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Introduction
Mixing tanks are used to maintain solid particles or droplets of heavy fluids in suspension.
Mixing may be required to enhance reaction during chemical processing or to prevent
sedimentation. In this tutorial, you will use the Eulerian multiphase model to solve the
particle suspension problem. The Eulerian multiphase model solves momentum equations
for each of the phases, which are allowed to mix in any proportion.
This tutorial demonstrates how to do the following:
Prerequisites
This tutorial assumes that you are familiar with the menu structure in FLUENT and that
you have completed Tutorial 1. Some steps in the setup and solution procedure will not
be shown explicitly.
Problem Description
The problem involves the transient startup of an impeller-driven mixing tank. The
primary phase is water, while the secondary phase consists of sand particles with a 111
micron diameter. The sand is initially settled at the bottom of the tank, to a level just
above the impeller. A schematic of the mixing tank and the initial sand position is shown
in Figure 20.1. The domain is modeled as 2D axisymmetric.
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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow
.4446 m
.016 m
water
.4446 m
impeller
settled
sand .1728 m
.0864 m
bed .116 m
The fixed-values option will be used to simulate the impeller. Experimental data are used
to represent the time-averaged velocity and turbulence values at the impeller location.
This approach avoids the need to model the impeller itself. These experimental data are
provided in a user-defined function.
2. Unzip eulerian_multiphase_granular.zip.
mixtank.msh.gz and fix.c can be found in the eulerian multiphase granular
folder created after unzipping the file.
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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow
Step 1: Grid
1. Read the mesh file mixtank.msh.
File −→ Read −→Case...
A warning message will be displayed twice in the console. You need not take any
action at this point, as the issue will be rectified when you define the solver settings
in Step 2.
Grid
FLUENT 6.3 (2d, pbns, lam)
Extra: You can use the right mouse button to check which zone number corresponds
to each boundary. If you click the right mouse button on one of the boundaries
in the graphics window, its zone number, name, and type will be printed in the
console. This feature is especially useful when you have several zones of the
same type and you want to distinguish between them quickly.
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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow
Grid
FLUENT 6.3 (2d, pbns, lam)
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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow
5. Modify the view of the grid display to show the full tank upright.
Display −→Views...
(a) Select axis from the Mirror Planes selection list and click Apply.
The grid display will be updated to show both sides of the tank.
(b) Click Auto Scale.
This option is used to scale and center the current display without changing
its orientation (Figure 20.4).
Grid
FLUENT 6.3 (2d, pbns, lam)
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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow
(c) Click the Camera... button to open the Camera Parameters panel.
i. Drag the indicator of the dial with the left mouse button in the counter-
clockwise direction until the upright view is displayed (Figure 20.5).
ii. Click Apply and close the Camera Parameters panel.
Grid
FLUENT 6.3 (2d, pbns, lam)
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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow
Step 2: Models
1. Specify a transient, axisymmetric model.
Define −→ Models −→Solver...
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(b) Retain the selection of Standard Wall Functions in the Near-Wall Treatment list.
This problem does not require a particularly fine grid hence, standard wall
functions can be used.
(c) Select Dispersed from the k-epsilon Multiphase Model list.
The dispersed turbulence model is applicable in this case because there is clearly
one primary continuous phase and the material density ratio of the phases
is approximately 2.5. Furthermore, the Stokes number is much less than 1.
Therefore, the kinetic energy of the particle will not differ significantly from
that of the liquid.
(d) Click OK to close the Viscous Model panel.
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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow
Step 3: Materials
In this step, you will add liquid water to the list of fluid materials by copying it from the
FLUENT materials database and create a new material called sand.
Define −→Materials...
1. Copy liquid water from the FLUENT materials database so that it can be used for
the primary phase.
(a) Click the Fluent Database... button to open the Fluent Database Materials
panel.
(b) Select water-liquid (h2o<l>) from the Fluent Fluid Materials list.
Scroll down the Fluent Fluid Materials list to locate water-liquid (h2o<l>).
(c) Click Copy to copy the information for liquid water to your model.
(d) Close the Fluent Database Materials panel.
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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow
(a) Enter sand for Name and delete the entry in the Chemical Formula field.
(b) Enter 2500 kg/m3 for Density in the Properties group box.
(c) Click Change/Create.
A Question dialog box will open, asking if you want to overwrite water-liquid.
(d) Click No in the Question dialog box to retain water-liquid and add the new
material (sand) to the list.
