41

Quantum Mechanics

Note: In chapters 39, 40, and 41 we use u to represent the speed of a particle with mass, reserving v for the
speeds associated with reference frames, wave functions, and photons.

CHAPTER OUTLINE ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS

41.1 An Interpretation of Quantum
Mechanics
Q41.1 A particle’s wave function represents its state, contain-
41.2 The Quantum Particle under
Boundary Conditions ing all the information there is about its location and
41.3 The Schrödinger Equation motion. The squared absolute value of its wave function
41.4 A Particle in a Well of Finite
tells where we would classically think of the particle as
Height
spending most its time. Ψ is the probability distribution
2
41.5 Tunneling Through a Potential
Energy Barrier function for the position of the particle.
41.6 Applications of Tunneling
41.7 The Simple Harmonic Oscillator
*Q41.2 For the squared wave function to be the probability per
length of finding the particle, we require
2 0.48 0.16
ψ = = and ψ = 0.4/ nm
7 nm − 4 nm nm
(i) Answer (e). (ii) Answer (e).

*Q41.3 (i) For a photon a and b are true, c false, d, e, f, and g true, h false, i and j true.
(ii) For an electron a is true, b false, c, d, e, f true, g false, h, i and j true.
Note that statements a, d, e, f, i, and j are true for both.

*Q41.4 We consider the quantity h2n2/8mL2.

In (a) it is h21/8m1(3 nm)2 = h2/72 m1 nm2.
In (b) it is h24/8m1(3 nm)2 = h2/18 m1 nm2.
In (c) it is h21/16m1(3 nm)2 = h2/144 m1 nm2.
In (d) it is h21/8m1(6 nm)2 = h2/288 m1 nm2.
In (e) it is 021/8m1(3 nm)2 = 0.
The ranking is then b > a > c > d > e.

Q41.5 The motion of the quantum particle does not consist of moving through successive
points. The particle has no definite position. It can sometimes be found on one side of a node and
sometimes on the other side, but never at the node itself. There is no contradiction here, for the
quantum particle is moving as a wave. It is not a classical particle. In particular, the particle does
not speed up to infinite speed to cross the node.

463
464 Chapter 41

Q41.6 Consider a particle bound to a restricted region of space. If its minimum energy were zero,
then the particle could have zero momentum and zero uncertainty in its momentum. At the same
time, the uncertainty in its position would not be infinite, but equal to the width of the region. In
such a case, the uncertainty product ∆ x ∆ px would be zero, violating the uncertainty principle.
This contradiction proves that the minimum energy of the particle is not zero.

*Q41.7 Compare Figures 41.4 and 41.7 in the text. In the square well with infinitely high walls,
the particle’s simplest wave function has strict nodes separated by the length L of the well. The
h p2 h2
particle’s wavelength is 2L, its momentum , and its energy = . Now in the well with
2L 2 m 8 mL2
walls of only finite height, the wave function has nonzero amplitude at the walls. In this finite-depth
well …

(i) The particle’s wavelength is longer, answer (a).

(ii) The particle’s momentum in its ground state is smaller, answer (b).
(iii) The particle has less energy, answer (b).

Q41.8 As Newton’s laws are the rules which a particle of large mass follows in its motion, so the
Schrödinger equation describes the motion of a quantum particle, a particle of small or large
mass. In particular, the states of atomic electrons are confined-wave states with wave functions
that are solutions to the Schrödinger equation.

*Q41.9 Answer (b). The reflected amplitude decreases as U decreases. The amplitude of the reflected
wave is proportional to the reflection coefficient, R, which is 1 − T , where T is the transmission
coefficient as given in equation 41.22. As U decreases, C decreases as predicted by equation
41.23, T increases, and R decreases.

*Q41.10 Answer (a). Because of the exponential tailing of the wave function within the barrier, the tun-
neling current is more sensitive to the width of the barrier than to its height.

Q41.11 Consider the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. It implies that electrons initially moving at the
same speed and accelerated by an electric field through the same distance need not all have
the same measured speed after being accelerated. Perhaps the philosopher could have said “it
is necessary for the very existence of science that the same conditions always produce the same
results within the uncertainty of the measurements.”

Q41.12 In quantum mechanics, particles are treated as wave functions, not classical particles. In classical
mechanics, the kinetic energy is never negative. That implies that E ≥ U . Treating the particle as
a wave, the Schrödinger equation predicts that there is a nonzero probability that a particle can
tunnel through a barrier—a region in which E < U .

*Q41.13 Answer (c). Other points see a wider potential-energy barrier and carry much less tunneling
current.
 Quantum Mechanics 465

SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS

Section 41.1 An Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics

ψ ( x ) = Ae ( ) = A cos 5 × 1010 x + Ai sin 5 × 1010 x = A cos ( kx ) + Ai sin ( kx ) goes

P41.1 (a)
i 5.00 ×1010 x
( ) ( )
through a full cycle when x changes by l and when kx changes by 2π . Then k λ = 2π
2π 2π m
where k = 5.00 × 1010 m −1 = . Then λ = = 1.26 × 10 −10 m .
λ ( 5 . 00 × 1010
)
h 6.626 × 10 −34 J ⋅ s
(b) p= = = 5.27 × 10 −24 kg ⋅ m s
λ 1.26 × 10 −10 m
(c) me = 9.11 × 10 −31 kg

p 2 ( 5.27 × 10 kg ⋅ m s )
−24 2
m 2u 2 −17 1.52 × 10 −17 J
K= e = = = 1 .52 × 10 J = = 95.5 eV
2 me 2m ( 2 × 9.11 × 10 −31 kg) 1.60 × 10 −19 J eV

a a a

ψ ( x) =
a ⎛ a ⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ −1 ⎛ x ⎞
∫ ∫− a π ( x 2 + a 2 ) dx = ⎝ π ⎠ ⎝ a ⎠ tan ⎝ a ⎠ − a
2
P41.2 Probability P=
−a

1 ⎡π ⎛ π ⎤
⎡ tan −1 1 − tan −1 ( −1) ⎤⎦ = ⎢ − − ⎞ ⎥ =
1 1
P=
π⎣ π ⎣4 ⎝ 4⎠⎦ 2

Section 41.2 The Quantum Particle under Boundary Conditions

P41.3 E1 = 2.00 eV = 3.20 × 10 −19 J

h2
For the ground state, E1 =
8 me L2
h
(a) L= = 4.34 × 10 −10 m = 0.434 nm
8 me E1

⎛ h2 ⎞ ⎛ h2 ⎞
(b) ∆E = E2 − E1 = 4 ⎜ − = 6.00 eV
⎝ 8 me L2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 8 me L2 ⎟⎠

P41.4 For an electron wave to “fit” into an infinitely deep potential well, an integral number
of half-wavelengths must equal the width of the well.

nλ 2.00 × 10 −9 h
= 1.00 × 10 −9 m so λ= =
2 n p
FIG. P41.4
p2 (h2 λ 2 ) = h2 n2
K= = 2 = ( 0.377n ) eV
2
(a) Since
2 me 2 me 2 me ( 2 × 10 −9 )

For K ≈ 6 eV n=4

(b) With n = 4, K = 6.03 eV

466 Chapter 41

P41.5 (a) We can draw a diagram that parallels our treatment of

standing mechanical waves. In each state, we measure the
distance d from one node to another (N to N), and base our
solution upon that:
λ h
Since dN to N = and λ =
2 p
h h
p= =
λ 2d

