Effective

Sandstone
Acidizing
Sandstone 2000TM

F-3374R 05/97
 Effective Sandstone Acidizing
Introduction
Sandstone acidizing technology has improved significantly over the last 5 years
as a result of field analysis, fundamental research, and applied research. Older
theories predicted that after sandstone acidization, approximately 10% HCl,
approximately 3,500 mg/L of silicon, a small amount of aluminum, and a
possible trace of sodium should exist in the initial undiluted returns. Those
theories proved to be inaccurate in 1984 when samples from a Gulf coast well
were obtained after sandstone acidization. Our analysis revealed almost no acid,
no silicon, and large amounts of aluminum and sodium. Further study and
research revealed a complex reaction process based on acid concentration,
temperature, and the target formation mineralogy. Based on this research, the
Sandstone 2000™ Acid System was developed. Approximately 90% of the wells
treated with the Sandstone 2000 Acid System have been returned to production
with a two- to four-fold increase in production rate. This Best Practices provides
more information about sandstone acidizing technology and how it can help
improve your sandstone acidizing success rate.

Formation Analysis
To perform a successful acidization treatment, operators must know the composi-
tion of the formation at the treatment point. The dominant mineral component and
temperature of the target formation will determine the most effective formation
conditioning system (preflush), HF/HCl treatment blend, and volumes. The
presence of potassium feldspars, sodium feldspars, illite, carbonates, and zeolites is
a primary concern since these compounds can form or contribute to forming
significant matrix-blocking precipitates, such as sodium or potassium fluosilicates
and aluminum fluorides, during HF/HCl treatments. Water-sensitive clays also
require special consideration because they may swell, obstructing the formation
matrix. Precipitates and swelling can be controlled or eliminated with effective
treatment planning. HCl-sensitive formations must be identified before treatment
so that severe precipitation of sandstone reaction products will not occur. If
possible, an X-ray diffraction analysis of a formation core from the target area
should be obtained. For wells without core samples, Halliburton’s Spectral Gamma
Ray Log procedure can provide an accurate target area mineral analysis for use in
treatment planning.

Formation Conditioning
Treatment of a well before sandstone acidization can greatly increase the success
rate of the stimulation treatment. Formation conditioning design depends on the
presence of key minerals. Proper formation conditioning before treatment with
HF acids is critical to the success of the stimulation treatment. The flowcharts on
Pages 8 and 9 can help you design an effective conditioner for your formation.
Table 1 (Page 2) describes the problems that certain minerals commonly found in
sandstone formations can cause. Table 2 (Page 3) describes various formation
conditioning systems and when they should be used.

Effective Sandstone Acidizing 1

 Table 1—Formation Minerology
Mineral Problem
Feldspars Feldspars contain sodium and potassium. The major concern
is fluosilicate precipitation. K-Spars cause the most
precipitation problems.
Carbonate Carbonate consumes HCl and can cause precipitation of
fluosilicates and aluminum from spent acid.
Illite Illite causes fines migration problems and is ion-exchanging.
It contains potassium, which can cause fluosilicate
precipitation from spent acid.
Kaolinite Kaolinite causes fines migration problems. It disperses in
fresh water and causes plugging.
Smectite Smectite is an ion-exchanging mineral that swells in fresh
water.
Mixed-Layer Clay Mixed layer clay is ion-exchanging and swells in fresh water.
It often contains potassium, which can cause fluosilicate
precipitation from spent acid.
Chlorite
Chlorite is ion-exchanging and unstable in HCl.
Mica Mica is ion-exchanging and unstable in HCl. It contains
potassium, which can cause fluosilicate precipitation from
spent acid.
Zeolite Zeolite is ion-exchanging and unstable in HCl. It often
contains sodium, which can cause fluosilicate precipitation
from spent acid.

Clays
Ion exchange on clays was previously thought to be of minor consequence.
However, recent work has shown that the impact of ion exchange can be
dramatic for brines undergoing deep matrix invasion in sandstone with clays
having a significant ion-exchange capacity. When ion exchange occurs, the
cations naturally present on the surfaces of the clays are replaced or exchanged
with ions from the invading brine. This transformed brine must also maintain
compatibility with the formation.

