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MACHINE
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
SATHISH KUMAR S
(PA141200320013)
of
M.Tech (Part-Time)
In
SRM UNIVERSITY
RAMAPURAM
MAY 2017
SRM UNIVERSITY
RAMAPURAM
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
(Reg. No. PA1412003020013)” who carried out the project work under my
supervision.
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Dr.K.C.UDAIYAKUMAR Dr.K.C.UDAIYAKUMAR
VICE PRINCIPAL- ACADEMIC VICE PRINCIPAL- ACADEMIC
SRM UNIVERSITY,RAMAPURAM SRM UNIVERSITY,RAMAPURAM
CHENNAI-600089 CHENNAI-600089
We take the opportunity to extend our hearty thanks to our Vice President,
Dr.R.SHIVAKUMAR for his constant encouragement.
We take the opportunity to extend our hearty and sincere thanks to our Dean,
Dr.V.SUBBIAH BHARATHI for his constant encouragement.
We convey our sincere thanks to our Vice Principal (Academic) and Guide
Dr.K.C.UDAIYAKUMAR, for his interest and support throughout this project.
We take the privilege to extend our hearty and sincere thanks to the Program
co ordinator Dr.HELEN P. KAVITHA, for her suggestions, support and encouragement
towards the completion of the project with perfection.
We express our heartfelt and sincere thanks to coordinators Mr. V. Manoj Kumar M.E.,
Asst. Professor (O.G) and Mr. S. Pugazhendhi M.E., Asst. Professor (O.G) Mechanical
Engineering for his sustained encouragement, consecutive criticisms and constant guidance
throughout this project work.
ABSTRACT
In the present scenario most of the countries do not have sufficient skilled man
power in agricultural sector and that affects the growth of developing countries. In
India there are 70% peoples dependent on agriculture. In traditional method some
of the seeds were not properly penetrate into ground and seedswere spilled out.
Therefore farmers have to use upgraded technology for cultivation activity like
The main objective is to propose the combine the ploughing and drilling process in
land and also semi-automation process in ploughing of agriculture land, drilling the
ground at specific depthand seed sowing. By ploughing process the upper layer of
soil will goes down and fresh soil will comes up, by drilling process the seed will
By this proposal effort of humanis reduced, wastage of seeds avoided and increases
2. ABSTRACT.............................................................4
LIST OF TABLE
LIST OF FIGURES
.
3. INTRODUCTION ................................................................10
3.3.1. Broadcasting:..............................................................15
6.6. WORKING..........................................................................46
8. CONCLUSION ................................................................................50
9. OPPORTUNITY ...............................................................................51
Future Scope
512
Refernce
513
LIST OF FIGURES
1.1. BACKGROUND
The agricultural is the backbone of India to sustained growth. India population
growing continues, so the demand for produce is also growing. To meet the
demand new technology has to implement in agriculture field. This will reduce the
effort of manpower also reducethe time.
1.2. PLOUGHING
It is a soil preparation process which is done by mechanically. It is the process of
breaking the surface of land to a specific depth and to loosen the sand. So the root
to the plant will penetrate and extend in the land.
Objectives of Ploughing
1. To take away the weed from agriculture land.
2. To get deep bed soil
3. To increase the water absorb in land
4. To oxygenate the soil for growth of crop
5. To avoid the soil erosion
6. To quash the pests and insects in land
Types of ploughing
1. Mould Board Plough
2. Disc Type Plough
3. Rotary Plough
4. Chisel or sub surface Plough
1. Bullock Based
2. Tractor Based
This kind of process is used in this project. The plough is rotated by means of
motor.
1.3.1. Broadcasting:
Initially the field is prepared using plough tool to make a series of cuts is called as
furrows.
Fig. 1.6- Broad casting
After the above process the field is seeded by sowing the seeds over that area, this
methodology is called as manual broadcasting. Through this process plant was
grown in series of rows. The method of scattered the seed randomly use of hand on
the agriculture land is known as broadcasting.
1.3.2. Dribbling
The best methodology for sowing the seed was Drill sowing and dribbling process.
Dribbling is the process of making a small hole for seed sowing. The drill depth is
maintained at specific level for each and every crop. The drill tool (augur) is made
up of steel. It like a spiral tool which dig the ground to the required depth and
requires size. After the seed is sowed in the hole, then the hole is covered by means
of soil. By using this process time was saved and avoids the spoil of seeds by birds.
Fig. 1.7- Dribbling
In this project additional to the rotary ploughing the dribbling process is used for
increase the growth of the crop.
For dribbling the augur tool is used, the tool is rotated by means of the electrical
motor.
When plough goes around the field the bamboo tube attached to the plough tool,
sow the seeds from funnel at required spacing and at required depth. This method
dis rarely used in the agriculture field.
It consume more time and also the cost for the process is also high compared to the
above two process dribbling and broadcasting
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
This mechanism has different part they are rotating dibbling-with penetrating
jaws, seed hopper, with cell type wooden roller for transport and handle. Only the
seed roller is made up of best quality wood, remaining parts are all made up of
mild steel.