The Materials panel will be updated to show the new material, sand, in the
Fluent Fluid Materials list.
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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow
Step 4: Phases
Define −→Phases...
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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow
(c) Click the Set... button to open the Secondary Phase panel.
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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow
3. Specify the drag law to be used for computing the interphase momentum transfer
by clicking the Interaction... button to open the Phase Interaction panel.
variable = A1 + A2 r + A3 r2 + A4 r3 + . . .
The order of polynomial to be used depends on the behavior of the function being fitted.
For this tutorial, the polynomial coefficients shown in Table 20.1 are provided in the UDF
fix.c.
See the separate UDF Manual about setting up a UDF using the DEFINE PROFILE macro.
Note that, while this macro is usually used to specify a profile condition on a boundary
face zone, it is used in fix.c to specify the condition in a fluid cell zone. The arguments
of the macro have been changed accordingly.
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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow
Variable A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6
u velocity -7.1357e-2 54.304 -3.1345e+3 4.5578e+4 -1.966e+5 –
v velocity 3.1131e-2 -10.313 9.5558e+2 -2.0051e+4 1.186e+5 –
kinetic energy 2.2723e-2 6.7989 -424.18 9.4615e+3 -7.725e+4 1.8410e+5
dissipation -6.5819e-2 88.845 -5.3731e+3 1.1643e+5 -9.120e+5 1.9567e+6
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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow
1. Set the boundary conditions for the fluid zone representing the impeller (fix-zone)
for the primary phase.
You will specify the conditions for water and sand separately using the UDF. The
default conditions for the mixture (i.e., conditions that apply to all phases) are
acceptable.
(a) Select fix-zone in the Zone list.
(b) Select water from the Phase drop-down list.
(c) Click the Set... button to open the Fluid panel.
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Parameter Value
Axial Velocity udf fixed u
Radial Velocity udf fixed v
Turbulence Kinetic Energy udf fixed ke
Turbulence Dissipation Rate udf fixed diss
(d) Click OK to close the Fluid panel.
2. Set the boundary conditions for the fluid zone representing the impeller (fix-zone)
for the secondary phase.
(a) Make sure that fix-zone is selected in the Type list.
(b) Select sand from the Phase drop-down list.
(c) Click the Set... button to open the Fluid panel.
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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow
Step 7: Solution
1. Set the solution parameters.
Solve −→ Controls −→Solution...
(a) Enter 0.5 for Pressure in the Under-Relaxation Factors group box.
(b) Enter 0.2 for Momentum.
(c) Enter 0.8 for Turbulent Viscosity.
Hint: Scroll down in the Under-Relaxation Factors group box to locate Turbu-
lent Viscosity.
(d) Retain the default settings in the Discretization group box.
(e) Click OK to close the Solution Controls panel.
2. Enable the plotting of residuals during the calculation.
Solve −→ Monitors −→Residual...
(a) Enable Plot in the Options group box.
(b) Click OK to close the Residual Monitors panel.
3. Initialize the solution using the default initial values.
Solve −→ Initialize −→Initialize...
(a) Retain the default initial values and click Init.
(b) Click OK to close the Solution Initialization panel.
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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow
6. Save the initial case and data files (mixtank.cas and mixtank.dat).
File −→ Write −→Case & Data...
The problem statement is now complete. As a precaution, you should review the
impeller velocity fixes and sand bed patch after running the calculation for a single
time step. Since you are using a UDF for the velocity profiles, you need to perform
one time step in order for the profiles to be calculated and available for viewing.
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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow
(b) Display the initial impeller velocities for water (Figure 20.6).
Display −→Vectors...