NH4Cl
Recent research involving 3-ft columns packed with sand and clay has demon-
strated the importance of brine compatibility both before and after ion ex-
change. For example, when 3% CLAYFIX (NH4Cl) flows across an ion-ex-
changing clay, the solution becomes 3.3% sodium chloride brine. This initial
concentration may be sufficient before ion exchange. However, the concentra-
tion of salt after exchange is not high enough to prevent swelling of water-
sensitive clays (smectite or mixed-layer clay). The result is the loss of matrix
permeability. The most effective brine for sandstone acidizing is NH4Cl.
CLAYFIX 5 Conditioner provides sufficient ion exchange and maintains enough
salt concentration to prevent clay swelling before and after ion exchange.

2 BEST PRACTICES
 Table 2—Formation Conditioning Systems
Fluid System When to Use
Mud Cleanout
Mud-Flush Removes whole water-based mud losses
N-Ver-Sperse Removes whole oil-based mud losses
Wellbore Conditioning
Paragon or other organic solvents Removes asphaltene/paraffin deposits, heavy oils, pipe dope
HCl for pickling Removes iron scales and prevent them from entering the formation
Oil Well Conditioning
Gidley's CO2 Conditioner Helps prevent emulsion problems and terminal upsets;
improves acid penetration into oil zones
Matrix Conditioning
CLAYFIX 5 Conditioner Helps condition high ion-exchanging clays
5 to 15% HCl Helps condition carbonate removal, ion exchanging, remove
polymer damage
CLAY-SAFE 5 Conditioner Helps condition carbonate removal, ion exchange for
HCl-sensitive minerology
CLAY-SAFE H Conditioner Helps condition HCl-sensitive minerology, but requires removal of
polymer damage (K-Max, HEC, etc…) or high carbonate levels

HCl-Sensitivity and Clay Instability Ratings

Many formations are “HCl-sensitive;” formation minerals decompose when
contacted by HCl. During this process, metal ions such as Fe, Al, Ca, and Mg,
are dissolved from the mineral, leaving an insoluble silica gel mass that can be
extremely damaging. HCl-sensitive minerals include zeolites and chlorite.
However, research has shown than all clays have a temperature above which they
are unstable. An instability rating for clays at various temperatures has been
determined to address this problem. For example, if a formation contains 5 to
10% illite with a BHST of 225ºF, it is considered HCl-sensitive. Figure 1 below
shows clay instability rating curves for various common clays.

100

75
Instability Rating

ime

Kao te
te
Illit ite

lini
i
ect
alc

50
lor
e
Sm
An

Ch

25
Feldspar

50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Temperature (oF)

Figure 1—Clay instability rating of various clays at different temperatures

Effective Sandstone Acidizing 3

 When formation minerals have an instability rating of 0 to 25, use HCl preflushes
and HCl-HF fluids. At high instability ratings of 75 to 100, use only organic,
acid-based systems. This consists of the organic acid-based CLAY-SAFE
conditioners followed by an organic-HF system, Volcanic Acid System. If the
stability rating is from 25 to 75, use CLAY-SAFE conditioners. The HF stage
can either be an HCl-based fluid or the Volcanic Acid System. A very successful
recommendation has been the use of CLAY-SAFE conditioners followed by the
appropriate HCl-HF fluid system. HCl alone can be very damaging in these
types of formations, but HCl in the presence of HF is not. The HF prevents
massive silica deposition, which minimizes the effect of the clays’ HCl-sensitiv-
ity. As the instability rating exceeds 50, use the Volcanic Acid Systems. Many
cases exist in which HCl-based fluids worked well, and others where completely
organic acid systems provided excellent results. Historical performance of
treatments in the area and personal experience can help you choose the appropri-
ate fluid.

