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Steel Connections

Design Issues

Dr. Seshu Adluri


I
Introduction
d i

 Steel Connections
Unlike concrete, connections in
steel structures need special
p design
g
Bolts, Rivets and Welds are typical
connectors

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


J i i St
Joining Structural
t l elements
l t
 Mechanical fastenings
 Mechanically formed joints
 Welding
 Adhesive
Adh i b bonding
di

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


MECHANICAL FASTENINGS

 Rivets
 B lti
Bolting
 Stud Welding
 Powder-Actuated Fastenings
 Threaded Fasteners & Nails
 Expansion
p Bolts
 Adhesive-held fasteners
 Mechanically formed joints

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


Ri t
Rivets

 Old style connectors


 Permanent, Need field heating and head forming
 Safety issues
 Tension on cooling is not estimated accurately
 Load distribution is not as good as that for bolts

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


Ri t
Rivets

 Old style connectors


 Permanent, Need field heating and head forming
 Safety issues
 Tension on cooling is not estimated accurately
 Load distribution is not as good as that for bolts

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


Pins
 Rarely used compared to bolts and welds
 Special projects only Golden gate bridge approaches

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


B lt
Bolts

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


B lt
Bolts

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


B lt
Bolts
 Carbon Steel Bolts - Normal strength
g ((A307))
 Similar to ordinary machine bolts
 Lower Strength, low load/shear connectors
 High Strength Bolts - (A325,
(A325 A325M
A325M, A490
A490, A490M etc
etc.))
–Sec. 3, CISC Handbook
 Heat treated for greater strength
 Higher shear resistance
 Can also be used in Friction Connections
 Can be used with or without washers
 Bolt function
 Snug tight bolts (allow slippage)
 Pre-tensioned bolts (slip critical)
 Both
B th h
have th
the same ultimate
lti t strength
t th

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


M t i lb
Material behaviour
h i

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


M t i lb
Material behaviour
h i

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


B lt
Bolts
 Snug tight bolts (allow slippage)
 Easy to install (till about the first impact using the
pneumatic wrench). No inspection for tension
 10-20% of tension strength
 Pre-tensioned bolts (slip critical –no slip)
 Costly
C tl tto install,
i t ll need
d iinspection
ti
 Repeated loadings, bridges, communication towers,
load reversals, impact, cranes, direct tension, etc.
 Safety against twist-off, all bolts yield
 Both have the same ultimate strength

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


P t
Pre-tensioned
i dBBolts
lt
 Installation
 Turn of the nut method (Table 8 –CSA-S16)
 1/3 turn for Lb < 4db
 1/2 turn for 4db < Lb < 8db (or 200 mm)
 2/3 turn for longer bolts
 Tension indicator washers (ASTM F959) Cl. 23.8.3
 Torque wrench
 Strain gauges, etc.
 Bolt tension as per Table 7, CSA-S16

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


P t
Pretension
i effect
ff t

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


P t
Pretension
i effect
ff t

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


T
Tension
i controlled
t ll d bbolts
lt
 Wrench grips both the nut & bolt
 When required torch reached,
 End twists off
 A plunger inside discharges the splined end

 Ease of installation & consistency

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


B lt di
Bolt dimensions
i
 Standard dimensions,, thread
lengths, bolt lengths for
different grips
 Handbook p.6-152 to 6-156
Nominal Length
 Gauge dist. P.6-162 Bolt Size Added
To Grip
5/8” 7/8”
¾” 1”
7/8” 1 1/8”
1” 1 ¼”

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


B lt
Bolts
 Tension
indicator
washers

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


T
Tension
i iindicator
di t W Washers
h
 ASTM F959 washers (Cl. 23.8.3)

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


Tension indicator
Washers
 Washer with
Protrusions
(Gap)
 Protrusions
fl tt as Bolt
flatten B lt
is tightened
 Visually
p
inspected to
ensure that
protrusions are
flat (gap
closed))

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


Tension indicator
Washers

 Load Indicator Washers


with a Visible Dye that
squirts out when the
washer
h h has sufficiently
ffi i tl
flattened

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


Pre tension effect on shear force
Pre-tension
on the joint

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


L d vs. El
Load Elongation
ti

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


P t
Pre-tension
i effect
ff t

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


Pre-tension effect
on tension force on
the joint

 As the applied tension on the joint


increases, the bolt elongates a
little and eventually elongates
enough g ((to the length
g before
tightening. At that point, the bolt
pretension effect disappears and
the joint will behave as if the
pretension had never been there.
p
If the joint is unloaded at that point,
the clamping effect due to
pretension will return.

