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R. D. BLEV1NS
Assoc. Mem. ASME.
Fluid Forces Induced by Vortex Shedding
A semi-empirical, dynamic model for investigating the fluid forces induced on a bluff
T. E. BURTON cylinder by vortex shedding is developed using random vibration theory. The model
Assoc. Mem. ASME. includes both spanwise correlation effects and the amplitude dependence of the cor-
Senior Engineers,
related vortex forces. Model parameters are determined by experimental data. The
General Atomic Co., results are then applied to determine the forces exerted on elastic cylinders at resonance
San Diego, Calif. with vortex shedding. The predictions are in good agreement with experimental data.

Introduction nolds numbers and low amplitudes of cylinder vibration [10-

The periodic fluid forces exerted on a structure in a subsonic
cross flow due to vortex shedding can produce destructive reso-
nant vibrations in a wide variety of bluff structures [l]. 1 The
complexity of the nonlinear fluid and structure interaction ap-
parently precludes an exact solution to the fluid dynamic prob-
lem. Therefore, models have been developed to describe the
vortex shedding process. These deterministic models can gen-
erally be classified as static or dynamic models by the nature of
the structure and fluid interaction considered.
Static interaction models portray the vortex-induced lift as
a harmonic function of time with an amplitude independent of
cylinder motion. T h e amplitude of the lift force has been esti-
mated from the momentum flux of an idealized vortex street
[2, 3]. Estimates of the lift coefficients range from 0.1 to 1.0.
Experimental measurements show a large interaction between
cylinder motion and the vortex forces on a cylinder [2, 4, 5].
This indicates that static models can not accurately reproduce
the dynamic interactive effects of vortex-induced vibration.
In dynamic models, the fluid oscillations in the near wake of
the cylinder have been represented by a nonlinear, self-excited
oscillator that is dynamically coupled to the elastic cylinder [6-
9]. The dynamic models can reproduce the well-known syn-
chronization effect as the shedding frequency approaches the
natural frequency of the structure. The principal disadvantages
of the present dynamic models are the mathematical complexity
of the nonlinear oscillator systems, the large amount of experi-
mental data required to fix the model parameters, and the limited
range of fluid phenomena that can be usefully incorporated in
the models.
These models have generally been developed using a deter-
ministic approach, incorporating the assumption that fluid
motion is completely correlated along the length of the cylinder.
However, the finite correlation length of this fluid motion can
have a large effect on the fluid force on a cylinder at high Rey-
•Numbers in brackets designate References at end of paper.
Contributed by the Fluids Engineering Division of T H E AMERICAN SOCIETY
OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS and presented at the Fluids Engineering Confer-
ence, Minneapolis, Minn., May 5-7, 1875. Manuscript received at ASME
Headquarters January 20, 1975. Paper No. 75-FE-10.
12].
In this discussion, a specialized dynamic model is developed
for the vortex shedding using random vibration theory. T h e
theoretical framework is based on a representative spanwise
correlation and the cylinder amplitude dependence of the vortex
forces. At low vibration amplitudes, increased amplitudes pro-
duce increased lift forces, while at high amplitudes, increased
amplitudes produce decreased lift forces [4, 13]. Experimental
data of correlation length and lift force as functions of resonant
cylinder amplitude are used to determine the model parameters.
T h e basic assumptions of the model are:
1 At resonance the amplitude of the correlated lift force on
the cylinder can be represented at a continuous function of
cylinder amplitude.
2 At resonance the spanwise correlation of the vortex force
can be represented by a characteristic correlation length. T h e
correlation length increases uniformly with cylinder amplitude
until two-dimensional flow is achieved.
T h e model is limited to the resonance of a single mode with
vortex shedding and Reynolds number range 2 X 103 < Re <
2 X 105 where there exists a well formed vortex street. Only
the component of lift force on the cylinders in phase with cyl-
inder velocity is considered. Only this component can input
energy into the cylinder.
The resultant semi-empirical model is primarily useful for
predicting the vortex lift forces on a cylindrical structure at
resonance with vortex shedding and the maximum response of the
structure.
Development
Consider an elastic section of a right circular cylinder parallel
to the z-axis of length L and diameter D in steady crossfiow of
magnitude U. If the cylinder is subject to vortex-induced forces
normal to the free stream, the motion of the cylinder can be
described in terms of its orthogonal modes, IPN{Z), distinct
natural frequencies O>N, modal damping factors £w (l/2£w =
QN, the amplification factor), and mass per unit length, including
entrained mass, m(z). If the predominant frequency of the vortex-
induced forces, co,, is at or near a natural frequency, coo, the cyl-

