Professional Documents
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History of Cognitive Psychology
History of Cognitive Psychology
COGNITIVE
PSYCHOLOGY
- compiled by the Cognitive Processes Classes, Fall, 1997 -
James Mill believed that the human mind was totally passive. He felt that the mind
was a machine functioning in the same way as a clock, acting upon external stimuli.
His most important work and contribution to psychology is his book, Analysis of the
Phenomena of the Human Mind, written in 1829. Mill states that the mind must be
studied through its reduction or analysis into elementary components. Mill believed
that ideas and sensations are only certain kinds of mental processes. He felt that
ideas result as a process of sensations that have occurred at the same time in a
certain order. Thus, James Mill was considered a British empiricist, focusing on the
primary role of sensation processes and the relationship between conscious
processes and association. John Stuart Mill, who believed in Mental Chemistry, was
the son of James Mill.
John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)
John Stuart Mill was a British empiricist who was concerned with Associationism.
Associationism studies how ideas can be hooked together and how many laws of
association there should be. Mill believed the mind to be active, which is opposition
to his father's belief that the mind was passive. He developed the idea of mental
chemistry in which he believed the sum of two ideas compounded together is greater
than the sum of the individual ideas. Along with Mill's research, he wrote several
books which also influenced the work of James, Gestalt, and Wundt.
19th CENTURY
Psychology broke away from philosophy and began to form its own discipline based
upon empirical results rather than on speculation. "Only in the last 100 years has it
been realized that human cognition could be the subject of scientific study rather
than philosophical speculation" (Anderson, 1995).
Wilhelm Wundt was born on Aug. 16, 1832 in Neckarau Baden, Germany. Wundt
established the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in 1879 and
published the first journal, Philosophische Studien, that contained a report of
experimental results. Wundt taught at the University at Leipzig from 1875 to 1917.
Wundt founded the psychological institute at the University of Leipzig. Wundt is
regarded as the founder of psychology as a formal academic discipline and the first
person in history to be designated as a psychologist. Wundt believed that psychology
is based on the observation of experience. Wundt taught many psychologists, such as
Tichener. His method of inquiry was largely introspection (having highly trained
observers report on the contents of their consciousness under carefully controlled
conditions according to Anderson, 1995).
Hermann Helmholtz (1821-1894)
Hermann Helmholtz was born it 1821 in Potsdam, Germany. Helmholtz was know
for his research in physics and physiology and he is regarded as one of the greatest
scientists of the nineteenth century. Helmholtz is known for his theory of
unconscious inference, for example visual perception of space. Helmholtz was an
advocate of the natural sciences. He had a particular interest in the speed of neural
impulses. His research was one of the first to demonstrate that it is possible to
experiment on and measure a psychophysiological process. Helmholtz developed the
Young-Helmholtz theory of color vision.
William James wrote the first psychology textbook, Principles of Psychology, which
was the central work of his career. The concept of functionalism is expressed in
James' psychology which he treats as a natural science. Functionalism is the
adaption of living persons to their environment. James also contributed to the
James-Lange theory. This theory states that we feel an emotion because of the action
in which we choose to engage. For example, we infer are afraid because we run.
Edward Tolman was known for "his work that centered around demonstrating that
animals had both expectations and internal representations that guided their
behavior." (Galotti, 1994) He believed that rats used a cognitive map in order to
complete the maze instead of memorization. He showed this by putting rats in
different places on the maze than ones where they had been trained. The rats
reached the goal point without going to the learned place. This supported the notion
that they had created a cognitive map.
Wolfgang Kohler
Wolfgang Kohler was known for his early criticism of the characterization of
problem solving. His famous study involved an ape in a cage, Sultan, that was given
two hollow bamboo sticks. A banana was placed outside the cage out of range for the
sticks to reach it. For a certain amount of time the ape tried to reach the banana
with the sticks, failing each time. At a certain point Sultan was observed to sit
quietly for a time, after which he put the two sticks together. Kohler called the
sudden solution that followed the quiet time "insight" and concluded that it was a
typical property of problem solving.
Sir Frederick Bartlett was known for his study of memory. He placed his emphasis
on studies under natural conditions. Therefore, he rejected laboratory research. He
felt that past experiences helped reconstruct the material able to be retrieved. He
used a method called serial reproduction. This method allowed subjects to recall
stories on more than one occasion with varying retention intervals. He focused on
information that was remembered and " misremembered". His results showed that
overtime the subjects' recall was progressively more distorted. Therefore "He
rejected that the idea of long term memory where material is stored unchanged until
retrieval". He saw memory as an active and often inaccurate process. The famous
story he used was "The War of the Ghosts."
Skinner, B. F. (1904-1995)
Born in Subsequenna PA, Skinner is famous for his theory of operant conditioning.
He believed that behaviors and language were learned through reinforcement
(Solso, 317-318). He invented the Skinner box, which was used to control and
measure learned animal behavior. He believed that behavioral changes resulted
from responses of the individual to environmental stimuli. He believed that the
cognitive revolution was a backward, rather than a forward, step in the history of
psychology (Murray, 415). Among his main scientific works were The Behavior of
Organisms (1938) and Verbal Behavior (1957). Behaviorism caused the study of
mental events to be put aside. In many ways it was a reaction against introspection.
There was a behavioral revolution in America. Behaviorists believed that psychology
should be only concerned with external behavior and "should not try to analyze the
workings of the mind that underlay this behavior" (Anderson, 1995). Watson (1930)
said that "Behaviorism claims that consciouness is neither a definite nor a usable
concept." " The behaviorist program and the issues it spawned all but eliminated
any serious research in cognitive psychology for 40 years....Perhaps the most
important lasting contribution of behaviorism is a set of sophisticated and rigorous
techniques and principles for experimental study in all fields of psychology,
including cognitive psychology." (Anderson, 1995)
George Miller
Allen Newell