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


B lt BIBLE!
Bolts
 “Guide to Design Criteria for Bolted and Riveted Joints” by
Geoffrey L. Kulak, John W. Fisher & John H. A. Struik at:

 http://www boltcouncil org/files/2ndEditionGuide pdf


http://www.boltcouncil.org/files/2ndEditionGuide.pdf

 RCSC: Research Council on Structural Connections


 Specification for Structural Joints Using ASTM A325 or A490 Bolts

 http://www.boltcouncil.org/index.html

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


B l H
Bolt Heads
d

 Required
Markings

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


Typical
Bolted
J i t
Joints

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


Typical Bolted Joints

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


Typical Bolted Joints

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


Typical Bolted
Joints

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


Typical Bolted Joints

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


B i ttype b
Bearing bolts
lt iin Sh
Shear

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


Bearing type Bolted Joints

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


B lt iin Sh
Bolts Shear

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


B lt b
Bolt bearing
i effect
ff t

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


B lt in
Bolts i ttension
i ffailure
il

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


B lt bl
Bolt block
k ttear outt effect
ff t

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


Sh
Shear llag effect
ff t

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


D i ffor b
Design bolts
lt Cl 13.12
Cl. 13 12
 Shear: Vr = 0.6φb n m AbFu-bolt
u bolt >V
V f, φb =0.8
0.8
(Cl. 13.12.1.2)

 Bearing: Br = 3φbr tdb n Fu-plate >Vf, φbr =0.8


(Cl 13.12.1.2)
(Cl. 13 12 1 2)

 Tension: Tr = 0.75φb AbFu-bolt >Tf, φb =0.8


(Cl. 13.12.1.3)

 Slip resistance (Cl. 13.12.2.2):


 Vs = 0.53 c1 Ks mn AbFu-bolt >V (table 3 –CSA-S16)
2 2
Vf   Tf  V T
Combined:   +   ≤ 1 + 1.9 ≤1
 Vr   Tr  Vs nAb Fu

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


Design for bolts
bolts, Spacing
Spacing, etc
etc.
 If threads are intercepted in shear, reduce A to 70%
 spacing: 2.7db (usually 3db) Cl. 22.3.1
 Min. Edge dist.: Table 6 (based on db & edge type)
 Max. Edge dist.: 12t or 150mm
 End distance: Table 6 or 1.5 db
 Bolt hole diam.: db + 2mm (or 1/16”)
 Eff. hole diam.: hole diam.+2mm (for punched holes)
 dh=db+4 mm (punched holes); dh=db +2mm (drilled holes)
 Installation and inspection: Cl. 23, Washers: Cl. 23.5

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


It’s cheesy
cartoon time!
Bolt Power!

She has the


hex bolt
power! He has the other kind!

Together, bolt and nut can keep the structure intact!


Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri
E
Eccentric
ti b bolted
lt d connection
ti
L = Moment/Load


8
1
b P
7 2
b
6 3 Equivalent
b eccentric load
5 4

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


E
Eccentric
ti b bolted
lt d connection
ti

Rotation effect only Direct shear effect only

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


E
Eccentric
ti b bolted
lt d connection
ti

Resultant of both rotation and direct shear effects


Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri
B lt – Prying
Bolts P i action
ti

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


B lt – Prying
Bolts P i action
ti

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


Prying effect

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


B lt – Prying
Bolts P i action
ti
 Use procedure in the Handbook (no code
clauses))

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


Bolts –
Prying
action

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


Welds


MIG (Metal Inert Gas) welding

Flux core welding Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


Welds

Stick welding torch (tig)


(Tungsten Inert Gas) welding

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


Automated Welding
g


Plasma Welding & Cutting

Tungsten Inert Gas Arc


Welding (TIG)

laser welding wire feed system


Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri
W ld
Welds

Weld failure under


electron microscope

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


Types
yp of
welds

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


Fillet welds

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


Fillet welds

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


B tt Welds
Butt W ld

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


W ldi symbols
Welding b l

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


W ldi symbols
Welding b l

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


W ldi symbols
Welding b l

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


W ldi symbols
Welding b l

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


D i off W
Design Welds
ld Cl 13.13
Cl. 13 13
Groove Welds φw =0.67
0 67
 Base metal: Vr = 0.67φw Am Fu
 Weld metal: Vr = 0.67φw Aw Xu

Fillet Welds φw =0.67


 Base metal: Vr = 0.67φw Am Fu
 Weld metal: Vr = 0.67φw Aw Xu (1+0.5sin1.5θ)Mw
governs if θ > 45o for 350W

 Flare bevel weld in OWSJ:


 Vr = 0.67φw Aw Fu Aw = 0.5 wfL

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


W ld sizes,
Weld i etc
t
Groove Welds
 Min. groove depths for different situations applicable

Fillet Welds
 Max. size: Dmax = t-2 mm t > 6mm
Dmax = t t ≤ 6mm
 Dmax = 0.75t for the rounded edges of rolled
sections
ti
 Min. size: Dmin = 5 mm tmax ≤ 12mm
Dmin = 6 mm 12mm ≤ tmax ≤ 20mm
Dmin = 8 mm 20mm ≤ tmax
 Min length Lmin = max (4D, 40 mm)
 Lap Joints: min. lap length Llap = 5tmin or 25 mm

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


P bl
Problems iin W
Weld
ld placement
l

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


P bl
Problems iin W
Weld
ld placement
l

Alignment not very good

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


Problems
in Weld
placement
l

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri


R f
References
 Many pictures in this file are taken from various sources such as CISC, AISC, etc. The copyrights for those materials are with the original
sources. No copyright is claimed or implied by Dr. Seshu Adluri for things that are already under copyright protection. This file is for
teaching purposes olny.

Steel Connections -Dr. Seshu Adluri

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