SCNZ Steel Connect Design Procedures

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Structural Steelwork Connections Guide

DESIGN PROCEDURES
SCNZ Report 14.1: 2007
February 2008
Authors : Clark Hyland, Steel Construction New Zealand Inc.
Kevin Cowie, Steel Construction New Zealand Inc.
Charles Clifton, HERA Structural

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Amendments .
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Date Description
July 2004 Amendment to MEP and MEPS connections
November 2005 Addition of BBS connections, amendment to BCS and BTS connections
February 2008 Re-issue as SCNZ 14.1: 2007
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Published by: .
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Steel Construction .New Zealand Inc.
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17-19 Gladding Place
PO Box 76403
Manukau City 2241
New Zealand
Phone: +64 9 263 5635

Fax: +64 9 263 5638
Copyright © Steel Construction New Zealand Inc. 2008
No portion of this report may be copied or reproduced in any form or by any

means without the written permission of Steel Construction New Zealand Inc.
February 2008
ISSN 1177-3855
SCNZ, Steel Construction New Zealand Inc., is a not-for-profit industry organisation dedicated to
serving the needs of the steel construction industry in New Zealand. It is the national centre for
steel construction and promotes the effective and efficient use of steel in structures.
SCNZ work includes the promotion of steel construction, sponsorship of research and
development, the provision of educational, advisory and information services, the dissemination
of technical knowledge to specifiers, fabricators and suppliers, participation in the activities of
relevant national and international bodies and in written of standards and codes of practice.
Disclaimer
Every effort has been made and all reasonable care taken to ensure the accuracy and reliability
of the material contained herein. However, SCNZ and the authors of this report make no
warrantee, guarantee or representation in connection with this report and shall not be
responsible in any way and hereby disclaim any liability or responsibility for any loss or damage
resulting from the use of this report.
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Table of Contents
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TABLE OF DRAWINGS ................................................................................ 5
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II. NOTATION ..................................................................................................... 7
III. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................... 15
IV. ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS OF CONNECTION TYPES .............................. 17
V. USING CONNECTIONS GUIDE PART 1: DESIGN PROCEDURES ....... 21

A. GENERAL............................................................................................................... 21
B. SPECIFIC DESIGN OF CONNECTIONS ...................................................................... 21
C. NOTES ON DEFINITION OF TERMS........................................................................... 21
D. CONNECTION DUCTILITY DEMANDS ........................................................................ 22
E. STEEL SECTION AND PLATE PROPERTIES............................................................... 22
F. WELD DESIGN INFORMATION ................................................................................. 22
G. BOLT DESIGN INFORMATION................................................................................... 22
H. SECTION PROPERTIES OF SWC I-SECTIONS .......................................................... 23
VI. WP: WEB SIDE PLATES ............................................................................ 25
A. DESIGN OBJECTIVES.............................................................................................. 25
B. DESIGN FEATURES ................................................................................................ 25
C. DESIGN PROCEDURE ............................................................................................. 25
D. DESIGN FORMULAE................................................................................................ 27
E. WP WEB PLATE DRAWINGS .................................................................................. 31
VII. AC: ANGLE CLEAT .................................................................................... 35
C. DESIGN PROCEDURE: SUPPORT CONNECTION ....................................................... 35
D. DESIGN PROCEDURE: WEB CONNECTION .............................................................. 36
E. DESIGN FORMULAE: COMBINED CONNECTION ........................................................ 37
F. DESIGN FORMULAE: SUPPORT CONNECTION.......................................................... 37
G. DESIGN FORMULAE: WEB CONNECTION ................................................................. 39
H. DEFINITION OF TERMS ........................................................................................... 41
I. AC ANGLE CLEAT DRAWINGS................................................................................. 43
VIII. FE: FLEXIBLE END PLATES .................................................................... 53
E. FE FLEXIBLE END PLATE DRAWINGS ..................................................................... 59
IX. WM: WELDED MOMENT ........................................................................... 63
E. WM WELDED MOMENT DRAWINGS........................................................................ 66
X. MEP: MOMENT END PLATE: EXTENDED............................................... 67
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A. . ................................................................................................ 67
DESIGN OBJECTIVES
B. . ............................................................................................. 68
DESIGN FEATURES
C. . ................................................................................................ 69
DESIGN PROCEDURE
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DESIGN FORMULAE
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MEP MOMENT END PLATE DRAWINGS................................................................... 74
XI. MEPS: MOMENT END PLATE SPLICE: FLUSH...................................... 83
E. MEPS MOMENT END PLATE SPLICE DRAWINGS .................................................... 88
XII. MEPS: MOMENT END PLATE SPLICE: EXTENDED.............................. 93
A. MEPS-E MOMENT END PLATE EXTENDED DRAWINGS ........................................... 99
XIII. BWBS: BOLTED WELDED BEAM SPLICE ............................................ 103
A. DESIGN OBJECTIVES............................................................................................ 103
B. DESIGN FEATURES .............................................................................................. 103
C. DESIGN PROCEDURE: FLANGE SPLICE ................................................................. 103
D. DESIGN PROCEDURE: WEB SPLICE...................................................................... 104
E. DESIGN FORMULAE: FLANGE SPLICE.................................................................... 105
F. FORMULAE: WEB SPLICE ..................................................................................... 106
G. BWBS BOLTED WELDED BEAM SPLICE DRAWINGS ............................................. 109
XIV. BBS: BOLTED BEAM SPLICE ................................................................. 111
E. DESIGN FORMULAE: FLANGE SPLICE.................................................................... 113
F. FORMULAE: WEB SPLICE ..................................................................................... 114
G. DEFINITION OF TERMS ......................................................................................... 116
H. BBS BOLTED BEAM SPLICE DRAWINGS ............................................................... 117
XV. BCS: BOLTED COMPRESSION SPLICE................................................ 119
C. DESIGN PROCEDURE: GENERAL .......................................................................... 120
D. DESIGN PROCEDURE: FLANGE SPLICE ................................................................. 120
E. DESIGN PROCEDURE: WEB SPLICE...................................................................... 121
F. DESIGN FORMULAE: GENERAL ............................................................................. 122
G. DESIGN FORMULAE: FLANGE SPLICE.................................................................... 122
H. DESIGN FORMULAE: WEB SPLICE ........................................................................ 124
I. BCS BOLTED COMPRESSION SPLICE DRAWINGS.................................................. 127
XVI. BTS: BOLTED TENSION SPLICE............................................................ 129
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. : FLANGE SPLICE.................................................................... 131
E. . : WEB SPLICE ........................................................................ 134
DESIGN FORMULAE
F. . SPLICE DRAWINGS........................................................... 137
DESIGN FORMULAE
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BTS BOLTED TENSION
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XVII. BPP: BASE PLATE
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DESIGN OBJECTIVES............................................................................................ 139
C. DESIGN PROCEDURE ........................................................................................... 139
D. DESIGN FORMULAE.............................................................................................. 140
E. BPP BASE PLATE PINNED DRAWINGS.................................................................. 143
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I. Table of Drawings .
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Figure 1 Details-1 drawing................................................................................17
Figure 2 Details-2 drawing ...............................................................................18
Figure 3 Details-3 drawing ...............................................................................19
Figure 4 WP NC drawing .................................................................................31
Figure 5 WP-SWC drawing .............................................................................32
Figure 6 WP-DWC drawing .............................................................................33
Figure 7 AC1-1-NC drawing.............................................................................43
Figure 8 AC1-2-NC drawing..............................................................................44
Figure 9 AC1-1-DWC drawing..........................................................................45
Figure 10 AC2-1-NC drawing ...........................................................................46
Figure 11 AC2-2-NC drawing ..........................................................................47
Figure 12 AC2-1-SWC drawing .......................................................................48
Figure 13 AC2-2-SWC drawing .......................................................................49
Figure 14 AC2-2-DWC drawing.......................................................................50
Figure 15 ACE-1 drawing .................................................................................51
Figure 16 ACE-2 drawing .................................................................................52
Figure 17 FE-NC drawing ................................................................................59
Figure 18 FE-SWC drawing.............................................................................60
Figure 19 FE-DWC drawing ............................................................................61
Figure 20 WM drawing .....................................................................................66
Figure 21 MEP failure modes and equivalent T-stub lengths ........................74
Figure 22 MEP bolt row edge distances..........................................................75
Figure 23 MEP-8 drawing ................................................................................76
Figure 24 MEP-G8 drawing ..............................................................................77
Figure 25 MEP-10 drawing ..............................................................................78
Figure 26 MEP-G10 drawing ...........................................................................79
Figure 27 MEP-12 drawing ..............................................................................80
Figure 28 MEP-G12 drawing ...........................................................................81
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Figure 29 STP-8 drawing .................................................................................82
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Figure 30 MEPS-F Edge distances .................................................................88
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Figure 31 MEPS-F4 drawing............................................................................. 89
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Figure 32 MEPS-F6 drawing............................................................................90
Figure 33 MEPS-F8 drawing............................................................................91
Figure 34 MEPS-E Extended moment end plate splice edge distances.......99
Figure 35 MEPS-E8 drawing ........................................................................ 100
Figure 36 MEPS-G8 drawing ........................................................................ 101
Figure 37 BWBS drawing.............................................................................. 109
Figure 38 BBS-1 drawing .............................................................................. 117
Figure 39 BBS-2 drawing .............................................................................. 117
Figure 40 BCS-1 drawing .............................................................................. 127
Figure 41 BCS-2 drawing .............................................................................. 127
Figure 42 BTS-1 drawing ............................................................................... 137
Figure 43 BTS-2 drawing .............................................................................. 136
Figure 44 BPP open section rigid bearing areas .......................................... 143
Figure 45 BPP hollow section rigid bearing areas ....................................... 144
Figure 46 BPP Column Base Plates drawing .............................................. 145
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II. Notation .
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a
. Bolt offset from flange
ac
. End gap
acb . Bottom cope depth
ae , ae1e 8 . Bolt edge distances
aeli , aelw i , ael supi Bolt edge distances in cleats along beam longitudinal axis
aelb Bolt edge distances in beam along beam longitudinal axis in beam
aeti Bolt edge distances in cleats transverse to beam longitudinal axis
aetb Bolt edge distances in beam transverse to beam longitudinal axis
af Top of flange to bolt hole centre above flange;
MEPS-F plate edge end distance to flange
am Base plate edge distance variable
ap Top of flange to bolt hole centre below flange
a1 , a 2 , a 3 Base plate edge distance variables
Ac HD bolt core area
Ae Effective rigid bearing area
Aef Effective flange area
Aew Effective web area
Ag Gross cross section area
Agf Gross flange area
Agfi Gross outer flange cleat area
Agi 2 Gross doubler flange cleats area
Ags Block gross shear area
Agsi Cleat block gross shear area
Agt Block gross tension area
Agw Gross web area
Agwi Single web plate gross area
AH Equivalent H shaped bearing area under base plate
Agi Gross cleat area
Agsi Cleat block gross shear area
Agti Cleat block gross tension area
Anf Net flange area
Anfi Net outer flange cleat area
Ani Cleat net area
Ani 2 Doubler cleats net area
Ans Block net shear area
Ansi Cleat block net shear area
An sup i Support cleat leg net shear area
Ant Block net tension area
Anti Cleat block net tension area
Anwi Single angle cleat net web leg area
Ao Area enclosed by CHS perimeter on base plate
Arf Flange rigid bearing area
Aro CHS rigid bearing area
Arw Web rigid bearing area
Aw Web shear area
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A1
. Steel base plate area
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A2
. Concrete bearing area in accordance with NZS3101:1995, Section 8.3.5
AC . Angle cleat connection
ACx  y . Angle cleat connection with x bolt columns in web and y angle cleats
ACE  y . Extended Angle cleat connection with y angle cleats
b . Section width
bef . Effective flange width
bei Effective end plate width
bf Flange width
bi Cleat width
bif Flange cleat width
biw Web cleat width
bi 2 Doubler flange plate width
bww Web weld horizontal width
BBS Bolted beam splice
BBS 1 Bolted beam splice, with single side flange plates
BBS 2 Bolted beam splice, with double side flange plates
BCS Bolted column compression splice
BCS1 Bolted column compression splice, with single side flange plates
BCS2 Bolted column compression splice, with double side flange plates
BPP Base plate pinned connection
BTS1 Bolted column tension splice, with single side flange plates
BTS2 Bolted column tension splice, double side flange plates & n g  2
BWBS Bolted and welded beam splice
c BWBS end gap; BP P rigid plate cantilever extension
d Section depth
d bc Coped section depth
d ew Effective web depth
df Fastener diameter
dh Hole diameter
di Cleat length
d if Flange cleat length
d iw Web cleat length
do Outer diameter of CHS section
d rx Lever arm of bolt row x from centre of bottom flange
d sup Depth of supporting member
dw Depth of coped web excluding flange
DWC Double web coped section
e Reaction eccentricity; End plate edge distance bolt
e sup Eccentricity of support bolt group
ev Cope eccentricity
ew Weld group eccentricity
Ln
E drift Seismic drift induced design shear for beam  20
d
f c' 28 day concrete compressive strength
f m' 28 day mortar compressive strength
f ub Section tensile strength
f uf HD Bolt ultimate tensile strength
f ui Cleat tensile strength
f us Support tensile strength
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fuw
. Weld tensile strength
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fy
. Section yield stress
f yfi . Flange cleat yield stress
f yi . Cleat yield stress
f yw . Web yield stress
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f ywi
FE
. Web cleat yield stress
Flexible end plate connection
G Design dead load
h Bolt washer thickness
i bp Bolt group polar moment of inertia
i bp sup Support bolt group polar moment of inertia
i bpw Web bolt group polar moment of inertia
i cope Moment of inertia of coped section
iwp Weld group polar moment of inertia
kf Section form factor for compression
l bolt Overall bolt length
l ex Equivalent length of yield line in equivalent T-stub for yielding pattern x
l erx Critical equivalent length of yield line in equivalent T-stub for bolt row x
l gn max Maximum net bolt and washer assembly grip length
l gn min Minimum net bolt and washer assembly grip length
ls Bolt unthreaded shank length
kh Factor for different hole types
Lw3 Total length of 3-sided fillet weld
Lw Total length of fillet weld
Lc Cope length
Ln Beam clear span length
m Governing endplate bolt to plate weld edge distance
mn max Maximum nut thickness
m1 Endplate bolt to web weld edge distance
m2 Endplate bolt to flange weld edge distance
m3 Endplate bolt to vertical gusset weld edge distance
m4 Endplate bolt to flange weld edge distance
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M Design bending moment
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M drift Seismic drift induced design bending moment
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M oms Seismic induced over-strength design bending moment
MEP  x Moment end plate, beam / column connection with x bolts
MEP  Gx Gusseted Moment end plate, beam / column connection with x bolts
MEPS  Fx Moment end plate , flush, beam splice connection with x bolts
MEPS  Ex Moment end plate , extended, beam splice connection with x bolts
MEPS  Gx Gusseted moment end plate , beam splice connection with x bolts
n Effective endplate bolt to plate edge distance
na Number of angle cleats
nb Number of bolts in base plate; total number of bolts in beam for AC
nc Number of bolt columns in beam web
n bb Number of bolts at bottom flange bolt group
nei Number of effective interfaces
ng Number of flange gauge rows
np Number of bolt rows
n pf Number of bolt rows in flange
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n p sup
. Number of bolt rows in support
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n pw . Number of bolt rows in web
n sup . Total number of bolts in support
n tb . Number of bolts at top flange
N ptf . Minimum bolt tension at installation
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Ntf
. Bolt tension nominal capacity
N c* Section design axial compression load
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N fbt Flange bolt group design tension
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N fmt Flange moment induced design tension
N ft* Flange design tension
N fti* End plate design tension
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N gfi End plate pull-out flexure yield tension
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N gti Cleat gross tension yield force
N p* Bolt prying force
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Nsplice Minimum compression action NZS3404:1997 cl.9.1.4.1.b.v
N t* Section design axial tension load
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Nww Web weld design tension
NC No copes to section
p Bolt thread pitch; BPP bolt set-out pitch
pf Top of flange to bolt hole centre below flange
Qu Design long term ultimate live load to NZS4203:1992
r Section root radius
sg Bolt gauge distance
s g1 Angle cleat corner to bolt column in support
sg2 Inner bolt gauge of BCS and BTS web splice;
Angle cleat corner to first bolt column in web
sg3 Angle cleat gauge distance between first and second bolt columns in web
sp Bolt pitch
s pg AC double bolt column pitch and gauge factor
s p1 Inner bolt pitch in flange splice of BCS and BCS
s p sup AC bolt pitch in support
s pw Bolt pitch in web
Scope Coped section plastic modulus.
STP  8 Steltech portal, moment end plate, 8 bolt, rafter /col. connection
SWC Single web coped section
ti Cleat thickness
t if Flange cleat thickness
t ig Gusset plate thickness
t iw Web cleat thickness
tf Flange thickness
ts Support thickness
tw Web thickness
t wi Cleat fillet weld leg length
t wf Flange fillet weld leg length
tw g Gusset fillet weld leg length
t ww Web fillet weld leg length
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v wwres Resultant design shear per mm at toe
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v x*
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. Design x-direction shear per mm at toe
v y* . Design y-direction shear per mm at toe
Vfn . Bolt threads-included nominal shear capacity
Vfx . Bolt threads-excluded nominal shear capacity
V*
. Design shear force
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Vdrift . Beam / column seismic drift and gravity design shear force
Vls* Longitudinal shear / bolt
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Vmax Maximum design shear satisfying connection governing criteria
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Vres Resultant maximum bolt shear
Vts* Transverse shear / bolt
WM Welded moment beam / column connection
WP Web side plate connection
x ct x-distance from weld centroid to toe
yc Elastic neutral axis from underside of flange
ys Plastic neutral axis from underside of flange
Zb Bolt interaction factor for single line of bolts n p  1
Z b sup Bolt interaction factor for single line of bolts in support
Z bw Bolt interaction factor for bolts in beam web
Z cope Coped section elastic modulus.
Ze Bolt group flexure factor, single line of bolts, n p  1
Z ec Coped section effective modulus
Z el sup AC support bolt tearing factor orthogonal to beam longitudinal axis
Z elw AC bolt tearing factor in web along beam longitudinal axis
Z etw AC bolt tearing factor in web transverse to beam longitudinal axis
Z ex Effective section modulus, NZS 3404:1997
Z nex Net section effective flexural modulus
Z1 Sub-factor for Z bw
 CHS rigid area concentration factor
s Slip factor
b Bolt capacity reduction factor
c Concrete bearing capacity reduction factor, NZS3101:1995, cl. 3.4.2.2
 cv Concrete shear capacity reduction factor, NZS3101:1995, cl. 3.4.2.2
s Steel capacity reduction factor
 slip Slip strength reduction factor
w Weld capacity reduction factor
 End plate edge distance ratio
 ef Flange slenderness ratio
 ew Web slenderness ratio
 ey Plate element slenderness ratio yield limit
om Supplier material variation factor
M b Bolt group design moment capacity
M c Connection compression flange moment capacity
M con Connection design moment capacity
M rcon Connection moment capacity with axial load
M s Section design moment capacity
M t Connection tension flange moment capacity
N1 Mode 1 bolt row design capacity
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N 2
. Mode 2 bolt row design capacity
N 3
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. Mode 3 bolt row design capacity
N b . Flange bolt group shear design tension capacity
Nbf . st
Flange bolt hole 1 bearing design tension capacity
Nbi . st
Cleat bolt hole 1 bearing design tension capacity
N bp . Steel base plate bearing design capacity
Nbweb
. Web splice bolts direct compression design capacity
Ncf Flange splice design compression capacity
N con Connection design compression capacity
Ncw Web splice design compression capacity
N f Flange design tension capacity
N ft Flange splice design tension capacity
Ngfi End plate flexure yield design tension capacity
N gsi End plate pull-out shear / flexure design tension capacity
N gtf Flange gross yield tension design capacity
Ngti Cleat gross yield tension design capacity
Ngtw Web gross tension yield design capacity
Ngtwi Web plates gross tension yield design capacity
Nntw Web net tension ultimate design capacity
Nntwi Web plates net tension ultimate design capacity
N i End plate design tension capacity
Ns Section design compression capacity
Nltf
st
Flange bolt hole 1 longitudinal tearing design tension capacity
Nlti
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Cleat bolt hole 1 longitudinal tearing design tension capacity
Nm Concrete bearing design capacity
N r 1 Bolt row 1 design capacity
N rx Bolt row x design capacity
Nntf Flange net ultimate tension design capacity
Nnti Cleat net ultimate tension design capacity
Nntw Web net tension ultimate design capacity
Nsplice Splice fittings compression design capacity
Ntb Bolt group tension design capacity
N tf Bolt tension design capacity
Nti Cleat design tension capacity
Ntwi Web cleat design tension capacity
Nwf Flange fillet weld tension design capacity
Nwt Weld group tension ultimate design capacity
Nww Web fillet weld tension design capacity
v ww Web weld design capacity per mm
Vb Bolt group design shear capacity at eccentricity e
Vbi
st
Cleat bolt hole 1 resultant bearing design shear capacity
Vbsi Block shear design capacity of end plate
Vb sup Support bearing design shear capacity
Vb supi Support cleat bearing design shear capacity
Vbs supi Support cleat design block shear capacity
Vbsw Web block shear design capacity
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Vbw
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Web bolt hole 1 resultant bearing design shear capacity
Vcon
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. Connection design shear capacity
Vf . Bolt design shear capacity
Vfb sup . Support bolt resultant shear and bearing design capacity
Vfbw . Web bolt resultant shear and bearing design capacity
Vfn . Bolt design shear capacity with threads included in shear plane
Vfw
. Web bolt design shear capacity with consideration of shear planes 1 and 2
Vfx Bolt design shear capacity with threads excluded in shear plane
Vf 1 Web bolt design shear capacity on shear plane 1
Vf 2 Web bolt design shear capacity on shear plane 2
Vgfi Cleat gross flexure yield design shear capacity
Vgf supi Support angle cleat leg gross flexure yield design shear capacity
Vgfw Web gross flexure yield design shear capacity
Vgsb Web gross shear design capacity
Vgsi Cleat gross shear yield design capacity &
Cleat gross shear / flexure yield interaction design capacity
Vgs sup i Support angle cleat leg gross shear yield design capacity &
Support cleat leg gross shear / flexure yield interaction design capacity
Vgsw Web gross shear yield design capacity &
Web gross shear / flexure yield design capacity
Vgw i Angle cleat web leg gross interaction shear design capacity
Vi Cleat design shear capacity
Vlti
st
Cleat bolt hole 1 longitudinal tearing design shear capacity
Vlw Web and cleat bolt longitudinal tearing design shear capacity
Vls sup
st
Support bolt hole 1 longitudinal tearing design shear capacity
Vltw
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Web bolt hole 1 longitudinal tearing design shear capacity
Vnfi Cleat net flexure ultimate design shear capacity
Vnf supi Support angle cleat leg net flexure ultimate design shear capacity
Vns supi Support angle cleat leg net shear ultimate design capacity &
Net shear ultimate interaction design capacity
Vnfw Web net flexure ultimate design shear capacity
Vnsw Web net ultimate design shear capacity
Vnsi Cleat net ultimate design shear capacity
Vnw i Angle cleat web leg net interaction shear design capacity
Vrcon Connection design shear capacity with axial load
Vsup Support shear design shear capacity
Vls sup
st
Support bolt hole 1 transverse tearing design shear capacity
Vt sup Support tearing design shear capacity
Vtti
st
Cleat bolt hole 1 transverse tearing design shear capacity
Vtt sup i
st
Support cleat leg bolt hole 1 transverse tearing design shear capacity
Vtw Web and cleat bolt transverse tearing design shear capacity
Vttw
st
Web bolt hole 1 transverse tearing design shear capacity
Vus Design shear capacity adjacent to concrete free edge
Vwb Web design shear capacity
Vw eb AC web connection design shear capacity
Vw s Weld design shear capacity
Vww Web weld group design shear capacity
 rx Bolt row x capacity reduction factor for plastic distribution limits
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b
. Concrete bearing capacity under a base plate
 y 2.5%
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. Supplier statistical 2.5 percentile yield stress for a steel grade
 y 2.5% . Supplier statistical 97.5 percentile yield stress for a steel grade
Admt 7/04 . Amendment to MEP and MEPS connections July 2004
Admt 11/05 . Amendment to BCS and BTS and inclusion of BBS connections
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III. Introduction .
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The purpose of the. Structural Steelwork Connections Guide is to provide structural engineers
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with a rapid and cost-effective way to specify the majority of structural steelwork connections, in
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accordance with accepted fabrication industry norms. Specification of these connections also
facilitates the development of reliable cost estimates by designers, fabricators, consulting
quantity surveyors and constructors.
This third edition of the Structural Steelwork Connections Guide now short titled Steel Connect
is technically identical to the second edition which incorporated updated design methods to
some of the connections used in the 1999 version as well as the new Angle Cleat connection
range. The 1999 version was therefore superseded by the second edition. The second edition
therefore remains technically valid, however future amendments and developments will only be
published for Steel Connect leaving the second edition obsolete.
The Steel Connect is published in two parts. Part 1 includes detailed design procedures for the
connections. Part 2 includes tables of pre-engineered connections developed using the
procedures described in Part 1.
In Part 1 the technical background for each of the connections includes a summary of the key
design aims, and the steps and calculations required to achieve them. The maximum design
actions and design capacities listed in Part 2 are based on the limit states method. Connection
design capacities are calculated in accordance with the New Zealand Steel Structures
Standard, NZS3404:1997 . Factored limit state design actions on connections are calculated in
accordance with the New Zealand Loadings Standard, AS/NZS 1170.
The Structural Steelwork Connections Guide has two companion documents that have been
developed by the Steel Structures Analysis Service to assist with the preparation of design
documentation and budget estimates for steel structures. These are the Online Structural
Steelwork Estimating Guide, SCNZ-21, and the Code of Practice for Structural Steelwork
Documentation, SCNZ-12 :2006 . Both these documents utilise the connection designation
system used in Steel Connect.
... ," he has made the first one obsolete; and what is obsolete and aging will soon disappear.”
Hebrews 8:13
Clark Hyland
BE(Civil) BCom DipCL CPEng
Manager
Steel Construction New Zealand Inc.
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. of Connection Types
IV. Isometric Drawings
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Figure 1 Details-1 drawing
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20
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V. Using Connections. Guide Part 1: Design Procedures
.
A. General .
The remaining sections of this Guide describe the method and give the necessary information
for selecting and specifying steelwork connections.
Typical connection design detail drawings are included in the last section of the Guide.
Designers are encouraged to use these details as the basis for preparing design documentation
consistent with industry conventions.
Each connection category begins with a discussion of the design objectives and method used to
design the connections tabulated. A design procedure is listed, accompanied with notation
drawings, designated with the prefix, ENG-. The notation drawings help the designer identify
the variables used in the design procedure.
Tables of pre-engineered connections are included in Part 2: Connection Tables. They are
designated by configuration and minimum load rating as a percentage of relevant section
capacity. Each connection within the tables is also shown with a calculated design capacity not
less than that corresponding to its percentage loading designation. In many cases the design
capacity of the connections will be greater than the percentage loading designation.
Also in Part 2: Connection Tables are detailed drawings, that when read in conjunction with the
connection tables and detailing constants, have sufficient information to allow workshop
detailers to prepare fabrication drawings of the connections.
B. Specific Design of Connections
The design procedures have been used in preparing the pre-engineered connections in Part 2:
Connection Tables. They are particularly suited to incorporation into spreadsheet and other
software that may developed for in-house use by structural engineering designers. Refer to the
Copyright Notice for limitations on commercial software development using Part 1: Design
Procedures and Part 2: Connection Tables.
The procedures allow a structural engineering designer to readily develop connections that fall
outside the loadings and sections range of those tabulated in Part 2: Connection Tables. It is
recommended that the Detailing Constants set out in Part 2: Connection Tables, be used
wherever possible to maintain fabrication consistency and economy.
C. Notes on Definition of Terms
All actions on the bolt group, plate or beam are referenced in terms of the section longitudinal
st
and transverse axes. For example “Bolt hole 1 transverse tearing”, refers to tearing in a
direction transverse to or across the section. Transverse direction may also be referred to as y-
st
direction. “Bolt hole 1 longitudinal tearing” refers to tearing in a direction parallel with the
longitudinal axis of the beam or column section. Longitudinal direction may also be referred to
as x-direction.
Where the term “resultant” is used it describes the resultant action derived from the vector
addition of the transverse and longitudinal components of the relevant action.
Actions on or dimensions of plate elements are typically described with a subscript i. Actions on
or dimensions of a beam or column section are described with a subscript b.
Subscripts are provided to material strength reduction factors as appropriate as follows:
 b  Bolt strength reduction factor.

