EU citizenship was first introduced by the Maastricht Treaty, and was extended by the Treaty of

Amsterdam.[11] Prior to the 1992 Maastricht Treaty, the European Communitiestreaties provided
guarantees for the free movement of economically active persons, but not, generally, for others. The
1951 Treaty of Paris[12] establishing the European Coal and Steel Community established a right to
free movement for workers in these industries and the 1957 Treaty of Rome[13] provided for the free
movement of workers and services.
However, the treaty provisions were interpreted by the European Court of Justice not as having a
narrow economic purpose, but rather a wider social and economic purpose.[14] In Levin,[15] the Court
found that the "freedom to take up employment was important, not just as a means towards the
creation of a single market for the benefit of the member state economies, but as a right for the
worker to raise her or his standard of living".[14] Under the ECJ caselaw, the rights of free movement
of workers applies regardless of the worker's purpose in taking up employment abroad,[15] to both
part-time and full-time work,[15] and whether or not the worker required additional financial assistance
from the member state into which he moves.[16] Since the ECJ has held[17] that a recipient of service
has free movement rights under the treaty and this criterion is easily fulfilled,[18] effectively every
national of an EU country within another member state, whether economically active or not, had a
right under Article 12 of the European Community Treaty to non-discrimination even prior to
the Maastricht Treaty.[19]