Acetic Acid
Despite the sensitivity of clays to HCl, they are stable in acetic acid and fairly
stable in formic acid. Unfortunately, both of these acids are similar to fresh
water in the presence of water-sensitive clays. Substituting acetic acid (MSA) for
CLAYFIX is not a good alternative, since MSA does not exchange ions with the
clays or prevent clay swelling. MSA is not an equivalent substitute for HCl
because it does not dissolve iron scales and is slow to dissolve carbonates.
However, use of CLAY-SAFE conditioners should provide sufficient ion ex-
change to help 1) prevent precipitates in the HF/HCl process, 2) control clay
swelling, and 3) stabilize the clay to sandstone acidization.

Cation-Exchanging Minerals (CEMs)

If the CEMs (stilbite, bentonite, zeolites, smectite, illite, mixed layer clays, and
chlorite) exceed 15%, use CLAYFIX 5 ahead of the preflush containing CLAY-
SAFE conditioners. This combination of preflushes will provide enough ion
exchange to help prevent clay swelling.

Carbonates
Sandstone formations containing greater than 5% carbonates are prone to matrix
precipitation of complex aluminum fluorides as spent HF flows across the
carbonates. The solution to this problem requires 1) deep removal of the carbon-
ate with large preflushes of HCl or 2) the use of an additive that prevents pre-
cipitation. For example, 50 gal/ft of 15% HCl preflush in a sandstone containing
only 5% calcite will remove the calcite in a radius of about 2 ft from the wellbore.
If spent HF follows, aluminum fluoride precipitation will begin 2 ft from the
wellbore. Since 150 gal/ft of spent HF would penetrate about 5 ft from the
wellbore in a 20% porosity rock, several feet of matrix would be subject to
precipitation and plugging. To remove the carbonate to a distance of 5 ft, 300
gal/ft of 15% HCl preflush would be required.

4 BEST PRACTICES
 Laboratory tests and field studies have revealed that the addition of ALCHEK in
the sandstone acidizing treatment can help prevent precipitation of aluminum
fluorides as spent HF flows across carbonate. Preventing precipitation ensures
that the formation retains the full permeability improvement potential of the
sandstone acidizing system.

Matrix Conditioning Volume

To provide adequate ion exchange, remove carbonates, and optimize sandstone
acidizing, the volume of matrix conditioner should be equal to or greater than
the volume of the sandstone acid used in the treatment.

Many fields contain more than 20 to 40% of total ion-exchanging clays. For
these fields, the preflush fluid volume needs to be sufficient to complete the ion
exchange before the spent HF flows across the clays. Fields that contain less
than 30% of ion-exchanging clays should be conditioned with about 100 gal/ft
of HCl, 100 gal/ft of CLAYFIX 5, or a 50/50 combination of both. Fields that
contain more than 30% of ion-exchanging clays should be treated with about
150 gal/ft of matrix conditioners.

Gidley’s CO2 Conditioner

Carbon dioxide preflushes have successfully prevented terminal upsets after
sandstone acidizing treatments and have improved the HF treatment response.
One operating company’s study revealed that oil-wet particulates (colloidal silica
and fines) stabilized the terminal emulsions. These particles were precipitated
from HF acid reacting with the formation in the presence of hydrocarbons, such
as crude oil and xylene. The solution is in Gidley’s CO2 Conditioner, a Halliburton-
exclusive process that removes the hydrocarbons from the near-wellbore area.
The carbon dioxide treatment uses 100 to 200 gal/ft of CO 2 under miscible
conditions to displace the oil away from the matrix in the near-wellbore area.
Displacing the hydrocarbons allows better HF invasion of the matrix and pre-
vents emulsions from forming. The CO2 can also be used throughout the acid
stages to provide enhanced energy for cleanup.

Some oils form asphaltene precipitation easily and other oils have minimal
miscibility with CO2 under reservoir conditions. Both of these conditions can be
at least partially eliminated with a xylene preflush ahead of the Gidley’s CO2
Conditioner.