 c  Concrete strength reduction factor.
 s  Steel strength reduction factor.
21
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
  Weld strength
w
. reduction factor.
.
Specific definitions.related to each connection are noted within each relevant section.
.
. connection drawings for description of other terms.
Refer to the relevant
.
D. Connection . Ductility Demands
Beam to column face connections are required to possess design capacity sufficient to satisfy
the ductility demands of primary members in frames of varying levels of seismic ductility.
Under design seismic events the connection components will be subjected to over-strength
actions developed in the members. The over-strength actions are related to frame ductility
category, material variability and strain hardening. In the Connections Guide the three frame
ductility categories are referenced. These include:
Ductile Frames: 3    6.0

Limited Ductile Frames: 1.25    3.0
Elastic Frames:   1.0
E. Steel Section and Plate Properties
Capacity design approaches are used for many of the moment resisting connections in the
Structural Steelwork Connections Guide. These assume the use of AS/NZS 3679.1 G300
sections and NZ Steel 300MOD welded sections with a supplier’s material variation factor,
 y 97.5%
om   1.20 . For steel sections of other grades or sourced from suppliers with
 y 2.5%
higher material variation factors, greater over-strength factors need to be used. Refer to Table
12.2.8.1(1) NZS3404:1997 for the appropriate over-strength factors and ensure weld sizes and
other components which are required to resist section over-strength actions are adjusted as
necessary.
F. Weld Design Information
Welds are specified as SP E48XX in accordance with AS1554.1 unless noted otherwise, with
 w  0.8 and fuw  480 MPa.
Fillet welds are used in preference to butt welds for most connections. However where fillet
welds with leg lengths greater than 12mm would be required by calculation, complete
penetration butt welds are specified. This is not for any technical reason but reflects better
welding economy for the commonly used structural welding processes. Where larger leg fillet
welds are being considered, seek the advice of a local fabricator as to recommended practice.
G.Bolt Design Information
All bolts are specified as Property Class 8.8 high strength bolts in accordance with AS/NZS
1252:1996, unless noted otherwise. The pinned base plate connections BPP use Property
Class 4.6 /S holding down bolts.
Bolts are designed using N/-, i.e. Design capacities calculated for threads included in shear
plane, in all connections except for WP, Web Plate, connections.
In Web Plate connections, M20 8.8/S bolts are designed using X/S, or threads excluded from
the shear plane design capacities, where the cleat plate and the web of the section are each
not greater than 9.0mm thick. For other web plate cleat or web thickness, 8.8/S bolts are
designed for N/S, or threads included, design capacities.
22
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
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H.Section .Properties of SWC I-Sections
.
.
The formulae for determining properties of SWC I-sections, used in the connection tables are
. using section
as follows. The contribution of the section root radius has been ignored in all cases. A for
.
more detailed derivation root radius is possible.
1
.
1. Elastic Section Modulus
.
 i cope i cope 
Z cope   ;  Elastic section modulus
 d w  t f  y c  y c  min
bf t f3 3
 bf t f y c  0.5t f 2  t w d w  t w d w t f  y c  0.5d w 
2
i cope 
12 12
Moment of inertia
0.5bf t f2 
 d w t w t f  0.5d w 
yc  Elastic neutral axis from underside of flange
bf t f  d w t w
d w  d bc  t f Depth of coped web
2. Plastic Section Modulus
a) Plastic Neutral Axis in Web
 tf  tw 
Scope  bf t f  y s   
 2
 y  tf
2  s
  2  d w  t f  ys  2  Plastic section modulus
d w t w  2t f t w  bf t f
ys   tf Plastic neutral axis from underside of flange
2t w
b) Plastic Neutral Axis in Flange
 d w  bf  2
Scope  d w t w  t f  y s 
 2 
 y  tf  ys
2  s
  2  Plastic section modulus
d w t w  bf t f
ys   tf Plastic neutral axis from underside of flange
2bf
1
Hogan, Thomas, Syam, “Design of Structural Connections, 4th Edition”, AISC, North Sydney, 1994, p.321
23
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.
24
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
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VI. WP: Web Side Plates .
.
.
A. Design Objectives
.
. to satisfy gravity ultimate limit state loads
.
Possess design capacity
Provide twist restraint to the supported and supporting beams about their respective longitudinal
axes, consistent with the restraint provisions of NZ Steel Structures Standard NZS3404:1997
and HERA report R4-92.
Have sufficient rotation ductility to accommodate gravity load and seismic drift induced rotations
of 0.030 radians, without collapse.
Have sufficient ductility to accommodate thermal strains induced by extreme fire events without
collapse.
B. Design Features
Typical limiting conditions are : Shear or flexural yield of the cleat or web; Tearing yield of cleat
or beam web adjacent to an extreme bolt; Block shear / tension yield of the beam web; bolt
shear.
The web plate depths are typically greater than half the supported beam depth.
To prevent the possibility of bolt shear under extreme seismic drift induced rotations and fire
conditions, the cleat plate thickness is limited to half the bolt diameter and the bolt group
capacity is greater than the lowest limiting flexural condition of the cleat or beam web.
M20 8.8/S bolts are designed for X/S, or threads excluded, design capacities, where the cleat
plate and the web of the section are each not greater than 9.0mm thick. This is because bolts
specified in accordance with AS/NZS 1252:1996, have a minimum unthreaded shank length of
10mm. Therefore threads will always be excluded from the shear plane, no matter what side of
the connection the head of the bolt is located on. A minimum tolerance for shimming of 1.0mm
is also available without affecting the bolt design capacity. For other plate or web thickness,
M20 8.8/S bolts are designed for N/S, or threads included, design capacities.
Welds of cleats to the supports have design tensile capacity greater than the design tension
yield capacity of the cleat plate. This improves connection performance under high thermal
strain conditions during fire.
The calculation of net flexure ultimate design shear capacity of the web plates, Vnfi , uses a
similar approach used for the gross flexure yield design shear capacity, Vgfi . However
0.85fui substitutes for f yi , and the plastic section modulus of the net section is based on the
gross section plastic modulus adjusted by the ratio of net area to gross area of the plate. A
similar approach is used for calculating the design shear capacity of DWC webs.
C. Design Procedure
1. Governing Criteria
The minimum bolt group, web plate and section web design strength limits shall exceed the
applied design action.
For beam to column joints there are two additional seismic design requirements. The first is
that the bolt group design flexural capacity shall exceed the minimum design flexural strength
limit of the plate or section web. The second is that adequate end gap between the support and
the beam is available to accommodate 0.030 radians of relative rotation.
The design tension ultimate capacity of the welds between the cleat and the support shall be not
less than the design gross tension yield capacity of the cleat.
25
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
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The plate or web thickness shall not exceed half the bolt diameter.
.
. shall not be much less than half the supported beam depth.
The web plate depth
.
.
Bolt edge distances.
.
2. Design . Actions
Factored shear force.
Ln
Beam to column connections, seismic drift induced shear, based on  20 .
d
Plate gross tension yield force
3. Connection Strength Limits
Connection design shear capacity
4. Bolt Group Strength Limits.
Shear at eccentricity e.
Flexure at zero transverse shear.
Bolt capacity related to plate thickness.
5. Web Plate Design Strength Limits.

st
Bolt hole 1 resultant bearing.
st
Bolt hole 1 transverse tearing.
st
Bolt hole 1 longitudinal tearing.
Cleat gross flexure yield
Cleat net flexure ultimate
Cleat gross shear yield
Cleat gross shear / flexure yield
Cleat net shear ultimate
Cleat net shear / flexure ultimate
6. Section Web Design Strength Limits.

st
st
st
a) No Cope
Gross shear yield: HR & Welded sections
b) Single Web Cope
Gross flexure yield

Gross shear yield
Gross shear / flexure yield
Web shear area SWC HR & Welded sections
Block shear
c) Double Web Cope
Gross flexure yield

Net flexure ultimate
Gross shear yield
Net shear ultimate
Net shear / flexure ultimate
Block shear
26
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
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. Strength Limits
7. Weld Design
.
.
Weld tension ultimate.
.
.
D. Design Formulae
.
1. Governing. Criteria.
V *  Vcon General condition.
Vdrift *  Vb ; Vi ; Vwb min Beam / column seismic shear

*
Mdrift  M b Beam / column seismic moment
ac
 33 Beam / column seismic end gap
s g 1  a e1
ac
 50 Beam / beam end gap
s g 1  a e1
*
Ngti  Nww Weld
df
ti  Plate / bolt thickness
2
d i  0.45d Plate depth.
ae4 ; ae5 ; ae6 ; ae7   1.75df Edge distances: Manual flame cut or crop
2. Design Actions
V* Factored shear force

Vdrift *  G  Qu  Edrift Beam / column seismic drift
*
M drift Ln
E drift  Seismic shear for beam  20
10d d
*
M drift 
 e Vtti ; Vgfi ; Vnfi  min
Seismic moment for NC beam / column
joint
*
M drift 
 e Vtti ; Vgfi ; Vnfi ; Vgfw ; Vnfw  min
Seismic moment for SWC or DWC beam /column
*
Ngti   s d i t i f yi Plate gross tension yield force
3. Connection Strength Limits

Vcon  Vb ; Vi ; Vwb  min
4. Bolt Group Strength Limits
 Vb  Z b Vf Shear at eccentricity e

M b  n p Z e Vf e Flexure
Vf   bVfx if t i ; t w max  9.0 mm Threads excluded strength
Vf   bVfn if t i ; t w max  9.0 mm Threads included strength
5. Web Plate Strength Limits.

