Transformer Protection PDF

Transformer Protection
Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Page 188 2007-08 Author: G. Ziegler PTD SE PTI
Transformer: Function principle and equivalent circuits
w1 w2
I1 I2
R1 Xσ1 Xσ 2' R2 '
Φ
U1 U2
Φ σ1 Φ σ2 U1 I1 Iµ Xµ I2' U 2'
Equivalent electromagnetic circuit Equivalent electric circuit
I ⋅ w + I ⋅ w = I µ ⋅ w1
1 1 2 2
RTK X TK
I1⋅ w1 = I 2 ⋅ w2
At load and short-circuit: I µ << I1, 2 ' X TK = X σ 1 + X σ 2 '
U1 I1 = I 2 ' U 2'
RTK = R1 + R2 '

Typical Transformer data
Rated power Ratio Short-circuit No-load magnetizing

voltage current
MVA kV/kV % UN % In
850 850/21 17 0.2
600 400/230 18.5 0.25
300 400/120 19 0.1
300 230/120 24 0.1
40 110/11 17 0.1
16 30/10.5 8.0 0.2
6.3 30/10.5 7.5 0.2
0.63 10/0.4 4.0 0.15

Transformer Inrush current
IRush
Flux
φ φ
φRem Inrush-current of a single

U phase transformer
Im t
Source: Sonnemann, et al.: Magnetizing Inrush phenomena in transformer banks, AIEE Trans., 77, P. III, 1958, pp. 884-892

Inrush currents of a Y-∆-transformer
Neutral of Y-winding earthed
ΦT
IR
ΦS
ΦR IS ID
I mT
IC
I mR
Oscillogram:
IR 5 1
I R = ⋅ I mR − ⋅ I mC IR
6 6
1 1
IS IS = − ⋅ ImR − ⋅ ImT
6 6 IS
5 1
IT IT = ⋅ ImT − ⋅ ImR IT
6 6
Source: Sonnemann et al. : Magnetizing Inrush phenomena in transformer banks, AIEE Trans., 77, P. III, 1958, pp. 884-892

Inrush current : Content of 2nd und 3rd harmonic
I m(ν )
%
I m(1)
100
80 B B
360O
60
I m ( 2)
40 I m(1)
I m(3)
20 I m(1) 17,5%
90O 180O 270O 360O Width of base B

240O

Inrush currents of a three-phase transformer
recorded with relay 7UT51

Transformer Inrush current:
Amplitude and time constant
Î Rush 12
Î N 10 Rated power time constant

in MVA in seconds
8
0,5....1,0 0,16....0,2
6 1,0 10 0,2 .....1,2
>10 1,2 ....720
4
5 10 50 100 500
Rated transformer power in MVA

Sympathetic Inrush
Wave form: Transient currents:
I1
I
I1 Current circulating
I2 between transformers
I2
IT
IT t
I1 RS XS
Transformer
IT being closed
G T1 IT
G I1
resistance I2 I2
Transformer
already closed
T1 T2
T2

Transformer overfluxing
Deduction of wave form Harmonic content

%
Im 100 I150/I50 I50/InTr
B 80
×104 Gauß U
1,5 60 I250/I50
40 I350/I50
1,0
20
0,5 0
100 120 140 % 160
U/Un
5 10 15 A 0 10 20 ms
Im t

Vector group adaptation with matching CTs
Current distribution with external ph-ph fault
IR Ir
I1 r
R
3 1
IS I2 Is s
S G
IT It
I3 t
T
3 /1
87T 87T 87T

Vector group adaptation with matching CTs
Current distribution with external ph-E fault
IR Yd1 I1 Ir r
R
IS Is s
I2
S G
IT It
I3 t
T
tm
It
= 3
IT=3 tg
3 /1
87T 87T 87T Ir rm
= 3 rg
Tm Tg R0 S0 T0 30O 30O
tm tg
sm
sg
Sm Rm Rg Sg rm rg
Traditional I0-elimination with matching CTs
Current distribution in case of an internal earth fault
L1
L1
L2
L2 G
L3
L3
! ∆Ι ∆Ι ∆Ι • Sensitivity only 2/3 IF!

•Non-selective fault
indication!