Additional Information
Brines that remain compatible both before and after ion exchange include 5%
NH4Cl, 7% KCl, 5% CaCl2, and 6% NaCl. These brines are sufficient to com-
plete the ion exchange in deep-matrix invasion and prevent clay-swelling. They
should be considered for a variety of operations including gravel-packing,
sandstone acidizing treatments, killing wells, perforating, and any other opera-
tions where deep-matrix invasion is expected. In fact, practices such as killing a
well with seawater alone might be a source of deep-matrix damage.

Effective Sandstone Acidizing 5

 Treatment
The correct ratio of HCl to HF in an acid blend is selected based on the minerals
present in the target area of the well. The flowchart on Page 9 is designed to help
you determine the best acid blend for your needs. Table 3 describes the available
sandstone acid systems.

Table 3—Sandstone Acidizing Systems

Fluid Name Advantages
Sandstone Completion™ Acid This acid formulation is the fluid of choice when the mineralogy is
unknown. It offers maximum dissolving power with minimum secondary
precipitation and prevents aluminum precipitation.

Fines Control™ Acid This formulation is a retarded system that removes deep damage
caused by fines and swelling clays. It also helps prevent fines migration.

K-Spar™ Acid This acid is compatible with formations high in feldspars and illite. It also
helps prevent fines migration.
Volcanic™ Acid This organic acid system is compatible with HCl-sensitive minerals. It
can also be used used in high temperature applications.

Silica Scale™ Acid This acid uses a high HF concentration to remove silica scale from
geothermal wells.

HF Reactions
The three stages of matrix reactions that can affect your choice of acid systems
are described in the following paragraphs.

Primary Stage
The primary HF reaction removes matrix damage and improves permeability.
Live HF reacts with sand, feldspars, and clays. The reaction results primarily in
silicon fluorides with some aluminum fluorides. The HF acid provides the
greatest dissolving power during this phase while only a small amount of HCl is
consumed. The primary stage is the stage that removes skin damage.

Secondary Stage
During the secondary reaction, the silicon fluorides react with the clay and
feldspar. The reaction releases a large amount of aluminum into the solution,
consumes a large amount of HCl, and forms silicon precipitates. Only the
aluminum fluorides are present at the end of the secondary reaction; the silicon
fluorides have vanished. The critical part of the reaction is to control how the
silicon precipitates.

Researchers have discovered that precipitation of silicon as silica gel is not a

significant problem in flow tests conducted below 250°F. Silica gel precipitation
is not a problem if the fluid is in flow. If live HF is shut-in across the perfora-
tions, severe and permanent damage to the matrix permeability can result from
the silica gel precipitates. If the temperature is above 100°F, this precipitation
cannot be prevented.

6 BEST PRACTICES
 The precipitation of silicon as silicon fluorides can be very damaging. This
precipitation of silicon can be prevented with improved fluid design. In one case
in Indonesia, Silica Scale™ Acid was used on a potassium-dominant feldspar
formation at 200°F. Based on previous research, silicon fluoride precipitates
would likely form. An ammonium chloride overflush was used, and the treat-
ment pressure was increased. When an HCl overflush was used in other treat-
ments, the treatment pressure decreased. The ammonium chloride overflush
increased the treatment pressure response because the HF was no longer active,
and the fluosilicate precipitates were plugging the matrix. Pressure did not
increase with the HCl overflush because the HCl redissolved the precipitate. The
dissolved precipitate continued to react until the silicon fluorides were no longer
present, thereby preventing the pressure increase.

Based on these observations, a pressure increase from an ammonium chloride

overflush indicates a potential incompatibility between the acid and the forma-
tion mineralogy. The success rate of sandstone acidizing depends on how
effectively the acid blend prevents silicon fluoride precipitation.

Tertiary Stage
During the tertiary reaction, the aluminum fluorides react with either clay or
carbonates until all remaining acid is consumed. The resulting solution contains
spent acid and complex aluminum fluorides. If a brine source is available to
raise the pH and mix with the aluminum, the aluminum will precipitate with
small amounts of silica gel to form “alumino silicate scale.” Although the
addition of 3 to 5% acetic acid and ALCHEK in the treatment process can
greatly reduce or eliminate alumino silicate scale in the wellbore, only ALCHEK
can effectively prevent alumino silicate scale deep in the matrix.

