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NEXT GENERATION
DEM PARTICLE SIMULATOR
Single Particle NonDrag Forces Implemented in the
Rocky DEMCFD OneWay and TwoWay Coupling Modules
A set of nondrag forces were implemented in the Rocky DEMCFD oneway and twoway
coupling modules. These nondrag forces included lift force, torque, and virtual mass force.
These nondrag forces and the correlations for their calculation are described below.
Lift Force
The Rocky DEMCFD coupling modules compute the lift force on the particles applying the
lift law (for lift coefficient calculation) that is chosen by the user based on particle and flow
characteristics. The following sections provides documentation on lift force calculations and
on the options of lift coefficient laws that are implemented in the Rocky DEMCFD coupling
modules.
F
The lift force ( ) is a force transversal to the direction of the relative velocity between particle
L
and fluid velocities. This force is generated by a series of factors, the most common are fluid
velocity gradients or a rotating particle that generates different pressure values at the sides of
the particle. This lift force is usually calculated based on a nondimensional form defined as
the lift coefficient (C L), given by Equation (1):
(1)
(2)
(3)
ω
In Equation (3), p is the particle angular velocity vector.
Lift force calculation is available only on Rocky DEMCFD oneway coupling. Below, the two
lift laws implemented within the calculation of the lift coefficient are described.
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NEXT GENERATION
DEM PARTICLE SIMULATOR
Saffman (1968)
The Saffman lift force is due to a pressure difference developed on a particle in a fluid
velocity gradient. The higher velocity at one side of the particle develops a lower pressure
and the lower velocity on the other side develops a higher pressure (Bernoulli's principle).
[1, 2]
Saffman (1965, 1968) analyzed this force for low (relative) Reynolds numbers and
reached an expression for the force. This expression, generalized for threedimensional
flows, is shown in Equation (4).
(4)
C
Using the definitions of
L, Re
Re and Ω to manipulate Equation (4), one obtains the Saffman
(1968) lift coefficient, given by Equation (5).
(5)
Re
This expression is valid for spherical particles and for Re
<< ½
1.
Ω <<
Mei (1992)
Mei (1992) expanded the validity of the Saffman model to higher relative Reynolds number
values by defining a correction over the Saffman (1968) lift coefficient calculation. With this
correction, the correlation is still limited to spherical particles but is valid for the ranges of: 0.1 ≤
Re
≤ 100, 0.005 ≤ α
≤ 0.4. The definition of α
is given by Equation (6) .
(6)
(7)
(8)
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NEXT GENERATION
DEM PARTICLE SIMULATOR
Fluid Torque
In addition to generating lift force, the presence of velocity gradients (actually, velocity
T
vorticity) and particle angular velocity gives rise to a torque ( ) from the fluid acting over the
f
particle. This torque contributes to the particle angular momentum conservation and can be
computed using the values of the torque coefficient, defined in Equation (9) .
(9)
ω
In Equation (9), r is the relative fluidparticle rotation, given by Equation (10):
(10)
The correlations for torque coefficient are developed as functions of the relative angular
velocity Reynolds number, shown in Equation (11).
(11)
One of the correlations developed to calculate the torque coefficient, developed by Dennis,
Singh and Ingham (1980), was implemented on the Rocky CFDDEM oneway coupling
module.
Dennis, Singh and Ingham (1980)
Dennis, Singh and Ingham (1980) have investigated the torque necessary to keep a sphere
rotating at an angular speed
ω
p in an otherwise stagnant fluid, and have obtained the
following expression, valid for the range 20 < Re
< 2000, shown in Equation (12):
(12)
Using the definitions from Equations (9), (10) and (11), the torque coefficient from the
Dennis, Singh and Ingham (1980) Equation (12) is given by Equation (13):
(13)
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NEXT GENERATION
DEM PARTICLE SIMULATOR
Virtual Mass Force
[2]
The virtual mass force term is one of the transient interaction terms between fluid and
particle. This force is caused by the fact that when the particle accelerates (relative to the
local fluid acceleration), it carries with it some of the surrounding mass of the fluid. This mass
portion is supposed to attain the particle velocity, resulting in a virtual increase in the particle
mass. This force is significant when the particle density is of the same order or smaller than
the fluid density. The general expression of the virtual mass force is given by Equation (14):
(14)
C
In Equation (14), VM is the virtual mass coefficient and
a
r is the relative acceleration of
particle and fluid. Defining the relative acceleration as in Equation (15) and expanding
Equation (14), we have the form shown in Equation (16).
(15)
(16)
In cases with steady flow field, the first term inside the parenthesis is zero, and there is an
explicit and an explicit contribution of the virtual mass force to the particle momentum
equation. These contributions are explicitly written in Equation (17).
(17)
The first term on the right hand side of Equation (17) adds directly to the forces acting over
the particle and the second term (without the velocity derivative) is added to the particle mass
to calculate its acceleration for the next time step. The calculation of the virtual mass
coefficient is performed using different correlations from the technical literature available
regarding particlefluid interactions. The options available in the two Rocky DEMCFD
coupling modules are described below.
Constant Value
C
For a single particle, it is common to use a constant value of VM = ½ for the virtual mass
coefficient. This option is available for both the oneway and twoway coupling modules.
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NEXT GENERATION
DEM PARTICLE SIMULATOR
Ishii & Mishima (1984)
[4]
Ishii & Mishima (1984) suggested a virtual mass coefficient as a function of the volume
fraction of the dispersed phase. The Ishii & Mishima virtual mass coefficient is given by
Equation (18).
(18)
Paladino (2005)
[5]
Paladino (2005) also suggested a virtual mass coefficient as a function of the volume
fraction of the dispersed phase. This model showed results for the differential pressure in
excellent agreement with experimental data in the literature. In contrast The Paladino (2005)
correlation predicts a slower growth of the virtual mass coefficient, which is adequate for
some applications. This correlation is shown in Equation (19):
(19)
Like the Ishii & Mishima (1984), the Paladino (2005) correlation is also dependent upon the
fluid volume fraction, so this model is only available in simulations applying the Rocky
DEMCFD twoway coupling module.
References
1. MEI, R. An Approximate Expression for the Shear Lift Force on a Spherical Particle at
Finite Reynolds Number. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, volume 18,
number 1, pages, 145147, 1992.
2. CROWE, Clayton T.; SCHWARZKOPF, John D.; SOMMERFELD, Martin; TSUJI,
Yutaka. Multiphase Flows with Droplets and Particles. 2. ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC
Press, 2012.
3. DENNIS, S.C.R.; SINGH, S.N.; INGHAM, D.B. The steady flow due to a rotating
sphere at low and moderate Reynolds numbers. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 101,
257–279, 1980.
4. ISHII, M.; MISHIMA, K. TwoFluid Model and Hydrodynamic Constitutive
Relations. Nuclear Engineering and Design, volume 82, issues 23, pages
107126, 1984.
5. PALADINO, E. E. Estudo do Escoamento Multifásico em Medidores de Vazão do
tipo Pressão Diferencial, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil, 2005.
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