Traditional I0-correction with matching CTs
Current distribution with external ph-E fault
a
A
b
B G
c
C
3/1
87T 87T 87T

Traditional I0-correction with matching CTs
Current distribution with internal ph-E fault
a
A
b
B G
c
C
3/1
87T 87T 87T

Transformer differential protection, connection
L1 IA1 IB1
UA UB
L2 IA2 IB2
(110 kV) L3 IA3 IB3 (20 kV)
Digital protection
contains:
Adaptation to
7UT6 ∆I ∆I ∆I
• Ratio UA / UB
• Vector group
Software replica of matching transformers

Digital transformer protection
Adaptation of currents for comparison (1)
CT 1 W1 W2 CT 2
JR-prim Jr-prim
JS-prim Js-prim
JT-prim Jt-prim
N Ir N Jr-sec
JR-sec IR IR* Com- Ir** Vector Ir*
o I0- Is* I0- o
JS-sec IS parison Is** group Is Js-sec
r elim. IS* elim. r
JT-sec IT IT* ∆I It** adapt. It* It Jt-sec
m m
SN SN
I N −Transf − W1 = I N −Transf − W2 =
3 ⋅ U N-1 3 ⋅ U N -2
IR J R −sec J R −sec Ir J r − sec J r − sec

I I
IS = N − Prim − CT 1 ⋅ J S −sec = kCT −1 ⋅ J S −sec I s = N − Prim −CT 2 ⋅ J s −sec = k CT − 2 ⋅ J s − sec
I N − Transf - W1 I N −Transf -W2
IT JT −sec JT −sec It J t −sec J t −sec

Adaptation of currents for comparison (2)
CT 1 W1 W2 CT 2
JR-prim Jr-prim
JS-prim Js-prim
JT-prim Jt-prim
N Ir N Jr-sec
JR-sec IR IR* Com_ Ir** Vector Ir*
o I0- I0- o
JS-sec IS parison Is** group Is* Is Js-sec
r elim. IS* elim. r
JT-sec IT IT* ∆I It** adapt. It* It Jt-sec
m m
1 1
I0 = ⋅ (I R + IS + IT ) Example Yd5: I0 = ⋅ (I r + Is + I t )
3 3
I R * = I R − I0 I∆−R IR * Ir ** I r ** −1 0 1 Ir * I r * = I r − I0
1
IS* = IS − I0 I∆−S = I S * + I s ** I s ** = 1 −1 0 ⋅ I s * Is * = Is − I0
3
IT * = IT − I0 I ∆ −T IT * I t * * It ** 0 1 − 1 It * I t * = I t − I0

Adaptation of currents for comparison
Relay input data
Input data:
•n times 30O vector group number
Winding 1 (reference) is normally:
(only for 2nd and 3rd winding,
1st winding is reference) •High voltage side
•UN (kV) Rated winding voltage
At windings with
•SN (MVA) rated winding power
tap changer:
•INW (A) Primary rated CT current U max ⋅ U min
UN = 2⋅
•Line or BB direction of CT neutral U max + U min
•Elimination / I0-treatment
Correction /
without
•Side XX Assignment input for REF
•INW S (A) Primary rated current of neutral CT
•Neutral CT Earth side connection to relay: Q7 or Q8?

Current adaptation, Example (1)
SN = 100 MVA
UN1= 20 kV Yd5 UN2= 110 kV
3000/5 A W2 W1 600/1 A
7621 A 2.400 A
1A
5A
∆I

Current adaptation, Example (2)
20-kV-side 110-kV-side
100MVA 100MVA
I N − Trafo − W2 = = 2887A I N − Trafo − W1 = = 525A
3 ⋅ 20kV 3 ⋅110kV
1 1
J r,s, t -sek = ⋅13200 3 = 4,4 3 A J R,S,T -sek = ⋅ 2400 = 4,0 A
3000 600
3000 600
I Norm = ⋅ 4,4 3 = 4,57 3 A I Norm = ⋅ 4 = 4,57A
2887 525
I0-elimination: Vector group adaptation: Yd5

