ENGINE

Engine

It converts the chemical energy

of the fuel to mechanical
energy.
 Types of engines
4 stroke engine


 Compression Stroke.
 Ignition Stroke.
 Power Stroke.
Exhaust Stroke.
2 Stroke Engine

Compression and ignition.

Intake and exhaust.
Basic parts of an engine

Piston and piston rings.

Crankshaft and connecting rods
AUTOMOBILE TRANSMISSION
WHAT IS TRANSMISSION ?

 A power transmitting system, which provides controlled application

of the power.
 In terms of automobiles, it’s an assembly of parts including the
speed-changing gears and the propeller shaft by which the power is
transmitted from an engine to a live axle.
 USES:-
1.Brings power from source to the wheels.
2.Provides different torque & speed ratios by application of gear
ratios.
TYPES

Manual
Semiautomatic
Automatic
CVT
MANUAL TRANSMISSION

 It uses a driver-operated clutch engaged and disengaged by a foot

pedal or hand lever , for regulating torque transfer from
the engine to the transmission; and a gear selector operated by the
driver.
 TYPES:
 Non synchronous
 Sequential
 Preselector
How are the gear ratios selected in
manual transmission ?

 Dog clutches: Sliding selector

mechanism to lock the desired gear
with the output shaft. It is splined to
the output shaft forcing it to rotate
together.
 Synchromesh: It consists of a cone
clutch and blocking ring. Before the
teeth can engage, the cone clutch
engages first, which brings the selector
and gear to the same speed using
friction.
SEMIAUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION

 Manual transmission system with

automated clutch operation.
 Only gear selection is mechanically
operated by the driver.
 Clutch is controlled by electronic
sensors & powered electrically.
 TYPES:
1. Dual clutch
2. Electrohydraulic
3. Manumatic
 TORQUE CONVERTER

A torque converter is generally a type

of fluid coupling (but also being able to
multiply torque) that is used to transfer
rotating power from a prime mover, such as
an internal combustion engine or electric
motor, to a rotating driven load.
Unlike clutches it allows the load to be
separated from the power source.
 AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION

 An automatic transmission (also

called automatic gearbox) is a type
of motor vehicle transmission that can
automatically change gear ratios as the
vehicle moves, freeing the driver from
having to shift gears manually.
 Uses torque converter &
planetary gearsets.
 CONTINUOUSLY VARIABLE
TRANSMISSION
 A continuously variable
transmission (CVT) is a transmission that
can change seamlessly through an infinite
number of effective gear ratios between
maximum and minimum values. This
contrasts with other mechanical
transmissions that offer a fixed number of
gear ratios. It enables the engine to run at
its most efficient revolutions per
minute (RPM) for a range of vehicle speeds,
allowing a small car to have an acceptable
fuel efficiency at low cost.
Clutch

Clutch is a mechanical device that provides for the

transmission of power from one component to
another (the driven member) when engaged, but can
be disengaged.
Different Types of Clutches are:

 Multiplate Clutches.
 Wet Clutches.
 Centrifugal Clutches.
 Conical Clutches.
 Torque Limiter.
 Multiplate Clutches
THIS TYPE OF CLUTCH HAS
SEVERAL DRIVING MEMBERS
INTERLEAVED OR "STACKED“
WITH SEVERAL DRIVEN
MEMBERS.
Wet Clutches

A wet clutch is immersed in a cooling lubricating

fluid that also keeps surfaces clean and provides
smoother performance and longer life. Wet clutches,
however, tend to lose some energy to the liquid.
Since the surfaces of a wet clutch can be slippery (as
with a motorcycle clutch bathed in engine oil),
stacking multiple clutch discs can compensate for the
lower coefficient of friction and so eliminate slippage
under power when fully engaged.
 Centrifugal Clutches

This clutch system employs

centrifugal force to automatically
engage the clutch when the engine
rpm rises above a threshold and to
automatically disengage the clutch
when the engine rpm falls low
enough.
 Conical Clutches

As the name implies, a cone

clutch has conical friction surfaces.
The cone's taper means that a given
amount of movement of the
actuator makes the surfaces
approach (or recede) much more
slowly than in a disc clutch. As well, a
given amount of actuating force
creates more pressure on the mating
surfaces
 Torque limiter

Also known as a slip clutch or safety

clutch, this device allows a rotating shaft
to slip when higher than normal
resistance is encountered on a machine.
An example of a safety clutch is the one
mounted on the driving shaft of a large
grass mower.
DIFFERENTIAL

 The differential is a device that splits the engine torque two ways,
allowing each output to spin at a different speed.
 The differential has three jobs:
1. To aim the engine power at the wheels
2. To act as the final gear reduction in the vehicle
3. To transmit the power to the wheels while allowing them to
rotate at different speeds
WORKING OF AN OPEN DIFFERENTIAL
IMPLEMENTATION OF DIFFERENTIALS
FOR DIFFERENT DRIVES
LOSS OF TRACTION & NEED OF LSDs

 The open differential always applies the same amount

of torque to each wheel which limits the traction under less
than ideal condition like on wet or ice surface.
 The solution to these problems is the limited slip
differential (LSD). When a wheel slips, they allow more torque to
be transferred to the non-slipping wheel.
DIFFERENT TRACTION- AIDING DEVICES

1. Clutch type LSDs

2. Viscous coupling
3. Locking differentials
Clutch type LSD Viscous coupling
4. Torsen differentials

Locking differential Torsen differential