188 CHAPTER 3 Matrices

Solution
0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
(a) A ⫽ 0 0 0 1 1 (b) B ⫽ 0 0 0 1 1
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 2 2 1 1
2 0 1 2 2
(c) A ⫹ B ⫽ 0 0 0 2 2
0 0 2 0 1
0 0 0 0 0
Because the sum of the elements in row 2 is the largest (7), the person in office 2 has the
most power to influence others. Because row 5 has the smallest sum (0), the person in
office 5 has the least power. ■

Spreadsheet Note Once data are entered in a spreadsheet, they can be stored in a matrix and then added
to or subtracted from other matrices. The method for finding sums (and differ-
ences) of two matrices with Excel involves adding (or subtracting) corresponding ele-
ments and using “fill across” and “fill down.” The details of the method are shown in
Appendix B, Section 3.1. ■

✓ CHECKPOINT 1. (a) Yes, A and B have the same order (size).

ANSWERS (b) No; corresponding elements are not equal.
(c) Yes.
3 8 ⫺1 ⫺1 2 ⫺3
2. 3. (a) (b) Yes
3 2 2 5 ⫺1 ⫺2
2 6 4 20
4. (a) (b) Yes
40 10 12 6

| EXERCISES | 3.1
Use the following matrices for Problems 1–28. 5. Write the negative of matrix F.
6. Write a zero matrix that is the same order as D.
1 0 ⫺2 1 1 3 0
7. Which of the matrices A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and Z are
A⫽ 3 2 1 B⫽ 4 2 1 1 square?
4 0 3 3 2 0 1 8. Write the matrix that is the negative of matrix B.
9. What is the element a23?
5 3 4 2 1 0 4
C⫽ D⫽ E⫽ 10. What is element b24?
1 2 3 5 5 1 0 11. Write the transpose of matrix A.
1 2 3 2 1 1 12. Write the transpose of matrix F.
13. What is the sum of matrix A and its negative?
F ⫽ ⫺1 0 1 G⫽ 1 0 4
14. If matrix A has element a3j ⫽ 0, what is j?
2 ⫺3 ⫺4 5 1 0
0 0 0 In Problems 15–28, perform the operations, if possible.
Z⫽ 0 0 0 15. C ⫹ D 16. A ⫹ F
17. A ⫺ F 18. Z ⫹ GT
0 0 0
19. A ⫹ A T
20. A ⫹ FT
1. How many rows does matrix B have? 21. D ⫺ G 22. B ⫹ F
2. What is the order of matrix E? 23. 3B 24. 4D
3. Which matrices have the same order as G? 25. 4C ⫹ 2D 26. 8C ⫺ 3D
4. Write the negative of D. 27. 2A ⫺ 3B 28. 4F ⫹ 3G

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 SECTION 3.1 Matrices 189

In Problems 29–32, find x, y, z, and w. (c) Which negative entries in matrix C definitely
indicate a positive change for the countries?
x 1 0 3 1 0
29. 0 y z ⫽ 0 2 3 2012 China Bangladesh Philippines
w 2 1 4 2 1
Population (millions) 1341.3 148.7 93.3
0 x 1 0 4 1 Life expectancy 73.8 69.4 69.2
30. 3 y y ⫽ 3 1 y Fertility rate* 1.56 2.16 3.05
z 0 2 1 0 w Infant mortality rate** 19.6 41.8 20.9

x 3 (2x ⫺ 1) (2x ⫺ 4) z 7
31. ⫽ 2062 China Bangladesh Philippines
y 4 4y 1 (w ⫹ 1) (3y ⫹ 1)
Population (millions) 1211.5 192.4 165.5
x y (x ⫹ 3) (2x ⫺ 1) ⫺1 w
32. ⫽ Life expectancy 80.8 79.0 78.4
z 4 4y x (5 ⫹ y) ⫺4 Fertility rate* 1.88 1.68 1.95
33. Solve for x, y, and z if Infant mortality rate** 8.3 12.5 10.2
x y 2x ⫺y 14 (4 ⫺ y) Source: Discover Almanac
3 ⫹2 ⫽
y z 3y ⫺4z 18 15 *The fertility rate is the number of children an average woman will
produce in her lifetime.
34. Find x, y, z, and w if **Infant mortality is the number of deaths per thousand births.