1 ⎡ ( 6.626 × 10 J ⋅ s ) ⎤
−34 2
p2 h2
Next, K= = = ⎢ ⎥
2 me 8 me d 2 d 2 ⎢ 8 ( 9.11 × 10 −31 kg ) ⎥
⎣ ⎦
6.02 × 10 −38 J ⋅ m 2 3.77 × 10 −19 eV ⋅ m 2
Evaluating, K = K=
d2 d2
In state 1, d = 1.00 × 10 −10 m K1 = 37.7 eV

In state 2, d = 5.00 × 10 −11 m K 2 = 151 eV

In state 3, d = 3.33 × 10 −11 m K 3 = 339 eV

In state 4, d = 2.50 × 10 −11 m K 4 = 603 eV

FIG. P41.5

(b) When the electron falls from state 2 to state 1, it puts out energy
hc
E = 151 eV − 37.7 eV = 113 eV = hf =
λ
into emitting a photon of wavelength
hc ( 6.626 × 10 J ⋅ s ) ( 3.00 × 10 m s )
−34 8

λ= = = 11.0 nm
E (113 eV ) (1.60 × 10 −19 J eV )
The wavelengths of the other spectral lines we find similarly:

Transition 4→3 4→2 4 →1 3→2 3→1 2→1

E ( eV ) 264 452 565 188 302 113

λ ( nm ) 4.71 2.75 2.20 6.60 4.12 11.0

*P41.6 For the bead’s energy we have both (1/2)mu2 and h2n2/8mL2. Then

1 8 mL2 2 muL 2L L
n= mu 2 2 = note that this expression can be thought of as =
2 h h λ d NN
2(0.005 kg)(10 −10 m) 0.2 m
Evaluating, n = = 9.56 × 1012
3.156 × 10 7 s (6.626 × 10 −34 J ⋅ s)
hc ⎛ h 2 ⎞ 2 2 3h 2
P41.7 ∆E = =⎜ ⎡ 2 − 1 ⎤ =
λ ⎝ 8 me L2 ⎟⎠ ⎣ ⎦ 8 m L2
e

3hλ
L= = 7.93 × 10 −10 m = 0.793 nm
8 me c
 Quantum Mechanics 467

hc ⎛ h 2 ⎞ 2 2 3h 2
P41.8 ∆E = =⎜ ⎡ 2 − 1 ⎤⎦ =
2⎟ ⎣
λ ⎝ 8 me L ⎠ 8 me L2

3hλ
so L=
8 me c

P41.9 The confined proton can be described in the same way as a

standing wave on a string. At level 1, the node-to-node distance
of the standing wave is 1.00 × 10 −14 m, so the wavelength is
twice this distance:
h
= 2.00 × 10 −14 m
p
The proton’s kinetic energy is

K=
1
mu 2 =
p2
=
h2
=
(6.626 × 10 −34 J ⋅ s ) 2

2 m 2 mλ 2 2 (1.67 × 10 −27 kg ) ( 2.00 × 10 −14 m )

2
2
FIG. P41.9
3.29 × 10 −13 J
= = 2.05 MeV
1.60 × 10 −19 J eV
In the first excited state, level 2, the node-to-node distance is half as long as in state 1. The
momentum is two times larger and the energy is four times larger: K = 8.22 MeV .
The proton has mass, has charge, moves slowly compared to light in a standing wave state, and
stays inside the nucleus. When it falls from level 2 to level 1, its energy change is
2.05 MeV − 8.22 MeV = −6.16 MeV
Therefore, we know that a photon (a traveling wave with no mass and no charge) is emitted at the
speed of light, and that it has an energy of +6.16 MeV .

E ( 6.16 × 10 eV ) (1.60 × 10 J eV )
6 −19

Its frequency is f = = −34

= 1.49 × 10 21 Hz
h 6.626 × 10 J ⋅ s

c 3.00 × 108 m s
And its wavelength is λ= = = 2.02 × 10 −13 m
f 1.49 × 10 21 s −1

This is a gamma ray , according to the electromagnetic spectrum chart in Chapter 34.

h2
P41.10 The ground state energy of a particle (mass m) in a 1-dimensional box of width L is E1 = .
8 mL2
(a) For a proton ( m = 1.67 × 10 −27 kg ) in a 0.200-nm wide box:

E =
(6.626 × 10 J ⋅ s )
−34 2

= 8.22 × 10 J = −22
5.13 × 10 −3 eV
8 (1.67 × 10 kg ) ( 2.00 × 10 m )
1 −27 −10 2

(b) For an electron ( m = 9.11 × 10 kg ) in the same size box:

−31

E =
(6.626 × 10 J ⋅ s )
−34 2

= 1.51 × 10 J = −18
9.41 eV
8 ( 9.11 × 10 kg ) ( 2.00 × 10 m )
1 −31 −10 2

(c) The electron has a much higher energy because it is much less massive.
468 Chapter 41

⎛ h2 ⎞ 2
*P41.11 En = ⎜ n
⎝ 8 mL2 ⎟⎠

E1 =
(6.626 × 10 J ⋅ s ) −34 2

= 8.22 × 10 −14 J
8 (1.67 × 10 kg ) ( 2.00 × 10 m)
−27 −14 2

E1 = 0.513 MeV E2 = 4 E1 = 2.05 MeV E3 = 9 E1 = 4.62 MeV

Yes; the energy differences are ~1 MeV, which is a typical energy for a g -ray photon as radiated
by an atomic nucleus in an excited state.

h2
P41.12 (a) The energies of the confined electron are En = n 2 . Its energy gain in the quantum
8 me L2
h2
jump from state 1 to state 4 is
8 me L2
( 4 2 − 12 ) and this is the photon
12
h 2 15 hc ⎛ 15hλ ⎞
energy: = hf = . Then 8 me cL2 = 15hλ and L = ⎜ .
8 me L 2
λ ⎝ 8 me c ⎟⎠

hc h2 h2 12h 2
(b) Let λ ′ represent the wavelength of the photon emitted: = 42 − 22 = .
λ ′ 8 me L2
8 me L2
8 me L2

hc λ ′ h 15 (8 me L ) 5
2 2

Then = = and λ ′ = 1.25λ .

λ hc 2
8 me L 12h 2
4

*P41.13 (a) From ∆x∆p ≥ h/2 with ∆x = L, the uncertainty in momentum must be at least ∆p ≈ h/2L .

(b) Its energy is all kinetic, E = p2/2m = (∆p)2/2m ≈ h2/8mL2 = h2/(4p)28mL2.

Compared to the actual h2/8mL2, this estimate is too low by 4p2 ≈ 40 times. The actual wave
function does not have the particular (Gaussian) shape of a minimum-uncertainty
wave function. The result correctly displays the pattern of dependence of the energy
on the mass and on the length of the well.