Journal of Fluids Engineering Copyright © 1976 by ASME MARCH 1976 / 19

inder will respond primarily in that mode. The cylinder response with M being the equivalent uniform mass per unit length:
in the single mode is that of a one-dimensional simple harmonic
oscillator: M
J o
L
m{z)^{z)dz I fL 4fl(z)dx
I Jo
(8)

y + 2£o<# + Mo2!/ =
f F{z, t)\p(z)dz
(i)
On comparison of equations (2) and (5), it is seen that force
and displacement are out of phase by 90 deg. In this paper, only

£ m{z)ip*{z)dz the component of the force with this phasing is considered.

The in-phase component is ignored because it does not provide
any net energy to the cylinder.
where the modal displacement is The forces on cylinders due to vortex shedding at high Rey-
Y{z, t) = »«)*(*). nolds numbers are nondeterministic. This can be seen in the
spanwise correlation measurements of Toebes [10] and Hum-
The cylinder and coordinate system are shown in Fig. 1 for the phreys [11] and the power spectra measured by Jones [14]. The

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case ip — 1- vortex force is here represented by a narrow band, stationary,
If the time dependence of the fluid forcing function is approxi- random process.
mated by a harmonic function The cross spectral density _of the vortex^ force model is SF(ZI,
F(z, t) = Re{ (l/2)PUWCUz)e-<u" Z2, co). jo°S(z, z, o))doi — [F(z)]2 where F(z) is the root mean
(2)
square (rms) lift force per unit length. If resonance of vortex
where CL(Z) is a lift coefficient and p is the fluid density, then shedding with a single distinct mode is assumed, the analog of
equation (1) is easily solved: equation (4) for random vibration is:

y(t) = Re
\PJPDCLE
2Z(o>.)
f \[/(z)dz

"J «/o «/o

SF(«I, 22, (a)^(zi)^(z2)dzidzi
-dot (9)

where the impedance Z(a),) is

f ^{z)dz \zw\* r
where y is the rms response amplitude.
ypdz

If the vortex shedding frequency band is comparable in width

Z = (coo2 — «,2 — 2«o,Wo£) I m\p{z)dz I f \}/i{z )dz to the response band of the oscillator, equation (9) can be re-
duced to
CLE is the equivalent uniform lift coefficient, as defined by
Vickery and Watkins: R(zi, zi)ip{zi)\p(zi)dzidzi
y2 Jo Jo
Kl2

a:
= (10)
CLE = fL CL{z)t{z)dz \p(z)dz (3) |£(wo)|2
X' \//Wz

At resonance the natural frequency of the lightly damped sys- where

tem approximately equals the shedding frequency, o>„ and the
amplitude of the response is R(Zi, 22,

Jo
-r SF(ZI, 22, ca)du (ID

A, CLE i: \j/dz is the mean value of the product of vortex forces per unit length
at Z\ and 22.

s:
D (2mS)2
(4) If the bandwidth of the vortex shedding is much narrower
4fldz than the bandwidth of the cylinder response, Kt = 1. The
narrowness of the vortex shedding at resonance can be seen in
with spectral measurements of Jones [14]. If the shedding band is
proportional to the response band, Ki is a constant, which de-
Y(z, t) = Re {iAv\l/(z)e-"°.>} (5) pends on the details of the spectrum.
The resonance Strouhal number, S, is The cross-correlation function R is expressed as

S = uJD/(2vU) R(zt, 22) = qWfojgizMzi - 22) (12)

(6)
The reduced damping, 8r, is where q is the dynamic pressure and g(z) is the rms lift coef-
ficient at spanwise location z. At resonance g is assumed to be a
Sr = 2M(2w£)/(pD*) (7) function only of \y(z)\/U, the ratio of the cylinder velocity to

