MEKANIKA BATUAN

KARAKTERISTIK DISKONTINUITAS BATUAN

I Gde Budi Indrawan,

Indrawan Ph.D.
Ph D
Email: igbindrawan.ugm@gmail.com

III. KARAKTERISTIK DISKONTINUITAS BATUAN –

Jenis Diskontinuitas
 Discontinuity
• A collective term used for all structural breaks in geological
materials
t i l which
hi h usually
ll hhave zero tto llow ttensile
il strength.
t th
• Forms plane of weakness in most rock masses.
• Most commonly control the strength, deformation, and
permeability of rock masses.

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III. KARAKTERISTIK DISKONTINUITAS BATUAN –
Jenis Diskontinuitas
• Sedimentary, diagenetic, or tectonic origin.
‒ Dikes
‒ Bedding planes
‒ Foliations
‒ Joints and faults
‒ Axes of folds

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III. KARAKTERISTIK DISKONTINUITAS BATUAN –

Jenis Diskontinuitas
• Dikes

Sedimentary dike, filled with coarse basaltic sand, cuts

Geological Dike Cross-Island Trail Alaska (wikipedia.org) lighter-colored horizontal beds composed of finer
grained material (wikipedia.org).
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III. KARAKTERISTIK DISKONTINUITAS BATUAN –
Jenis Diskontinuitas
• Bedding planes

Lutgens et al. (2012)

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III. KARAKTERISTIK DISKONTINUITAS BATUAN –

Jenis Diskontinuitas
• Foliations

© Nelson – Tulane University

Lutgens et al. (2012)

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III. KARAKTERISTIK DISKONTINUITAS BATUAN –
Jenis Diskontinuitas
• Joint
‒ Rock fracture along which there
h b
has been littl
little or no movementt off
fracture (joint) planes parallel to
each other.
‒ Commonly group to form joint
sets.

Palmstrøm (1982)
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III. KARAKTERISTIK DISKONTINUITAS BATUAN –

Jenis Diskontinuitas
• Main types of joints
‒ Shear joints
» Due to compressive stress.
» Often grooved, striated, polished or slickensided by even
small amounts of shear displacement.

Malcolm Reeves (University of Saskatchewan)

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III. KARAKTERISTIK DISKONTINUITAS BATUAN –
Jenis Diskontinuitas
‒ Tension joints
» Due to tensional stress.
» Rough (unless subsequently weathered). In coarse grained
rocks such surfaces may be very rough.

Malcolm Reeves (University of Saskatchewan)

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III. KARAKTERISTIK DISKONTINUITAS BATUAN –

Jenis Diskontinuitas
− Columnar joints: developed
due to thermal contraction of
igneous rocks.
rocks
− Sheet joints: developed due
to release of overburden
stress.
Bruce Molnia (Terra Photographics)

Marli Miller (University of Oregon)

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 III. KARAKTERISTIK DISKONTINUITAS BATUAN –
Jenis Diskontinuitas
• Fault
‒ Rock fracture along which there has been movement of
f t
fracture (f
(fault)
lt) planes
l parallel
ll l tto each
h other.
th

www.artinaid.com

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III. KARAKTERISTIK DISKONTINUITAS BATUAN –

Jenis Diskontinuitas
• Fold
‒ Occurs when one or a stack of
Axial plane
originally
i i ll flflat,
t llevell surfaces
f off
rock layers, are bent or curved as
a result of permanent Axis

deformation.
‒ Two main types:
§ Anticline: upward arching fold
§ Syncline: downward arching
fold Syncline Anticline

Monroe et al. (2007)

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III. KARAKTERISTIK DISKONTINUITAS BATUAN –
Jenis Diskontinuitas

Christopher Rawluk (http://www.geologyforinvestors.com/)

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III. KARAKTERISTIK DISKONTINUITAS BATUAN –

Deskripsi
• Characteristics of discontinuity
- Orientation
- Spacing
- Persistence
- Roughness
- Aperture
- Filling
- Weathering degree

González de Vallejo & Ferrer (2011)

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 III. KARAKTERISTIK DISKONTINUITAS BATUAN –
Deskripsi
- Orientation

Palmstrøm (1982)

Aprilia (2014)

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III. KARAKTERISTIK DISKONTINUITAS BATUAN –

Deskripsi
- Spacing

González de Vallejo & Ferrer (2011)

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III. KARAKTERISTIK DISKONTINUITAS BATUAN –
Deskripsi
- Persistence (Continuity)

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III. KARAKTERISTIK DISKONTINUITAS BATUAN –

Deskripsi
- Roughness

González de Vallejo & Ferrer (2011)

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III. KARAKTERISTIK DISKONTINUITAS BATUAN –
Deskripsi
- Aperture

González de Vallejo & Ferrer (2011)

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III. KARAKTERISTIK DISKONTINUITAS BATUAN –

Deskripsi
- Filling
• Width
• Type of materials

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III. KARAKTERISTIK DISKONTINUITAS BATUAN –
Deskripsi
- Weathering degree
• Fresh
• Slightly weathered: discolouration indicates weathering of rock
material and discontinuity surfaces. All rock material may be
discoloured by weathering.
• Moderately weathered: < 50% decomposed and/or disintegrated
to soil. Fresh/discolored rock is present either as a continuous
framework/ as core stones.
• Highly weathered: > 50% decomposed and/or disintegrated to
soil. Fresh/discolored rock is present either as a discontinuous
framework/ as core stones.
• Decomposed
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III. KARAKTERISTIK DISKONTINUITAS BATUAN –

Deskripsi
- Rembesan

González de Vallejo & Ferrer (2011)

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III. KARAKTERISTIK DISKONTINUITAS BATUAN –
Metode Pengukuran

Scanline method Volumetric method

Areal method
González de Vallejo & Ferrer (2011)

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III. KARAKTERISTIK DISKONTINUITAS BATUAN –

Deskripsi

González de Vallejo & Ferrer (2011)

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