There are five to eight jaws was designed depends upon the distance between on
seed to another seed. While moving this rotary dibbler in field, the wheel has
penetrating jaws which dig the land; the seed were stored in hopper which falls in
the land while covering wheel moves, therefore seeds automatically dropped.
Then the flattener in back close the dig field
This is only a single row seeding process. The wheel is drives the metering
mechanism. The hopper is used for storing Seed and fertilizer. The seeds and
fertilizes are travel through the rubber hose in the ground.
It consists of plough tool which plough the land, the depth of ploughing is
depends on the penetration of ploughing tool in the ground. It consist of long beam
as handle It has two handle one is pulled by one operator and another one is to
guides the device by another person.
3. PROBLEM DEFINITION
As discussed earlier in the introduction and abstract, to reduce the effort of farmer,
In India there is about 70% of peoples dependent on agriculture. In traditional
method some of the seeds were not properly penetrate into ground and seeds were
spilled out and less skilled labor
4. METHODOLOGY USED
Recogonize the needs
Problem identifcation
Concept generation
Concept selection
Detail design
Proto type
Validation
Report Generation
Fig. 4.1 - Shigley Design Process
4.1. CONCEPT GENERATION
In this project for drilling 0.25 HP AC motor with variable speed is used, for
controlling the depth of drill, lead screw mechanism is used which is controlled by
a motor, hopper is placed on the frame in which the seed is placed. In the hopper a
gear with AC motor is used to control the number of seed flowing in to the ground.
This seed is flow through the flexible pipe which is connected to frame. The
flattener consists of hard rubber to fill the dig sand in to the hole.
The ON/OFF switches-2way switches is placed on the handle. This is used for all
the mechanisms. It consists of wheel on the base used for mobility.
Concept-2
In this project for drilling 0.25 HP AC motor is used, for controlling the depth of
drill, lead screw mechanism is used which is controlled by a DC motor, hopper is
placed on the frame in which the seed is placed. In the hopper a gear with DC
motor is used to control the number of seed flowing in to the ground. This seed is
flow through the flexible pipe which is connected to frame. The flattener consists
of hard rubber tis made up of MS plate fill the diged sand in to the hole.
Additional to the above dribbling mechanism another roller plough mechanism is
attached to the trolley. This will increase the yield of crops. The ON/OFF switches-
2way switches is placed on the handle. This is used for all the mechanisms. It
consists of wheel on the base used for mobility.
4.2. CONCEPT SELECTION
By the above comparison it is know that in concept-2 add to the dribbling process
another ploughing is used. So while plough the field addition to the dribbling
method, the new soil will comes and weed will be removed. So the advantage in
concpt-2 is more. So based on this concept-2 is selected for fabrication and
verification.
4.3. DETAILS DESIGN AND PROTO TYPE
Frame:
The L angle frame is used in this project. It is made up of mild steel. It is the main
structure of the project. All the parts are mounted in the frame. Box type frame is
used as a handle.
The frames are joined by means of ARC welding. Cross members are added to
increases the strength of the structure.
Specifcation:
Shape : Rectangular
Material : IS 513
Thickness: 1 mm
Tensil strength : 250 to 350 MPa
Size : 30 X 20 X 20 cm
Lead Screw: It is made up of free cuting steel. It is used for linear movement for
drilling tool.
Specifcation:
Material : Fe410
Tensil strength : Min. 410 MPa
Thread size : M16x1.5
Length : 30 cm
Specifcation:
Material : Fe410
Tensil strength : Min. 410 MPa
Size : Dia 6 x 10 cm
Application:
Construction
Agriculture
Wood work
Double Pole Double Throw switches (DPDT)
It is one of the electical switch. It is used change the direction of rotation of motor.
It is operated manually. It is used for operating the light, motor etc., It can be
operated by means of pressure,temperature sensors. This switch has 2 input and 4
output.
Specifciation
Pole and Throw: Double Pole Double Throw
Actuator Type: Raised Handle
Voltage: 12V
Current Rating : 5A
Single Pole Double Throw switches (SPDT)
It is one of the electical switch. It is used as a ON/OFF switches. Direction of
current cant be controlled. It is operated manually. It is used for operating the light,
motor etc., This switch has 1 input and 2 output.
Specifciation
Pole and Throw: Single Pole Double Throw
Actuator Type: Raised Handle
Voltage: 12V
Current Rating : 5A
Electrical Motor
Electirc Motor
Stator
It is a statioary part
It is a permanent magnet with two or more poles
Electromagnet create the alternativly magnet field
Rotor
It is inner part which rotate
It consist of armature winding which is connected extermally
Stator and rotor is made up of ferromagnetic materials
Winding
It is made up of series and parallel connection
A winding is made up of series or parallel connection of coils.
It is made up of copper .
For speed reduction worm and worm wheel arrngement is attached.
