Thermodynamics Worksheet

Chapter- One
1. A large fraction of the thermal energy generated in the engine of a car is rejected to the air by the
radiator through the circulating water. Should the radiator be analyzed as a closed system or as an
open system? Explain.
2. For a system to be in thermodynamic equilibrium, do the temperature and the pressure have to be the
same everywhere?
3. What is a quasi-equilibrium process? What is its importance in engineering?
4. What is the state postulate?
5. What is specific gravity? How is it related to density?
6. State zeroth law of thermodynamics?
7. The temperature of a system drops by 45°F during a cooling process. Express this drop in temperature
in K, R, and °C.
8. The manometer shown in Figure 1.1 is used to measure the pressure in the water pipe. Determine the
water pressure if the manometer reading is 0.6 m. Mercury is 13.6 times heavier than water.
9. A gas is contained in a vertical, frictionless piston cylinder device as shown in fig 1.2. The piston has
a mass of 4 kg and a cross-sectional area of 35 cm 2. A compressed spring above the piston exerts a
force of 60 N on the piston. If the atmospheric pressure is 95 kPa, determine the pressure inside the
cylinder.
10. Both a gage and a manometer are attached to a gas tank to measure its pressure as shown in fig 1.3. If
the reading on the pressure gage is 80 kPa, determine the distance between the two fluid levels of the
manometer if the fluid is (a) mercury ( 13,600 kg/m3) or (b) water (1000 kg/m3).
11. Consider a double-fluid manometer attached to an air pipe shown in Fig.1.4. If the specific gravity of
one fluid is 13.55, determine the specific gravity of the other fluid for the indicated absolute pressure
of air. Take the atmospheric pressure to be 100 kPa.
12. The water in a tank is pressurized by air, and the pressure is measured by a multi fluid manometer as
shown in Fig.1.5. Determine the gage pressure of air in the tank if h1  0.2 m, h2 0.3 m, and h3
=0.46 m. Take the densities of water, oil, and mercury to be 1000 kg/m3, 850 kg/m3, and 13,600
kg/m3, respectively.

Fig. 1.1 Fig. 1.2 Fig. 1.3

Fig. 1.4 Fig. 1.5

 Chapter- Two
1. Water at 200 kPa with a quality of 25% has its temperature raised 20 °C in a constant pressure process. What is
the new quality and volume?
2. A 1.8-m3 rigid tank contains steam at 220°C as shown in fig-2.1. One third of the volume is in the liquid phase
and the rest is in the vapor form. Determine (a) the pressure of the steam, (b) the quality of the saturated
mixture, and (c) the density of the mixture.
3. The pressure in an automobile tire depends on the temperature of the air in the tire. When the air temperature is
25°C, the pressure gage reads 210 kPa. If the volume of the tire is 0.025 m3, determine the pressure rise in the
tire when the air temperature in the tire rises to 50°C. Also, determine the amount of air that must be bled off to
restore pressure to its original value at this temperature. Assume the atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa and see
fig 2.2

Fig-2.1 Fig-2.2
4. A piston–cylinder device initially contains 50 L of liquid water at 40°C and 200 kPa. Heat is transferred to the
water at constant pressure until the entire liquid is vaporized.
(a) What is the mass of the water?
(b) What is the final temperature?
(c) Determine the total enthalpy change.
(d) Show the process on a T-v diagram with respect to saturation lines.
5. A spherical balloon with a diameter of 6 m is filled with helium at 20°C and 200 kPa. Determine the mole
number and the mass of the helium in the balloon.
6. Determine the specific volume of superheated water vapor at 10 MPa and 400°C, using (a) the ideal-gas
equation, (b) the generalized compressibility chart, and (c) the steam tables. Also determine the error involved
in the first two cases.
7. An 80-L vessel contains 4 kg of refrigerant-134a at a pressure of 160 kPa. Determine (a) the temperature, (b) the
quality, (c) the enthalpy of the refrigerant, and (d) the volume occupied by the vapor phase.
8. A 10-kg mass of superheated refrigerant-134a at 1.2 MPa and 70°C is cooled at constant pressure until it exists
as a compressed liquid at 20°C.
(a) Show the process on a T-v diagram with respect to saturation lines.
(b) Determine the change in volume.
(c) Find the change in total internal energy.
9. Determine the specific volume, internal energy, and enthalpy of compressed liquid water at 100°C and 15 MPa
using the saturated liquid approximation. Compare these values to the ones obtained from the compressed
liquid tables.
10. A piston–cylinder device initially contains 0.2 kg of steam at 200 kPa and 300°C as shown in fig-2.3. Now, the
steam is cooled at constant pressure until it is at 150°C. Determine the volume change of the cylinder during
this process using the compressibility factor and compare the result to the actual value.