Vi  Vbi ; Vtti ; Vlti ; Vgfi ; Vnfi ; Vgsi ; Vnsi  min
Vbi   s Z b 3.2t i d f fui

st
Bolt hole 1 resultant bearing
Vtti  n p  s aeyi t i fui
st
Bolt hole 1 transverse tearing
27
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
Vlti
.
n  Z a t f
st
Bolt hole 1 longitudinal tearing
p s
. e e7 i ui
td .
2
Vgfi  i
f i
Cleat gross flexure yield
4e .
s yi
 n .d  t d 2
  1  . 
p h
Vnfi s 0.85f i i
ui Cleat net flexure ultimate
 d  4e
Vgsi
. if V *  0.75V
  0.5t d f
i
Cleat gross shear yield
s i i yi gfi
 . V * 
 16
Vgsi   s 0.5t i d i f yi 2.2     if V *  0.75Vgfi
  Vgfi  
Cleat gross shear / flexure yield
Vnsi   s 0.6fui Ani if V *  0.75Vnfi Cleat net shear ultimate

 . V * 
 16
Vnsi   s 0.6fui Ani 2.2     if V *  0.75Vnfi
  Vnfi  
Cleat net shear / flexure ultimate
6. Section Web Strength Limits.
a) General

Vwb  Vbw ; Vttw ; Vltw ; Vgsw  min
No Copes

Vwb  Vbw ; Vttw ; Vltw ; Vgfw ; Vnfw ; Vgsw ; Vnsw ; Vbsw  min
SWC & DWC
Vbw   s Z b 3.2t w d f fub

st
Vttw  n p  s aeyb t w fub
st
Vltw  n p  s Z e ae1t w fub
st
b) No Cope
Vgsw   s 0.6t w df yw Gross shear yield: HR sections

Vgsw   s 0.6t w d  2t f f yw Gross shear yield: Welded sections
c) Single Web Cope
Z ec
Vgfw   s f yw Gross flexure yield
ev
Vgsw   s 0.6Aw f yw if V *  0.75Vgfw Gross shear yield
 . V *
 16
Vgsw   s 0.6 Aw f yw 2.2     if V *  0.75Vgfw
  Vgfw  
Aw  d bc t w Web shear area HR sections
Aw  d bc  t f t w Web shear area Welded sections
0.6 Ags f yw  Ant fub ;

Vbsw   s   Block shear
0.6 Ans fub  Agt f yw  max
d) Double Web Cope

2
t w d bc
Vgfw   s f yw Gross flexure yield
4ev
28
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
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
.
n d t d
  1  . 
2
p h
Vnfw 0.85f w bc
d.  4e
s ub
 bc
Vgsw   0.5t d. f
s if V *  0.75V
w bc yw gfw Gross shear yield
.   16. V *  
Vgsw   0.5t d. f 2.2    if V *  0.75Vgfw
s
.   V  
w bc yw
gfw

Vnsw   s 0.6fub d bc  n p d h t w if V *  0.75Vnfw 
Net shear ultimate
 . V *
 16

Vnsw   s 0.6fub d bc  n p d h t w 2.2  


  if V *  0.75Vnfw
 Vnfw  
Net shear / flexure ultimate
Vbsw   s   Block shear
7. Welds
t ww
Nww  2 w 0.6fuw di Weld tension ultimate.
2
 w  0.8 SP fillet weld
8. Definitions of Terms
ac  d  a  ae 6  d i End gap

aeyi  ae 3 , ae 6  min
aeyb  ae 3 NC edge distances

aeyb  ae 3 ; ae 4  min
SWC edge distances
aeyb  a e 3 ;ae 4 ;ae 5 min  DWC edge distances

dh
ae 3  s p  Inter-bolt edge distance
2
ae4 Top bolt to top coped edge y-distance

ae 5  d sup  a  n p  1 s p  acb  Bottom bolt to coped edge y-distance
ae 6 
d  n  1s 
i p p
End bolt edge y-distance
2
ae7  bi  s g1 Cleat bolt side edge x-distance

Ani  d i  n p d h t i  Plate net area
Agt  ae1t w Block gross tension area
Ant  ae1  d h 2t w Block net tension area
 
Ags  ae 4  n p  1 s p t w   Block gross shear area
Ans  Ags  n p  0.5d t h w Block net shear area

d bc  d  a  ae 4 SWC coped section depth
d bc  d  a  ae 4  acb if d  d sup DWC coped section depth
d bc  d sup  a  ae 4  acb if d  d sup DWC coped section depth
d h  d f  2 for d f  24 Hole diameter
e  s g1 Reaction eccentricity
ev  Lc  ae1  sg1 Cope eccentricity
29
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
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Scope
. SWC Coped section plastic modulus
n .
.
p
Zb 

.  2 Bolt interaction factor for single line of bolts n p  1
1  . 
6e
 s n
p .  1
p
Z cope
. SWC Coped section elastic modulus
Ze 

sp np  1  Bolt group flexure factor, single line of bolts, n p  1
6e

Z ec  Scope ;15
. Z cope  min
SWC Cope effective section modulus
Note: Refer to Section V for formulas for Scope and Z cope .
30
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
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.
E.
. Drawings
WP Web Plate
.
.
.
.
Figure 4 WP NC drawing
31
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.
.
.
.
.
.
Figure 5 WP-SWC drawing
32
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.
.
.
.
.
.
Figure 6 WP-DWC drawing
33
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.
.
.
.
.
.
34
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
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VII. AC: Angle Cleat.
.
.
.
.
axes, consistent with the restraint provisions of NZ Steel Structures Standard NZS3404:1997 and
HERA report R4-92.
collapse.
B. Design Features
Typical limiting conditions are : Shear of the cleat or bolts; Block shear around bolt groups in
support leg and beam web; Shear / flexural yield of coped section.
The angle cleat depths are typically greater than half the supported beam depth.
To prevent the possibility of bolt shear under extreme seismic drift induced rotations and fire
conditions, the angle cleat leg thickness is limited to half the bolt diameter and the bolt group
capacity is greater than the lowest limiting flexural condition of the cleat or beam web.
M20 8.8/S web bolts are designed for threads excluded, X/S, design capacities, through one
shear plane, where the cleat angle and the web of the section are each not greater than 9.0 mm
thick. This is because bolts specified in accordance with AS/NZS 1252:1996, have a minimum
unthreaded shank length of 10 mm. Therefore threads will always be excluded from one shear
plane, no matter what side of the connection the head of the bolt is located on. A minimum
tolerance for shimming of 1.0 mm is also available without affecting the bolt design capacity.
Where double angle cleats are used, the second shear plane is assumed to coincide with the
threaded portion of the bolt shaft and the total bolt shear capacity is calculated as the sum of the
capacity on each shear plane. For greater angle cleat or web thickness and all bolting to
supporting members, M20 8.8/S bolts are designed for N/S, or threads included, design
capacities.
Where beams of different section size and loading are supported either side of the same plate
element of a section, ie. the web of a beam or column, care should be taken to ensure that both
angle cleats are compatible. Sufficient holes or clear space needs to be available to allow the
connecting bolts to be installed. Where necessary provide additional holes to one of the angle
cleats to match the other and allow opposing beam support bolts through.
Bolt spacings are limited by a cleat buckling criteria.
C. Design Procedure: Support Connection
Cleat leg compactness
2. Support Connection Design Strength Limits
Support connection capacity

Bolt shear and bearing
Transverse tearing
Longitudinal tearing
35
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3. Support . Bolt Design Strength Limit
.
Single shear / bolt.
4. Support
. Cleat Leg Limits
.
.
Block shear of support leg
st
Bolt hole 1 resultant bearing / bolt
st
Bolt hole 1 transverse tearing / bolt
st
Bolt hole 1 longitudinal tearing / bolt
Gross flexure yield
Gross shear yield.
Gross shear / flexure interaction
Net shear ultimate
Net shear / flexure ultimate interaction
5. Support Design Strength Limits
st
st
D. Design Procedure: Web Connection
Beam / column seismic shear

Beam / column seismic end gap
Beam / beam end gap
Angle cleat and web thickness / bolt diameter
Angle cleat compactness
Edge distance: manual flame cut or crop
Edge distance: HR or automatic flame cut
Minimum cleat length
2. Web Design Actions
Beam / column seismic drift

L
Seismic shear for beam n  20
d
Seismic moment for beam / column joint
3. Web Connection Design Strength Limits
Web connection shear

Resultant bolt shear and bearing
Transverse bolt hole tearing
Longitudinal bolt hole tearing
4. Web Bolt Group Design Strength Limit
Web bolt group capacity

Shear / bolt
5. Web Leg Design Strength Limits
Web plates gross interaction shear

Web plates net interaction shear
Web plates gross flexure yield at N t*
36
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
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. ultimate at N
Web plates net flexure *
Web plates gross .shear yield.

t
Web plates gross .shear / flexure yield interaction

. ultimate
Web plates net shear
. bearing.
Web plates net shear / flexure ultimate interaction
st
.
Bolt hole 1 resultant
st
st
6. Section Web Design Strength Limits
a) General
Uncoped section shear

Single and double coped section shear
st
st
st
b) No Web Cope
Gross shear yield: HR sections

Gross shear yield: Welded sections
c) Single Web Cope
Gross flexure yield at cope notch

Gross shear yield at cope notch
Shear / flexure interaction at cope notch
Web shear area HR sections
Web shear area Welded sections
Block shear
d) Double Web Cope

Block shear
E. Design Formulae: Combined Connection
V *  Vcon
Vcon  Vsup ;Vweb min Connection design capacity
F. Design Formulae: Support Connection
s p sup
 17.5 Cleat leg compactness
ti
2. Support Connection Design Strength Limits
 
Vsup  Vgf sup i ; Vnf sup i ; Vbs sup i ; Vgs sup i ; Vns sup i ; V fb sup; Vts sup; Vls sup min
37
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
.
. Support connection capacity
.
Vfb sup  Z b sup .V 
f sup ; Vb sup i ; Vb sup min Bolt shear and bearing, na  1
Vfb sup  2np sup
.V 
f sup; Vb sup i ; Vb sup min Bolt shear and bearing, na  2
.
Vts sup  na n p sup .V tt sup i Transverse tearing
Vls sup  n p supZ el sup Vlt supi ;Vlt sup min Longitudinal tearing, na  1
3. Support Bolt Design Strength Limit
Vf sup   bVfn Single shear / bolt
4. Support Cleat Leg Limits
0.6 Agsi f yi  Anti fui ;

Vbs sup i  n a s   Block shear of support leg
0.6 Ansi fui  Agti f yi  max
Vb supi  na s 3.2fui d f t i st

Vtt supi  na  s aeti t i fui
st
Bolt hole 1 transverse tearing / bolt
For na  1
Vlt supi   s ael supi t i fui
st
2
ti di
Vgf sup i   s f yi Gross flexure yield
4e sup
 An supi  t i d i2
Vnf supi   s   0.85fui Net flexure ultimate
 Agi  4esup
 
Vgs supi   s 0.5t i d i f yi if V *  0.75Vgf supi Gross shear yield.
  1.6V * 
Vgs sup i   s 0.5t i d i f yi 2.2    if V *  0.75Vgf supi
 Vgf sup i

  
Vns supi   s 0.6fui An supi if V *  0.75Vnf supi Net shear ultimate
  1.6V * 
Vns sup i   s 0.6fui An sup i 2.2    if V *  0.75Vnf supi
 Vnf sup i 
  
For na  2
Vgs sup i  2s 0.5t i di fyi Gross shear yield.
Vns supi  2 s 0.6fui An supi Net shear ultimate
Vb sup  s 3.2fu supdf t sup st

For na  1
Vlt sup   s ael supt supfus
st
38
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
.
.
G.Design Formulae: Web Connection
.
. Criteria
1. Governing
.
Vdrift*  V . web Beam / column seismic shear
a c
 33
. Beam / column seismic end gap
sg 2  ae 4
ac
 50 Beam / beam end gap
sg 2  ae 4
d f  2t iw ,2t w min Thickness / bolt diameter, na  1
d f  2t iw , t w min Thickness / bolt diameter, na  2
s g 2 ; s g 3 ; s pw min
 17.5 Cleat angle leg compactness
ti
ae4 ; ae5 ; ae6 min  1.75d f Edge distance: manual flame cut or crop
ae4 ; ae5 ; ae6 min  1.5d f Edge distance: HR or automatic flame cut
di  0.45d Minimum cleat length
2. Web Design Actions
Vdrift *  G  Qu  Edrift Beam / column seismic drift

*
M drift Ln
E drift  Seismic shear for beam  20
10d d
*
M drift  eVweb Seismic moment for beam / column joint
3. Web Connection Design Strength Limits

Vweb  Vb ; Vgwi ; Vnwi ; Vfbw ; Vtsw ; Vlsw ; Vwb min Web connection shear
Vfbw  Z bw Vfw ;Vbw i ;Vbw min Resultant bolt shear and bearing
Vtw  n pw Vttw i ; Vttw min Transverse bolt hole tearing, n c  1
Vtw  nc n pw Z etw Vttwi ; Vttw min Transverse bolt hole tearing, nc  2
Vlw  nc n pw Z elw Vltw i ; Vltw min Longitudinal bolt hole tearing
4. Web Bolt Group Design Strength Limit
Vb  Z bw  Vfw Web bolt group capacity
Vfw  Vf 1  na  1 Vf 2 Shear / bolt

Vf 1   bVfx if t i ; t w max  9.0 mm Threads excluded shear plane 1
Vf 1   bVfn if t i ; t w max  9.0 mm Threads included shear plane 1
Vf 2   bVfn Threads included shear plane 2
5. Web Leg Design Strength Limits
Vgwi  Vgfwi ;Vgswi min Angle cleats gross interaction shear

Vnwi  Vnfwi ;Vnswi min Angle cleats net interaction shear
39
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
.
t d.
2
Vgfw i n a s .f
4e
i i
yi Angle cleats gross flexure yield at N t*
. td 2
Vnfw i n 
A
a s .
A . 4e
nw i i i
0.85fui Angle cleats net flexure ultimate at N t*
gi
Vgswi  n  0.5.t d f
a s i i yi if V *  0.75Vgfwi Angle cleats gross shear yield.
  1.6V * 
Vgsw i  n a s 0.5t i d i f yi 2.2    if V *  0.75Vgfwi
  Vgfw i 
 
Angle cleats gross shear / flexure yield interaction
Vnswi  na s 0.6fui Anwi if V *  0.75Vnfwi Angle cleats net shear ultimate
  1.6V * 
Vnsw i  n a s 0.6fui Anw i 2.2    if V *  0.75Vnfwi
  Vnfw i 
Angle cleats net shear / flexure ultimate interaction
Vbwi  na s 3.2fui d f t i st

st
Vttw i  na  s aeti t i fui Bolt hole 1 transverse tearing.
Vltwi  na  s aelwit i fui
st
a) General
Vw b  Vgsw Uncoped section shear

Vwb  Vgfw ;Vgsw ;Vbsw min Single and double coped section shear
Vbw   s 3.2fub d f t w
st
Vttw   s ae7 t w fub
st
Vltw   s aelw t w fub
st
b) No Web Cope
Vgsw   s 0.6dtw f yw Gross shear yield: HR sections

Vgsw   s 0.6d  2t f t w f yw Gross shear yield: Welded sections
c) Single Web Cope
Z ec
Vgfw   s f yw Gross flexure yield at cope notch
ev
Vgsw   s 0.6Aw f yw if V *  0.75Vgfw Gross shear yield at cope notch
 . V *
 16
  Vgfw  
Vbsw  s   Block shear
40
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
.
. Web Cope
d) Double
.
t d .
2
Vgfw   s w bc
4e .
f yw Gross flexure yield at cope notch
v
Vgsw   s 0.5t d. f
.  if V*  0.75 V
w bc yw gfw Gross shear yield at cope notch
16
. V*
Vgsw   s 0.5t w d bc f yw 2.2     if V *  0.75Vgfw
 
 Vgfw  
Vbsw  s   Block shear
H. Definition of Terms
ac  d  a  ae 6  d i Edge distance to underside of cleat

aelwi  ae5 ; ae8 min ael supi  ae3 aelw  ae 4 ; ae8 min
Longitudinal beam axis edge distance
aeti  ae6 ; ae7 min Transverse beam axis edge distance
ae3  bi sup  s g1 Bolt side edge distance
ae 4 Web edge x-distance
ae5  biw  s g 2  s g 3 Web cleat edge x-distance

d i  n pw  1 s pw 
ae 6  Top bolt cope and cleat edge y-distance
2
dh
ae7  s pw  Inter-bolt edge y-distance
2
dh
ae 8  sg3  Web inter-bolt edge x-distance
2
dh
ae9  sg 4  Support bolt edge x-distance, na  1
2
Ags    
 ae6  n pw  1 s pw t w Web block gross shear area
Agsi  ae6  n p sup  1s p sup t i Support leg block gross shear area
Agt  ae3  nc  1s g 3 t w Web block gross tension area
Agti  ae3 t i Support leg block gross tension area
Agi  d i t i Single leg gross area
  