HCl/HF Ratios
The ratio of Hcl to HF depends on the dominant minerals and temperature in the
formation. Tests were conducted on sodium feldspars, potassium feldspars, and
illite-dominant formations to determine the best acid blend to prevent sodium
and potassium fluosilicate precipitation at varying temperatures. The results are
listed in Tables 4 through 6 (Page 10).

The optimal ratio of HCl to HF is 9:1; the minimum ratio is 6:1. Research and
field results have shown Fines Control Acid™ (retarded HF) provides excellent
compatibility with formation minerals.

Acid Volumes
What are the guidelines for choosing lower HF volumes? Although 1.5% HF has
half the dissolving power of 3% HF, doubling the volume of 1.5% HF will not
produce the same results, because lower HF concentrations react much more
slowly with sand. This slower reaction allows the HF to use more of its dissolv-
ing power on such targeted damage sources as clays and feldspars while using
less dissolving power on sand. Table 7 shows the different HF concentrations
and volumes that will give the same performance.

Effective Sandstone Acidizing 7

 Start

Are
HCI-sensitive
Yes clays or zeolites No
present?

Condition with Condition with

CLAY-SAFE 5 HCI

Are
CECs No
>15%?

Yes

Are
CECs
Yes freshwater- No
sensitive?

Condition with
CLAYFIX 5
ahead of
CLAY-SAFE 5
Is
carbonate
>5%?

Yes No

Conditioning acid Conditioning acid

volume = volume = 75%
HF treatment volume of HF treatment
(Include ALCHEK¨ in the volume
selected acid treatment)

*Recent experimental results indicate that ALCHECK can successfully prevent or reduce the formation
of aluminum precipitates during HF treatments in which carbonates are present.

8 BEST PRACTICES
 Start

Feldspar
Clays
Zeolites

Present? No HCI-
sensitive? Yes

Present?

Go to Treat with
Yes Clays No VolcanicTM
Acid

Treat K present? Yes No

according to (illite)
temperature
below
Yes No Treat with
VolcanicTM
Acid

Sodium Treat with Sandstone

CompletionTM Acid Treat with
Feldspar
Sandstone
°F HF Blend CompletionTM
>175 Sandstone Acid
CompletionTM
<175 K-SparTM Illite/Mixed Layer Clay
°F HF Blend
>200 Sandstone CompletionTM
<200 K-SparTM
Record blend;
Potassium Fines ControlTM Acid can be used go to
Feldspar at any temperature Final Blend
°F HF Blend
>250 Sandstone
CompletionTM
<250 K-SparTM Record blend;
go to Zeolites
Fines Control Acid
TM

can be used at any

temperature

Final Blend
Choose most
Record blend; compatible or weakest
go to Clays HF blend from all
applicable categories

Effective Sandstone Acidizing 9

 Organic-HF Acid
Acetic HF and formic HF fluids often are used to remove skin damage and
increase production in wells that cannot tolerate HCl-based fluids. However,
these fluids can produce severe secondary precipitation of HF reaction products
and are not recommended. New organic HF acid systems can replace the use of
acetic HF and formic HF fluids in HCl-sensitive formations. An organic acid,
such as ALCHEK, is blended with the HF acid to prevent the secondary precipi-
tation with HCl-sensitive minerals, such as chlorite, zeolites, and clays.

Volcanic Acid, Halliburton’s new organic-HF acidizing blend, is also suited for
use in high-temperature formations and helps prevent HCl-induced sludging. It
incorporates NH4Cl to prevent swelling of water-sensitive clays and a penetrat-
ing agent to help acid contact the damage. Volcanic Acid II is based on ALCHEK
as the organic acid.