I r ** − 1 0 1 4,57 3 − 4,57 / 3 Ir * 2 −1 −1 0 4,57 3
1 1
I s ** = 1 − 1 0 ⋅ − 4,57 3 = 2 ⋅ 4,57 / 3 Is * = ⋅ − 1 2 − 1 ⋅ − 4,57 = − 2 ⋅ 4,57 3
3 3
It * * 0 1 −1 0 − 4,57 / 3 It * −1 −1 2 0 4,57 3
I A − R = I R * +I r * * = 4,57 3 − 4,57 3 =0
I A − S = I S * + I s * * = − 2 ⋅ 4,57 3 + 2 ⋅ 4,57 3 = 0
I A −T = IT * +I t * * = 4,57 3 − 4,57 3 =0

7UT6
Operating characteristic
I1 I2
9
IDiff/ In
B
8 I DIFF >>
A
ST
I
F =
7UT6
IF
7
ID
IDIFF = |I1+ I2|
6
IStab = |I1| + |I2| Tripping area
5
4 2
pe Stable operation
o
3 Sl
1 Additional stabilisation
Slope
1
I DIFF > for high Is.c.
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Istab / In

I0-elimination / correction: Summary
Î I0- elimination necessary at all windings with earthed

neutral or with grounding transformer in the protection range
Earth fault sensitivity reduced to 2/3 !
Incorrect fault type indication!
Î I0- correction provides full earth current sensitivity and
correct phase selective fault type indication, however requires
CT in the neutral-to-earth connection of the transformer.
Î As an alternative, earth differential protection can be used
to enhance earth fault sensitivity.

Transformer winding to earth fault
Solid earthed neutral
IF
per unit
10
UR 8
IF
h⋅UR 6
Infeed side
4
IF IK
2
IK
0 20 40 60 80 100
Short-circuited winding part h in %
Source: P.M. Anderson: Power System Protection, McGraw-Hill and IEEE Press (Book)

Resistance or reactance earthed neutral
UR
%
100
h⋅UR
I
Infeed side I Max IF
50 IK
IF
IK RE
0
20 40 60 80 100
h ⋅U R Short-circuited winding part h in %
IF =
RE
h ⋅ w2 2 1 U 2n U R
IK = ⋅ IF = h ⋅
U 2n
⋅ IF IK = h ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
w1 U1n ⋅ 3 3 U1n RE
Source: P.M. Anderson: Power System Protection, McGraw-Hill and IEEE Press (Book)

Earth fault in the delta winding
IK R
IK
0%
5 20%
Grid x In
4
3 33,3%
50%
2
1 100%
20 40 60 80 100
Location of the earth fault h in %

Transformer winding short-circuit
100 10
IF , IK
IK IP
x In 80 8 x In
60 6
IF
40 4
IK
20 2
IF
0
5 10 15 20 25
Short-circuited winding part h in %
Source: Protective Relays, Application Guide, GEC Alstom T&D, 1995

Restricted earth fault protection of relay 7UT6
I0* = IN
I0** = I R + I S + IT = 3I0 IR
IS
I restr = I − I − I + I
*
0
**
0
*
0
**
0 IT
Basic operating area:
IOp = I0* IN I>
( )
for − 900 ≤ ϕ I 0* / I 0** ≤ +900
if IOp ≥ Iset ∆ IE
I0* I0**
Extended operating area:
IOp = I 0* − k0 ·I restr
( )
for + 900 ≤ ϕ I 0* / I 0** ≤ +2700
if IOP ≥ Irestr
Restricted earth fault protection of 7UT6
Operating characteristic (2)
k0 =2
K0 ϕ Limit I*0
ϕ Limit=110O
1.0 130 I 0-set
1.4 120
4
2.0 110 I*0* ΣI Ph
3 = =1
4.0 100
I*0 IN
∞ 90 2
1
External fault Internal fault
180O 130O 120O 110O 100O 90O 80O 70O 60O 50O 0O
(
ϕ I*0*/I*0 )

Restricted earth fault protection of 7UT6
Polar characteristic
K0= 4
K0= 2 100 80
2
120 60
1.6 I0 * ϕ (I 0 */I 0 **)
140 40
⋅e
K0= 1.4 I0 * *
1.2
160 0.8 20
K0= 1
Blocking 0.4
ϕ Tripping
180 0 +1 0
200 340
220 320
240 300
260 280

Restricted earth fault protection 87N (7UT6)
Application aspects
Increased sensitivity with earth faults near winding neutral

Preferably used in case of resistance or reactance neutral earthing
Sensitive to turns short-circuit
I0 / IN amplitude and angle comparison
2nd harmonic stabilised
Can protect a separate shunt reactor or neutral earthing transformer
in addition to the two winding transformer differential protection
Not applicable with autotransformers! (as only one stabilising input at
transformer terminal side, -- high impedance principle to be used in this case.