-———^Nomenclatur®---——-——-
a, b, c = constants L = cylinder length y = cylinder displacement with time
Ay = significant maximum amplitude m = mass per unit length Y = cylinder displacement normal to
of cylinder vibration M = equivalent mass per unit length free stream
CL(Z) = local lift coefficient (equation (8)) 2 = spanwise length
CLE = equivalent uniform lift coeffi- q = dynamic pressure (pU2/2) Z = impedance
cient (equations (3), (14)) r = spanwise correlation function 8r — reduced damping (2M(27T^)/
D = cylinder diameter R = cross-correlation function pD*)
F = amplitude of the vortex force S = Strouhal number at resonance lc = correlation length
per unit length normal to SF = cross-spectral density of the vor- £ = damping factor
freestream tex force p = fluid density
g = local rms lift coefficient t = time ^ = mode shape
•Ki,2 = constants U = free-stream velocity co = circular frequency

20 / MARCH 1976 Transactions of the ASM!

 DISPLACEMENT, Y
0.9 K
0.8 L ^ ^ &= 0.125

0.7
~ V\\°
CM
- ^ \
N
DIAMETE 0.6 008
- \ \ ^**^^~rv^
0.5

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\
r- 0.4 ^ C L 0.04
< \

Fig. 1 Cylinder and coordinate system (rigid cylinder mode: <P = I) IT

0.3 -
O
o 0.2 -

the free-stream velocity, since this ratio determines the angle of

attack and magnitude of the flow relative to the cylinder. T h e 0.1
term r(zi — z%) is the spanwise correlation function, which is U. 0.0
normalized with a maximum value of 1 and is assumed to de- 0 <-
pend on the axial distance between two points on the cylinder.
Substituting equations (11) and (12) into equation (10) and i i i 1 1 1 1
limiting consideration to the resonant case, the significant ampli- 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
tude of the cylinder response, Ay, is:
SPANWISE SPACING (DIAMETERS)

Ay f \pdz Fig. 2 Spanwise correlation for a rigid cylinder at vibrating resonance

with vortex shedding [10]

s:
CLE (13)
D D (2vSf8r
\f/2dz

where the equivalent uniform lift coefficient per unit length, Determination of Model Parameters
CLE, is:
Toebes' d a t a for the spanwise correlation of a rigid circular
cylinder (\f/ = 1) oscillating a t resonance with vortex shedding
KJKJ 0(zi)0(«aM«i - Zi)\p(zi)^/(z2)dzidz2 is shown in Fig. 2 [10]. The correlation length increases with
Jo Ja amplitude where t h e correlation length lc is:
CLE* =

u: rpdz

and the constant Ki is discussed below. I t can be seen from

(14)

I.
£ r(zi — zi)d(zi — zi) (15)

equation (13) t h a t the resonance amplitude does not depend
explicitly upon free stream velocity.
CLE is directly analogous to the uniform lift coefficient pre-
sented earlier for the deterministic case. CLE is a function both of
mode shape (ip) and amplitude of response since r and g are func-
tions of amplitude of response. Id is a constant which relates
the experimentally observed peak cylinder response amplitude
to the rms amplitude. This observed peak response is probably
approximately equal to the statistical mean peak response. If
the response were narrow band gaussian, then the peaks would
be Rayleigh distributed and Kt = \/ir/2. If the process were
deterministic, then if2 = V2- Unfortunately, most experi-
mentalists have taken a deterministic approach in measurements
of vortex-induced response so the proper distribution is not
known. However, it will be seen that uncertainties in the values
of Ki and K?, do not limit the present results.
If the spanwise correlation function r(z\ — z2) is determined
by experimental measurements on a cylinder at resonance with
vortex shedding and measurements of a significant resonant
cylinder amplitude, Ay, as a function of damping, 5 r , are obtained,
then equation (13) can be used !o determine the effective lift
coefficient CLE and equation (14) can be used to determine the
amplitude dependence of the correlated lift force (KiK^g). Once
KiKig is known, the theory can be applied to new mode shapes.
This approach is used in the following sections.
and spanwise correlation is modeled as
r{zi - zj) = exp ( - 2|zi - Zi\/l,) (16)
The exponential relationship is chosen for generality and mathe-
matical convenience. Applying the definition (15) to Fig. 2, it can
be seen t h a t the correlation length increases from five diameters
at zero amplitude. Apparently the flow becomes fully correlated
at sufficient vibration ampUtude. Dale, using the hydrogen
bubble technique, noted that vortices were shed by marine cables
undergoing large amplitude, vortex-induced vibration in nearly
two-dimensional sheets [15].
I t is reasonable to assume the correlation length of a rigid
cylinder at resonance with vortex shedding is a function only of
the cylinder amplitude. (Note at resonance the cylinder ampli-
tude is proportional to \y\/U, the ratio of the maximum cylinder
velocity to the free-stream velocity.) For a continuous system
the correlation length may vary along the span. In the present
model the simplifying assumption is made that a single correla-
tion length characterizes the span. This length is determined by
the maximum amplitude of vibration along the span.
The correlation length for harmonic motion of a circular cyl-
inder at resonance with vortex shedding is modeled as:
=1 lc* + hA/(Am
oo
-A) A
A > Am
<Am
(17)