Table 4—Application to Sodium Feldspar

Temp °F HF Blend
> 175 Sandstone Completion Acid
< 175 K-Spar Acid

Table 5—Application to Potassium Feldspar

Temp °F HF Blend
> 250 Sandstone Completion Acid
> 200 K-Spar Acid

Table 6—Application to Illite

Temp °F HF Blend
> 200 Sandstone Completion Acid
> 125 K-Spar Acid

Table 7—HF Acid Volume Guidelines

HF Concentration Volume gal/ft
3% 100
1.50% 150
1% 200
Retarded HF 200

10 BEST PRACTICES
 Avoiding Problems
ALCHEK
If carbonates are present in the formation, the addition of ALCHEK in the
HCl/HF treatment blend successfully prevents or reduces the formation of
aluminum precipitates. Alumino-silicate is an amorphous scale containing both
aluminum and silicon. The scale forms when spent HF has lost all acid, the
silicon fluorides have completely reacted to place a large amount of aluminum
into solution, and a brine source is available to raise the pH. ALCHEK is more
effective than acetic acid at preventing aluminum scaling and aluminum precipi-
tation in the formation. ALCHEK is used in Sandstone Completion Acid,
Volcanic Acid II, and in other acid systems when the formation consists of 5% or
more carbonates.

Clean Water
The use of clean water, rather than saltwater or potassium chloride water, will
ensure that the ammonium chloride is at its full potential to perform ion ex-
change with the formation instead of the sodium or potassium in the contami-
nated water. If contaminated water is used, the concentration of ammonium
chloride may be insufficient to prevent matrix plugging from fluosilicate precipi-
tation or clay swelling.

Brine Compatibility
Recent studies at Halliburton Energy Services have revealed that heavy comple-
tion brines are incompatible with most formation waters. In most cases, the
combination of heavy brines and formation water results in salt precipitation.
Formation zones with heavy brine losses from the wellbore should be preflushed
with large volumes of CLAYFIX 5 Conditioner. The CLAYFIX 5 Conditioner
will dissolve the salt and increase the effectiveness of the acid treatment. Failure
to use CLAYFIX 5 Conditioner will allow salt to precipitate in the matrix when
the HCl preflush contacts the heavy brine.

Water-Based Mud Loss

Wells having significant mud loss across the producing interval require special
attention. If the mud lost is a normal water-based bentonite mud, use Mud-Flush
to thin the mud and flow it back. Each stage should be about half the volume of
the mud lost and should be pumped and returned to the surface. For example, if
the zone took 100 bbl of mud, a two-stage treatment of Mud-Flush should be
used. Continue to pump subsequent stages until the returns are fairly clean.

Oil-Based Mud Loss

Every producing interval drilled with an oil-based mud should be treated with
N-Ver-Sperse to remove oil-wet mud solids and remove the leaked-off oil carrier.
The oil-wet mud solids will not be easily attacked by HF because of the oil
surrounding them. The oil leak off can cause severe emulsion problems. If whole
mud has been lost, contact with acid will cause a semipermanent substance

Effective Sandstone Acidizing 11

 similar to peanut butter to form. One recent case involved a well with two
unsuccessful HF treatments. An N-Ver-Sperse mud removal treatment brought
the well in at close to the tubing-limited production rate.

Scales in Wells
For a successful HF stimulation, mechanically or chemically clean the wellbore
before treatment. Cleaning the wellbore ensures that the treatment acid will react
with the formation instead of the wellbore contents. Cleaning also prevents scale
in the wellbore from being pushed down into the formation.

Tubular Metallurgy Inhibitors

Use the Halliburton Chemical Stimulation manual to choose the correct metal-
lurgy inhibitor for your location. The inhibitor and stimulation chemicals should
be compatible to achieve maximum acid effectiveness.

Other Sandstone Acidizing References

1. Gdanski, R.D.: “AlCl3 Retards HF Acid for More Efficient Stimulations,”
Oil & Gas J. (Oct. 1985) 111-115.

2. Gdanski, R.D. and Peavy, M.A.: “Well Returns Analysis Causes Re-
Evaluation of HCl Theories,” paper SPE 14825 presented at the 1986 SPE
Symposium on Formation Damage Control, Lafayette, Feb. 26-27.