2 2 ⎛ 2π x ⎞ 4π x ⎞
L L

dx = ∫ x ⎛ − cos
2 1 1
P41.14 (a) x = ∫x sin dx
0
L ⎝ L ⎠ ⎝
L0 2 2 L ⎠
L
⎡ 4π x sin 4π x + cos 4π x ⎤ = L
L
1 x2 1 L2
x = − ⎢⎣ L
L 2 0
L 16π 2 L L ⎥⎦ 0 2
2 2 ⎛ 2π x ⎞ 4π x ⎤
0.510 L 0.510 L
dx = ⎡⎢ x −
1 1 L
(b) Probability = ∫
0.490 L
L
sin
⎝ L ⎠ ⎣L L 4π
sin
L ⎥⎦ 0.490 L
1
Probability = 0.020 − ( sin 2.04π − sin 1.96π ) = 5.26 × 10 −5
4π
4π x ⎤
0.260 L

Probability ⎡⎢ −
x 1
(c) sin = 3.99 × 10 −2
⎣ L 4π L ⎥⎦ 0.240 L
(d) In the n = 2 graph in the text’s Figure 41.4(b), it is more probable to find the particle
L 3L
either near x = or x = than at the center, where the probability density is zero.
4 4
L
Nevertheless, the symmetry of the distribution means that the average position is .
2
 Quantum Mechanics 469

P41.15 Normalization requires

nπ x ⎞
L

∫ ∫A sin 2 ⎛
2
ψ dx = 1 or 2
dx = 1
all space 0
⎝ L ⎠

nπ x ⎞
L

sin 2 ⎛ dx = A 2 ⎛ ⎞ = 1
L 2
∫A A=
2
or
0
⎝ L ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ L

⎛ π x ⎞ dx = 1 ⎛ 2π x ⎞ ⎤ dx
L /3 L /3 L /3
2 ⎡
∫ ∫ sin ∫ ⎢⎣1 − cos ⎝
2
*P41.16 (a) The probability is ψ 1 dx = 2

0
L 0
⎝ L ⎠ L 0
L ⎠ ⎥⎦

L /3
1⎡ 2π x ⎞ ⎤ 2π ⎞ 1 0.866
sin ⎛ sin ⎛
L 1 1
= x− = − = − = 0.196
L ⎢⎣ 2π ⎝ L ⎠ ⎥⎦ 0 3 2π ⎝ 3 ⎠ 3 2π

(b) Classically, the particle moves back and forth steadily, spending equal time intervals in
each third of the line. Then the classical probability is 0.333, significantly larger .

99π x ⎞ ⎛ 198π x ⎞ ⎤ dx
L /3 L /3 L /3
⎡
sin 2 ⎛
2 1
∫ ∫ ∫ ⎢⎣1 − cos ⎝
2
(c) The probability is ψ 99 dx = dx =
0
L 0
⎝ L ⎠ L 0
L ⎠ ⎥⎦
L /3
1⎡ 198π x ⎞ ⎤
sin ⎛
L 1 1 1
= x− = − sin ( 66π ) = − 0 = 0.333
L ⎢⎣ 198π ⎝ L ⎠ ⎥⎦ 0 3 198π 3

in agreement with the classical model .

2π x
*P41.17 In 0 ≤ x ≤ L, the argument of the sine function ranges from 0 to 2π . The probability
L
2π x ⎞
density ⎛ ⎞ sin 2 ⎛
2
reaches maxima at sin θ = 1 and sin θ = −1 . These points are at
⎝ L⎠ ⎝ L ⎠

2π x π 2π x 3π
= and = .
L 2 L 2

L 3L
Therefore the most probable positions of the particle are at x = and x = .
4 4
470 Chapter 41

π x⎞ 1 ⎡ 2π x ⎞ ⎤
sin 2 ⎛ dx = ∫ ⎢1 − cos ⎛
2
∫ψ L ∫0
2
*P41.18 (a) Probability = dx = dx
0
1
⎝ L ⎠ L 0⎣ ⎝ L ⎠ ⎥⎦


1⎡ 2π x ⎞ ⎤
2π
⎞
sin ⎛ sin ⎛
L 1
= ⎢ x− ⎥ = −
L⎣ 2π ⎝ L ⎦0⎠ L 2π ⎝ L ⎠

(b) Probability Curve for an Infinite

Potential Well
1.2
1
Probability 0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5

L
FIG. P41.18(b)

(c) The wave function is zero for x < 0 and for x > L. The probability at l = 0 must be zero
because the particle is never found at x < 0 or exactly at x = 0. The probability at l = L must
be 1 for normalization: the particle is always found somewhere at x < L.
2
(d) The probability of finding the particle between x = 0 and x =
is , and between x =

3
1
and x = L is .
3


2
∫ψ
2
Thus, 1 dx =
0
3

2π
⎞ 2
sin ⎛
1 1 2
∴ − = , or u− sin 2π u =
L 2π ⎝ L ⎠ 3 2π 3


This equation for can be solved by homing in on the solution with a calculator, the
L


result being = 0.585, or
= 0.585 L to three digits.
L
 Quantum Mechanics 471

2 2 ⎛ π x⎞ 2π x ⎞
L3 L3 L3
2 ⎛1 1
∫ ∫ ∫ ⎝ 2 − 2 cos
2
P41.19 (a) The probability is P= ψ dx = sin dx = dx
0 0
L ⎝ L ⎠ L 0
L ⎠

⎛1 3⎞
L3
2π x ⎞ 2π
P=⎛ − =⎛ − sin ⎞ = ⎜ −
x 1 1 1
sin = 0.196
⎝ L 2π L ⎠0 ⎝ 3 2π 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 4π ⎟⎠

L
(b) The probability density is symmetric about x = .
2
Thus, the probability of finding the particle between
2L
x= and x = L is the same 0.196. Therefore,
3
the probability of finding it in the range
L 2L FIG. P41.19(b)
≤x≤ is P = 1.00 − 2 ( 0.196 ) = 0.609 .
3 3
(c) Classically, the electron moves back and forth with constant speed between the walls, and the
probability of finding the electron is the same for all points between the walls. Thus, the classi-
cal probability of finding the electron in any range equal to one-third of the available
1
space is Pclassical = . The result of part (a) is significantly smaller ,
3
because of the curvature of the graph of the probability density.

Section 41.3 The Schrödinger Equation

∂ψ
P41.20 ψ ( x ) = A cos kx + B sin kx = − kA sin kx + kB cos kx
∂x
∂ 2ψ 2m 2 mE
= − k 2 A cos kx − k 2 B sin kx − ( E − U )ψ = − 2 ( A cos kx + B sin kx )
∂x 2  
Therefore the Schrödinger equation is satisfied if

∂ 2ψ ⎛ 2 m ⎞
− k 2 ( A cos kx + B sin kx ) = ⎛ − 2 ⎞ ( A cos kx + B sin kx )
2 mE
= − ( E − U )ψ or
∂x 2 ⎝  2 ⎠ ⎝  ⎠

2 k 2
This is true as an identity (functional equality) for all x if E = .
2m

∂ψ ∂ 2ψ
P41.21 We have ψ = Aei( kx −ω t ) so = ikψ and = − k 2ψ .
∂x ∂x 2
∂ 2ψ 2m
We test by substituting into Schrödinger’s equation: = − k 2ψ = − 2 ( E − U ) ψ .
∂x 2


( 2π )2 ( 2π p )2 p2 p2
Since k2 = = = and E −U =
λ2 h2 2 2m

Thus this equation balances.

472 Chapter 41

P41.22 (a) Setting the total energy E equal to zero and

rearranging the Schrödinger equation to isolate
the potential energy function gives
⎛  2 ⎞ 1 d 2ψ
U ( x) = ⎜
⎝ 2 m ⎟⎠ ψ dx 2

ψ ( x ) = Axe− x
2
L2
If
2 2
d 2ψ e− x L
Then 2
= ( 4 Ax 3 − 6 AxL2 ) 4
dx L
FIG. P41.22(b)
d ψ (4 x − 6L )
2 2 2

or = ψ ( x)
dx 2 L4
2 ⎛ 4 x 2 ⎞
and U ( x) = − 6⎟
2 mL2 ⎜⎝ L2 ⎠

(b) See the figure to the right.

P41.23 Problem 41 in Chapter 16 helps students to understand how to draw conclusions from an identity.