Journal of Fluids Engineering MARCH 1976 / 21


^EQUIVALENT LIFT COEFFICIENT, C u
Fig. 3 Curve fit of experimental data of a pivoted cantilever (•P
at resonance with vortex shedding [6,13]
where the available experimental data suggests lc° = 5Z>, k =
100D, and Am = 0.52) (Fig. 2). There is significant uncertainty
in the chosen value for Am. However this uncertainty could con-
tribute significant error only for certain long aspect ratio cyl-
inders (L/D = 0(100)) at amplitude near Am.
The function g, which specifies the amplitude dependence of
the correlated vortex forces, is approximated as a power series
containing three terms:
KxKa = a + b\y\/(2vSU) + c\y\y(2irSU)*
= a + b^{z)AJD + cpHzUyt/D2
Constants a, b, and c were found by back fitting values of CLE
versus Ay from the experimental data of Vickery and Watkins,
and Hartlen for the peak response of pivoted cantilever cylinders
at resonance with vortex shedding. The peak amplitude is
ordinarily foixnd in the range of reduced velocities, U/fD be-
tween 4.5 and 6 for Reynolds numbers between 2 X 103 and
2 X 105. The correlation function (equation (17)) and equations
(13) and (14) were used in the numerical fit to the nonlinear
theory. The results shown in Fig. 3 give the following values
for a, b, and c:
0.60
a = 0.35 0.93
The standard deviation of the curvefit in CLE is 0.07.
Measurements made on the wakes of cylinders show that, as
the cylinder vibration amplitude increases from zero, the wake
becomes organized and spanwise correlation increases [10, 16].
The vortex strength is also known to increase with amplitude
17]. Both of these effects are reflected in the present model in
Table 1 Response of three mode shapes (a = 0.35, b = 0.60, c
CLE
Ay/D < < 1
Mode MO I. << L
Rigid cylinder 1
HT
z + % Ay + c / Ay y
Piroted cantilever
L •(£)'"
• itz
Sine mode sm^i
Li < $ ) "
22 / M A R C H 1976
that in the neighborhood of A„ = 0.1D, correlation length
(equation (17)) and lift coefficient (6 > 0) are increasing func-
tions of amplitude Av.
As the cylinder amplitude increases to the order of one diameter
the lift coefficient begins to diminish. The amplitude of the
point of maximum CLE depends on both the cylinder geometry
and the amplitude at which the flow is assumed to be fully cor-
related. There is some uncertainty in the amplitude required
for fully correlated flow. Nevertheless the experimental data in
Fig. 3 clearly shows the lift coefficient decreases and approaches
zero as the amplitude is increased beyond one diameter. This
gives a maximum limiting amplitude of vortex-induced oscilla-
tion that is independent of structural damping. The existence
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of this limit implies that vortex strength may be self-limiting,
as has been suggested by an analytical model [7]. As the cylinder
amplitude becomes the same order as the wake oscillations, the
exciting components of flow diminish relative to the cylinder.
Three Mode Shapes
In this section the mode shapes (^(«)) of the rigid cylinder,
••z/L) the pivoted cantilever, and the sine mode with circular cylindrical
cross section are analyzed at resonance with vortex shedding.
The theory and data of the previous sections are used. Closed
form solutions are generated both in the limit of small amplitude
and correlation length and in the limit as the correlation length
becomes large.
Some limiting cases of this analysis are shown in Table 1, for
the three mode shapes. The complete solutions for amplitude as
a function of damping can generally only be obtained numerically.
Numerical results for the three mode shapes are shown in Figs.
4 through 6.
The nonlinear curve fit to lift coefficient as a function of
amplitude gives a lift coefficient which goes to zero at sufficient
amplitude. This can be seen in Figs. 4 through 6 by the limiting
(18) amplitude as structural damping goes to zero. The aspect ratio
only affects the cylinder response when the cylinder response is
below the amplitude required for full correlation of the flow. As
the aspect ratio of the cylinder is increased below the full cor-
relation amplitude, the ratio of correlation length to cylinder
length decreases, thus decreasing the equivalent uniform lift
coefficient. The amplitude required for fully correlated flow is
assumed to be 0.5D in the present model. If a different value
was used, it would shift the origin of the fan in Figs. 4 through 6.
Comparison With Experimental Evidence
The experimental data of Feng [18] and Scruton [1] of resonant
(19)
vortex shedding with the rigid cylinder mode (^ = 1) is plotted
in Fig. 6 for comparison with the present model. The agreement
is good. This data were not part of the empirical basis for the
model. The resonant Strouhal numbers obtained by Feng were
used in the evaluation of (27rS)25r for his data. Note that resonant
Strouhal numbers are smaller than the nominal value (S = 0.2)
at this Reynolds number, especially at large amplitudes. The
•0.93)
Ay
CLB D
U >> L 5, - > 0
a+b
~»+°(i>y 1.0
a
3 D 2\D )
1.4
T T 1.2
4 D 3 \ D )
Transactions of the A8SV1E
 2.0
O EXP DATA - FENG
L/D = 9.0 R„ = 10 4