Fig-2.3
 Chapter- Three
1. A piston–cylinder device with a set of stops initially contains 0.3 kg of steam at 1.0 MPa and 400°C.
The location of the stops corresponds to 60 percent of the initial volume. Now the steam is cooled.
Determine the compression work if the final state is (a) 1.0 MPa and 250°C and (b) 500 kPa. (c) Also
determine the temperature at the final state in part (b).
2. A piston–cylinder device contains 0.15 kg of air initially at 2 MPa and 350°C. The air is first
expanded isothermally to 500 kPa, then compressed polytropically with a polytropic exponent of 1.2
to the initial pressure, and finally compressed at the constant pressure to the initial state. Determine
the boundary work for each process and the network of the cycle.
3. A piston–cylinder device initially contains 0.8 m3 of saturated water vapor at 250 kPa. At this state,
the piston is resting on a set of stops, and the mass of the piston is such that a pressure of 300 kPa is
required to move it. Heat is now slowly transferred to the steam until the volume doubles. Show the
process on a P-v diagram with respect to saturation lines and determine (a) the final temperature, (b)
the work done during this process, and (c) the total heat transfer.
4. Air enters a nozzle steadily at 2.21 kg/m3 and 40 m/s and leaves at 0.762 kg/m3 and 180 m/s. If the
inlet area of the nozzle is 90 cm 2, determine (a) the mass flow rate through the nozzle, and (b) the exit
area of the nozzle.
5. Air enters an adiabatic nozzle steadily at 300 kPa, 200°C, and 30 m/s and leaves at 100 kPa and 180
m/s. The inlet area of the nozzle is 80 cm2. Determine (a) the mass flow rate through the nozzle, (b)
the exit temperature of the air, and (c) the exit area of the nozzle.
6. Steam enters an adiabatic turbine at 8 MPa and 500°C at a rate of 3 kg/s and leaves at 20 kPa. If the
power output of the turbine is 2.5 MW, determine the temperature of the steam at the turbine exit.
Neglect kinetic energy changes.
7. A well-insulated valve is used to throttle steam from 8 MPa and 500°C to 6 MPa. Determine the final
temperature of the steam.
8. A hot-water stream at 80°C enters a mixing chamber with a mass flow rate of 0.5 kg/s where it is
mixed with a stream of cold water at 20°C. If it is desired that the mixture leave the chamber at 42°C,
determine the mass flow rate of the cold-water stream. Assume all the streams are at a pressure of 250
kPa.
9. A thin-walled double-pipe counter-flow heat exchanger is used to cool oil (C p = 2.20 kJ/kg · °C) from
150 to 40°C at a rate of 2 kg/s by water (C p = 4.18 kJ/kg · °C) that enters at 22°C at a rate of 1.5 kg/s.
Determine the rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger and the exit temperature of water.
10. In a gas turbine installation air is heated inside heat exchanger upto 750°C from ambient temperature
of 27°C. Hot air then enters into gas turbine with the velocity of 50 m/s and leaves at 600°C. Air
leaving turbine enters a nozzle at 60 m/s velocity and leaves nozzle at temperature of 500°C. For unit
mass flow rate of air determine the following assuming adiabatic expansion in turbine and nozzle,
a. Heat transfer to air in heat exchanger
b. Power output from turbine
c. Velocity at exit of nozzle. Take cp for air as 1.005 kJ/kg.K.
11. A rigid, insulated tank that is initially evacuated is connected through a valve to a supply line that
carries steam at 1 MPa and 300°C. Now the valve is opened, and steam is allowed to flow slowly into
the tank until the pressure reaches 1 MPa, at which point the valve is closed. Determine the final
temperature of the steam in the tank.
12. A system comprising of a gas of 5 kg mass undergoes expansion process from 1 MPa and 0.5 m 3 to
0.5 MPa. Expansion process is governed by, p.v 1.3 = constant. The internal energy of gas is given by, u
= 1.8 pv + 85, kJ/kg. Here ‘u’ is specific internal energy, ‘p’ is pressure in kPa, ‘v’ is specific volume
in m3/kg. Determine heat and work interaction and change in internal energy.
13. Steam is to be condensed in the condenser of a steam power plant at a temperature of 50°C with
cooling water from a nearby lake, which enters the tubes of the condenser at 18°C at a rate of 101
kg/s and leaves at 27°C. Determine the rate of condensation of the steam in the condenser.