⎛ x2 ⎞ dψ 2 Ax d 2ψ 2A
(a) ψ ( x ) = A ⎜1 − 2 ⎟ =− 2 =− 2
⎝ L ⎠ dx L dx 2 L
d 2ψ 2m
Schrödinger’s equation = − 2 ( E − U )ψ
dx 2

x 2 ⎞ 2 m ( −  x ) A (1 − x L )
2 2 2 2
2A 2m ⎛
becomes − = − EA ⎜⎝ 1 − +
L2 2 L2 ⎟⎠  2 mL2 ( L2 − x 2 )
1 mE mEx 2 x 2
− = − + 2 2 − 4
L2 2  L L
1 mE
This will be true for all x if both = 2
L2 
mE 1
and − 4 =0
 L
2 2
L
2
both these conditions are satisfied for a particle of energy E=
L2 m
2
2 ⎛ ⎛
L L
x2 ⎞ 2x2 x4 ⎞
1= ∫− L A ⎜⎝ 1 − L2 ⎟⎠ dx = A −∫L ⎜⎝ 1 − L2 + L4 ⎟⎠ dx
2
(b) For normalization,

L
⎡ 2x3 x5 ⎤
1 = A 2 ⎢ x − 2 + 4 ⎥ = A 2 ⎡⎢ L − L + + L − L + ⎤⎥ = A 2 ⎛
2 L 2 L 16 L ⎞ 15
A=
⎣ 3L 5L ⎦− L ⎣ 3 5 3 5⎦ ⎝ 15 ⎠ 16 L

L3 L3 L3
15 ⎛ 2x2 x4 ⎞ 15 ⎡ 2x3 x5 ⎤
(c) P= ∫
−L 3
ψ 2 dx =
16 L − L∫ 3 ⎜⎝
1 −
L2
+
L4 ⎟⎠
dx =
16 L ⎢⎣
x − +
3 L2 5 L5 ⎥⎦ − L 3
30 ⎡ L 2 L L ⎤
= − +
16 L ⎢⎣ 3 81 1 215 ⎥⎦
47
P= = 0.580
81
 Quantum Mechanics 473

π x⎞ π x⎞
cos ⎛ cos 2 ⎛
2 2
ψ1 ( x) = P1 ( x ) = ψ 1 ( x ) =
2
P41.24 (a) ;
L ⎝ L ⎠ L ⎝ L ⎠

2π x ⎞ 2 2 ⎛ 2π x ⎞
sin ⎛
2
ψ 2 ( x) = P2 ( x ) = ψ 2 ( x ) =
2
; sin
L ⎝ L ⎠ L ⎝ L ⎠

3π x ⎞ 3π x ⎞
cos ⎛ cos 2 ⎛
2 2
ψ 3 ( x) = P3 ( x ) = ψ 3 ( x ) =
2
;
L ⎝ L ⎠ L ⎝ L ⎠
(b)
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞

n=3

ψ ψ
2

n=2

n=1
L 0 L L 0 L
− −
2 2 2 2
x x

FIG. P41.24(b)

P41.25 (a) With ψ ( x ) = A sin ( kx )

d d2
A sin kx = Ak cos kx and ψ = − Ak 2 sin kx
dx dx 2
 2 d 2ψ 2 k 2 h 2 ( 4π 2 ) p2 m 2u 2 1
Then − =+ A sin =
kx ψ= ψ= ψ = mu 2ψ = Kψ
2 m dx 2
2m 4π ( λ ) ( 2 m )
2 2
2m 2m 2
2π x ⎞
(b) With ψ ( x ) = A sin ⎛ = A sin kx , the proof given in part (a) applies again.
⎝ λ ⎠

Section 41.4 A Particle in a Well of Finite Height

P41.26

FIG. P41.26
474 Chapter 41

P41.27 (a) See figure to the right.

(b) The wavelength of the transmitted wave

traveling to the left is the same as the original
wavelength, which equals 2L .

FIG. P41.27(a)

Section 41.5 Tunneling Through a Potential Energy Barrier

2 ( 9.11 × 10 −31 ) ( 5.00 − 4.50 ) (1.60 × 10 −19 ) kg ⋅ m s

P41.28 C=
1.055 × 10 −34 J ⋅ s
−1
= 3.62 × 10 m 9

T = e−2CL = exp ⎡⎣ −2 ( 3.62 × 10 9 m −1 ) ( 950 × 10 −12 m ) ⎤⎦ = exp ( −6.88 ) FIG. P41.28

−3
T = 1.03 × 10

P41.29 From problem 28, C = 3.62 × 10 9 m −1

We require 10 −6 = exp ⎡⎣ −2 ( 3.62 × 10 9 m −1 ) L ⎤⎦ .

Taking logarithms, −13.816 = −2 ( 3.62 × 10 9 m −1 ) L

New L = 1.91 nm

∆L = 1.91 nm − 0.950 nm = 0.959 nm

2 m (U − E )
*P41.30 T = e−2CL where C =

2 2 ( 9.11 × 10 −31 ) ( 0.01 × 1.6 × 10 −19 )
(a) 2CL =
1.055 × 10 −34
(10 ) = 0.102
−10
T = e−0.102 = 0.903

2 2 ( 9.11 × 10 −31 ) (1.6 × 10 −19 )

(b) 2CL =
1.055 × 10 −34
(10 ) = 1.02
−10
T = e−1.02 = 0.359

2 2 ( 6.65 × 10 −27 ) (10 6 × 1.6 × 10 −19 )

(c) 2CL =
1.055 × 10 −34
(10 ) = 0.875
−15
T = e−0.875 = 0.417

2 2 (8 ) (1)
( 0.02 ) = 1.52 × 10 33
33 33 32
(d) 2CL = T = e−1.52×10 = e(ln10 )( −1.52×10 /ln 10 )
= 10 −6.59×10
1.055 × 10 −34
 Quantum Mechanics 475

2 m (U − E )
P41.31 T = e−2CL where C =

2 2 ( 9.11 × 10 −31 ) (8.00 × 10 −19 )
2CL =
1.055 × 10 −34
( 2.000 × 10 ) = 4.58
−10

(a) T = e−4.58 = 0.010 3 , a 1% chance of transmission.

FIG. P41.31
(b) R = 1 − T = 0.990 , a 99% chance of reflection.

P41.32 The original tunneling probability is T = e−2CL where

( 2m (U − E ))1 2 2π ( 2 × 9.11 × 10 −31 kg ( 20 − 12 ) 1.6 × 10 −19 J )

12

C= = = 1.448 1 × 1010 m −1
 6.626 × 10 −34 J ⋅ s
hc 1 240 eV ⋅ nm
The photon energy is hf = = = 2.27 eV, to make the electron’s new kinetic
λ 546 nm
energy 12 + 2.27 = 14.27 eV and its decay coefficient inside the barrier

2π ( 2 × 9.11 × 10 −31 kg ( 20 − 14.27 ) 1.6 × 10 −19 J )

12

C′ = = 1.225 5 × 1010 m −1
6.626 × 10 −34 J ⋅ s
Now the factor of increase in transmission probability is

e−2C ′L
= e2 L(C −C ′ ) = e2×10 m × 0.223×10 m = e4.45 = 85.9
−9 10 −1

−2 CL
e

Section 41.6 Applications of Tunneling

− CL
P41.33 With the wave function proportional to e , the transmission coefficient and the tunneling
current are proportional to ψ , to e−2CL .
2

I ( 0.500 nm ) e−2(10.0 nm )( 0.500 nm )

Then, = = e20.0( 0.015) = 1.35
I ( 0.515 nm ) e−2(10.0 nm )( 0.515 nm )

P41.34 With transmission coefficient e−2CL , the fractional change in transmission is

e−2(10.0 nm )L − e−2(10.0 nm )( L + 0.002 00 nm )

= 1 − e−20.0( 0.002 00 ) = 0.0392 = 3.92%
e−2(10.0 nm )L
476 Chapter 41

Section 41.7 The Simple Harmonic Oscillator

dψ mω ⎞ d 2ψ ⎛ mω ⎞ 2 mω ⎞
2

ψ = Be−( mω 2  )x so = −⎛ x ψ + ⎛−
2
P41.35 xψ and = ψ
dx ⎝  ⎠ dx 2 ⎝  ⎠ ⎝  ⎠
Substituting into the Schrödinger equation gives

⎛ mω ⎞ x 2ψ + ⎛ − mω ⎞ ψ = − ⎛ 2 mE ⎞ ψ + ⎛ mω ⎞ x 2ψ
2 2

⎝  ⎠ ⎝  ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝  ⎠
ω
which is satisfied provided that E = .
2

P41.36 Problem 41 in Chapter 16 helps students to understand how to draw conclusions from an identity.