3. Almond, S.W., Brady, J.L., and Underdown, D.R.: “Return Fluid Analysis
from the Sadlerochit Formation, Prudhoe Bay, Alaska: Field Study - Part
I,” paper SPE 18223 presented at the 1988 SPE Annual Technical
Conference and Exhibition, Houston, Oct. 2-5.

4. Shuchart, C.E. and Ali, S.A.: “Identification of Aluminum Scale with the
Aid of Synthetically Produced Basic Aluminum Fluoride Complexes,”
SPEP& F (Nov. 1993) 291-296.

5. Gdanski, R.D.: “Fluosilicate Solubilities Impact HF Acid Compositions,”

paper SPE 27404 presented at the 1994 SPE Symposium on Formation
Damage Control, Lafayette, Feb. 7-10.

6. Shuchart, C.E. and Buster, D.C.: “Determination of the Chemistry of HF

Acidizing with the Use of 19F NMR Spectroscopy,” paper SPE 28975
presented at the 1995 SPE International Symposium on Oilfield Chemistry,
San Antonio, Feb. 14-17.

7. Shuchart, C.E.: “HF Acidizing Returns Analyses Provide Understanding

HF Reactions,” paper SPE 30099 presented at the 1995 SPE European
Formation Damage Control Symposium, The Hague, The Netherlands,
May 15-16.

8. Gdanski, R.D.: “Fractional Pore Volume Acidizing Flow Experiments,”

paper SPE 30100 presented at the 1995 SPE European Formation Damage
Control Symposium, The Hague, The Netherlands, May 15-16.

12 BEST PRACTICES
 9. Gdanski, R.D. and Shuchart, C.E.: “Newly Discovered Equilibrium Control
HF Stoichiometry,” paper SPE 30456 presented at the 1995 SPE Annual
Technical Conference and Exhibition, Dallas, Oct. 22-25.

10. Gdanski, R.D.: “Kinetics of the Tertiary Reaction of HF on Alumino-

Silicates,” paper SPE 31076 presented at the 1996 SPE Formation Damage
Symposium, Lafayette, Feb. 14-15.

11. Guichard, J.A. III, Allison, D., Gdanski, R.D., and Ghalambor, A.:
“Modified Retarded Stimulation Treatments Improve Production From
Wilcox Reservoirs,” paper SPE 31139 presented at the 1996 SPE
Formation Damage Symposium, Lafayette, Feb. 14-15.

12. Shuchart, C.E., Gdanski, R.D.: “Improved Success in Acid Stimulations

with a New Organic-HF System.” SPE 36907, European Petroleum
Conference, Milan, Italy, October 22-24, 1996.

13. Gdanski, R.D.: “Kinetics of the Secondary Reaction of HF on Alumino-

Silicates,” SPE 37214, 1997 SPE International Symposium on Oilfield
Chemistry, Houston, February 18-21, 1997.

14. Shuchart, C.E.: “Chemical Study of Organic-HF Blends Leads to Improved

Fluids,” SPE 37281, 1997 SPE International Symposium on Oilfield
Chemistry, Houston, February 18-21, 1997.

15. Gdanski, R.D.: “Kinetics of the Primary Reaction of HF on Alumino-

Silicates,” SPE 37459, 1997 SPE Production Operations Symposium,
Oklahoma City, March 9-11, 1997.

Notice: This publication is based on sound engineering practices, but

because of variable well conditions and other information that must be
relied upon, Halliburton makes no warranty, express or implied, as to
the accuracy of the data or of any calculations or opinions expressed
herein. Halliburton shall not be liable for any loss or damage, whether
due to negligence or otherwise, arising out of or in connection with such
data, calculations, or opinions.

Effective Sandstone Acidizing 13

 Notes

14 BEST PRACTICES
 Notes

Effective Sandstone Acidizing 15

 Notes

16 BEST PRACTICES