x 4 4x 2z 20 20
3 ⫺2 ⫽ 37. Pollution abatement The following tables give the
4y w ⫺3 ⫺2w 6 14 capital expenditures and gross operating costs of
manufacturing establishments for pollution abate-
APPLICATIONS ment, in millions of dollars.
(a) Use a calculator or spreadsheet to find the sum of
35. Endangered species The tables below give the
the matrices containing these data. This will yield
numbers of some species of threatened and
the total costs of manufacturing establishments
endangered wildlife in the United States and in
for air, water, and solid contained waste pollution
foreign countries in 2012.
abatement for the years 2013–2016.
United States (b) Which type of pollution abatement was most
Mammals Birds Reptiles Amphibians Fishes expensive in 2016?
Endangered 70 78 14 15 82 Pollution Abatement Capital Expenditures
Threatened 14 13 20 9 65 Solid Contained
Foreign Air Water Waste
Mammals Birds Reptiles Amphibians Fishes 2013 6030.8 2562.0 817.5
2014 3706.3 2814.6 869.1
Endangered 256 208 69 8 11 2015 4403.1 2509.8 953.9
Threatened 16 15 17 1 1 2016 4122.0 2294.9 760.9
Source: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

(a) Write a matrix A that contains the number of each Pollution Abatement Gross Operating Costs
of these species in the United States in 2012 and Solid Contained
a matrix B that contains the number of each of Air Water Waste
these species outside the United States in 2012.
(b) Find a matrix with the total number of these 2013 5010.9 6416.4 5643.5
species. Assume that U.S. and foreign species are 2014 5033.5 6345.0 6008.2
different. 2015 5395.0 6576.9 5494.5
(c) Find the matrix B ⫺ A. What do the negative 2016 5574.6 6631.8 5348.6
entries in matrix B ⫺ A mean?
36. Asian demographics The following tables show 38. Population The following tables give U.S. Census
important demographics for China, Bangladesh, and Bureau data and projections of the population (in
the Philippines for 2012 and projected for 2062. thousands) by selected age groups and sex in the
(a) Create matrix B for the 2012 table and matrix A United States.
for the 2062 table. (a) If matrix M gives the male data and Matrix F
(b) Find a matrix C that shows the changes of demo- gives the female data, find M⫺F and discuss what
graphics from 2012 to 2062 for these countries. it means.

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
190 CHAPTER 3 Matrices

(b) For what years and ages is the female population (a) Make a matrix A containing the information for
projected to be greater than the male population? Whites and a matrix B for Blacks.
Males (b) Use these to find how many more years Whites in
each category are expected to live than Blacks.
Under age 5 5–13 14–17 18–64 Over age 64 (c) For which of these birth years is the life expec-
2015 10,763 18,784 8541 99,232 21,041 tancy difference greatest?
2020 11,150 19,309 8478 100,904 24,970 42. Weekly earnings The following table shows median
2025 11,307 20,210 8472 102,004 29,204 weekly earnings for men and women of different ages
2030 11,377 20,649 9078 103,510 32,709 in 2012.
(a) Use the data to make a 2 ⫻ 4 matrix with each
Females row representing a gender and each column
Under age 5 5–13 14–17 18–64 Over age 64 representing an age category.
2015 10,288 17,988 8153 99,918 26,654 (b) If union members’ median weekly earnings are
2020 10,658 18,640 8104 100,863 30,999 20% more than the earnings given in the table,
2025 10,807 19,301 8093 101,162 35,848 use a matrix operation to find a matrix giving the
2030 10,875 19,717 8653 101,839 40,066 results by sex and age for union members.