Transformer HI-earth fault protection
IR
Ir
IS Is
IT It
ZE
∆IE>
IN ∆IE>

HI differential protection of an autotransformer
Ir
IR
Is
IS
It
IT
87 87 87

HI earth fault protection of an autotransformer
Ir
IR
Is
IS
It
IT
IN
∆I>

Transformer tank protection 64T: Principle
IE>
Insulated

Transformer protection, Relay design
Transformer Protection
with
Siemens SIPROTEC
7UT6
7UT612

Digital transformer protection relay 7UT613:
Current inputs and integrated protective functions
YN yn0 d5
R
S
T
ϑ> ϑ> I>>,

∆IT
∆ITE
(2) (1) I>t

Relay 7UT6: Application examples
∆I
∆I ∆I ∆I
Shunt Reactor Two winding Three winding Transformer bank

transformer transformer (1-1/2-LS)
G ∆I ∆I ∆I
Generator / Motor Busbars

7UT6
Operating characteristic
I1 I2
9
IDiff/ In
8
B
I DIFF >> (1604)
A
ST
I
F =
7UT61
IF
7
ID
6 IDIFF = |I1+ I2|
IStab = |I1| + |I2|
5 )
8
Tripping area 1 60
4 =
pe Restraining area
sl o
3 0 7,
2 1 6
ope t=
2 sl o in of 1606
p slope = 1/2 line) = (1618 )
1 ot pick-up limit
(left b ord er
1 slope (f o
)
I DIFF > (1606 Add-on restraint for high ISC
(1603) 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Istab / In
Advantages of digital transformer differential protection
High stability against c.t. saturation provided by integrated saturation detector

and add-on stabilisation
High stabile against inrush currents due to advanced filter technology
(Fourier analysis) and optional cross-blocking function
High stability against over-excitation ( 5th harmonic blocking)
Short tripping time - typically 1.5 cycles
High set ∆I fast tripping < 1 cycle
Sensitive earth differential protection against interturn faults and earth faults
near winding neutral
Integral ratio and vector group adaptation (no external auxiliary CTs required)
Integral thermal overload protection
External start of fault recording (e.g. by gas pressure relays)

7UT6
Integrated protection functions
87T Transformer differential protection

∆I>
Rush-stabilised (2nd harmonic)
49-1 Stabilised against overfluxing (5th harmonic)

49-2 ∆I>> high set element, non-stabilised
Thermal overload protection

50/51
50HS Time overcurrent protection (IT or DT)
Earth current differential protection (7UT613)
87N
Tank protection (7UT613)
64T

Application examples

Protection of a two winding transformer
7SJ600
7UT512
50 51
W1 49
52
Bu 87T
W1 (OS)
W2 (US)
W2 51
52 52 52

Protection of a three winding transformer
7SJ600
50 51 7UT513
52 W1 49-1
Bu
W1 87T
W2 W3 W2 49-2
W3 51
52
Load

Restricted earth fault protection
for a two winding transformer
7SJ600
7UT513
50 51
52 W1 49-1
W1 (OS) Bu
87T
W2 (US)
ZE
51
W2
87TE
52 52 52

Protection of an autotransformer
7SJ600 52
50
51N 51BF
51
7UT513 87
TH 7VH600
87
TL 49
Load 52 3Y
52
Bu 50
51 51
59 50 50
BF BF 7SJ600
7RW600
7SJ600
51
N

Protection of a large transformer bank
52 52
7SA6
50
21 49
BF
87 7VH6 (3)
7UT513
TH
87
TL 49
3
Load 52
52
51
7SA6
59N 50
51
BF 51N 21 49
7RW6 BF
7SJ6 7SJ6