Ans  Ags  n pw  0.5 d h t w Web block net shear area
Ansi  Agsi  n p sup  0.5d h t i Support leg block net shear area
Ant  ae4  s g 3  nc  0.5d h t w Web block net tension area
Anti  ae3  d h 2t i Support leg block net tension area

An supi  d i  n p supd h t i  Single support leg net area

Anwi  d i  n pw d h t i  Single web leg net area
d bc  d  a  ae6 SWC coped section depth
d bc  d  a  ae6  acb if d  d sup DWC coped section depth
d bc  d sup  a  ae6  acb if d  d sup DWC coped section depth
e  sg 2 Eccentricity, n c  1
41
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
.
sg3 .
e  sg2 
2 . Eccentricity, nc  2
esup  s g1 . Support cleat eccentricity

ev  Lc  s g 2 a
.
. e4 Cope eccentricity
i bpw 
2
npw s pw n .  1
2
pw
Bolt group polar moment of inertia, n c  1
12
i bpw 
npw
6
s n
2
pw
2
pw 
 1  3sg 3
2
 Bolt group polar moment of inertia, nc  2
i bp sup 

np sups p2 sup np2 sup  1  Bolt group polar moment of inertia
12
na Number of angle cleats
nc Number of web bolt columns
n p sup Number of support bolt rows
n pw Number of web bolt rows
sg3
s pg 
n pw  1s pw Double bolt column pitch & gauge factor

Z ec  Scope ;15
. Z cope  min
SWC coped section effective modulus.
n pw
Z bw  Web bolt factor, n c  1
2
 6e 
1  

 s pw n pw  1  
2n pw
Z bw  Web bolt factor, nc  2
2
Z 
1  Z1 2  1 
 s pg 
n p sup
Z b sup  Support bolt factor, na  1
2
 6e sup 
1  

 s p sup n p sup  1  

s p sup n p sup  1 
Z el sup  Support bolt tearing longitudinal capacity factor, na  1
6e sup
Z el sup  1 Support bolt tearing longitudinal capacity factor, na  2

s pw n pw  1 
Z elw  Web bolt tearing longitudinal capacity factor, n c  1
6e
i bpw
Zelw  Web bolt tearing longitudinal capacity factor, nc  2
 
e npw  1 npw s pw
1
Zetw  Web bolt tearing transverse capacity factor, nc  2
n pw esg 3
1
i bpw
Z1  1 Sub-factor for Z bw , n c  1
2
 
 
2e s pw
 n pw  1 
sg3  sg3 
Z1  Sub-factor for Z bw , nc  2
n pw  1
1

3 n pw  1 
42
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
.
I. .
AC Angle Cleat Drawings
.
.
.
.
.
Figure 7 AC1-1-NC drawing
43
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
44
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Figure 9 AC1-1-DWC drawing
45
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
46
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
47
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Figure 12 AC2-1-SWC drawing
48
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Figure 13 AC2-2-SWC drawing
49
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Figure 14 AC2-2-DWC drawing
50
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Figure 15 ACE-1 drawing
51
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Figure 16 ACE-2 drawing
52
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
.
VIII. FE: Flexible End. Plates
.
.
.
.
axes, consistent with the restraint provisions of NZ Steel Structures Standard NZS3404:1997
and HERA report R4-92.
collapse.
B. Design Features
Typical limiting conditions are : Shear of the cleat or bolts; Block shear of a block extending
20mm into the web and as deep as the end plate; Shear / flexural yield of coped section.
Welds of cleats to the beams have design capacity greater than that the resultant action due to
development of over-strength of 1.2 times the flexural yield of the end plate under tensile load
and direct shear. This is to ensure ductile performance of the connection under seismic and fire
conditions.
The beam web adjacent to the top of the cleat have sufficient capacity to resist combined shear
and local longitudinal tension, using a Von Mises based stress criterion.
To prevent transverse tensile tearing in the web below the bottom edge of the end plate, block
transverse shear and tensile yield capacity is assessed based upon a web block 20mm wide
and as deep as the end plate. Compression yield strength is assessed to develop along the
top edge of the web block shear element as long as two loacl web buckling criteria are satisfied.
The first of these is that the top flange is laterally restrained at that location by a concrete slab or
other means. The second criterion is that the clear web depth to web thickness ratio between
the top of the cleat and the underside of the flange, is less than or equal to 17.5.
The end plate is maintained as flexible by limiting the thickness of the endplate as a function of
the bolt gauge.
Where beams of different section size and loading are supported either side of the same plate
element of a section, ie. the web of a beam or column, care should be taken to ensure that both
flexible end plates are compatible. Sufficient holes or clear space needs to be available to allow
the connecting bolts to be installed. Where necessary provide additional holes to one of the end
plates to match the other and allow opposing beam support bolts through.
C. Design Procedure
1. Governing criteria
The minimum bolt group, end plate, section web and supporting section design strength limits
shall exceed the applied load.
End plate flexibility shall be maintained by ensuring an adequate ratio between the end plate
thickness and the supporting bolt group lateral spacing.
The weld shall be able to resist resultant shear and end plate pull-out tensile actions.
Ultimate tensile strength shall not be exceeded by gravity, seismic and fire design actions,
based upon a Von Mises criterion, in the web adjacent to the weld.
53
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
Connection shear.strength shall not exceed the shear and tensile yield capacity of a 20mm wide
by end plate depth.web shear block.
.
For beam to column. connections, an additional seismic design requirement is that the end gap
clearances must be. sufficient to accommodate a 0.030 radian relative rotation.
.
. bolt edge distances must be within limits.
End plate depth and
2. Design Actions
Ultimate design shear

End plate pull-out flexure over-strength tension
Pull-out tensile stress in web
3. Connection Design Strength Limits
4. Bolt Group Design Strength Limits
Transverse shear
5. Flexible End Plate Design Strength Limits

st
Bolt hole 1 transverse bearing
st
Plate gross shear yield
Plate block shear

st
Bolt hole 1 bearing
st
Bolt hole 1 tearing
7. Section Design Strength Limits
a) General
Uncoped section shear

Coped section shear
Web shear / tension adjacent to top of cleat
Block shear in web
b) Single Web Cope

c) Double Web Cope

8. Weld Design Strength Limits
Resultant weld shear

Weld direct shear
54
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
.
D. Design Formulae
.
.
.
V *  V . Shear
con
.
.
0.45d  d  d  t  a  a
i f e1 End plate depth limits
sg
11   14 End plate flexibility
ti
ac
 33 End gap
ti
ae1  175
. df Manual flame cut or crop top edge
ae 3  15
. df HR or CNC flame cut side edge

d i  ae1  n p  1 s p  175 
. df Manual flame cut or crop bottom edge
2. Design Actions
V* Design shear force

2d i t i2 1.2f yi 
*
N gfi  End plate pull-out over-strength tension
sg  d h
*
N gfi
 w* x  Pull-out tensile stress in web
d i tw

Vcon  Vb ; Vi ; Vsup; Vwb; Vweld min Connection design shear capacity
 Vb  2n p  bVfn Transverse shear
5. Flexible End Plate Design Strength Limits

Vi  Vbi ; Vtti ; Vgsi ; Vbsi  min
Vbi  2n p  s 3.2t i d f fui

st
Bolt hole 1 transverse bearing
Vtti  2n p  s aeyi t i fui
st
Vgsi   s 0.5t i 2d i f yi Gross shear yield.
0.6 Ags f yi  Ant fui ;
Vbsi  2 s   Block shear of end plate
0.6 Ans fui  Agt f yi  max

Vsup  Vb sup ; Vt sup  min
Vb sup  2n p  s 3.2t s d f fus

st
Bolt hole 1 bearing
Vt sup  2n p  s ae 2t s fus
st
Bolt hole 1 tearing
55
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
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7. Section. Design Strength Limits
.
.
a) General
.
Vwb  V ; V. ; V  Uncoped section shear
Vwb
wc
. gsw
 V ; V ; V ; V 
bsw min
wc
. gfw gsw bsw min Single coped section shear

Vwb  Vwc ; Vgfw ; Vgsw min Double coped section shear
2
0.8fu2  *w x
Vw c  d i tw Web shear / tension at top of cleat
3

s 0.6tw d i fyw  n20tw fyw  
Vbsw  min   Block shear in web
s 0.6tw d i fu 
b) No Cope
c) Single Web Cope
Z ec
ev

 . V *
 16
  Vgfw  
d) Double Web Cope
2
t w d bc
4ev
Vgsw   s 0.5t w d bc f yw if V *  0.75Vgfw Gross shear yield at cope notch

 . V *
 16
Vgsw   s 0.5t w d bc f yw 2.2     if V *  0.75Vgfw
  Vgfw  
2 2
Vw eld  Vw w  N gfi
*
Resultant weld shear
t ww
Vww   w 0.6fuw 2d i Weld direct shear
2
56
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
.
. of Terms
9. Definition
.
ab  d  d  a .a NC, SWC distance to underside of cleat
 d d a a
.
i e1
ab
ac
bc
.
 d  a  a .d
i e4 e1 DWC distance to underside of cleat
End gap
e1 i

aeyi  ae1, ae 2  min
Edge distance
ae1 Top bolt edge y-distance
dh
ae 2  s p  Inter-bolt edge distance
2
bi  s g
ae 3  Bolt side edge distance
2
ae4 Top bolt cope edge y-distance
at  a  ae1 NC edge distance to top of cleat
at  ae 4  ae1 DWC,SWC edge distance to top of cleat
 
Ags  ae1  n p  1 s p t i   End plate block gross shear area
Agt  ae 3 t i End plate block gross tension area

Ans  Ags  n p  0.5 d h t i   End plate block net shear area

Ant  ae 3  d h 2 t i  End plate block net tension area
d bc  d  a  ae 4 SWC coped section depth
d bc  d  a  ae 4  acb if d  d sup DWC coped section depth
d bc  d sup  a  ae 4  acb if d  d sup DWC coped section depth
ev  Lc  t i Cope eccentricity
n  nb  ni Block shear
n b  1 if ab  40 ; nb  0 if ab  40 Block tension bottom of cleat
at  t f
nt  1 if at  40 and  17.5 ; nt  0 if at  40 Block compression buckling TOC
tw

Z ec  Scope ;15
. Z cope  min
Coped section effective modulus.
57
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
.
.
10. Shear.Block Mechanisms
.
.
.
.
Block shear free-body
Endplate
at at  t f
fy if at  40 mm &  17.5 & Lateral restraint to top flange
tw
NC 0.6 fy
Vbsw
ab fy if ab  40 mm
20
0.6 fy
SWC Vbsw
20
0.6 fy
DWC Vbsw
20
Block shear mechanisms in beam webs of flexible end plate connections

Note: Vbsw  0.6 fu di tw
58
SCNZ 14.1 2007
E. FE Flexible End Plate Drawings
Figure 17 FE-NC drawing
59
SCNZ 14.1 2007
Figure 18 FE-SWC drawing
60
SCNZ 14.1 2007
Figure 19 FE-DWC drawing
61
SCNZ 14.1 2007
62
SCNZ 14.1 2007
IX. WM: Welded Moment
A beam to column face welded connection possessing design capacity sufficient to satisfy the
demands of primary members in frames of varying levels of seismic ductility category,. These
include ductile frames with 3    6.0 , limited ductile frames with 1.25    3.0 , and
elastic frames with   1.0 . Seismic flexural over-strength actions are to be combined with
shear loads equal to 60% design shear yield capacity of the section. The connection is to
maintain integrity under fire conditions.
B. Design Features
Typical limiting conditions are : Flexure or shear of the section.
The welds shall be sized to develop the design capacity of the web and flanges so as to
enhance ductile behaviour under fire conditions. It is considered that the welds should be able
to develop the section capacity of the section to cope with shrinkage stresses that may develop
during fire cooling phases.
The welds of the flanges may be either complete penetration butt welds or symmetrical fillet
welds placed either side of the flanges. Complete penetration butt welds to the flanges are
suitable for all members in elastic, limited ductile and ductile frames, without specific design.
However these welds must not be ground flush, but should maintain minimum butt weld
reinforcement in accordance with AS / NZS 1554.1.
Where fillet welds are specified these are designed to develop the corresponding over-strength
design capacity of the flange of the section acting as a primary member in a frame of the given
seismic ductility demand category. Over-strength factors  oms replace  s for primary members
of ductile and limited ductile frames, as per Table 12.2.8(1) NZS3404:1997.
In accordance with NZS 3404:1997, the flange over-strength calculation formulae listed
assumes use of AS/NZS 3679.1 G300 sections and 300MOD welded sections with a supplier’s
 y 97.5%
material variation factor, om   1.20 . For steel sections of other grades or sourced
 y 2.5%
from suppliers with higher material variation factors, refer to Table 12.2.8.1(1) NZS3404:1997
for the appropriate over-strength factors and adjust weld sizes as necessary.
Welds to the web are designed to develop the design tension capacity of the section web.
Compression and tension stiffeners and flange doubler plates to the supporting column are not
specified but will often be required in order to develop the design reactions from the connection .
Refer to section 12.9.5.3 NZS3404:1997 for design requirements.
Sections must satisfy the material and section geometry requirements of NZS3404:1997
Section 12.4 and 12.5, appropriate to the seismic ductility demand category of the frame.
C. Design Procedure
Connection moment and shear design capacity shall be greater than design actions.
Flange fillet welds shall develop the flange over-strength tension capacity for primary members
of limited ductile and ductile frames with ductility demand of   1.25 , and the flange design
capacity for all members of elastic frames with frame ductility of   1.25 .
63
SCNZ 14.1 2007
Web welds shall develop design tension yield capacity of the section web for primary members
of limited ductile and ductile frames with ductility demand of   1.25 , and the web design
capacity for all members of elastic frames with frame ductility of   1.25 .
2. Design Actions
Factored design shear

Factored design moment
Flange tension yield and over-strength
Web tension yield

Connection design moment capacity
4. Web Shear Strength Limits
Shear yield with maximum flexure.
5. Flange Fillet Weld Design Strength Limits
Flange tension
6. Web Weld Design Strength Limits
Weld tension.
Weld shear.
D. Design Formulae
V *  Vcon Shear
M  M con
*
Moment
Nft*  Nwf Flange weld
*
Nww  Nww Web weld
2. Design Actions
V* Factored design shear

M* Factored design moment
Nft*  125
. bf t f f yf Flange tension over-strength: ductile
Nft*  115
. bf t f f yf Flange tension over-strength: limited ductile
Nft*  0.9bf t f f yf Flange tension yield: elastic
*
Nww  
 0.9 d  2t f t w f yw Web tension yield

Vcon  Vgsb ; Vww  min
Mcon   s Z ex f yf Connection design moment capacity
64
SCNZ 14.1 2007
4. Web Design Strength Limits
Vgsb  0.6 s 0.6dt w f yw Web shear with max. flexure: HR sections

Vgsb  0.6 s 0.6d  2t f t w f yw Web shear with max. flexure: Welded sections
5. Flange Fillet Welds Design Strength Limits
t wf
Nwf  2 w 0.6fuw bf Weld tension
2
6. Web Fillet Welds Design Strength Limits
t ww
Nww  2 w 0.6fuw d  2t f  Weld tension
2
Vww  Nww Weld shear
65
SCNZ 14.1 2007
E. WM Welded Moment Drawings
Figure 20 WM drawing
66
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
.
.
.
X. MEP: Moment End.Plate: Extended
.
.
.
The connections are designed as rigid beam-end connections for beam to column joints.
They must possess design capacity to satisfy the flexural and shear ultimate limit state loads for
primary members of limited ductile, 1.25    3.0 and elastic,   1.0 , seismic ductility
demand category frames.
Design to ensure reliable rigid connection rotational stiffness characteristics.
Design to ensure endplates, welds and bolts have sufficient design capacity to accommodate
over-strength actions resulting from the development of significant plastic deformation in
primary members of limited ductile frames. For connections subject to only elastic demand the
endplates and bolts shall accommodate design actions. However the welds to the flanges and
webs shall develop the design capacity of the web and flange to enhance ductile behaviour
under fire conditions.
The column-side aspects of the beam to column joint are not covered in the guide but will need
to be checked by the designer. Column-side aspects include: tension pull-out capacity of the
column supporting flange; Tension and compression stiffeners; and web panel reinforcement.
Guidance is given in HERA Report R4-142: 2007 “Columns in Moment Resisting Connections”.
B. Design Features
The design method is draws upon the approach set out by the BCSA & SCI in their publication
“Joints in Steel Construction: Moment Connections”, P207/95. The method is modified to
account for the over-strength actions expected to develop in connections located adjacent to
plastic hinge zones in rigid seismic resisting frames. Typical limiting conditions are : Flexure or
shear of the section, yield of the endplate or endplate support, bolt tensile capacity.
The connections are able to resist loads of reversing sign. Design moment capacities of
opposing sign are tabulated for reversing moments that are limited by either the top or bottom
bolt group design tension capacities.
In connections for primary members of limited ductile frames, bolts and welds ,can resist design
actions resulting from the member reaching its limited ductile over-strength section moment
capacity,  oms M s . In connections for primary members of elastic frames, bolts can resist
design actions required from analysis but not less than 60% of section design capacity.
In accordance with NZS 3404:1997, the flange over-strength calculation formulae listed
assumes use of AS/NZS 3679.1 G300 sections and 300MOD welded sections with a supplier’s
 y 97.5%
material variation factor, om   1.20 . For steel sections of other grades or sourced
 y 2.5%
from suppliers with higher material variation factors, refer to Table 12.2.8.1(1) NZS3404:1997
for the appropriate over-strength factors and adjust weld sizes as necessary.
oms  1.15 Limited ductile G300MOD over-strength

oms  1.25 Limited ductile G300 AS/NZS 3679.1 over-strength
The end plates for primary members in limited ductile frames, are sized for over-strength
actions developed by the yielding of the section . The end plates for primary members in
elastic frames are designed for design actions required from analysis. However to ensure
adequate frame rigidity in connections with end plates less than 20 mm thick, the minimum
plate thickness and bolt combination required to develop the required design capacity should
not be limited by mode 1 behaviour. This is in conjunction with a maximum bolt offset , m ,
from the beam flange, web or gusset plate of 60 mm.
67
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
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.
.
.
Bolt row design capacities and the resulting connection design moment capacity is assessed
assuming that the.beam end connection capacity is not limited by column-side limit states .
. in the column, aligned with the incoming beam flanges, will typically be
Load transfer stiffeners
.
necessary. Where column flanges are thinner than the proposed beam end plates then flange
doubler plates will usually be required.
One bolt group is assumed to resist all section flexural tension forces so as to develop the
required moment design capacity. Bolt prying effects are accounted for through the
assessment of three potential failure modes that incorporate prying effects. The other bolt
group is assumed to resist only shear actions.
during fire cooling phases. The bolts and end plates are assumed to have more ability to
stretch and deform in response to the fire conditions than the welds and so are not affected by
fire design considerations.
suitable for all members, without specific design. However these welds shall not be ground
flush, but shall maintain minimum butt weld reinforcement in accordance with AS / NZS 1554.1.
Where fillet welds are specified these are designed to develop the corresponding over-strength
or design capacity of the flange for the given seismic frame ductility category. Over-strength
factor  oms replaces  s for primary members of limited ductile frames, as per Table 12.2.8(1)
NZS3404:1997. For primary members of elastic frames no over-strength factor is required.
Welds to the web are designed to develop the design tension capacity of the section web.
Sections shall satisfy the material and section geometry requirements of NZS3404:1997
Section 12.4 and 12.5, for the seismic ductility classification.
End plates with thickness t i  50 mm will need to be ultrasonically tested for through thickness
plate defects adjacent to the welded zone. The designer should specify ‘Through-thickness
tested plate”, designated with a “Z” after the grade e.g. G350Z.
C. Design Procedure
Connection moment capacity shall be greater than the design moment for elastic connections.
For connections in limited ductile frames, moment capacity shall be greater than the limited
ductile over-strength section design moment capacity. End plate rigidity requires limits on plate
thickness and bolt offsets.
Shear capacity of the compression flange bolt group shall be greater than the applied ultimate
limit state shear.
Flange fillet welds shall develop the flange over-strength tension capacity for connections in
primary members of limited ductile frames and have design capacity greater than the design
capacity of the flange for connections in elastic frames.
Web welds shall develop design tension yield capacity of the section web for connections to all
members.
Bolt edge distance and internal bolt pitch between the flanges shall satisfy criteria.
68
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
.
.
2. Design . Actions
.
Design moment .
Design shear .
Web tension yield.force