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8.20e-01
7.79e-01
7.38e-01
6.97e-01
6.56e-01
6.15e-01
5.74e-01
5.33e-01
4.92e-01
4.51e-01
4.10e-01
3.69e-01
3.28e-01
2.87e-01
2.46e-01
2.05e-01
1.64e-01
1.23e-01
8.20e-02
4.10e-02
6.00e-05
8.01e-01
7.61e-01
7.21e-01
6.81e-01
6.41e-01
6.01e-01
5.61e-01
5.20e-01
4.80e-01
4.40e-01
4.00e-01
3.60e-01
3.20e-01
2.80e-01
2.40e-01
2.00e-01
1.60e-01
1.20e-01
8.01e-02
4.00e-02
0.00e+00
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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow
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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow
5.62e-01
5.34e-01
5.06e-01
4.78e-01
4.50e-01
4.22e-01
3.94e-01
3.65e-01
3.37e-01
3.09e-01
2.81e-01
2.53e-01
2.25e-01
1.97e-01
1.69e-01
1.41e-01
1.12e-01
8.43e-02
5.62e-02
2.81e-02
0.00e+00
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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow
8.20e-01
7.79e-01
7.38e-01
6.97e-01
6.56e-01
6.15e-01
5.74e-01
5.33e-01
4.92e-01
4.51e-01
4.10e-01
3.69e-01
3.28e-01
2.87e-01
2.46e-01
2.05e-01
1.64e-01
1.23e-01
8.20e-02
4.10e-02
2.07e-05
8.25e-01
7.84e-01
7.43e-01
7.01e-01
6.60e-01
6.19e-01
5.78e-01
5.36e-01
4.95e-01
4.54e-01
4.13e-01
3.71e-01
3.30e-01
2.89e-01
2.48e-01
2.06e-01
1.65e-01
1.24e-01
8.25e-02
4.13e-02
0.00e+00
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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow
Notice that the action of the impeller draws clear fluid from above the originally
settled bed and mixes it into the sand. To compensate, the sand bed is lifted
up slightly. The maximum sand volume fraction has decreased as a result of
the mixing of water and sand.
5.49e-01
5.21e-01
4.94e-01
4.66e-01
4.39e-01
4.11e-01
3.84e-01
3.57e-01
3.29e-01
3.02e-01
2.74e-01
2.47e-01
2.19e-01
1.92e-01
1.65e-01
1.37e-01
1.10e-01
8.23e-02
5.49e-02
2.74e-02
0.00e+00
13. Save the case and data files (mixtank20.cas and mixtank20.dat).
File −→ Write −→Case & Data...
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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow
Step 8: Postprocessing
You will now examine the progress of the sand and water in the mixing tank after a total
of 20 seconds. The mixing tank has nearly, but not quite, reached a steady flow solution.
8.99e-01
8.54e-01
8.09e-01
7.64e-01
7.19e-01
6.74e-01
6.29e-01
5.84e-01
5.39e-01
4.94e-01
4.50e-01
4.05e-01
3.60e-01
3.15e-01
2.70e-01
2.25e-01
1.80e-01
1.35e-01
9.02e-02
4.53e-02
4.19e-04
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8.93e-01
8.49e-01
8.04e-01
7.59e-01
7.15e-01
6.70e-01
6.25e-01
5.81e-01
5.36e-01
4.91e-01
4.47e-01
4.02e-01
3.57e-01
3.13e-01
2.68e-01
2.23e-01
1.79e-01
1.34e-01
8.93e-02
4.47e-02
0.00e+00
2.49e-01
2.36e-01
2.24e-01
2.12e-01
1.99e-01
1.87e-01
1.74e-01
1.62e-01
1.49e-01
1.37e-01
1.24e-01
1.12e-01
9.96e-02
8.71e-02
7.47e-02
6.22e-02
4.98e-02
3.73e-02
2.49e-02
1.24e-02
0.00e+00
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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow
4. Display filled contours of static pressure for the mixture (Figure 20.15).
Display −→Contours...
(a) Select mixture in the Phase drop-down list.
(b) Select Pressure... and Static Pressure in the Contours of drop-down lists.
(c) Click Display and close the Contours panel.
Figure 20.15 shows the pressure distribution after 20 seconds of operation.
The pressure field represents the hydrostatic pressure except for some slight
deviations due to the flow of the impeller near the bottom of the tank.
8.03e+01
3.72e+00
-7.28e+01
-1.49e+02
-2.26e+02
-3.03e+02
-3.79e+02
-4.56e+02
-5.32e+02
-6.09e+02
-6.85e+02
-7.62e+02
-8.39e+02
-9.15e+02
-9.92e+02
-1.07e+03
-1.14e+03
-1.22e+03
-1.30e+03
-1.37e+03
-1.45e+03
Summary
This tutorial demonstrated how to set up and solve a granular multiphase problem us-
ing the Eulerian multiphase model. The problem involved the 2D modeling of particle
suspension in a mixing tank and postprocessing showed the near-steady-state behavior
of the sand in the mixing tank, under the assumptions made.
Further Improvements
This tutorial guides you through the steps to reach an initial solution. You may be able
to obtain a more accurate solution by using an appropriate higher-order discretization
scheme and by adapting the grid. Grid adaption can also ensure that the solution is
independent of the grid. These steps are demonstrated in Tutorial 1.
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