2 dψ
ψ = Axe− bx so
2 2
= Ae− bx − 2bx 2 Ae− bx
dx
d 2ψ 2 2 2
and 2
= −2bxAe− bx − 4bxAe− bx + 4b 2 x 3 e− bx = −6bψ + 4b 2 x 2ψ
dx
mω ⎞ 2
2
−6bψ + 4b 2 x 2ψ = − ⎛ ψ +⎛
2 mE ⎞
Substituting into the Schrödinger equation, xψ
⎝  ⎠ ⎝  ⎠
For this to be true as an identity, it must be true for all values of x.

⎛ mω ⎞
2
2 mE
So we must have both −6b = − and 4 b 2
=
2 ⎝  ⎠
mω
(a) Therefore b=
2

3b 2 3
(b) and E= = ω
m 2

(c) The wave function is that of the first excited state .

P41.37 The longest wavelength corresponds to minimum photon energy, which must be equal to the
spacing between energy levels of the oscillator:
12
⎛ 9.11 × 10 −31 kg ⎞
= 2π ( 3.00 × 108 m s ) ⎜
hc k m
= ω =  so λ = 2π c = 600 nm
λ m k ⎝ 8.99 N m ⎟⎠
 Quantum Mechanics 477

With ψ = Be−( mω 2  )x , the normalization condition ∫

2 2
P41.38 (a) ψ dx = 1
all x

∞ ∞
2 −2( mω 2  ) x 2 1 π
∫B e dx = 2 B 2 ∫ e−( mω  )x dx = 2 B 2
2
becomes 1 =
−∞ 0
2 mω 
where Table B.6 in Appendix B was used to evaluate the integral.
14
π ⎛ mω ⎞
Thus, 1 = B 2
and B = ⎜ .
mω ⎝ π  ⎟⎠

δ δ
(b) For small d, the probability of finding the particle in the range − < x < is
2 2
δ 2 12
⎛ mω ⎞
∫ ψ dx = δ ψ ( 0 ) = δ B e = δ ⎜ 2 −0
2 2

−δ 2
⎝ π  ⎟⎠

P41.39 (a) For the center of mass to be fixed, m1u1 + m2 u2 = 0. Then

m1 m + m1 m2 u
u = u1 + u2 = u1 + u1 = 2 u1 and u1 =
m2 m2 m1 + m2
m2
Similarly, u = u2 + u2
m1
m1u
and u2 = . Then
m1 + m2
1 1 1 1 m1 m22 u 2 1 m2 m12 u 2 1 2
m1u12 + m2 u22 + kx 2 = 2 + 2 + kx
2 2 2 2 ( m1 + m2 ) 2 ( m1 + m2 ) 2
1 m1 m2 ( m1 + m2 ) 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
= u + kx = µu + kx
2 ( m1 + m2 )
2
2 2 2

d ⎛1
µ u 2 + kx 2 ⎞ = 0 because energy is constant
1
(b)
dx ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
1 du 1 dx du du
0= µ 2u + k 2x = µ + kx = µ + kx
2 dx 2 dt dx dt
kx
Then µ a = − kx , a = − . This is the condition for simple harmonic motion, that the
µ
acceleration of the equivalent particle be a negative constant times the excursion from
k 1 k
equilibrium. By identification with a = −ω 2 x , ω = = 2π f and f = .
µ 2π µ
478 Chapter 41

With x = 0 and px = 0, the average value of x 2 is ( ∆x ) and the average value of px2
2
P41.40 (a)


is ( ∆px ) . Then ∆x ≥
2
requires
2 ∆px

px2 k  2 px2 k  2
E≥ + = +
2 m 2 4 px2 2 m 8 px2

dE 1 k2 1
(b) To minimize this as a function of px2 , we require 2
=0= + ( −1) 4
dpx 2m 8 px
12
k2 1 ⎛ 2 mk  2 ⎞  mk
Then = so px2 = ⎜ =
8 px4 2 m ⎝ 8 ⎟⎠ 2

 mk k2 2  k  k
and E≥ + = +
2 ( 2 m ) 8 mk 4 m 4 m

 k ω
Emin = =
2 m 2

Additional Problems

P41.41 Suppose the marble has mass 20 g. Suppose the wall of the box is 12 cm high and 2 mm thick.
While it is inside the wall,

U = mgy = ( 0.02 kg ) ( 9.8 m s 2 ) ( 0.12 m ) = 0.023 5 J

1 1
mu 2 = ( 0.02 kg ) ( 0.8 m s ) = 0.006 4 J
2
and E=K=
2 2
2 m (U − E ) 2 ( 0.02 kg ) ( 0.017 1 J )
Then C = = = 2.5 × 10 32 m −1
 1.055 × 10 −34 J ⋅ s
and the transmission coefficient is

e−2CL = e
( )(
−2 2.5×1032 2 ×10 −3 ) = e−10 ×1029 = e−2.30( 4.3×1029 ) = 10 −4.3×1029 = ~ 10 −1030

P41.42 (a) λ = 2 L = 2.00 × 10 −10 m

h 6.626 × 10 −34 J ⋅ s
(b) p= = = 3.31 × 10 −24 kg ⋅ m s
λ 2.00 × 10 −10 m
p2
(c) E= = 0.172 eV
2m
 Quantum Mechanics 479

P41.43 (a) See the figure. (b) See the figure.

FIG. P41.43(a) FIG. P41.43(b)

(c) y is continuous and ψ → 0 as x → ±∞. The function can be normalized. It describes a

particle bound near x = 0.

(d) Since y is symmetric,

∞ ∞

∫ ψ dx = 2 ∫ ψ dx = 1
2 2

−∞ 0

∞
⎛ 2 A2 ⎞ − ∞ 0
or 2 A 2 ∫ e−2α x dx = ⎜
⎝ −2α ⎟⎠
(e − e ) = 1
0

This gives A = α .
1 2α
2α ⎞ − 2α 2α
( a) ∫ e−2α x dx = ⎛ (e − 1) = (1 − e−1 ) = 0.632
2
(e) P( −1 2α )→(1 2α ) = 2
x=0
⎝ −2α ⎠

*P41.44 If we had n = 0 for a quantum particle in a box, its momentum would be zero. The uncertainty in
its momentum would be zero. The uncertainty in its position would not be infinite, but just equal
to the width of the box. Then the uncertainty product would be zero, to violate the uncertainty
principle. The contradiction shows that the quantum number cannot be zero. In its ground state
the particle has some nonzero zero-point energy.

*P41.45 (a) With ground state energy 0.3 eV, the energy in the n = 2 state is 22 × 0.3 eV = 1.2 eV. The
energy in state 3 is 9 × 0.3 eV = 2.7 eV. The energy in state 4 is 16 × 0.3 eV = 4.8 eV.
For the transition from the n = 3 level to the n = 1 level, the electron loses energy
(2.7 – 0.3) eV = 2.4 eV. The photon carries off this energy and has wavelength
hc/E = 1240 eV⋅nm/2.4 eV = 517 nm .