Specifciation
Type: Shunt
Speed: 300 Rpm
Voltage: 12V
Current Rating : 3A
AC Motor
The single-phase induction motor is used for refrigerators, drills, washing,
compress ors, water pumps and etc.
There are two coils one is primary coil and another one is starting coil. These are
connected in perpendicularly. The stator is made up of laminated iron
Specifciation
Type: single phase induction
Speed:1440 Rpm
Voltage: 220-240 V
Current Rating : 3A
Chain and sprocket:
It is one of the transimission device. In this transimission no slip will occur. It is
used for transimitting power in medium and long distance.
Characteristics
Effeciency is high
Cost competiteve
High stiffness
Low bending
In chain bush and pin are made by cold drawn or turned and grounded. To
withstand the wear resistance case hardnening is done. The pin and bush are press
fitted
Battery
battery is a device which convert the chemical energy into electric engery. it is
maintainence free battery. it has two terminal positive and negative terminals.
Ampere- hour is a unit related to energy store capacity of the battery
Specifciation
Type: Lead acid battery
Voltage: 12 V
Current Rating : 7.6A
4.5. CONSTRUCTION
It consist of MS frame with handle for easy accessability. In bottom of the frame it
has axle in which the rubber wheel is mounted. It has a cross memberance which
hold the seed box. In the handle it has DPST and SPDT. In bottom of the frame
the flatener is attached which is used to close the digged hole.
In the seed box it has small punch in which is seed is carried from box and droop
the seed in the hole. This shaft is attached to the bearing fixed in bottom of seed
box. It has the gear mechanism which is used for speed reduction of DC motor.
SPDT switches is connected with this DC motor.
This DC motor get power from the 12V battery. It has another cross member in
which the drill setup is fixed. In this for drill feed mechanism it has a lead screw
and nut, the both end of the lead screw is connected with bearing.
one end of the lead screw get power from the DC motor. for up and downward
direction is controlled by means of DPDT switch. The drill machine is connected
with lead screw mechanism by C-clamp with help of fasteners. The augur tool is
connectedto the drilling machine. The DC motor get power socure from the 12 V
battery.
Thus frame is fabricated by means of ARC welding and motor are connected in to
the frame by fateners.All the wire are routed by means of sleeve wich is tied to the
main frame.
4.6. WORKING
In this project it has 2 DC motor and 2 AC motor. One AC motor is used for rotary
plough which is connected to the rotary plough by help of chain and sprocket. The
input of the motor is directly connected to main, when switch is ON the motor
rotates the plough which ploughs the land.
One more AC motor is connected with augur tool which is used for dribbling the
land. The input of the motor is directly connected to main, when switch is ON the
motor rotate the augur tool which drills the land.
One DC Motor is used for control the depth of the drill in the land with help of
lead screw mechanism. It has DPDT switch which reverse the current of the DC
motor so the motor rotate forward and reverse, While forward motion the drill feed
into the land, While reverse direction the drill outward from the land. This get
power source from the 12V battery.
One DC motor is used for seed sowing. It has the SPDT switch while ON the
switch the motor rotate the shaft it has small depression which carry the seed and
drop in the digged hole.
It has the flattener which is attached at the frame, when the trolley moves the
flattener will close the digged hole by loose soil. The trolley will be operated by
manually
4.7. DESIGN PARAMETER
Where,
N- Speed
T- Torque
Torque, T- P*60/(2ΠN) W
= 0.25*746*60/(2*3.14*100)
=17.82 Nm
Torque, T- F*D
Where,
F- Force Exerted
D- Diameter of shaft
Where,
N- Speed
T- Torque
Torque, T- P*60/(2ΠN) W
= 0.25*746*60/(2*3.14*300)
=5.94 Nm
Torque, T- F*D
Where,
F- Force Exerted
D- Diameter of shaft
Thus the results are satisfied when compared to manual ploughing process and
seed sowing process.
6. CONCLUSION
Thus the design and fabrication of seed sowing machine, which reduce the man
power, which is used for ploughing, dribbling, seed sowing. It also reduces the
effort of farmer. This process the seed sowed in proper depth. It is cost
competitive. Seed spillage is avoided.
In this project both ploughing and dribbling process is done so the upper layer of
soil will goes down and fresh soil will comes up. So the crop will yield more
productivity.
7. OPPORTUNITY
7. Due to small size machine is portable. And can also be used in small area.
8. Cost efficient.
1. This project can be used as a grass cutter, by replacing the augur tool by grass
cutter. By this it is used as double purpose.
3. Usage of multi-hopper, seed sowing can be done side by side for large farm
4. Using remote control process this device can be made automatic without human
intervention.
Journal
International Journal of mechanical engineering and Technology (IJMET)
International Journal of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and Technology
International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research
(IJSETR)
Book
Design of machine Element RS Kurmi
PSG Design Data Book
Robert L. Norton, Machine Design, (4th Edition), Prentice-Hall, 2010
Bhandari, V. B. (2007), Design of machine elements (2nd ed.), Tata McGraw-Hill
Motors