a A EXP DATA - SCRUTON

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0.01
10.0 100.0
100.0
2 2 2
DAMPING, ^ ^ (2TTS)
DAMPING, 2 "* 1 2 !^ (2TTS) 2
Fig. 4 Significant resonant amplitude for pivoted cantilever (i£ =z/L) pDz
as a function of damping Fig. 6 Significant resonant amplitude for rigid cylinder (.<!> = 1) in
comparison with experimental data [18,19]

0.5
O EXP. DATA (WALSHE)
L/D = 7.8
Re = 1.2 X 10s

0.4

>
0.2

0.01
100.0
0.1
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
DAMPING,2M(2^) (2TTS) 2
AMPLITUDE, Ay/D
pB£
Fig. 5 Significant resonant amplitude for sine mode (* =• sin (<rz/L)) Fig. 7 Equivalent uniform lift coefficients as a function of significant
as a function of damping resonant amplitude; rigid cylinder mode (4- — 1), in comparison with
experimental data (20)

value S = 0.2 was used in the evaluation of Scruton's data.
This Strouhal number is equivalent to a reduced velocity,
V/fD, of 5.
The prediction of the model that cylinder amplitude de-
creases with increasing aspect ratio, at amplitudes of order
Ay/D = 0.1, is confirmed by the experimental work of Hartlen
[19]. He found a significant decrease in cantilever vibration
amplitude as aspect ratio was increased from 11.4 to 14.6, for
the same reduced damping.
Data of Walshe [20], for very small amplitudes of vibration of
a rigid cylinder, are replotted in Fig. 7 to show equivalent uni-
form lift coefficient versus amplitude. The solid curve is the
prediction of the current mode. Although the data are imprecise,
it supports the model convincingly.
Conclusions
A semi-empirical model was constructed to investigate the
response of a cylinder to resonant-vortex-induced vibration
using random vibration theory. The model explicitly takes into
account the spanwise correlation and amplitude dependence of
vortex shedding. The model has been applied to the mode shapes
of the rigid cylinder, pivoted cantilever, and sine wave. The
model predicts the following:

Journal of Fluids Engineering MARCH 1976 / 23

 1 The response of a structural mode of a right circular cyl-
inder at resonance with vortex shedding is a function of the
following parameters: damping ((2ir8)2Sr), mode shape (ip{z)),
and aspect ratio (L/D).
2 At resonant vibration amplitudes of the order of 0.1 diam-
eter or smaller, the spanwise correlation has a strong effect on
cylinder response. At these amplitudes the equivalent force per
unit length on the cylinder decreases as the aspect ratio increases.
3 At amplitudes of the order of 0.1 diameter or smaller, the
correlated vortex forces in phase with cylinder velocity increase
with amplitude.
4 At amplitudes on the order of 1 diameter, the vortex forces
in phase with cylinder velocity are correlated and tend to zero
DISCUSSION
D. W. Sallet3
The article "Fluid Forces Induced by Vortex Shedding" by
R. D. Blevins and T. E. Burton is an interesting contribution to
modelling the behavior of elastically supported bluff cylinders in
fluid flow. The model proposed by Blevins and Burton differs
from previously proposed oscillator models in the following
points: One, the Blevins-Burton model accomodates observed
spanwise variations of the flow field near the cylinder; two, the
model accommodates observed amplitude dependence and

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aspect ratio (L/D) dependence of these spanwise variations;
with increasing amplitude. This produces a maximum limiting and three, the model can also be employed for vibrational modes
cylinder amplitude independent of damping. other than the strictly translational mode without further ad-
The model shows good agreement with independently obtained ditional empirical input data. In their analysis, the authors
experimental evidence. make use of methods commonly used in the field of random
References vibrations. The resulting expression for the equivalent uniform
lift coefficient includes terms of the spanwise correlation func-
1 Scruton, C , "On the Wind Excited Oscillation of Stacks,
Towers, and Masts," Proceedings of the Wind Effects on Buildings tion and an expression for the amplitude dependence of the cor-
and Structures Conference NPL, Teddington, England, June 1963. related lift force. While the former must directly be determined
2 Chen, Y. N., "Fluctuating Lift Forces of the Karman experimentally, the latter can be deduced from experimental
Vortex Streets on Single Circular Cylinders and in Tube Bundles, data determining the resonant cylinder amplitude as a function
Part 2," Journal of Engineering for Industry, TRANS. ASME,
May 1972. of damping. The dependence of the present model upon experi-
3 Sallet, D. W., "The Lift Force Due to von Karman's mental data obtainable only by rather elaborate laboratory
Vortex Wake," AIAA J. Hydronautics, Vol. 7, No. 4, Oct. 1973. techniques is a severe drawback as far as its use for practicing
4 Bishop, R. E. D., and Hassan, A. Y., "The Lift and Drag design engineers is concerned.
Forces on a Circular Cylinder in a Flowing Fluid," Proceedings
of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 277, Series A, 1964, pp. 51-75. There are several questions I would like to ask the authors
5 Blevins, R. D., "Vortex Induced Vibration of Circular which might help to clarify their work.
Cylindrical Structures," ASME Paper No. 72-WA/FE-39, Aug.
1972. 1 Could the authors please indicate what is meant by the
6 Hartlen, R. T., Baines, W. D., and Currie, I. G., "Vortex- term "new geometries" when they state that their theory can be
Excited Oscillation of a Circular Cylinder," University of Toronto applied to new geometries once the correlated lift force has been
Report UTME-TP 6809, Nov. 1968.
7 Blevins, R. D„ "Flow Induced Vibration of Bluff Cy- determined by measuring r(z% — zi) of a particular cylinder in
linders," PhD thesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasa- resonance with vortex shedding and once the amplitude of the
dena, Calif., 1974. cylinder response Ay ID as a function of the reduced damping,