(b) For the transition from level 2 to level 1, the photon energy is 0.9 eV and the photon
wavelength is l = hc/E = 1240 eV ⋅ nm/0.9 eV = 1.38 mm . This photon, with wavelength
greater than 700 nm, is infrared .
For level 4 to 1, E = 4.5 eV and l = 276 nm ultraviolet .
For 3 to 2, E = 1.5 eV and l = 827 nm infrared .
For 4 to 2, E = 3.6 eV and l = 344 nm near ultraviolet .
For 4 to 3, E = 2.1 eV and l = 590 nm yellow-orange visible .
480 Chapter 41

P41.46 (a) Use Schrödinger’s equation

∂ 2ψ 2m
= − 2 ( E − U )ψ
∂x 2

with solutions

ψ 1 = Aeik1x + Be− ik1x [region I ]

FIG. P41.46(a)
ψ 2 = Ceik2 x [region II ]

2 mE
Where k1 =


2m ( E − U )
and k2 =

Then, matching functions and derivatives at x = 0
(ψ 1 )0 = (ψ 2 )0 gives A+B=C

dψ dψ
and ⎛ 1 ⎞ = ⎛ 2 ⎞ gives k1 ( A − B ) = k2 C
⎝ dx ⎠ 0 ⎝ dx ⎠ 0

1 − k2 k1
Then B= A
1 + k2 k1
2
and C= A
1 + k2 k1

B 2 (1 − k2 k1 )
2

Incident wave Aeikx reflects Be− ikx , with probability R= 2 =

A (1 + k2 k1 )2

=
( k1 − k2 )2
( k1 + k2 )2
(b) With E = 7.00 eV
and U = 5.00 eV
k2 E −U 2.00
= = = 0.535
k1 E 7.00

(1 − 0.535)2
The reflection probability is R= = 0.092 0
(1 + 0.535)2
The probability of transmission is T = 1 − R = 0.908
 Quantum Mechanics 481

P41.47 R=
( k1 − k2 )2 = (1 − k2 k1 )2
( k1 + k2 )2 (1 + k2 k1 )2
2 k 2
= E − U for constant U
2m

 2 k12
= E since U = 0 (1)
2m FIG. P41.47

 k
2 2
= E −U
2
(2)
2m

k22 U 1 1 k 1
Dividing (2) by (1), 2
= 1 − = 1 − = so 2 =
k1 E 2 2 k1 2

(1 − 1 ) =( )
2 2
2 2 −1
and therefore, R= = 0.029 4
(1 + 1 2) ( 2 + 1)
2 2

P41.48 (a) The wave functions and probability densities are the same as those shown in the two lower
curves in Figure 41.4 of the textbook.
πx ⎞
0.350 nm 0.350

ψ 1 dx = ⎛ sin 2 ⎛
2 ⎞
∫ ∫
2
(b) P1 = dx
0.150 nm
⎝ ⎠
1.00 nm 0.150 ⎝ 1.00 nm ⎠
0.350 nm
⎡ x 1.00 nm 2π x ⎞ ⎤
= ( 2.00 nm ) ⎢ − sin ⎛
⎣2 4π ⎝ 1.00 nm ⎠ ⎥⎦ 0.150 nm

In the above result we used ∫ sin 2 axdx = ⎛ ⎞ − ⎛ ⎞ sin ( 2ax ).

x 1
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 4a ⎠

0.350 nm
⎡ 2π x ⎞ ⎤
sin ⎛
1.00 nm
Therefore, P1 = (1.00 nm ) ⎢ x −
⎣ 2π ⎝ 1.00 nm ⎠ ⎥⎦ 0.150 nm

{
P1 = (1.00 nm ) 0.350 nm − 0.150 nm −
1.00 nm
2π }
[sin ( 0.700π ) − sin ( 0.300π )] = 0.200
0.350
2 ⎛ 2π x ⎞ ⎡ x 1.00 ⎛ 4π x ⎞ ⎤
0.350
2
(c) P2 = ∫ sin ⎝ 1.00 ⎠ dx = 2.00 ⎢⎣ 2 − 8π sin ⎝ 1.00 ⎠ ⎥⎦0.150
1.00 0.150
0.350
⎡ 1.00 ⎛ 4π x ⎞ ⎤
P2 = 1.00 ⎢ x − sin
⎣ 4π ⎝ 1.00 ⎠ ⎥⎦ 0.150

{
= 1.00 ( 0.350 − 0.150 ) −
1.00
4π
[sin (1.40π ) − sin ( 0.600π )] }
= 0.351

n2h2
(d) Using En = , we find that E1 = 0.377 eV and E2 = 1.51 eV .
8 mL2
482 Chapter 41

E (1.80 eV ) ⎛ 1.60 × 10 −19 J ⎞

P41.49 (a) f = = = 4.34 × 1014 Hz
h ( 6.626 × 10 J ⋅ s ) ⎜⎝ 1.00 eV ⎟⎠
−34

c 3.00 × 108 m s
(b) λ= = = 6.91 × 10 −7 m = 691 nm
f 4.34 × 1014 Hz

  h 6.626 × 10 −34 J ⋅ s
(c) ∆E ∆t ≥ so ∆E ≥ = = = 2.64 × 10 −29 J = 1.65 × 10 −10 eV
2 2 ∆t 4π ( ∆t ) 4π ( 2.00 × 10 −6 s )

P41.50 (a) Taking Lx = Ly = L , we see that the expression for E becomes

h2
E=
8 me L2
(
nx2 + ny2 )
For a normalizable wave function describing a particle, neither nx nor ny can be zero. The
ground state, corresponding to nx = ny = 1, has an energy of

h2 h2
E1,1 = 2 (
12 + 12 ) =
8 me L 4 me L2

The first excited state, corresponding to either nx = 2, ny = 1 or nx = 1, ny = 2, has an

energy

h2 5h 2
E2,1 = E1,2 = 2 (
22 + 12 ) =
8 me L 8 me L2

The second excited state, corresponding to nx = 2, ny = 2, has an energy of

h2 h2
E 2 ,2 = 2 (
22 + 22 ) =
8 me L me L2
Finally, the third excited state, corresponding to either nx = 1, ny = 3 or nx = 3, nx = 1, has
an energy

h2 5h 2
E1, 3 = E3,1 =
8 me L2
(12
+ 3 2
) =
4 me L2

(b) The energy difference between the

energy
second excited state and the ground E1, 3 , E3, 1
state is given by h2
E2, 2
h2 h2 me L2
∆E = E2, 2 − E1,1 = −
me L 4 me L2
2

E1, 2 , E2, 1
3h 2
=
4 me L2
E1, 1
Energy level diagram 0

FIG. P41.50(b)
 Quantum Mechanics 483

∫x
2
P41.51 x2 = 2
ψ dx
−∞

nπ x ⎞
sin ⎛
2
For a one-dimensional box of width L, ψ n = .
L ⎝ L ⎠

2 2 2 ⎛ nπ x ⎞
L
L2 L2
L ∫0
Thus, x 2 = x sin dx = − (from integral tables).
⎝ L ⎠ 3 2 n 2π 2

∫ψ
2
P41.52 (a) dx = 1 becomes
−∞

L 4
2π x ⎞ L ⎡ π x 1 ⎛ 4π x ⎞ ⎤ L π
L 4

A2 ∫ cos 2 ⎛ dx = A 2 ⎛ ⎞ ⎢ + sin ⎥ = A 2 ⎛ ⎞ ⎡⎢ ⎤⎥ = 1
−L 4
⎝ L ⎠ ⎝ 2π ⎠ ⎣ L 4 ⎝ L ⎠ ⎦− L 4 ⎝ 2π⎠ ⎣2⎦