39. Sales Let matrix A represent the sales (in thousands of Age 16–24 25–54 55–64 65ⴙ
dollars) for the Walbash Company in 2015 in various cit- Men 460 902 1015 780
ies, and let matrix B represent the sales (in thousands of Women 409 722 760 661
dollars) for the same company in 2016 in the same cities.
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor
Chicago Atlanta Memphis
450 280 850 Wholesale 43. Energy trade and consumption The following tables
A⫽ give U.S. energy imports, exports, and consumption
400 350 150 Retail
data and projections (in quadrillion BTUs) for various
Chicago Atlanta Memphis energy types (with liquid fuels and petroleum abbrevi-
375 300 710 Wholesale ated as LF&P) in selected years.
B⫽
410 300 200 Retail
Imports 2015 2020 2025
(a) Write the matrix that represents the total sales by
type and city for both years. LF&P 5.63 5.55 5.47
(b) Write the matrix that represents the change in Natural gas 3.38 2.58 2.36
sales by type and city from 2015 to 2016. Other 16.29 15.18 15.74
40. Opinion polls A poll of 3320 people revealed that of
the respondents that were registered Republicans, 843 Exports 2015 2020 2025
approved of their representative’s job performance,
LF&P 6.04 5.37 5.14
426 did not, and 751 had no opinion. Of the registered
Natural gas 1.89 2.67 3.92
Democrats, 257 approved of their representative’s job
Other 3.00 3.13 3.18
performance, 451 did not, and 92 had no opinion. Of
those registered as Independents, 135 approved, 127
did not approve, and 38 had no opinion. Of the remain- Consumption 2015 2020 2025
ing respondents, who were not registered, 92 approved, LF&P 37.04 37.54 36.87
64 did not approve, and 44 had no opinion. Represent Natural gas 25.86 26.77 27.28
these data in a 3 ⫻ 4 matrix. Other 34.82 36.73 38.19
41. Life expectancy The following table gives the years
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration
of life expectancy at birth for Blacks and Whites born
in the United States in selected years from 2000 and Let M be the 3 ⫻ 3 matrix of import data, E be the
projected to 2020. matrix of export data, and C be the matrix of con-
Whites Blacks sumption data. Find each of the following and indicate
what information each provides.
Males Females Males Females
1
2000 74.7 79.9 67.8 74.7 (a) E ⫺ M (b) C (c) C ⫹ E ⫺ M
12
2006 75.7 80.6 69.7 76.5 44. Debt payment Ace, Baker, and Champ are being
2010 76.5 81.3 70.2 77.2 purchased by ALCO, Inc., and their outstanding
2015 77.1 81.8 71.4 78.2 debts must be paid by the purchaser. The following
2020 77.7 82.4 72.6 79.2 matrix gives the amounts of debt and the terms for the
Source: National Center for Health Statistics companies being purchased.

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 SECTION 3.1 Matrices 191

Due in 30 days Due in 60 days 47. Management Management is attempting to identify

Ace $40,000 $60,000 the most active person in labor’s efforts to unionize.
Baker $25,000 $15,000 The following diagram shows how influence flows
Champ from one employee to another among the four most
$35,000 $58,000
active employees.
(a) If ALCO pays 35% of the amount owed on each
debt, write the matrix giving the remaining debts. 1 2
(b) Suppose ALCO decides to pay 80% of all debts
due in 30 days and to increase the debts due in
60 days by 20%. Write a matrix that gives the
debts after these transactions are made. 3 4
45. Expense accounts A sales associate’s expense account
for the first week of a certain month has the daily
expenses (in dollars) shown in matrix A. (a) Construct matrix A with elements
1 if i influences j directly.
Meals Lodging Travel Other aij ⫽
0 otherwise.
44 80 200 10 Monday
40 80 40 0 Tuesday (b) Construct matrix B with elements
A ⫽ 56 140 90 0 Wednesday 1 if i influences j through at most
30 140 40 20 Thursday bij ⫽ one person, with i ⬆ j.
40 0 200 10 Friday
0 otherwise.
(a) The associate finds that expenses for the second (c) The person i is most active in influencing others
week are 5% more (in each category) than for if the sum of the elements in row i of the matrix
the first week. Find the expenses matrix for the A ⫹ B is the largest. Who is the most active
second week (note that this is 1.05A). person?
(b) Find the associate’s expenses matrix for the third 48. Ranking In order to rank the five members of a
week if expenses for that week are 10% more (in school’s chess team for play against another school, the
each category) than they were in the first week. coach draws the following diagram. An arrow from 1
46. Debt payment When a firm buys another company, to 2 means player 1 has defeated player 2.
the company frequently has some outstanding debt
that the purchaser must pay. Consider three com- 1 2
panies, A, B, and C, that are purchased by Maxx
Industries. The following table gives the amount of 3
each company’s debt, classified by the number of days
remaining until the debt must be paid.
4 5
Company 30 Days 60 Days More than 60 Days
A $25,000 $26,000 $12,000 (a) Construct matrix A with elements
B 15,000 52,000 5,000 1 if i defeated j.
C 8,000 20,000 120,000 aij ⫽
0 otherwise.
(a) Suppose Maxx Industries pays 20% of the amount (b) Construct matrix B with elements
owed on each loan. Write the matrix that would 1 if i defeated someone who
give the remaining debt in each category.
bij ⫽ defeated j and i ⬆ j.
(b) What payment plan did Maxx Industries use if
the outstanding debt is given by the following 0 otherwise.
matrix? (c) The player i is the top-ranked player if the sum of
row i in the matrix A ⫹ B is the largest. What is
25,000 26,000 12,000
the number of this player?
15,000 52,000 5,000 49. Production and inventories Operating from two
8,000 20,000 120,000 plants, the Book Equipment Company (BEC) produces
bookcases and filing cabinets. Matrix A summarizes
0 26,000 0 25,000 0 0
its production for a week, with row 1 representing the
⫺ 0.50 0 52,000 0 ⫺ 15,000 0 0 number of bookcases and row 2 representing the num-
0 20,000 0 8,000 0 0 ber of filing cabinets. Matrix B gives the production