8 Skop, R. A., and Griffin, O. M., "A Model for the Vortex- 5,., has been obtained. The term "new geometries" surely does
Excited Resonant Response of Bluff Cylinders," / . Sound Vib.,
Vol. 27, 1973, pp. 225-233. not refer to different cylindrical cross sections.
9 Iwan, W. D., and Blevins, R. D., "A Model for Vortex- 2 In the evaluation of the equivalent uniform lift coefficient
Induced Oscillation of Structures," Journal of Applied Mechanics, CLE, use is made of the spanwise correlation function r(zi — «2)
Vol. 41, Ser. E, No. 3, 1974, pp. 581-586.
10 Toebes, G. H., "The Unsteady Flow and Wake Near an as obtained experimentally by Toebes [10] while different experi-
Oscillating Cylinder," Journal of Basic Engineering, TKANS. mental data (those by Vickery and Watkins [13] and by Hartlen,
ASME, Vol. 91, Part 3, 1969, pp. 493-505. et al. [6]) are used in the evaluation of the constants a, b, and
11 Humphreys, J. S., "On a Circular Cylinder in a Steady c for a semiempirical expression of the function g which gives the
Wind at Transition Reynolds Numbers," Journal of Fluid amplitude dependence of the correlated vortex forces. Since the
Mechanics, Vol. 9, 1960, pp. 603-612.
12 Roshko, A., "On the Development of Turbulent Wakes spanwise correlation is dependent upon the amplitude of the
from Vortex Streets," NACA TN2913, Mar. 1953. vibrating cylinder, should these two empirical inputs not originate
13 Vickery, B. J., and Watkins, R. D., "Flow Induced Vibra- from the same experiment?
tions of Cylindrical Structures," Research Report R34, Dept. 3 In view of the fact that the hydrodynamic mass of a body
of Civil Engineering, University of Sydney, 1955; see also
Proceedings of the First Australian Conference on Hydraulics and depends upon the type of motion of the body, should the con-
Fluid Mechanics, 1962. stants a, b, and c in the expression for g not change if the mode of
14 Jones, G. W., Cincotta, J. J., and Walker, R. W., "Aero- vibration (\p) changes? This change may become significant
dynamic Forces on a Stationary and Oscillating Circular Cylin- when the influence of the hydrodynamic mass becomes more
ders at High Reynolds Numbers," NASA TR R-300, Feb. 1969.
15 Dale, J. R., and Holler, R. A., "Vortex Wakes from pronounced, i.e., when the average density of the submerged
Flexible Circular Cylinders at Low Reynolds Numbers," NADC cylinder approaches or becomes even less than the density of the
Report NADC-AE-7011, July 1970. fluid.
16 Ferguson, N., and Parkinson, G. V., "Surface and Wake Finally, I would like to add that the method of estimating the
Flow Phenomena of the Vortex-Excited Oscillation of a Circular
Cylinder," / . Eng. for Industry, Nov. 1967. lift as given by Sallet [3] which the authors classify as a "static
17 Griffin, O. M., "The Effects of Synchronized Vibrations interaction model" is not a static model since it can also take
on Vortex Formation and Strength, Velocity Fluctuations, and cylinder vibration into account. This becomes apparent from
Mean Flow," 1972 Proceedings of the IUTAM-IAHB Sym- the following consideration. The lift acting on the vortex
posium on Flow Induced Structural Vibrations, Karlsruhe, Paper
E-3. shedding body can be related to the time rate of change of fluid
18 Feng, C. C , "The Measurement of Vortex-Induced momentum M Y in the {/-direction (perpendicular to the cylinder
Effects in Flow Past Stationary and Oscillating Circular and D- axis and to the flow direction) in a similar fashion as the drag
Section Cylinder," MASc thesis, U. of British Columbia, 1968. was related to the time rate of change of fluid momentum Mx in
19 Hartlen, R. T., Baines, W. D., and Currie, I. G., "Vortex
Excited Oscillation of a Circular Cylinder," University of
Toronto, Report UTME-TP 6809, Nov. 1968.
20 Walshe, D. E., "Some Measurements of the Excitation
Due to Vortex Shedding of a Smooth Cylinder of Circular Cross 'Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Maryland,
Section," NPL Aero Report 1016, May 1962. College Park, Md.

24 / MARCH 1976 Transactions of the ASA/IE