4 2
or A 2 = and A = .
L L
L
(b) The probability of finding the particle between 0 and is
8
⎛ 2π x ⎞ dx = 1 + 1 = 0.409
L8 L8

∫ ∫ cos
2
ψ dx = A 2 2

0 0
⎝ L ⎠ 4 2π

P41.53 For a particle with wave function

2 −x a
ψ ( x) = e for x > 0
a
and 0 for x < 0

2 −2 x a FIG. P41.53
ψ ( x ) = 0, x < 0 ψ 2 ( x) =
2
(a) and e , x > 0 as shown
a
0 0

Prob ( x < 0 ) = ∫ ψ ( x ) dx = ∫ ( 0 ) dx = 0
2
(b)
−∞ −∞

∞ 0 ∞

∫ ψ ( x ) dx = ∫ ψ dx + ∫ ψ dx = 1
2 2 2
(c) Normalization
−∞ −∞ 0

0 ∞
⎛ 2 ⎞ −2 x a
∫−∞0dx + ∫0 ⎝ a ⎠ e dx = 0 − e 0 = − ( e − 1) = 1
−2 x a ∞ −∞

a a

Prob ( 0 < x < a ) = ⎛ 2 ⎞ −2 x a

∫0 ψ dx = ∫0 ⎝ a ⎠ e dx
2

a
= − e−2 x a 0 = 1 − e−2 = 0.865
484 Chapter 41

nλ h nh
P41.54 (a) The requirement that = L so p = = is still valid.
2 λ 2L
2

⇒ En = ⎛
nhc ⎞
( pc )2 + ( mc 2 ) + ( mc 2 )
2 2
E=
⎝ 2L ⎠
2
⎛ nhc ⎞ + mc 2 2 − mc 2
K n = En − mc 2 =
⎝ 2L ⎠ ( )

(b) Taking L = 1.00 × 10 −12 m, m = 9.11 × 10 −31 kg, and n = 1, we find K1 = 4.69 × 10 −14 J .

Nonrelativistic, E1 =
h2
=
(6.626 × 10 −34 J ⋅ s ) 2
−14
2 = 6.02 × 10 J.
8 mL2 8 ( 9.11 × 10 −31 kg ) (1.00 × 10 −12 m )

Comparing this to K1 , we see that this value is too large by 28.6% .

⎤ ( − 7 3) e
2
e2 ⎡ 1 1 ⎛ 1⎞ 7 ke e 2
P41.55 (a) U= −1 + − + −1 + + ( −1) = = −
4π ∈0 d ⎢⎣ 2 3 ⎝ 2⎠ ⎥⎦ 4π ∈ d
0 3d

2h 2 h2
(b) From Equation 41.14, K = 2 E1 = = .
8 me ( 9 d )
2
36 me d 2

dE 7 ke e 2 h2
(c) E = U + K and = 0 for a minimum: − =0
dd 3d 2 18 me d 3

( 6.626 × 10 −34 )
2
3h 2 h2
d= = =
( 7 ) (18 ke e2 me ) 42 me ke e2 ( 42 ) ( 9.11 × 10 −31 ) (8.99 × 10 9 ) (1.60 × 10 −19 C )2
= 0.049 9 nm

Nm
(d) Since the lithium spacing is a, where Na 3 = V , and the density is , where m is the
mass of one atom, we get: V

13 13
13
⎛ m ⎞ ⎛ 1.66 × 10 −27 kg × 7 ⎞
a=⎛
Vm ⎞
=⎜ =⎜ m = 2.80 × 10 −10 m = 0.280 nm
⎝ Nm ⎠ ⎝ density ⎟⎠ ⎝ 530 kg ⎟⎠

The lithium interatomic spacing of 280 pm is 5.62 times larger than the answer to (c). Thus
it is of the same order of magnitude as the interatomic spacing 2d here.
 Quantum Mechanics 485

ψ = Bxe−( mω 2  )x
2
P41.56 (a)

dψ mω ⎞ mω ⎞ 2 −( mω 2  )x 2
= Be−( mω 2  )x + Bx ⎛ − 2 xe−( mω 2  )x = Be−( mω 2  )x − B ⎛
2 2 2
x e
dx ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝  ⎠
d 2ψ mω ⎞ −( mω 2  )x 2 mω ⎞ mω ⎞ 2 ⎛ mω ⎞ −( mω 2  )x 2
= Bx ⎛ − − B⎛ 2 xe−( mω 2  )x − B ⎛
2
xe x − xe
dx 2 ⎝  ⎠ ⎝  ⎠ ⎝  ⎠ ⎝  ⎠
d 2ψ mω ⎞ −( mω 2  )x 2 mω ⎞ 3 −( mω 2  )x 2
2
= −3 B ⎛ xe + B⎛ xe
dx 2 ⎝  ⎠ ⎝  ⎠
Substituting into the Schrödinger equation, we have

mω ⎞ −( mω 2  )x 2 mω ⎞ 3 −( mω 2  )x 2 mω ⎞ 2
2 2
−3 B ⎛ + B⎛ = − 2 Bxe−( mω 2  )x + ⎛
2 mE
x Bxe−( mω 2  )x
2 2
xe xe
⎝  ⎠ ⎝  ⎠  ⎝  ⎠

2E 3ω
This is true if −3ω = − ; it is true if E = .
 2

(b) We never find the particle at x = 0 because ψ = 0 there.

dψ mω ⎞ 
(c) y is maximized if = 0 = 1 − x2 ⎛ , which is true at x = ± .
dx ⎝  ⎠ mω
∞

∫ψ
2
(d) We require dx = 1:
−∞

∞
2 2 −( mω  ) x 1 π B2 π 1 2 3 2
∫B x e dx = 2 B 2 ∫ x 2 e−( mω  )x dx = 2 B 2
2 2
1= 3 =
−∞
4 ( mω  ) 2 ( mω )
32

14
21 2 ⎛ mω ⎞ ⎛ 4 m 3ω 3 ⎞
34

Then B = = ⎜ .
π1 4 ⎝  ⎠ ⎝ π  3 ⎟⎠

 4 ⎞
, the potential energy is mω 2 x 2 = mω 2 ⎛
1 1
(e) At x = 2 = 2ω . This is larger than
mω 2 2 ⎝ mω ⎠
3ω
the total energy , so there is zero classical probability of finding the particle here.
2

( ) δ = δB x e
2
−( mω 2  ) x
2 2
2 −( mω  ) x 2
Probability = ψ dx = Bxe
2
(f)

2 ⎛ mω ⎞ ⎛ 4  ⎞ e−( mω  )4(  mω ) = 8δ ⎛ mω ⎞
32 12
Probability = δ e−4
π1 2 ⎝  ⎠ ⎝ mω ⎠ ⎝ π ⎠
486 Chapter 41

π x⎞ 2π x ⎞ π x ⎞ ⎛ 2π x ⎞ ⎤
L L
⎡
∫ψ A 2 ∫ ⎢sin 2 ⎛ + 16 sin 2 ⎛ + 8 sin ⎛
2
P41.57 (a) dx = 1 : sin dx = 1
0 0 ⎣
⎝ L ⎠ ⎝ L ⎠ ⎝ L ⎠ ⎝ L ⎠ ⎥⎦