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
192 CHAPTER 3 Matrices

for the second week, and matrix C that of the third 51. Management In an evaluation of labor assignment
and fourth weeks combined. rules when workers are not perfectly interchangeable,
Paul M. Bobrowski and Paul Sungchil Park created a
50 30 30 45 96 52 dynamic job shop with 9 work centers and 9 workers,
A⫽ B⫽ C⫽
36 44 22 62 81 37 both numbered 1–9. The efficiency of each worker
is specified in the following labor efficiency matrix,
If column 1 in each matrix represents production from
which represents the degree of worker cross-training
plant 1 and column 2 represents production from
(Source: Bobrowski, P. M., and P. S. Park, “An evalua-
plant 2, answer the following.
tion of labor assignment rules,” Journal of Operations
(a) Write a matrix that describes production for the
Management, Vol. 11, September 1993).
first 2 weeks.
(a) For what work center(s) is worker 7 least efficient?
(b) Find a matrix that describes production for the
(b) For what work center is worker 1 most efficient?
first 4 weeks.
(c) If matrix D
Work Centers
40 26 1.00 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85
D⫽
29 42 0.85 1.00 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.85 0.85 0.85 W
0.85 0.85 1.00 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.85 0.85 o
describes the shipments made during the first
week, write the matrix that describes the units 0.85 0.85 0.85 1.00 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.85 r
added to the plants’ inventories in the first week. 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 1.00 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 k
(d) If D also describes the shipments during the 0.95 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 1.00 0.95 0.95 0.95 e
second week, describe the change in inven- 0.95 0.95 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 1.00 0.95 0.95 r
tory at the end of two weeks. What happened at 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 1.00 0.95 s
plant 1?
0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 1.00
50. Management The following figure depicts the mean
(average) flow time for a job when the critical-ratio
52. Suppose that for the workers and the work centers
rule is used to dispatch workers at several machines
described in the matrix in Problem 51, changes in
required to complete the job. In the figure, WHN 1,
rules cause efficiency to decrease by 0.01 at work
WHN 2, and WHN 3 represent three different rules
centers 2 and 5 and to decrease by 0.02 at work
for determining when a worker should be transferred
center 7. Write the matrix that describes the new
to another machine, and Where represents six rules
efficiencies.
for determining the machine to which the worker
53. For the data in Problem 51, use a computer
is transferred. Construct a 3 ⫻ 6 matrix A to repre-
spreadsheet to find the average efficiency for each
sent these data, with entries rounded to the nearest
worker over the first four work centers. Which
integer.
worker is the least efficient? Where does this worker
WHN 1 perform best?
WHN 2 54. For the data in Problem 51, use a computer spread-
sheet to find the average efficiency for each work
WHN 3
35 Source: Bobrowski, P. M., and P. S. Park center over the first five workers. Which work center
30 is the most efficient? Which work center should be
Flow time (hr/job)

25 studied for improvement?

20
15
10
5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Where

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.