4. End Plate Transverse Design Strength Limits
Plate shear
st
Bolt hole 1 bearing
st
Gross transverse shear yield
5. End Plate Bolt Row Design Capacities
End plate pull-out tension modes 1, 2 & 3

Pull-out shear with max. flexure
Shear yield with maximum moment

st
Bolt hole 1 bearing.
st
Bolt hole 1 tearing.
Flange tension.
Weld shear.
Weld tension.
D. Design Formulae
M *  M con Moment : Elastic demand
*
M oms  M con Moment : Limited ductile demand
N1  N 2 , N 3 min if t i  20 Rigidity with minimum t i and d f
m  60 Rigidity
*
. d f  ae1  2.5d f
175 Bolt edge end distance: Manual flame cut
69
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
.
.
bi s g
.
 1.75d . Bolt edge side distance: Manual flame cut
f
2
di  2a  a  .p   70 for d  20 Internal bolt pitch between flanges
e1
. 90 for d
f f f
 24
. f
2. Design Actions
M* Design moment : Elastic

*
M oms   oms Z ex f yf Over-strength moment: Limited ductile
V* Design shear
N ft*   oms bf t f f yf Flange over-strength: Limited ductile

N ft*  0.9bf t f f yf Flange yield capacity: Elastic
*
Nww 
 0.9 d  2t f t w f yw  Web tension yield capacity
M con  N r 1d r 1  N r 2 d r 2   r 3 N r 3 d r 3 Connection design moment capacity

Vcon  Vb ; Vi ; Vsup ; Vgsb ; Vww  min
Vb  nbbbVfn Bottom bolt group shear capacity
4. End Plate Design Transverse Strength Limits

Vi  Vbi ; Vtti ; Vgsi  min
Plate shear
Vbi  nbbs 3.2fui df t i
st
Bolt hole 1 bearing
Vtti  nbbs ae1t i fui
st
Vgsi  2 s 0.5f yi d i t i Gross transverse shear yield
a) General
N rx  N1 , N 2 , N3 , Nv min Bolt row capacity
 s f yi l erx t i2
N1  Mode 1: 4 Plastic Hinges in T-Stub
m
0.5 s f yi l erx t i2  n2 b N tf
N 2  Mode 2: 2 Plastic Hinges in T-Stub
mn
N3  2 b N tf Mode 3: Bolt only mode
Nv  0.6 s 0.5f yi 2l erx t i Moment interaction pull-out shear
bi  s g 
e Edge distance for stiffened end plates
2
 8.13  4.49 1  3.44 2  16.721  4.6622  6.8 1 2  8.7531  1.232 

 
    1.23 122  8.3221 2 , 
 
 2 
  min
Stiffened end plate factor where  1  0.75 and  2  0.45
70
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
.
.
.  3.58  55.94  40.54  55.34   21.05  33.00 
1.25  39.33 2 2 3 3
 .
    2.79  . 44.06  ,
2
1
2
2 1 2 1 2

1 2
 1 2 1 2

 2

. 

. Stiffened end plate factor where   0.75 and   0.45 1 2
min
b) Effective T-Stub Length: Top Row of Bolts Without Gusset
m3  af  0.8t wf Bolt distance from flange weld

m  m3 Rows in endplate extension without gusset
n  ae1,1.25m3 min Effective edge distance in endplate extension without gusset
l er 1  l e7 , l e8 , l e9 , l e10 , l e11 min Top bolt row effective T-stub length
l e7  0.5bi Double curvature plate extension pattern

l e8  2m3  0.625ae1  0.5s g Group end yielding plate extension pattern
l e9  2m3  0.625ae1  e Corner yielding plate extension pattern
l e10  4m3  1.25ae1 Individual end yielding plate extension pattern
l e11  2m3 Circular yielding plate extension pattern
c) Effective T-Stub Length: Top Row of Bolts With Gusset

sg t ig
m4    0.8t w g Bolt distance from gusset weld
2 2
m  m4 Rows adjacent to endplate gusset
n  e,1.25m4 min Effective edge distance adjacent to gusset
m4 m3
1  2  Edge distance ratios
m4  e m4  e
l er 1  l e1, l e2 , l e3 max , l e5 , l e6 max min Top bolt row effective T-stub length
l e1  2m4 Circular yielding pattern

l e2  4m4  1.25e Side yielding pattern
l e3  m4 Side yielding near flange pattern
l e5  2m4  0.625e  ae1 Corner yielding pattern
l e6  m4  2m4  0.625e  ae1 Corner yielding near stiffener pattern
d) Effective T-Stub Length: Second Row of Bolts
sg
tw
m1  
 0.8tw w Bolt distance from web weld
2 2
m2  pf  tf  0.8twf Bolt distance from flange weld
m  m1 Rows adjacent to web

n  e,1.25m1 min Effective edge distance adjacent to web
m1 m2
2
m1  e m1  e
2
SCI, “Joints in Steel Construction: Moment Connections”, P207/95, Steel Construction Institute, UK, 1995, pp..23, 139
71
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
.
.
.
. ,I
I er 2  I e2 , I e3 max  Second of two rows
. e1 min
 . ,I
I er 2  I e2 , I e3 max e1, 0.5I e2 , I e3  0.5I e2 max  0.5s p min
.
Second of three rows
l e1  2m1
3
Circular yielding pattern
e) Effective T-Stub Length: Third Row of Bolts

 
l er 3  l e1, I e2 ,0.5 I e2  s p min Third bolt row effective T-stub length

Vgsb  0.6 s 0.6dt w f yw Web shear with max. moment: HR sections

Vgsb  0.6 s 0.6d  2t f t w f yw Web shear with max. moment: Welded sections

Vsup  Vb sup ; Vt sup  min
Vb sup  nbb  s 3.2fus d f t s Support bearing
Vt sup  n bb  s ae2 t s fus Support tearing
8. Flange Fillet Welds Design Strength Limits
twf
Nwf  2w 0.6fuw bf Flange weld design tension capacity (Admt 7/04)
2
9. Web Fillet Welds Design Strength Limits
Vww  Nww Weld Shear

t ww
Nww  2 w 0.6fuw d  2t f  Weld tension
2
ae1 Bolt edge end distance

ae 2  af  pf , s p min  d2h Inter-bolt edge distance
d h  d f  2 for d f  24 Bolt hole diameter

d h  d f  3 for d f  24 Bolt hole diameter
d r 1  d  0.5t f  af Bolt row 1 lever arm
d r 2  d r 1  af  pf Bolt row 2 lever arm
dr 3  dr 2  sp Bolt row 3 lever arm
3
ibid, p.19
72
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
.
.
 w  0.8 . SP fillet weld
 b  0.8 . Bolt strength reduction factor
 d N
. 
r3   r3 r2 .,1.0 for t i 
df fuf
Bolt row force distribution triangular limit
4
 d r 2 N r 3 .  min
1.9 f yi
df fuf
 r 3  1.0 for t i  Bolt row force plastic distribution
1.9 f yi
4
SCI, “Joints in Steel Construction: Moment Connections”, P207/95, Steel Construction Institute, UK, 1995, p.25
73
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
.
.
E. . Plate Drawings
MEP Moment End
.
.
.
.
Figure 21 MEP failure modes and equivalent T-stub lengths
74
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Figure 22 MEP bolt row edge distances
75
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Figure 23 MEP-8 drawing
76
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Figure 24 MEP-G8 drawing
77
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
78
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
.
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
81
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.
.
.
.
.
.
Figure 29 STP-8 drawing
82
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
.
XI. MEPS: Moment End . Plate Splice: Flush
.
.
.
. with a total four or six bolts located on the inside face of the flanges.
Flush end-plate splices
.
Refer to drawing MEPS-F for typical details and set out.
Possess design capacity and ductility to resist flexural and shear ultimate limit state loads in
locations away from potential yielding regions.
Respond in a ductile manner under fire conditions.
B. Design Features
Typical limiting conditions are : Flexure or shear of the section, yield of the endplate, bolt
tension or shear, or weld tension or shear.
The connections are able to resist loads of reversing sign. Design moment capacities of
opposing sign are tabulated for reversing moments that are limited by either the top or bottom
bolt group design tension capacities.
The endplates for MEPS-F connections are sized assuming equal thickness end plates. The
design method draws upon the approach set out by the BCSA & SCI in their publication “Joints
in Steel Construction: Moment Connections”, P207/95. Typical limiting conditions are : Flexure
or shear of the section, yield of the endplate or endplate support, bolt tensile capacity.
As elastic connections that are not expected to sustain any inelastic demand, the end plates
and bolts only need to resist design actions required from analysis. However to ensure
One bolt group is assumed to resist all section flexural tension forces so as to develop the
welds placed either side of the flanges. The flange welds shall have design capacity not less
than that of the section flange. Complete penetration butt welds to the flanges are suitable for
all members, without specific design. However these welds must not be ground flush, but
should maintain minimum butt weld reinforcement in accordance with AS / NZS 1554.1.
Welds to the web shall be designed to develop the design tension capacity of the section web.
Sections shall satisfy the section geometry requirements of NZS3404:1997 Section 12.5, for
primary members of elastic seismic frames.
End plates with thickness t i  50 mm will need to be ultrasonically tested for through thickness
plate defects adjacent to the welded zone. The designer should specify ‘Through-thickness
tested plate”, designated with a “Z” after the grade e.g. G350Z.
83
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
.
C. Design Procedure
.
1. Governing . criteria
.
Endplate connection . moment capacity shall be greater than the applied design moment. End
. limits on plate thickness and bolt offsets.
plate rigidity requires
.
limit state shear.
End plate pull-out tension capacity shall be greater than the applied design moment divided by
the flange to flange lever arm.
Flange bolt group tension capacity shall be greater than the applied design moment over the
flange to flange lever arm.
Flange fillet welds shall develop the flange design tension yield capacity. This recognises that
load transfer from the bolts into the flange is from one side of the flange only and will induce
flexural loads across the weld, requiring redistribution.
Web welds shall develop the design tension yield capacity of the section web, reduced by the
ratio of the applied design moment to the section design moment capacity.
Bolt edge distance criteria shall satisfy requirements for manual flame cutting of end plates.
2. Design Actions
Design moment
Design shear
Flange bolt group tension
Flange tension yield
Web tension yield force

Bolt group tension.

Bolt group shear.
5. End Plate Strength Limits (Admt 7/04)
Plate shear
Pull-out tension
st
Gross transverse shear
7. Flange Weld Design Strength Limits
Flange tension.
84
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
. Design Strength Limits
8. Web Weld
.
Web tension. .
Web shear. .
.
D. Design Formulae
.
.
M  M con
*
Moment

m  60 Rigidity
*
bi  s g
 175
. df Bolt side edge distance
2
d i  2af  pf   70 for d f  20 Internal bolt pitch limits
90 for d f  24
2. Design Actions
M* Design moment
V* Design shear
M*
*
N fbt  Flange bolt group tension force
d  pf
Nft*  0.9bf t f f yf Flange tension yield
*
Nww  0.9d  2tf tw fyw Web tension yield
Mcon  Nr 1d r 1   r 2 Nr 2d r 2 Connection design moment capacity


Vcon  Vb ; Vi ; Vgsb ; Vww min Connection design shear capacity
Vb  nbb  bVfn Bottom bolt group shear capacity
a) General
N rx  N1, N 2 , N 3 , Nv min Bolt row force
m
mn
85
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
n  e,1.25m  . 1 min Effective edge distance adjacent to web
b  s  .
e
i
. g
Edge distance
l  2m
2
. 5
e1
l  4m  1.25e
.
1 Circular yielding pattern
e2 .
1 Side yielding pattern
l  m
e3 .
1 Side yielding near flange pattern
 8.13  4.49 1  3.44 2  16.721  4.6622  6.8 1 2  8.7531  1.232 

 
    1.23 122  8.3221 2 , 
 
 2 
  min
Stiffened end plate factor where  1  0.75 and  2  0.45
1.25  39.33 1  3.58 2  55.9421  40.5422  55.34 1 2  21.0531  33.0032 
 

   2.79 1 2  44.06 1 2 ,
2 2 
 
 2 
  min
Stiffened end plate factor where  1  0.75 and  2  0.45
m1 m2
1  2 
6
Edge distance ratios
m1  e m1  e
sg
tw
m1  
2 2
b) Effective T-Stub Length: Top Row of Bolts (Admt 7/04)
One row, MEPS – F4

I er 1  0.5I e2  I e3 , I e2 max , I e1 min for sg  0.7bf or t f  0.8t i
I er 1  I e2 , I e3 max , I e1 min otherwise
Two rows, MEPS – F6 or MEPS – F8


I er 1  0.5I e2  I e3 , I e2 max , I e1, 0.5I e2 ,0.5I e3 max  0.5s p min for sg  0.7bf or tf  0.8t i
I er 1  I e2 , I e3 max , I e1, 0.5I e2 , I e3  0.5I e2 max  0.5s p min otherwise
c) Effective T-Stub Length: Second Row of Bolts
 
l er 2  l e1, I e2 ,0.5 I e2  s p min Second bolt row effective T-stub length
5. End Plate Design Transverse Strength Limits (Admt 7/04)

Plate shear
Vbi  nbb  s 3.2fui d f t i
st
Bolt hole 1 bearing
Vgsb  0.6 s 0.6dt w f yw Web shear yield with max. moment: HR
5
6
ibid, pp..23, 139
86
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
V  0.6 0.6.d  2t t f Web shear yield with max. moment: Welded
gsb
. s f w yw
7. Flange. Fillet Weld Design Strength Limits

.
.t
N  2 0.6f .
wf w b uw
wf
fFlange weld tension (Admt 7/04)
  0.8
. 2
SP fillet weld
w
8. Web Fillet Weld Design Strength Limits
Vww  Nww Weld Shear

t ww
Nww  2 w 0.6fuw d  2t f  Web weld tension
2
af Plate edge end distance to flange

d h  d f  2 for d f  24 Bolt hole diameter
d h  d f  3 for d f  24
dr 1  d  pf  0.5tf Bolt row 1 lever arm
pf Inside bolt to top flange distance
 d N  d fuf
 r 2   r 2 r 1 ,1.0 for t i  f
7
 d r 1N r 2  min 1.9 f yi
df fuf
1.9 f yi
7
87
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
.
. Splice Drawings
E. MEPS Moment End Plate
.
.
.
.
.
Figure 30 MEPS-F Edge distances
88
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Figure 31 MEPS-F4 drawing
89
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
90
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
91
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
92
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
.
.
.
XII.
.
MEPS: Moment.End Plate Splice: Extended
.
.
Extended end-plate splices with a total eight, ten or twelve bolts. Refer to drawings MEPS-E for
typical details and set out.
Possess design capacity to resist flexural and shear ultimate limit state loads in locations away
from potential yielding regions.
Respond in a ductile manner to fire conditions.
B. Design Features
Typical limiting conditions are : Flexure or shear of the section, yield of the endplate, bolt
tension or shear, or weld tension or shear.
The connection is able to resist loads of reversing sign. Design moment capacities of opposing
sign are tabulated for reversing moments that are limited by either the top or bottom bolt group
design tension capacities.
Either the top or bottom bolt group is assumed to resist all design flexural tension forces. The
other bolt group is assumed to resist shear actions. The endplates for MEPS-E connections are
sized assuming equal thickness end plates. The design method draws upon the approach set
out by the BCSA & SCI in their publication “Joints in Steel Construction: Moment Connections”,
P207/95. Typical limiting conditions are : Flexure or shear of the section, yield of the endplate or
endplate support, bolt tensile capacity.
As elastic connections that are not expected to sustain any inelastic demand, the end plates
and bolts only need to resist design actions required from analysis. However to ensure
One bolt group may be assumed to resist all section flexural tension forces so as to develop the
suitable for all members, without specific design. However these welds should not be ground
flush, but maintain minimum butt weld reinforcement in accordance with AS / NZS 1554.1.
Welds to the web shall be designed to develop the design tension capacity of the section web.
Sections shall satisfy the section geometry requirements of NZS3404:1997 Section 12.5, for
members of elastic frames.
93
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
.
. t  50 mm should be ultrasonically tested for through thickness plate
End plates with thickness i
. the welded zone. The designer should specify ‘Through-thickness tested
defects adjacent to
plate”, designated.with a “Z” after the grade e.g. G350Z.
.
.
C. Design Procedure
.
Endplate connection design moment capacity shall be greater than the applied design moment.
End plate rigidity requires limits on plate thickness and bolt offsets.
limit state shear.
The flange welds shall be designed to resist the lesser of the design tension capacity of the
flange or the applied ultimate limit state moment divided by the flange to flange lever arm.
2. Design Actions
Design moment
Design shear
Flange moment tension
Flange tension yield
Web tension yield

Bolt group tension.