Differential protection of generation units
52 52 52 52
∆IT ∆IT ∆IT

∆IT
G 52
G ∆IG
G ∆IG
G ∆IG

Differential protection of generation units (2)
52
∆IT
52
*)
∆IT
G ∆IG
*) same ratio as generator CTs
52 Auxiliaries

Thermal protection of transformers
Legend:
ΘCu Rth1 ΘOil Rth2 PCu: Winding losses (I2·R)
PFe: Core and tank losses
Rth1: Thermal resistance Copper-Oil
C1 C2
Rth2: Thermal resistance Oil-Air (cooling medium)
PCu PFe C1: Winding thermal capacity
C2: Thermal capacity of Oil, Core and tank
ΘAmb
ΘCu: Winding copper temperature
ΘOil: Oil temperature
Lifetime of insulation depends on the
ΘAmb.: Ambient temperature
winding Hot-spot temperature.
6 OC higher temperature increases the
aging of the insulation by the factor 2!

7SA6: Temperature monitoring
RS485 Interface
Oil -
Temp.
Two thermo-devices can be connected to the serial service interface

Monitoring of up to 12 measuring points (6 per thermo-device)
One input is reserved for hot spot monitoring (measurement of oil temperature)
Thermistors: Pt100, Ni100 or Ni120
The the upper oil temperature is directly measured by the use of thermoelement.
The hot spot temperature is calculated by the relay using the thermal model Cu-Oil:
2 I = actual transformer current
dΘ Cu 1 ⎛I⎞ 1
= ⋅⎜ ⎟ − ⋅ (Θ Cu − Θ Oil ) Ir = rated transformer current
dt τ Th ⎝ Ir ⎠ τ Th τth =time constant of the winding

7UT6: Temperature monitoring with hot spot calculation (1)
Example: Natural cooling
Θh= hot spot temperature

Θ h = Θ O + H gr ⋅ k Y
Θh= oil temperature
Hgr=hot-spot-to-oil temperature gradient
k= load factor I/In
Y= winding exponent
Oil -
Temp.
Aging rate:
98O is reference for
Aging at Θ h
HV
V= = 2(Θ h −98)/6 the aging of
LV
Aging at 98°C Cellulose insulation
Mean value of aging during a fixed time interval:

T
1 2
L= ⋅ ∫ V ⋅ dt
T2 − T1 T1

7UT6: Temperature monitoring with hot spot calculation (2)
Example: Natural cooling
Θ h = Θ o + H gr ⋅ k Y ≈ 73 + 23 ⋅1.151.6 = 102°C
(L)
V = 2(Θ h −98)/6 = 2(102−98)/6 ≈ 1.6
108°C [°C]
k, 98°C
V,
102°C Θh
L
Θo
73°C
Θh Hot spot
temp.
1.6
Θo oil temp.
V (relative 1.15
(from thermo- aging)
device) L (mean
k (I/In)
value of V)


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Transformer Protection

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Equivalent electromagnetic circuit Equivalent electric circuit

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Rated power Ratio Short-circuit No-load magnetizing

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

φRem Inrush-current of a single

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

90O 180O 270O 360O Width of base B

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Î N 10 Rated power time constant

Rated transformer power in MVA

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Wave form: Transient currents:

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Deduction of wave form Harmonic content

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

! ∆Ι ∆Ι ∆Ι • Sensitivity only 2/3 IF!

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

87T 87T 87T

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

87T 87T 87T

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

(110 kV) L3 IA3 IB3 (20 kV)

Software replica of matching transformers

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

IR J R −sec J R −sec Ir J r − sec J r − sec

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

I0-elimination: Vector group adaptation: Yd5

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Î I0- elimination necessary at all windings with earthed

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

 Increased sensitivity with earth faults near winding neutral

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

ϑ> ϑ> I>>,

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Shunt Reactor Two winding Three winding Transformer bank

Generator / Motor Busbars

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

 High stability against c.t. saturation provided by integrated saturation detector

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

87T Transformer differential protection

49-1  Stabilised against overfluxing (5th harmonic)

Thermal overload protection

Copyright © Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Increased sensitivity with earth faults near winding neutral

High stability against c.t. saturation provided by integrated saturation detector

49-1 Stabilised against overfluxing (5th harmonic)