CONTENTS Preface to Second Edition ..................................................................................................
vii Preface to First Edition ........................................................... : ........................................... ix
Symbols ................................................................................................................................ xv Brief History of Electronics .............................................................................................. xix Unit - 1 Single Stage Amplifiers ..................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 2 12 Small Signal Analysis of Junction Transistor ......................................................................... 3 1.3 Common Emitter Amplifier ...................................................................................................... 4 1.4 Common Base Amplifier ......................................................................................................... 9 1.5 Common Collector Amplifier ................................................................................................ 12 1.6 JFET Amplifiers .................................................................................................................... 21 1.7 Common Drain (CD) Amplifier .............................................................................................. 27 1.8 Common Gate Amplifier (CG) ................................................................................................ 27 1.9 Gain - Bandwidth Product .................................................................................................... 29 Objective Type Questions .......................................................................................................... 30 Essay Type Questions .............................. , .................................................................................. 31 Answers to Objective Type Questions ........................................................................................ 32 Unit - 2 Multistage Amplifiers ...................................................... 33 2.1 Multistage Amplifiers Methods of Inter Stage Coupling ...................................................... 34 22 n - Stage Cascaded Amplifier ................................................................................................ 43 2.3 Equivalent Circuits ................................................................. '" ........................................... 54 2.4 Miller's Theorem .................................................................................................................. 55 2.5 Frequency Effects ................................................................................................................ '5l xii 2.5 Frequency Effects ................................................................................................................ 57 2.6 Amplifier Analysis ................................................................ , ............................................... 59 2.7 High Input Resistance Transistor Circuits ........................................................................... 65 2.8 The Cascode Transistor Configuration ................................................................................ 72 2.9 CE-CCAmplifiers ............................................................................................................... 77 2.10 Two Stage RC Coupled JFET amplifier (in Common Source (CS) configuration) .................. 78 2.11 Difference Amplifier .............................................................................................................. 78 2.12 Circuit for Differential Amplifier ............................................................................................ ll) Objective Type Questions .............................................................................................................. 84 Essay Type Questions ................................................................................................................... 86 Answers to Objective Type Questions .......................................................................................... K7 Unit - 3 High Frequency Transistor Circuits ............................... 89 3.1 Transistors at High Frequencies .......................................................................................... 90 32 Hybrid - 1t Common Emitter Transconductance Model ....................................................... 90 3.3 Determination of Hybrid-1t Conductances .......................................................................... 92 3.4 Variation of Hybrid Parameters with IIeI, IVeEI and T ............................................................ 99 3.5 The Parameters/T ............................................................................................................... 102 3.6 Expression for I~ ..................................................................................................................................................... 104 3.7 Current Gain with Resistance Load: .................................................................................. 105 3.8 Miller's Theorem ................................................................................................................ 106 3.9 CE Short Circuit Current Gain ............................................................................................ 107 3.10 Hybrid -1t (pi) Parameters .................................................................................................. 116 3.11 Measurement of IT ...................................................................... : ..................................... 121 3.12 Variation ofHybrid-1t Parameter with Voltage, Current and Temperature ........................... 121 3.13 Specifications of Amplifiers ............................................................................................... 126 3.14 Design of High Frequency Amplifiers ................................................................................ 127 Objective Type Questions ............................................................................................................ 141 Essay Type Questions ................................................................................................................. 142 Answers to Objective Type Questions ........................................................................................ 143 Unit - 4 Power Amplifiers ............................................. 145 4.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 146 42 Class A Power Amplifier ..................................................................................................... 148 xiii 4.3 Maximum Value of Efficiency of Class A Amplifier ............................................................. ISO 4.4 Transformer Coupled Amplifier .......................................................................................... 153 4.5 Transformer Coupled Audio Amplifier ................................................................................ 157 4.6 Push Pull Amplifiers ........................................................................................................... 162 4.7 Complimentary Symmetry Circuits (Transformer Less Class B Power Amplifier) ................ 168 4.8 Phase Inverters .................................................................................................................. 170 4.9 Class D: Operation ........................................................................................................... 174 4.10 Class S: Operation ........................................................................................................... 175 4.1 1 Heat Sinks .......................................................................................................................... ISO Objective Type Questions ............................................................................................................ 183 Essay Type Questions ................................................................................................................. 185 Answers to Objective Type Questions ........................................................................................ 186 Unit - 5 Tuned Amplifiers - I ...................................................... 189 5.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 190 52 Single Tuned Capacitive Coupled Amplifier ....................................................................... 191 5.3 Tapped Single Tuned Capacitance Coupled Amplifier ....................................................... 196 5.4 Single Tuned Transformer Coupled or Inductively Coupled Amplifier ............................... 200 5.5 CE Double Tuned Amplifier ................................................................................................ 204 5.6 Applications of Tuned Amplifiers ...................................................................................... 208 Objective Type Questions .............................................. '" ........................................................ '2JJJ Essay Type Questions ............................................................................................................... 210 Answers to Objective Type Questions ...................................................................................... 211 Unit - 6 Tuned Amplifiers - II ..................................................... 21 3 6.1 Stagger Tuning .................................................................................................................. 214 62 Single Tuned Transistor Amplifier ...................................................................................... 214 63 Stability Considerations ..................................................................................................... 214 6.4 Tuned Class B and Class C Amplifiers ............................................................................... 216 6.5 WidebandAmplifiers .......................................................................................................... 221 6.6 Tuned Amplifiers .. , ............................................................................................................. 225 Objective Type Questions ......................................................................................................... 234 Essay Type Questions ............................................................................................................... 235 Answers to Objective Type Questions ...................................................................................... 236 xiv Unit - 7 Voltage Regulators ....................................................... 237 7.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 238 72 Tenninology ....................................................................................................................... 247 7.3 Basic Regulator Circuit ....................................................................................................... 248 7.4 Short Circuit Protection ............................................................................ : ......................... 249 Objective Type Questions ......................................................................................................... 251 Essay Type Questions ............................................................................................................... 252 Answers to Objective Type Questions ...................................................................................... 253 Unit - 8 Switching and Ie Voltage Regulators .......................... 255 8.1 IC 723 Voltage Regulators and 3 Tenninal IC Regulators .................................................... 256 82 Current Limiting .................................................................................................................. '2fj2 8.3 Specifications of Voltage Regulator Circuits ....................................................................... 264 8.4 DC To DC Converter .......................................................................................................... 264 8.5 Switching Regulators ......................................................................................................... 264 8.6 Voltage Multipliers ............................................................................................................. 267 8.7 Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS) .................................................................................... 286 8.8 Switched Mode Power Supplies (SMPS) ............................................................................ 290 Objective Type Questions .......................................................................................................... 295 Essay Type Questions ................................................................................................................ 296 Answers to Objective Type Questions ....................................................................................... 297 Appendices ................................................................................................................................. 299 Index .......................................................................................................................................... 332 References ................................................................................................................................. 335 SYMBOLS gb'e Input Conductance of BJT in C