Bolt group shear.
5. End Plate Strength Limits
Pull-out flexure
Pull-out shear
Transverse shear
st
st
Bolt hole 1 tearing.
7. Flange Weld Design Strength Limits
Flange tension.
Web weld tension.

Web weld shear.
94
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
.
.
D. Design Formulae
.
. Criteria
1. Governing
.
V *  V .
con Shear
M  M
* . con Moment

m  60 Rigidity
N ft*  Nw f Flange weld
*
. d f  ae1  2.5d f
175 Bolt edge end distance
bi  s g
 1.75d f Bolt edge side distance
2
 
d i  2 ae1  s p  70 for d f  20 Internal bolt pitch
90 for d f  24
2. Design Actions
M* Design moment
V* Design shear
Nft*  0.9bf t f f yf Flange tension yield

*
Nww  0.9d  2tf tw fyw Web tension yield
Mcon  Nr 1d r 1  Nr 2d r 2   r 3 Nr 3d r 3 Connection design moment capacity


Vcon  Vb ; Vi ; Vgsb ; Vww min Connection design shear capacity
Vb  nbb  bVfn Bolt group shear capacity
a) General
N rx  N1 , N 2 , N3 , Nv min Bolt row x capacity
m
mn
bi  s g 
e Edge distance for stiffened end plates
2
95
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
.
 8.13  4.49.
  3.44  16.7  4.66  6.8   8.75  1.2 
2 2 3 3
 . 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
    1.23   8.32  ,
2 2 
 . 1 2 1 2

 2
 . 

. Stiffened end plate factor where   0.75 and   0.45
min

. 
1 2
1.25  39.33 1  3.58 2  55.9421  40.5422  55.34 1 2  21.0531

 33.0032 
    2.79 122  44.0621 2 , 
 
 2 
  min
Stiffened end plate factor where  1  0.75 and  2  0.45
b) Effective T-Stub Length: First Row of Bolts in Extension Without

Gusset

m  m3 Rows in endplate extension without gusset
n  ae1,1.25m3 min Effective edge distance in endplate extension without gusset
l er 1  l e7 , l e8 , l e9 , l e10 , l e11 min Top bolt row effective T-stub length
l e7  0.5bi Double curvature plate extension pattern

l e8  2m3  0.625ae1  0.5s g Group end yielding plate extension pattern
l e9  2m3  0.625ae1  e Corner yielding plate extension pattern
l e10  4m3  1.25ae1 Individual end yielding plate extension pattern
l e11  2m3 Circular yielding plate extension pattern
c) Effective T-Stub Length: First Row of Bolts in Extension With Gusset

sg t ig
m4    0.8t w g Bolt distance from gusset weld
2 2
m  m4 Rows adjacent to endplate gusset
n  e,1.25m4 min Effective edge distance adjacent to gusset
m4 m3
m4  e m4  e
l er 1  l e1, l e2 , l e3 max , l e5 , l e6 max min Top bolt row effective T-stub length

l e5  2m4  0.625e  ae1 Corner yielding pattern
l e6  m4  2m4  0.625e  ae1 Corner yielding near stiffener pattern
d) Effective T-Stub Length: Second Row of Bolts
sgtw
m1  
2 2
96
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
.
1 
m1 .  m 2 8
m1  e . m e2 Edge distance ratios

. ,I 
I er 2  I e2 , I e3 max
1
Second row of two rows
. e1 min
 . ,I , 0.5I , I
I er 2  I e2 , I e3 max e1 e2 e3  0.5I e2 max  0.5s p min
. Second row of three rows
l e1  2m1
9
Circular yielding pattern
e) Effective T-Stub Length: Third Row of Bolts

 
l er 3  l e1, I e2 ,0.5 I e2  s p min Third bolt row effective T-stub length

5. End Plate Design Transverse Strength Limits

Plate shear
Vbi  nbb  s 3.2fui d f t i
st
Bolt hole 1 bearing
Vtti  nbb  s ae1t i fui
st
Vgsb  0.6 s 0.6dt w f yw Web shear yield with max. moment: HR

Vgsb  0.6 s 0.6d  2t f t w f yw Web shear yield with max. moment: Welded
tw f
Nw f  2 w 0.6fuw bf Flange weld tension (Admt 7/04)
2
8. Web Fillet Weld Design Strength Limits
t ww
Nww  2 w 0.6fuw d  2t f  Web weld tension
2
Vww  Nww Weld shear
8
SCI, “Joints in Steel Construction: Moment Connections”, P207/95, Steel Construction Institute, UK, 1995, pp..23, 139
9
ibid, p.19
97
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
.
. of Terms
9. Definitions
.
ae1 . Bolt edge end distance
dh  d  2 for d.  24
f f Bolt hole diameter
dh  d  3 for d.  24 Bolt hole diameter
 d  0.5t .a
f f
dr1 f f Bolt row 1 lever arm
d r 2  d r 1  af  pf Bolt row 2 lever arm
 b  0.8 Bolt strength reduction factor
 d N  d fuf
 r 3   r 3 r 2 ,1.0 for t i  f
10
 d r 2 N r 3  min 1.9 f yi
df fuf
1.9 f yi
10
98
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
.
A. . End Plate Extended Drawings
MEPS-E Moment
.
.
.
.
.
Figure 34 MEPS-E Extended moment end plate splice edge distances
99
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Figure 35 MEPS-E8 drawing
100
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Figure 36 MEPS-G8 drawing
101
SCNZ 14.1 2007
102
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
XIII. BWBS: Bolted Welded . Beam Splice
.
.
.
.
.
Possess design capacity to satisfy gravity and seismic design actions derived from relevant
.
design or over-strength actions of primary members of seismic resisting frames.
The splices are located away from potential seismic yielding regions of the member.
Maintain ductile performance under fire restraint conditions.
B. Design Features
Typical limiting conditions are : Shear of the web cleat or bolts; Tension yield of the flange
plates, shear of flange bolts or welds.
Doubly symmetrical I sections only.
All flexural actions are resisted by the flange plate couple.
All shear actions are resisted by the web cleat.
Flange and web cleats are welded to one side of the connection and bolted the other.
The eccentricity used for the design of the web bolt group, e , is less than that used for the
design of the weld group, e w . This recognises that the weld group is more rigid than the bolt
group and the cleat may transfer shear across the splice in single curvature rather than the bolt
group forcing double curvature, as in a splice bolted both sides.
Weld groups are designed in accordance with NZS3404:1997 cl 9.8.1.1, the “General method
of analysis”. Superposition of in -plane direct shears and moment resisting shear couples is
used. Direct shear is applied at the weld centroid, and distributed evenly over the total weld
length. The moment induced transverse and longitudinal shears are assumed to act at right
angles to the x or y direction radius from that point to the weld group instantaneous centre of
rotation, and are taken as proportional to that radius.
similar approach used for the gross flexure yield design shear capacity, Vgfi . However,
gross section plastic modulus adjusted by the ratio of net area to gross area of the plate.
To maintain ductile behaviour under fire restraint and seismic overload conditions the welds to
the flange plate are sized to have design capacity greater than the design tensile capacity of the
plate. The flange bolt group is similarly designed to have design capacity greater than the
flange or flange plate design tensile capacity. It is considered that the web cleat will be
protected if the flange splice maintains integrity under seismic overload and fire events.
C. Design Procedure: Flange Splice
The minimum bolt group, flange plate, section and weld design strength limits shall exceed the
applied design load.
Flange plate widths to satisfy bolt edge distance criteria.
Flange plate compactness
Flange welds stronger than flange or flange plate
Flange bolt group stronger than flange or flange plate
103
. SCNZ 14.1 2007

2. Connection
.
. capacity.
Splice design tension
.
3. Bolt Group
.
. resultant flange tension or compression.
Bolt shear resisting
.
4. Flange Plate Design Strength Limits
st
st
Plate gross and net tension.

st
st
Flange gross and net tension.
Weld tension
D. Design Procedure: Web Splice
Design shear
Weld group resultant shear per mm
2. Design Actions
Design shear
Resultant weld group design shear per mm at toe
x-direction weld group design shear per mm at toe
y-direction weld group design shear per mm at toe
Web splice design shear capacity
Transverse shear at eccentricity e .
5. Web Plate Design Strength Limits

st
st
st
Plate gross and net shear.
Plate gross and net flexure.
Plate shear / flexure interaction.

st
st
st
104
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
7. Weld .Design Strength Limits

.
.
Weld resultant shear.
.
.
E. Design Formulae: Flange Splice
.
. Criteria
1. Governing
.
Nft*  Nft Tension
ae1; ae3   1.75d f Edge distance: manual flame cut or crop
bif  s g  3.0d f Flange plate width: HR or CNC flame cut
bif  bf  2t w f Flange plate width: weld width
bf  s g  2.5d f Hot rolled section flange width
bf  s g  3.0d f BHP welded section flange width
t wf  t if  1 Fillet weld height limit
sg
 17.5 Flange plate compactness
t if
N b  N ti ,N f min Flange bolt group fire ductility
Nwf  N ti Flange weld group fire ductility
2. Design Actions
M*
N ft*  Flange splice design tension
d  tf

Nft  Nb ; Nti ; Nf ; Nwf  min
Flange splice design tension capacity
4. Bolt Design Strength Limits
 Nb  2n pf  bVfn Flange bolt group tension

Nti  Nbi ; Nlti ; Ngti ; Nnti  min
Flange cleat tension
Nbi  2n pf  s 3.2t if d f fui

st
Bolt hole 1 bearing
Nlti  2n pf  s aexi t if fui
st
Ngti   s f yfi Agfi Gross tension yield.
Nnti   s 0.85fui Anfi Net tension ultimate.

Nf  Nbf ; Nltf ; Ngtf ; Nntf  min
Flange tension
Nbf  2n pf  s 3.2t f d f fub

st
Bolt hole 1 bearing
Nltf  2n pf  s aexb t f fub
st
Ngtf   s f yf t f bf Flange gross tension.
Nntf   s 0.85fub Anf Flange net tension.
105
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
. Strength Limits
7. Weld Design
.
.t
N   0.6f . L wf
Weld group tension
wf w uw w3
  0.8
.2
w
. SP fillet weld
.
8. Definition of Terms

aexb  ae 2 , ae 3  min

aexi  ae1, ae 2  min
Edge distances
dh
ae 2  s pf  Inter-bolt edge distance
2
ae3  0.6d if  ae1  s pf n pf  1  c   Flange edge distance

Anf  t f bf  ng d h  Net flange area

Anfi  t if bif  n g d h  Net flange cleat area
Agfi  t if bif Gross flange cleat area
Lw 3  0.8d if  bf ; bif   min

Flange 3-sided weld length
F. Formulae: Web Splice

V *  Vb ; Vi ; Vwb  min
Shear
*
v wwres  v ww Weld resultant shear per mm
t ww  t iw  1 Web fillet weld height
d iw  0.4d Web cleat depth
2. Design Actions
V* Design shear
2 2
*
v wwres  v x*  v y* Resultant weld group design shear per mm at toe
V * ew d iw
v x*   x-direction weld group design shear per mm at toe
2i w p
V* V * ew x ct
v y*   y-direction weld group design shear per mm at toe
d iw  2bw w iwp
Vcon  Vmax
*
 Vb  Vf Z b Bolt group shear at eccentricity e
Vf   bVfx if t iw ; t w   max

 9.0 mm Threads excluded strength
Vf   bVfn if t iw ; t w max   9.0 mm Threads included strength
106
. SCNZ 14.1 2007

5. Web Plate
.
Vi
.
 V ; V ; V ; V ; V ; V ; V 
.
bi tti lti gfi nfi gsi nsi
min
.
Vbi   Z 3.2t .d f
st
Vtti
s
n  a t f . b iw f ui
Bolt hole 1
st
transverse tearing
Vlti
pw
pw
.
n  Z a t f
s eyi iw ui
s e e 5 iw ui Bolt hole 1
st
tearing along section
2
t iw d iw
Vgfi   s f ywi Gross flexure yield
4e
 n pw d h  t iw d iw
2
Vnfi   s 1   0.85fui Net flexure ultimate
 d iw  4e
Vgsi   s 0.5t iw d iw f ywi if V *  0.75Vgfi Gross shear yield.
 . V * 
 16
Vgsi   s 0.5t iw d iw f ywi 2.2     if V *  0.75Vgfi
  Vgfi  
Vnsi   s 0.6fui Anwi if V *  0.75Vnfi Net shear ultimate

 . V * 
 16
Vnsi   s 0.6fui Anwi 2.2    if V *  0.75Vnfi
  Vnfi  

Vwb  Vbw ; Vttw ; Vltw ; Vgsb  min
Web shear
Vbw   s Z b 3.2t w d f fub

st
Vttw  n pw  s aeyb t w fub
st
Vltw  n pw  s Z e ae 4 t w fub st
Bolt hole 1 tearing along section.
Vgsb   s 0.6dt w f yw Gross shear yield: HR sections
Vgsb   s 0.6d  2t f t w f yw Gross shear yield: Welded sections
t ww
v ww   w 0.6fuw Web weld group design capacity per mm
2
aeyb  ae7 
aeyi  ae 6 , ae7  min
Edge distances
ae 6 

d iw  n pw  1 s pw  Bolt edge y-distance
2
dh
ae7  s pw  Inter-bolt edge distance
2

Anwi  d iw  n pw d h t iw  Single web plate net area
bww  biw  c  ae 4  ae 5 Web weld horizontal width
d h  d f  2 for d f  24 Hole diameter.

d iw  s pw n pw  1  2ae 6  Depth of cleat
107
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
c .
e a  e4
2
. Bolt group eccentricity
e  x c a . Weld group eccentricity

w ct
. e4
bw w  2d iw 
6b . d
2
bw3 w
i 
d iw
 Weld group polar moment of inertia
wp
12 . ww iw
3 2bw w  d iw 
d .
2
b b
2b  d.
x 
ct
ww iw ww
x-distance from weld centroid to toe
ww iw
n pw
Zb  Bolt interaction factor for single line of bolt, n pw  1
2
 
 6e 
1 

 s pw n pw  1  

Ze 

s pw n pw  1  Bolt group flexure factor, single line of bolts, n pw  1
6e
108
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
G. BWBS Bolted Welded.Beam Splice Drawings
.
.
.
.
.
.
Figure 37 BWBS drawing
109
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
110
SCNZ 14.1: 2007
XIV. BBS: Bolted Beam Splice
Possess design capacity to satisfy gravity and seismic design actions derived from relevant
design or over-strength actions of primary members of seismic resisting frames.
The splices are located away from potential seismic yielding regions of the member.
Maintain ductile performance under fire restraint conditions.
B. Design Features
plates, shear of flange bolts.
Doubly symmetrical I sections only.
All flexural actions are resisted by the flange plate couple.
All shear actions are resisted by the web splice.
Pairs of web cleats are set out central to and either side of the beam section web of BBS1 and
BBS2 connections. A single row of web bolts is used each side of the splice.
similar approach used for the gross flexure yield design shear capacity, Vgfi . However,
Bolt gauge is set out from the centre-line of the plates and flanges.
Single flange plates located on the outer face of the beam flanges are used for BBS1
connections. For BBS2 connections, flange plates of equal thickness are located on both faces
of the beam flanges.
To maintain ductile behaviour under fire restraint and seismic overload conditions the flange bolt
group is designed to have design capacity greater than the flange or flange plate design tensile
capacity. It is considered that the web cleat will be protected if the flange splice maintains
integrity under seismic overload and fire events.
To minimise slip splices are detailed with a minimum of two rows of bolts in the flanges, each
side of the splice. The flange splice is designed to resist a minimum serviceability load of 15%
of section moment capacity by the flange bolts in friction tension mode. A slip factor, µs of 0.45,
in accordance with recommendations of BS4604: Part 1: 1970 is appropriate for unpainted steel
without mill scale. For inorganic zinc silicate and alkyd primer a slip factor, µs, of 0.5 and 0.11
respectively are appropriate.
The minimum bolt group, flange plate and section design strength limits shall exceed the
applied design load.
Flange plate widths to satisfy bolt edge distance criteria.

Flange bolt rows
Flange bolt group stronger than flange or flange plate
111
SCNZ 14.1: 2007
2. Design Actions
Design moment
Resultant flange splice tension.
Splice design tension capacity.
Bolt shear resisting resultant flange tension or compression.
5. Bolt Group Design Serviceability Limits
Bolt shear resisting resultant flange tension or compression.
a) BBS1: Single Side Flange Plates

st
Bolt hole 1 bearing
st
Plate gross and net tension
b) BBS2: Double Side Flange Plates

st
Bolt hole 1 bearing
st
Plate gross and net tension, limited by bolt shear transfer between plate and section

st
st
Design shear
2. Design Actions
Design shear
Double shear / bolt

Transverse shear at eccentricity e.
5. Bolt Group Design Serviceability Limits
Double shear / bolt

Transverse shear at eccentricity e.
112
SCNZ 14.1: 2007

st
st
st
Plate gross and net shear.
Plate gross and net flexure.
Plate shear / flexure interaction.

st
st
st
Nft*  Nft Flange splice design tension

*
Nfslip  N bs Flange splice slip
ae1; ae3   1.75d f Edge distance: manual flame cut or crop
2.5d f  bi 2  s g  2r  t w Flange doubler plate width: HR flat
sg
t if
n pf  2 Flange bolt rows
N b  N ti ,N f min Flange bolt group fire ductility
2. Design Actions
M*
N ft*  Flange splice design tension
d  tf
0.15M s
*
N fslip  Flange splice slip tension
d  tf
Nft  Nb ; Nti ; Nf min Flange splice design tension capacity
 Nb  2n pf Vfn Flange bolt group tension
113
SCNZ 14.1: 2007
 Nb  2n pf 2Vfn Flange bolt group tension
5. Bolt Design Serviceability Limits
Nbs  2n pf Vsf Flange bolt group slip

Vsf  slip s nei N ptf k h Bolt slip shear capacity

BBS1 Flange plate tension
Nbi   s 2n pf 3.2t if d f fui

st
Bolt hole 1 bearing
Nlti   s 2n pf aexi t if fui
st
Ngti   s f yfi Agfi Gross tension yield.
Nnti   s 0.85fui Anfi Net tension ultimate.

