account if :

• Elastic linear analysis with an additional verification for the cross-

• Non linear analysis

• To calculate the internal forces and moments for the

– elastic global analysis (except for accidental loads)

• To calculate the internal forces and moments for the

– as for ULS (mainly used for verifying the concrete slab)

• To calculate the longitudinal shear per unit length (SLS

– Cracked global analysis, elastic and linear

• Steel flange ⇒ EN 1993-1-5

• Global analysis : constant for each span for simplification

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 – Dissemination of information workshop 16

Global longitudinal bending

> Structural steel (EN1993 + EN10025) :

Yield thickness t (mm)

S 355 N 355 345 335 325

S 355 NL 315 295

Note : the requirements of EN 1993-1-10 (brittle fracture and through-thickness properties)

> Cross bracing and stiffeners : S355

φt = φ ( t − t 0 ) creep function defined in EN1992-1-1 with :

ψL correction factor for taking account of the type of loading

Permanent loads 1.1

1. Concreting order of the 12.5-m-long slab segments

1st 16th Pre-stressing

Mean value of the ages of concrete segments : + 14 days + 30 days

nL ,1 = n0 (1 + 1.1.φ1 ) nL ,2 = n0 (1 + 1.5.φ2 ) nL ,3 = n0 (1 + 1.1.φ3 )

Note : t0 = 1 day when shrinkage is applied to a concrete segment.

Short term loading Long term loading

in span 0.85x60 = 51m 0.7x80 = 56m 0.85x60 = 51m

Spans 1 and 3 51 3.2 2.2 / / 6.0

=> No reduction for shear lag in the global analysis

• concrete (by segments in a selected order)

P Possibly, pre-stressing by imposed deformations (for

Free shrinkage strain applied Shrinkage strain applied on

1- Auto-equilibrated stress diagram in every section and an imposed rotation

2- Curvature in an isostatic bridge due to the imposed deformations :

3- Compatibility of deformations to be considered in an hyperstatic bridge :

1+2 = isostatic (or primary) effects

Isostatic effects M iso

SLS combinations iso + hyper effects hyper iso + hyper

ULS combinations hyper (if class 1) hyper hyper (if class 1)

• could be neglected if all cross-sections are in Class 1 or 2

1- Non linear gradients : 2- Linear gradients :

3- Difference +/- 10 °C : +/- 10 °C

Longitudinal axis of the

girder no. 1 girder no. 2

For every permanent design situation, two limit states of the

XC4, XS1*, XD3, XF3 or XF4

XF1 or XF2 : for bridges subjected to (very) frequent salting