⎡ L L
π x ⎞ ⎛ 2π x ⎞ ⎤
A 2 ⎢⎛ ⎞ + 16 ⎛ ⎞ + 8 ∫ sin ⎛
L
dx = 1
⎝ L ⎠ ⎥
sin
⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ 0
⎝ L ⎠ ⎦
x= L
⎡ 17 L L
π x⎞ π x⎞ ⎤ ⎡ 17 L 16 L 3 ⎛ π x ⎞ ⎤
A2 ⎢ + 16 ∫ sin 2 ⎛ cos ⎛ dx ⎥ = A 2 ⎢ + sin ⎥ =1
⎝ L ⎠ ⎝ L ⎠ 3π ⎝ L ⎠
⎣ 2 0 ⎦ ⎣ 2 x=0 ⎦

2 2
A2 = , so the normalization constant is A = .
17 L 17 L

π x⎞ π x⎞ π x⎞ ⎛ π x⎞ ⎤
a a
⎡
∫ ∫ ⎢⎣ A cos 2 ⎛ + B sin 2 ⎛ + 2 A B cos ⎛
2
ψ dx = 1: dx = 1
2 2
(b) sin
−a −a
⎝ 2a ⎠ ⎝ a ⎠ ⎝ 2a ⎠ ⎝ a ⎠ ⎥⎦

2 2
The first two terms are A a and B a . The third term is:

⎛ π x⎞ ⎡ ⎛ π x⎞ ⎛ π x⎞ ⎤ ⎛ π x ⎞ sin ⎛ π x ⎞ dx
a a

∫ cos ⎝ 2a ⎠ ⎢⎣ 2 sin ⎝ 2a ⎠ cos ⎝ 2a ⎠ ⎥⎦ dx = 4 A ∫ cos

2
2A B B
−a −a
⎝ 2a ⎠ ⎝ 2a ⎠
a
π x⎞
cos3 ⎛
8a A B
= =0
3π ⎝ 2a ⎠ − a

so that a A + B ( 2 2
) = 1, giving A + B =
2 2 1
a
.

∞ 12
⎛ a⎞
∫−∞ x ⎝ π ⎠
2
P41.58 (a) x 0 = e− ax dx = 0 , since the integrand is an odd function of x.

∞ 12
⎛ 4a3 ⎞
∫−∞ x ⎜⎝ π ⎟⎠
2
(b) x1= x 2 e− ax dx = 0 , since the integrand is an odd function of x.

∞ ∞
1 1 1
∫ x 2 (ψ + ψ 1 ) dx = x + ∫ xψ 0 ( x ) ψ 1 ( x ) dx
2
(c) x 01 = 0 x 0 +
−∞
2 2 1 −∞

The first two terms are zero, from (a) and (b). Thus:
∞ 14 12 ∞
⎛ 4a3 ⎞ ⎛ 2a 2 ⎞
14
= ∫ x⎛ ⎞
a
∫x e
− ax 2 2 − ax 2 2 2 − ax 2
x e ⎜⎝ π ⎟⎠ xe dx = 2 ⎜ dx
01
−∞
⎝ π⎠ ⎝ π ⎟⎠ 0
12
⎛ 2a 2 ⎞ 1⎛ π ⎞
12

= 2⎜ , from Table B.6

⎝ π ⎟⎠ 4 ⎝ a3 ⎠
1
=
2a
 Quantum Mechanics 487

2 2
P41.59 With one slit open P1 = ψ 1 or P2 = ψ 2
2
With both slits open, P = ψ1 + ψ 2

At a maximum, the wave functions are in phase Pmax = ( ψ 1 + ψ 2 ) 2

At a minimum, the wave functions are out of phase Pmin = ( ψ 1 − ψ 2 ) 2

2
P1 ψ 1 ψ1
Now = 2 = 25.0 , so = 5.00
P2 ψ 2 ψ2

P
and max =
( ψ1 + ψ 2 ) 2

=
(5.00 ψ 2 + ψ2 ) 2

=
( 6.00 )2 36.0
= = 2.25
Pmin ( ψ 1 − ψ 2 ) 2
(5.00 ψ 2 − ψ2 ) 2
( 4.00 )2 16.0

ANSWERS TO EVEN PROBLEMS

1
P41.2
2
P41.4 (a) 4 (b) 6.03 eV

P41.6 9.56 × 1012

12
⎛ 3hλ ⎞
P41.8 ⎜⎝ 8 m c ⎟⎠
e

P41.10 (a) 5.13 meV (b) 9.41 eV (c) The much smaller mass of the electron requires it to have much
more energy to have the same momentum.
12
⎛ 15hλ ⎞
P41.12 (a) ⎜ (b) 1.25λ
⎝ 8 me c ⎟⎠
L
P41.14 (a) (b) 5.26 × 10 −5 (c) 3.99 × 10 −2 (d) See the solution.
2
P41.16 (a) 0.196 (b) The classical probability is 0.333, significantly larger. (c) 0.333 for both classical
and quantum models.

2π
⎞
sin ⎛
1
P41.18 (a) − (b) See the solution. (c) The wave function is zero for x < 0 and for x > L.
L 2π ⎝ L ⎠
The probability at l = 0 must be zero because the particle is never found at x < 0 or exactly at x = 0.
The probability at l = L must be 1 for normalization. This statement means that the particle is always
found somewhere at x < L. (d) l = 0.585L
2 k 2
P41.20 See the solution;
2m
2 ⎛ 4 x 2 ⎞
P41.22 (a) − 6⎟ (b) See the solution.
2 mL2 ⎜⎝ L2 ⎠
488 Chapter 41

π x⎞ π x⎞ 2π x ⎞
cos ⎛ cos 2 ⎛ sin ⎛
2 2 2
P41.24 (a) ψ 1 ( x ) = P1 ( x ) = ψ 2 ( x) =
L ⎝ L ⎠ L ⎝ L ⎠ L ⎝ L ⎠
2 2 ⎛ 2π x ⎞ 3π x ⎞ 3π x ⎞
cos ⎛ cos 2 ⎛
2 2
P2 ( x ) = sin ψ 3 ( x) = P3 ( x ) =
L ⎝ L ⎠ L ⎝ L ⎠ L ⎝ L ⎠
(b) See the solution.

P41.26 See the solution.

P41.28 1.03 × 10 −3

(d) 10 −6.59×10
32
P41.30 (a) 0.903 (b) 0.359 (c) 0.417

P41.32 85.9

P41.34 3.92%
mω 3
P41.36 (a) See the solution. b= (b) E = ω (c) first excited state
2 2
14 12
⎛ mω ⎞ ⎛ mω ⎞
P41.38 (a) B = ⎜ (b) δ ⎜
⎝ π  ⎟⎠ ⎝ π  ⎟⎠

P41.40 See the solution.

P41.42 (a) 2.00 × 10 −10 m (b) 3.31 × 10 −24 kg ⋅ m s (c) 0.172 eV

P41.44 See the solution.

P41.46 (a) See the solution. (b) 0.092 0 , 0.908

P41.48 (a) See the solution. (b) 0.200 (c) 0.351 (d) 0.377 eV, 1.51 eV
2 2 2 2
h 5h h 5h 3h 2
P41.50 (a) , , , (b) See the solution,
4 me L 8 me L me L 4 me L2
2 2 2
4 me L2
2
P41.52 (a) (b) 0.409
L
2
(a) ⎛
nhc ⎞
P41.54 + m 2 c 4 − mc 2 (b) 46.9 fJ; 28.6%
⎝ 2L ⎠
14
3ω  ⎛ 4 m 3ω 3 ⎞ mω ⎞
12

P41.56 (a) (b) x = 0 (c) ± (d) ⎜ (e) 0 (f ) 8δ ⎛ e−4

2 mω ⎝ π  3 ⎟⎠ ⎝ π ⎠
(c) ( 2a )
−1 2
P41.58 (a) 0 (b) 0