Nti  Nbi ; Nlti ; Ngnti  min
BBS2 Flange plates tension
Nbi  2 s 2n pf 3.2t if d f fui

st
Bolt hole 1 bearing
Nlti  2 s 2n pf aexi t if fui
st
Ngnti  Nti 1  Nti 2 Total plates gross / net tension

Nti 1  Ngti 1; Nnti 1; Nb 2  min
Outer plate gross / net tension

Nti 2  Ngti 2 ; Nnti 2 ; Nb 2  min
Doubler plates gross / net tension
Ngti 1   s f yfi Agfi Outer plate gross tension yield
Nnti 1   s 0.85fui Anfi Outer plate net tension ultimate
Ngti 2   s f yfi Agi 2 Doubler plates gross tension yield
Nnti 2   s 0.85fui Ani 2 Doubler plates net tension ultimate

Flange tension
Nbf   s 2n pf 3.2t f d f fub

st
Bolt hole 1 bearing
Nltf   s 2n pf aexb t f fub
st
Ngtf   s f yf t f bf Flange gross tension.
Nntf   s 0.85fub Anf Flange net tension.
F. Formulae: Web Splice
V *  Vcon Web splice gross / net shear
114
SCNZ 14.1: 2007
*
Vslip  Vfs Web splice slip
d iw  0.4d Web cleat depth
2. Design Actions
V* Design shear

Vcon  Vfb ; Vgsb; Vgfi ; Vnfi ; Vgsi ; Vnsi ; Vls ; Vts min
Splice shear
Vfb  Zb Vf ; Vbi ; Vbw min Resultant bolt shear and bearing / bolt
Vts  n pw Vtti ; Vttw min Transverse tearing / bolt
Vls  n pw Z el Vlti ; Vltw min Longitudinal tearing / bolt
Vf  2 bVfn Double shear / bolt
2
t iw d iw
Vgfi  2 s f ywi Gross flexure yield
4e
2
Vnfi  2 s 1   0.85fui Net flexure ultimate
 d iw  4e
Vgsi  2 s 0.5t iw d iw f ywi if V *  0.75Vgfi Gross shear yield.
 . V * 
 16
Vgsi  2 s 0.5t iw d iw f ywi 2.2     if V *  0.75Vgfi
  Vgfi  
Vnsi  2 s 0.6fui Anwi if V *  0.75Vnfi Net shear ultimate

 . V * 
 16
Vnsi  2 s 0.6fui Anwi 2.2    if V *  0.75Vnfi
  Vnfi  
Vbi  2 s 3.2fui d f t iw
st
Vtti  2 s aey t iw fui
st
Vlti  2 s aexwi t iw fui
st

st
Vttw  s aey t w fub
st
Vltw   s ae 4 t w fub
st
115
SCNZ 14.1: 2007
G. Definition of Terms


Edge distances

aexwi  ae 5 ; ae 8  min
aeyi  ae6 ; ae7 min Edge distance
dh
2
s g1  c
ae 3  Flange edge distance
2
sg 2  c
ae 4  Web edge distance
2
biw  s g 2
ae 5  Web cleat x-distance
2
ae 6 
d iw  n pw  1 s pw   Web cleat edge y-distance
2
dh
2
dh
ae 8  s g 2  Inter-bolt edge x-distance
2
Agf  t f bf Gross flange area
Agfi  t if bif Gross outer flange plate area
Agi 2  2t if bi 2 Gross doubler flange plates area


Anfi  t if bif  n g d h  Net outer flange plate area

Ani 2  t if 2bi 2  ng d h  BBS2 net doubler flange plates area

Anwi  d iw  n pw d h t iw  Web single plate net area
e  2ae 4  c Eccentricity
n pw
Zb  Eccentric bolt group resultant action factor
2
 6e 
1  
 s pw n pw  1   
s pw n pw  1  
Z el  Eccentric bolt group long. action factor, single line of bolts, n pw  1
6e
slip  0.7 Slip strength reduction factor

s Slip factor
nei Number of effective interfaces
N ptf Minimum bolt tension at installation
k h  1.0 Factor for standard bolt hole
116
SCNZ 14.1: 2007
H. BBS Bolted Beam Splice Drawings
Figure 38 BBS-1 drawing
117
SCNZ 14.1: 2007
Figure 39 BBS-2 drawing
118
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
.
XV. .
BCS: Bolted Compression Splice
.
.
.
.
. axial compression, moment and shear ultimate limit state loads.
Possess design capacity to satisfy gravity and seismic actions based on design or capacity
design derived seismic
The splices are located away from potential seismic yielding regions of the member and are
assumed to be protected by appropriate passive fire protection.
B. Design Features
The splices are assumed to be located away from potential column yielding regions, at places of
minimum ductility demand.
All resultant tensile forces from flexural actions are resisted by the flange plate couple.
All shear actions are resisted by the web splice.
All compression load resulting from axial and flexural actions is resisted by direct full contact
end bearing of the abutting sections.
Pairs of web cleats are set out central to and either side of the column section web of BCS1 and
BCS2 connections. A single row of web bolts is used each side of the splice.
The web cleat depth is not less than half the section depth.
similar approach used for the gross flexure yield design shear capacity, Vgfi . However
Bolt gauge is set out from the centre-line of the plates and flanges.
Single flange plates located on the outer face of the column flanges are used for BCS1
connections. For BCS2 connections, flange plates of equal thickness are located on both faces
of the column flanges.
(Admt 11/05) For stiffness compatibility of the splice with the connected sections, the combined thickness of
splice plates should typically be not less than half the thickness of the web or flange spliced.
A minimum loading condition is that the fasteners, splice plates and section shall be sufficient to
transmit a force equal to 15% of the section design capacity in direct compression only.
(Admt 11/05) To minimise slip during construction flange splices are detailed with a minimum of two rows of
bolts in the flanges, each side of the splice. The flange splice is designed to resist a minimum
serviceability load of 15% of section moment capacity by the flange bolts in friction tension
mode. A slip factor, µs of 0.45, in accordance with recommendations of BS4604: Part 1: 1970 is
appropriate for unpainted steel without mill scale. For inorganic zinc silicate and alkyd primer a
slip factor, µs, of 0.5 and 0.11 respectively are appropriate.
119
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
C. Design Procedure: General
.
1. Governing. Criteria
.
. plates and section shall be sufficient to transmit a force equal to 15% of
The fasteners, splice
the section design.capacity in direct compression only.
.
2. Design . Actions
15% section design compression capacity
Splice fittings compression transfer
D. Design Procedure: Flange Splice
The minimum bolt group, flange plate, section design strength limits shall exceed the applied
design load.
Flange splice tension

Flange splice slip
Bolt edge distance
Flange plate width
Flange doubler plate width
Section flange width
Flange bolt rows (Admt 11/05)
Flange plate thickness (Admt 11/05)
2. Design Actions
Design moment
Design axial compression
Resultant flange splice tension.
Flange splice slip tension.
Connection moment capacity at design axial load

Tension flange moment limit
Maximum compression flange moment limit
Compression transfer of flange splice
Shear strength to transfer flange resultant tension actions
a) BCS1: Single Side Flange Plates

st
Bolt hole 1 bearing
st
Plate gross and net tension
120
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
. Double Side Flange Plates

b) BCS2:
.
st
.
Bolt hole 1 bearing
st
. tension,
.
Plate gross and net limited by bolt shear transfer between plate and section
.
.
st .
Bolt hole 1 bearing
st
Flange gross and net tension
E. Design Procedure: Web Splice
Design shear capacity shall be greater than the applied design shear force.
Design bolt shear capacity and bolt hole bearing capacity of the cleat and the section web shall
be greater than the resultant bolt design shear force.
The transverse bolt hole tearing capacity of the web and the cleat shall be greater than the
maximum design bolt hole transverse (i.e. across the section) shear force.
The longitudinal bolt hole tearing capacity of the web and the cleat shall be greater than the
maximum design bolt hole longitudinal (i.e. along the section) shear force.
Splice plates shall satisfy compactness limits and minimum thickness limits.
Bolt edge distance requirements shall be met.
2. Design Actions
Design shear

Cleat plates shear
Bolt hole transverse tearing
Bolt hole longitudinal tearing
Compression transfer of web splice
Double shear / bolt

Splice direct compression transfer
Cleat gross and net shear

Cleat gross and net flexure
Cleat shear / flexure interaction
st
st
st
Total bolt hole compression bearing

Plate compression yield
121
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
6. Section . Web Design Strength Limits

.
. bearing.
st
Bolt hole 1 resultant
. tearing.
st
Bolt hole 1 transverse
. tearing.
st
Bolt hole 1 longitudinal
.
Total bolt hole compression bearing.
.
F. Design Formulae: General
.
*
Nsplice  Nsplice Splice fittings compression
2. Design Actions
*
Nsplice 
 0.15 s 2Agf f yf  Agw f yw  NZS3404:1997 minimum cl 9.1.4.1.b.v
Nsplice  2Ncf  Ncw Splice fittings compression design capacity
G. Design Formulae: Flange Splice
Nft*  Nft Flange splice tension

*
Nfslip  N bs Flange splice slip (Admt 11/05)
M  M rcon at
*
N c* Connection moment capacity at N c*
a e1; ae 3   175
. d f Edge distance: manual flame cut or crop
2.5d f  bi 2  s g  2r  t w Flange doubler plate width: HR flat
sg
t if
n pf  2 Flange bolt rows (Admt 11/05)
nei t if  0.5t f Flange plate thickness (Admt 11/05)
2. Design Actions
M* Design moment
N c* Design axial compression
M* Agf
N ft*   Nc* Resultant flange splice tension
d  tf Ag
0.15M s
*
N fslip  Flange splice slip tension (Admt 11/05)
d  tf
122
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
3. Connection. Design Strength Limits

.
M rcon  M ; M. Connection moment capacity at N *
. t c min c
M t

  N  N
. A  d  t 
* gf
 .A 
ft c
g
f

. N  *
M c   b t f .1 
  d  t  c
Max. compression flange moment limit
N 
s f f yf f
 s 

Nft  Nb ; Nti ; Nf  min

Ncf  Nbi ; Ngti ; Nbf ; Nb ; Ngtf  min
Compression transfer of flange splice
 Nb  2n pf Vfn Flange bolt group tension
b) BCS2: Double Side Flange Plates
 Nb  2n pf 2Vfn Flange bolt group tension
5. Bolt Group Design Serviceability Limits (Admt 11/05)


BCS1 Flange plates tension

st
Bolt hole 1 bearing
st
Ngti   s f yfi Agfi Gross tension yield
Nnti   s 0.85fui Anfi Net tension ultimate
b) BCS2: Double Side Flange Plates

Nti  Nbi ; Nlti ; Ngnti  min
BCS2 Flange plates tension
Nbi  2 s 2n pf 3.2t if d f fui

st
Bolt hole 1 bearing
st


123
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
Ngti 2  f A . Doubler plates gross tension yield

Nnti 2
.
s yfi
  0.85f A
gi 2
.
s ui ni 2 Doubler plates net tension ultimate
.
.
.
Nf  N ; N .; N ; N 
bf ltf ntf gtf Flange tension
. min

st
Bolt hole 1 bearing
st
Nntf   s 0.85fub Anf Flange net tension ultimate
Ngtf   s t f bf f yf Flange gross tension yield


Edge distances

d if  2 n pf  1 s pf  s p1
ae1  End edge distance
2
dh
2
s p1
ae3  Flange edge distance
2
Agfi  t if bif Gross outer flange plate area.
Agi 2  2t if bi 2 Gross doubler flange plates area.

Anf  t f bf  n g d h  Net flange area
Anfi  t if bif  n g d h  Net outer flange plate area


Ani 2  tif 2bi 2  ng dh  BCS2 net doubler flange plates area
slip  0.7 Slip strength reduction factor (Admt 11/05)
s Friction coefficient (Admt 11/05)
nei Number of effective interfaces (Admt 11/05)
N ptf Minimum bolt tension at installation (Admt 11/05)
k h  1.0 Factor for standard bolt hole (Admt 11/05)
H. Design Formulae: Web Splice
V *  Vcon Splice plates & web gross / net shear
sg2
 17.5 Splice plate compactness
t iw
a e 4 ; a e 5 ; ae 6   175
d iw  0.35d Minimum cleat length
2t iw  0.5t w Web plate thickness (Admt 11/05)
2. Design Actions
V* Design shear
124
. SCNZ 14.1 2007

3. Connection
.
Vcon  V ; V . ; V ; V ; V ; V ; V ; V 
.
fb gsb gfi nfi gsi nsi ls
Splice plates gross and net shear
ts min
.
Vfb
.
 Z V ; V ; V  Resultant bolt shear and bearing / bolt
b
. f bi bw min
Vts  n V ;.V 

pw tti ttw min Transverse tearing / bolt
Vls  n pw Z el Vlti ; Vltw min Longitudinal tearing / bolt

Ncw  Nbiw ; Ngciw ; Nbw ; Nbweb  min
Compression transfer of web splice
4. Bolt Design Strength Limit

Nbweb  n pw Vf Splice bolt compression transfer
5. Web Plates Design Strength Limits
2
t iw d iw
Vgfi  2 s f ywi Gross flexure yield
4e
2
Vnfi  2 s 1   0.85fui Net flexure ultimate
 d iw  4e
Vgsi  2 s 0.5t iw d iw f ywi if V *  0.75Vgfi Gross shear yield.
 . V * 
 16
  Vgfi  
Vnsi  2 s 0.6fui Anwi if V *  0.75Vnfi Net shear ultimate

 . V * 
 16
  Vnfi  
Vbi  2 s 3.2fui d f t iw
st
Vtti  2 s aey t iw fui
st
Vlti  2 s aexwi t iw fui
st
Nbiw  2 s n pw 3.2t iw d f fui Bolt hole compression bearing.

Ngciw  2 s t iw d iw f ywi Plate compression yield.

st
st
Vltw   s ae 4 t w fub
st
Nbw  n pw Vbw Bolt hole compression bearing.
125
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
. of Terms
7. Definitions
.
aexwi  a ; a 
. a  a 
e 6 ; ae 7 min Edge distance
e5
. e 8 min ey

sg2 .
ae 4
2 . Web edge distance
b s
iw . g2
ae 5 
2 . Web cleat edge x-distance
d  n  1s
iw pw pw
ae 6  Web cleat edge y-distance
2
dh
2
dh
2

Anwi  d iw  n pw d h t iw  Single plate net area
e  ae 4 Eccentricity
n pw
Zb  Eccentric bolt group resultant action factor
2
 6e 
1  

 s pw n pw  1  

s pw n pw  1 
Z el  Eccentric bolt group long. action factor,
6e
single line of bolts, n pw  1
126
SCNZ 14.1 2007
I. BCS Bolted Compression Splice Drawings
Figure 40 BCS-1 drawing
127
SCNZ 14.1 2007
Figure 41 BCS-2 drawing
128
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
XVI. BTS: Bolted Tension . Splice
.
.
.
.
.
Possess design capacity to satisfy gravity and seismic actions or capacity design derived
.
seismic axial tension, moment and shear ultimate limit state loads
The splices are located away from potential seismic yielding regions of the member and are
protected by appropriate passive fire protection.
B. Design Features
Located away from potential column yielding regions at places of minimum ductility demand.
All resultant tensile forces from flexural actions are resisted by the flange plate couple.
All shear actions are resisted by the web cleat.
All tension resulting from axial actions is resisted by flange and web plates in proportion to the
relative area of the flanges and web. The gross flexure yield design shear capacity of the web
plates Vrgfi is calculated using a reduced plastic section modulus, due to axial load, of the web
plates in accordance with equation 5.39 of [8]. The net flexure ultimate design shear capacity
of the web plates Vrnfi uses a similar approach but substitutes 0.85fui for f yi , and adjusts the
plastic section modulus, based on gross section dimensions, by the ratio of net area to gross
area of the plates. Vi is the lesser of the plates gross yield design shear capacity Vgi and the
plates net area ultimate design shear capacity Vni . The gross shear yield design shear
capacity of the web plates Vrgsi is calculated using the axial load modified gross flexural yield
design shear capacity otherwise in accordance with cl 5.12.2 NZS3404:1997.
Pairs of web cleats are set out central to and either side of the column section web for all BTS1
and BTS2 connections.
Two lines of bolts are located on either side of the web splice.
The web plate depth is not much less than half the section depth.
Single flange plates located on the outer face of the column flanges are used for BTS1
connections. For BTS2 connections, double flange plates of equal thickness are located on
both faces of the column flanges.
Bolt gauge is set out from the centre-line of the plates and flanges. BTS1 and BTS2
connections have n g  2 gauge rows of bolts to the section flanges.
(Admt 11/05) For stiffness compatibility of the splice with the connected sections, the combined thickness of
splice plates should typically be not less than half the thickness of the web or flange spliced.
(Admt 11/05) To minimise slip during construction flange splices are detailed with a minimum of two rows of
bolts in the flanges, each side of the splice. The flange splice is designed to resist a minimum
serviceability load of 15% of section moment capacity by the flange bolts in friction tension
mode. A slip factor, µs of 0.45, in accordance with recommendations of BS4604: Part 1: 1970 is
appropriate for unpainted steel without mill scale. For inorganic zinc silicate and alkyd primer a
slip factor, µs, of 0.5 and 0.11 respectively are appropriate.
129
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
.
1. Governing . criteria
.
The minimum bolt.group, flange plate, section design strength limits shall exceed the applied
.
design direct and moment induced tension.
.
Flange splice slip .
Flange splice plate and flange widths shall satisfy bolt edge distance criteria.
Flange bolt rows (Admt 11/05)
Flange plate thickness (Admt 11/05)
2. Design Actions
Design moment
Design axial tension
Resultant flange tension
Connection moment capacity with axial tension , N t*

Max. compression flange moment limit
Design tension capacity
Shear strength to transfer flange resultant tension actions

.
a) BTS1: Single Side Flange Plates

st
Bolt hole 1 bearing
st
Cleat gross and net tension
b) BTS2: Double Side Flange Plates

st
Bolt hole 1 bearing
st
Cleat gross and net tension, limited by bolt shear transfer between cleats and section.

st
st
Cleats shear
Cleats and section web tension
Transverse bolt hole tearing
Longitudinal bolt hole tearing
Splice plate compactness
130
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
. thickness
Slice plate minimum (Admt 11/05)
.
2. Design . Actions
.
Web tension . bolt shear
Resultant maximum . shear / bolt
Maximum transverse.
.
Maximum longitudinal shear / bolt
Double shear capacity of bolt
Web plates interaction shear at N t*

Web plates gross interaction shear at N t*
Web plates net interaction shear at N t*
Web plates direct tension
st
st
st

Web plates net flexure ultimate at N t*
Web plates gross shear yield.
Web plates gross shear / flexure yield interaction
Web plates net shear ultimate

Web gross tension yield

Web net tension ultimate

st
st
st
Web gross and net tension.
Nft*  Nft Tension

M  M rcon at
*
N t* Connection moment capacity at N t*
*
Nfslip  N bs Flange splice slip (Admt 11/05)
a e1; ae 3   175
sg
t if
n pf  2 Flange bolt rows (Admt 11/05)
nei t if  0.5t f Flange plate thickness (Admt 11/05)
131
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
For n  2 flange.gauge rows:
g
b  s  3.0d
. Flange plate width: HR or CNC flame cut
if
2.5d  b  s 
g
. 2r  t f
f . i2 g w Flange doubler plate width: HR flat

b  s  2.5d .
f g f Hot rolled section flange width
b  s  3.0d .
f g f BHP welded section flange width
.
2. Design Actions
M* Design moment
N t* Design axial tension
M* Agf
N ft*   Nt* Resultant flange tension
d  tf Ag
0.15M s
*
N fslip  Flange splice slip tension (Admt 11/05)
d  tf
M rcon  M t ; M c min Connection moment capacity at N t*

 Agf 
M t   N ft  Nt*

 d  tf
Ag 
  Tension flange moment limit
 N* 
M c   s bf t f f yf 1  t  d  t f  Max. compression flange moment limit
 N s 

Nft  Nb ; Nti ; Nf  min
Design tension capacity
 Nb  2n pf  bVfn Flange bolt group shear tension
b) BTS2: Double Side Flange Plates
 Nb  2n pf 2 bVfn Flange bolt group shear tension
5. Bolt Group Design Serviceability Limits (Admt 11/05)


BTS1 Flange plates tension

st
Bolt hole 1 bearing
st
Ngti   s f yi Agfi Gross tension yield
132
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
Nnti   0.85f .A Net tension ultimate

s
. ui nfi
. Double Side Flange Plates

b) BTS2:
.
Nti
.
 N ; N ; N 
. bi lti BTS2 Flange plates tension
gnti
min
.
Nbi  2 2n 3..2t d f
st
s pf Bolt hole 1 bearing
if f ui
st


Ngti 2   s f yfi Agi 2 Doubler plates gross tension yield
Nnti 2   s 0.85fui Ani 2 Doubler plates net tension ultimate

Flange tension

st
Bolt hole 1 bearing
st
Ngtf   s f yf Agf Flange gross tension yield
Nntf   s 0.85fub Anf Flange net tension ultimate


Edge distances

d if  2 n pf  1 s pf  s p1 
ae1  End edge distance
2
dh
2
s p1
ae3  Flange edge distance
2
Agfi  t if bif Gross outer flange plate area
Agi 2  2t if bi 2 Gross flange doubler plates area

Anfi  t if bif  ng d h  Net outer flange plate area

Ani 2  t if 2bi 2  n g d h  BTS2 Net flange doubler plates area
slip  0.7 Slip strength reduction factor (Admt 11/05)
s Friction coefficient (Admt 11/05)
nei Number of effective interfaces (Admt 11/05)
N ptf Minimum bolt tension at installation (Admt 11/05)
k h  1.0 Factor for standard bolt hole (Admt 11/05)
133
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
F. Design Formulae: Web Splice
.
. Criteria
1. Governing
.
V*  V ; V 
. Cleats & web shear at N t* tension
. i gsb
min
Nw*  N . Cleats and web direct tension

*
Vres  V
. w
res Resultant bolt shear and bearing

Vts*  Vts Transverse bolt hole tearing
Vls*  Vls Longitudinal bolt hole tearing
sg2
 17.5 Splice plate compactness
t iw
a e 4 ; a e 5 ; ae 6   175
d iw  0.35d Minimum cleat length
2t iw  0.5t w Web plate thickness (Admt 11/05)
2. Design Actions
Agw
Nw*  Nt* Web tension
Ag
2 2
*
Vres  Vts*  Vls* Resultant maximum bolt shear
*
V* V esg 3
Vts*   Maximum transverse shear / bolt
2n pw 2i bp
N w* V * e n pw  1 s pw  
Vls*   Maximum longitudinal shear / bolt
2n pw 2i bp
Vrcon  Vmax
*
Connection shear capacity at N t* tension

Vi  Vgi ; Vni  min
Web plates interaction shear at N t*

Nw  Ntwi ; Ngtw ; Nntw  min
Cleats and web direct tension

Vres  Vf ; Vbi ; Vbw  min
Resultant bolt shear and bearing / bolt

Vts  Vtti ; Vttw  min
Transverse bolt hole tearing / bolt
Vls  V lti ; Vltw min  Longitudinal bolt hole tearing / bolt
4. Bolt Design Strength Limit
5. Web Plates Design Strength Limits

Vgi  Vgfi ; Vgsi  min
Web plates gross interaction shear at N t*
Vni  Vnfi ; Vnsi min Web plates net interaction shear at N t*

Ntwi  Ngtwi ; Nntwi  min
Web plates direct tension
134
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
Vbi  2 3.2f d. t
st
Vtti
s
 2 a t f
. ui f iw
st
Vlti  2 a t .f
.
s ey iw ui
st
s exi iw ui
.
Vgfi
.t d f
 2 1  n  2 iw iw
2
s
. 4e ywi
Vnfi
.A t d
 2 1  n  2 nwi iw
2
iw
0.85fui Web plates net flexure ultimate at N t*
s
A 4e gwi
Vgsi  2 s 0.5t iw d iw f ywi if V *  0.75Vgfi Web plates gross shear yield.
 . V * 
 16
  Vgfi  
Web plates gross shear / flexure yield interaction
Vnsi  2 s 0.6fui Anwi if V *  0.75Vnfi Web plates net shear ultimate

 . V * 
 16
  Vnfi  
Ngtwi  2 s f ywi Agwi Web gross tension yield

Nntwi  2 s 0.85fui Anwi Web net tension ultimate

st
st
Vltw   s aexw t w fub
st
Ngtw   s Agw f yw Gross tension yield
Nntw   s 0.85fub Anw Net tension ultimate

aexi  ae 5 ; ae 8  min

aexw  ae 4 ; ae 8  min

aey  ae 6 ; ae7  min
sg2
ae 4  Web edge distance
2
biw  s g 2  2s g 3
ae 5  Web cleat edge x-distance
2
ae 6 

d iw  n pw  1 s pw  Web cleat edge y-distance
2
dh
2
dh
2
Agwi  d iw t iw Single web plate gross area

Anwi  d iw  n pw d h t iw  Single web plate net area
Agw  d  2t f t w Web gross area
135
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
A  d  2t  n t
nw . f pw d h w Web net area
s . g3
e a  e4
2 . Eccentricity
.
i 
bp
n
s n.
pw 2
pw
2
pw 
 1  3s g 3
2
 Bolt group polar moment of inertia
6
.
n
N .
*
w
Plate axial load ratio
2d iw t iw f ywi
136
SCNZ 14.1: 2007
G. BTS Bolted Tension Splice Drawings
Figure 42 BTS-1 drawing
137
SCNZ 14.1: 2007
Figure 43 BTS-2 drawing
138
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
.
XVII. BPP: Base Plate . Pinned
.
.
.
. compression and shear capacity to support ultimate limit state design
Possess design axial
. lateral shear resistance provided by the holding down bolts to provide
loads. To have sufficient
full twist and lateral translation restraint for the axial design load.
The connection is assumed to be nominally pinned.
All columns are assumed to be prepared for full end contact bearing onto the base-plate in
accordance with NZS3404:1997
B. Design Features
Typical limiting conditions are : Bearing capacity of the mortar bedding and concrete foundation;
flexural /shear capacity of the steel base plate and shear capacity of the weld between the base
plate and the column end and shear capacity of the holding down bolts.
All column ends are assumed prepared for full end contact bearing in accordance with
NZS3404:1997. This is typically achieved by cold saw cutting.
Holding down bolts are designed have shear capacity greater than a shear force equal to 5% of
the design axial compression load. Greater shear loads may require shear blocks to be welded
to the underside of the base plate.
The welds of the column to the base plate are SP welds, designed to resist the prescribed
design action and transfer a minimum of 15% of column section capacity.
Bearing area, A2 , and design capacity of the concrete foundation under the base plate is
derived in accordance with the provisions of NZS3101:1995 section 8.3.5.
Effective pressure distribution under the base plate is approximated to actual by using an
overlapping pressure block approach. This results in the peak limiting bearing stresses
occurring under the web to flange intersection points. For slender compression elements the
effective stress blocks in the base plate correspond to the effective stress distributions in the
elements used in the Cold Formed Steel Structures Standard, AS/NZS 4600. Therefore
portions of slender elements some way from stiffening elements are not considered to
contribute axial capacity to the column or develop bearing strength in the base plate. The
central portion of column webs and the outer tips of open I and channel sections are typically
affected.
For circular hollow sections the principle of overlapping stress blocks is approximated by
assuming that the internal bearing stress annulus under the plate is fully overlapped and that the
outer stress annulus isn’t.
C. Design Procedure
1. General Criteria
Base plate and concrete bearing capacity must be greater than the applied compression loads.
Shear capacity of the welds and holding down bolts must be greater than the applied load.
Weld design capacity shall be not less than 15% of the section axial design capacity.
Bolt / concrete edge distance criteria shall be met.
2. Design Actions
Design compression
Design shear
139
. SCNZ 14.1 2007

.
3. Connection
. capacity
.
Design compression
.
Design shear capacity
.
.
.
Design section compression capacity
5. Base Plate Strength Limits
Concrete bearing capacity

Base plate capacity
6. Bolt Group Strength Limits
Bolt shear
7. Weld Strength Limits
Ensure that weld shear capacity is greater than the design action
D. Design Formulae
1. General Criteria
N c*  N con Compression
Ncon  0.15Ns Compression minimum
 *
V *;Vres 
max
 Vcon Shear
Vws  0.15Ns Weld minimum
 
fuf
ae  d f ;12d f  Bolt / concrete edge distance
 
 0.83 f c'  max
2. Design Actions
N c* Design compression
*
V Design shear
*
Vres  0.05Nc* Design compression restraint shear

Ncon  Nbp; Ns min Design compression capacity at N c*
Vcon  Vws; Vb ; Vus min Design shear capacity
N s   s k f Ag f y NZS 3404:1997 cl.6.2.1
5. Base Plate Design Strength Limits
 A2 
 b  0.85f c' ;1.7f c'  Concrete bearing stress
 A1  min
140
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
 .
N   A b
Base plate bearing capacity
2.
bp c r
  0.65
c . Bearing, NZS3101:1995, cl. 3.4.2.2.e
.
.
6. Bolts Design Strength Limits
.
V  n  0.62f. A
b b b uf c Shear in one direction
Vus  n b  cv ae2 0.32 f c' Shear adjacent to concrete free edge

 b  0.8  cv  0.75 Shear, NZS3101:1995, cl. 3.4.2.2.d
tw i
Vw s   w 0.6fuw Lw Shear
2
w  0.8 SP Fillet welds
a) General
A1  bi d i Base plate foot print area

A2 Design effective concrete bearing area
bi  bf  2c  0.8t wi  Minimum plate width
 s f yi
c  ti Effective rigid cantilever outstand
3 c  b
d i  d  2c  0.8t wi  Minimum plate depth
b) I-Section and Channel Section Columns
Ar  2Arf  Arw Effective rigid bearing area

Arf  (bf  1.6t wi  2c )(t f  1.6t wi  2c ) Flange rigid plate area, bef  bf
Arf  bef  2c (t f  1.6t wi  2c ) Flange rigid plate area, bef  bf
Arw  (d ew  2t f  1.6t wi  2c )(t w  1.6t wi  2c )
Equivalent web rigid plate area
  ey 
bef  bf  t w    t w  bf
 Effective flange width
  ef 
  ey 
d ew  d  2t f    d  2t f 
 Effective web depth
  ew 
bf  t w f yf
 ef  Flange slenderness
2t f 250
d  2t f f yw
 ew  Web slenderness
tw 250
 ey  16 HR, flange yield limit

 ey  45 HR, web yield limit
 ey  14 HW, flange yield limit
 ey  35 HW, web yield limit
141
. SCNZ 14.1 2007
.
.
. / SHS Columns
c) RHS
.
A  2 A  2A . Effective rigid bearing area
r rf rw
A  (b  2t .
rf ef  1.6t  2c )(t  0.8t
w wi w wi  2c )
. Flange rigid plate area
A  (d  2t .  1.6t  2c )(t  0.8t
rw ew w wi w wi  2c )
Web rigid plate area
  ey 
bef  b  2t w    b  2t w
 Effective flange width: RHS & SHS
  ef 
  ey 
d ew  d  2t w    d  2t w
 Effective web depth: RHS & SHS
  ew 
b  2t w fy
 ef  Flange wall slenderness
tw 250
d  2t w fy
 ew  Web wall slenderness
tw 250
 ey  40 CF, wall yield limit
d) CHS Columns
Ar  2Arin  Arout Effective rigid bearing area

 d  d
2

2
Arin   o  0.8t w i    o  t w  c   Inner rigid bearing area annulus
 2   2  
 d 
2
d  
2
Arout   o  0.8t w i  c    o  0.8t w i   Outer rigid bearing area annulus
 2   2  
142
SCNZ 14.1 2007
E. BPP Base Plate Pinned Drawings
Figure 44 BPP open section rigid bearing areas
143
SCNZ 14.1 2007
Figure 45 BPP hollow section rigid bearing areas
144
SCNZ 14.1 2007
Figure 46 BPP Column Base Plates drawing
145
SCNZ 14.1 2007
146

SCNZ Steel Connect Design Procedures

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SCNZ Steel Connect Design Procedures

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. SCNZ 14.

Structural Steelwork Connections Guide

SCNZ Report 14.1: 2007

Authors : Clark Hyland, Steel Construction New Zealand Inc.

Kevin Cowie, Steel Construction New Zealand Inc.

Charles Clifton, HERA Structural

July 2004 Amendment to MEP and MEPS connections

February 2008 Re-issue as SCNZ 14.1: 2007

Manukau City 2241

Phone: +64 9 263 5635

Copyright © Steel Construction New Zealand Inc. 2008

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IV. ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS OF CONNECTION TYPES .............................. 17

V. USING CONNECTIONS GUIDE PART 1: DESIGN PROCEDURES ....... 21

Figure 2 Details-2 drawing ...............................................................................18

Figure 3 Details-3 drawing ...............................................................................19

Figure 4 WP NC drawing .................................................................................31

Figure 5 WP-SWC drawing .............................................................................32

Figure 6 WP-DWC drawing .............................................................................33

Figure 7 AC1-1-NC drawing.............................................................................43

Figure 8 AC1-2-NC drawing..............................................................................44

Figure 9 AC1-1-DWC drawing..........................................................................45

Figure 10 AC2-1-NC drawing ...........................................................................46

Figure 11 AC2-2-NC drawing ..........................................................................47

Figure 12 AC2-1-SWC drawing .......................................................................48

Figure 13 AC2-2-SWC drawing .......................................................................49

Figure 14 AC2-2-DWC drawing.......................................................................50

Figure 15 ACE-1 drawing .................................................................................51

Figure 16 ACE-2 drawing .................................................................................52

Figure 17 FE-NC drawing ................................................................................59

Figure 18 FE-SWC drawing.............................................................................60

Figure 19 FE-DWC drawing ............................................................................61

Figure 20 WM drawing .....................................................................................66

Figure 21 MEP failure modes and equivalent T-stub lengths ........................74

Figure 22 MEP bolt row edge distances..........................................................75

Figure 23 MEP-8 drawing ................................................................................76

Figure 24 MEP-G8 drawing ..............................................................................77

Figure 25 MEP-10 drawing ..............................................................................78

Figure 26 MEP-G10 drawing ...........................................................................79

Figure 27 MEP-12 drawing ..............................................................................80

Figure 28 MEP-G12 drawing ...........................................................................81

Figure 33 MEPS-F8 drawing............................................................................91

Figure 34 MEPS-E Extended moment end plate splice edge distances.......99

Figure 35 MEPS-E8 drawing ........................................................................ 100

Figure 36 MEPS-G8 drawing ........................................................................ 101

Figure 37 BWBS drawing.............................................................................. 109

Figure 38 BBS-1 drawing .............................................................................. 117

Figure 39 BBS-2 drawing .............................................................................. 117

Figure 40 BCS-1 drawing .............................................................................. 127

Figure 41 BCS-2 drawing .............................................................................. 127

Figure 42 BTS-1 drawing ............................................................................... 137

Figure 43 BTS-2 drawing .............................................................................. 136

Figure 44 BPP open section rigid bearing areas .......................................... 143

Figure 45 BPP hollow section rigid bearing areas ....................................... 144

Figure 46 BPP Column Base Plates drawing .............................................. 145

Figure 1 Details-1 drawing

Figure 2 Details-2 drawing

Figure 3 Details-3 drawing

B. Specific Design of Connections

C. Notes on Definition of Terms

Subscripts are provided to material strength reduction factors as appropriate as follows:

 b  Bolt strength reduction factor.

Ductile Frames: 3    6.0

E. Steel Section and Plate Properties