The Bluebook A | Uniform System of Citation Fifteenth EditionQuick Reference: Law Review Footnotes This table gives examples of commonly used citation forms printed in the typefaces used in law review footnotes (as explained in rule 2.2). The last page. and inside back cover present these same examples-in the typefaces used in court documents and legal memoranda (as explained in practitioners’ note P.1). cases (rule 10) reporter (rule 10.3) Jackson v. Metropolitan Edison Co., 348 F. Supp. 954, 956- 58 (M.D. Pa. 1972), aff'd, 483 F.2d 754 (3d Cir. 1973), aff d, 419 U.S. 345 (1974). Herrick v. Lindley, 391 N.E.2d 729, 731 (Ohio 1979). service (rule 18) In re Looney, [1987-1989 Transfer Binder] Bankr. L. Rep. (CCH) 172,447, at 93,590 (Bankr. W.D. Va. Sept. 9, 1988). pending and unreported Jackson v. Virginia, No. 77-1205, slip op. at 3 (4th Cir. cases (rule 10.8.1) Aug. 3, 1978) (per curiam), aff'd, 443 U.S. 307 (1979). Albrecht v. Stanczek, No. 87-C9535, 1991 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 5088, at *1 n.1 (N.D. Ill. Apr. 18, 1991). Mack v. Charlesworth, No. 90-345 (D. Mass. filed Sept. 18, 1990). Mack v. Charlesworth, 925 F.2d 314 (Ist Cir. 1991), petition ‘for cert. filed, 60 U.S.L.W. 3422 (U.S. Jan. 14, 1992) (No. 92-212). constitutions (rule 11) N.M. Consr. art. IV, § 7. statutes (rule 12) code (rule 12.3) Administrative Procedure Act § 6, 5 U.S.C. § 555 (1988). 22, U.S.C. § 2567 (Supp. I 1983). session laws (rule 12.4) Department of Transportation Act, Pub. L. No. 89-670, § 9, 80 Stat. 931, 944-47 (1966). legislative materials (rule 13) unenacted bill HLR. 3055, 94th Cong., 2d Sess. § 2 (1976). (rule 13.2) hearing (rule 13.3) Toxic Substances Control Act: Hearings on S. 776 Before . the Subcomm. on the Environment of the Senate Comm. on Commerce, 94th Cong., ist Sess. 343 (1975). report (rule 13.4) S. Rep. No. 910, 89th Cong., Ist Sess. 4 (1965). books (rule 15) DeBorAH L. RHODE, JUSTICE AND GENDER 56 (1989). . Cuartes DICKENS, BLEAK House 49-55 (Norman Page ed., Penguin Books 1971) (1853). 21 CuaRLEs A. WRIGHT & KENNETH A. GRAHAM, JR., FEDERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE § 5023 (1977). pamphlets Women’s Bureau, U.S. Dep't oF Lapor, LEAFLET No. (tule 15) 55, A Workinc Woman’s Guipe To Her Jos RIGHTS (1978). shorter works in Urvashi Vaid, Prisons, in AIDS AND THE Law 235, 237-39 collection (rule 15.5) (Harlon L. Dalton et al. eds., 1987). Outver W. Houmes, Law in Science and Science in Law, in CoLLectED LEGAL PaPers 210, 210 (1920). John Adams, Argument and Report, in 2 LEGAL PAPERS OF JouN ApaMs 285, 322-35 (L. Kinvin Wroth & Hiller B. Zobel eds., 1965).consecutively paginated journals (rule 16.2) article student-written work (rule 16.5.1) book review (rule 16.5.2) nonconsecutively paginated journals (rule 16.3) newspapers (rule 16.4) unpublished manuscripts (rule 17.1.1) letters (rule 17.1.3) interview (rule 17.1.4) forthcoming publications (rule 17.2) foreign cases (rule 19.4) common law civil law foreign constitutions (rule 19.5) foreign statutes (rule 19.6) common law civil law treaties (rule 20.4) United Nations official records (rule 20.7.1) Patricia J. Williams, Alchemical Notes: Reconstructed Ideals from Deconstructed Rights, 22 Harv. C.R-C.L. L. Rev. 401, 407 (1987). Thomas R. McCoy & Barry Friedman, Conditional Spending: Federalism’s Trojan Horse, 1989 Sur. Cr. Rev. 85, 100. Dawn M. Johnsen, Note, The Creation of Fetal Rights: Conflicts with Women’s Constitutional Rights of Liberty, Privacy, and Equal Protection, 95 YALE L.J. 599, 619 n.81 (1986). Note, The Death of a Lawyer, 56 CoLuM. L. REV. 606 (1956). Bruce Ackerman, Robert Bork's Grand Inquisition, 99 YALE L.J. 1419, 1422-25 (1990) (book review). Lynn Hirschberg, The Misfit, Vanity Fair, Apr. 1991, at 158. Andrew Rosenthal, White House Tutors Kremlin in How a Presidency Works, N.Y. Times, June 15, 1990, at Al, A7. Cop Shoots Tire, Halts Stolen Car, S.F. CHRON., Oct, 10, 1975, at 43. Adrienne D. Davis, African American Literature and the Law: Revising and Revisiting Freedom 12-15 (Dec. 1989) (on file with The Yale Law Journal). Letter from Jonathan Ross, Senior Editor, The Yale Law Journal, to Larry Frankel, Executive Editor, University of Pennsylvania Law Review 2 (Apr. 7, 1991). Telephone Interview with Rebecca J. Simmons, Managing Editor of the Columbia Law Review (Mar. 1, 1991). Darieck Scott, Between Men and Women!Between Men and Men: Male Rape and Straight Man's Law, 1 StaN. J.L. GenpeR & SEX. ORIENT. (forthcoming 1991) (manuscript at 2, on file with author). The King v. Lockwood, 99 Eng. Rep. 379 (K.B. 1782). Judgment of June 6, 1937, Cass. civ. Ire, 1937 Recueil Périodique et Critique (D.P.] I 167 (Fr.). GrunpcESETz [Constitution] [GG] art. 51 (F.R.G.). Pacific Fur Seals Convention Act, R.S.C. ch. F-33 (1970). Aussensteuerreformgesetz [AStG], 1972 BGBI I 1713 (F.R.G.). Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation, Apr. 2, 1953, U.S.-Japan, art. X, 4 U.S.T. 2063, 2071. U.N. GAOR, 10th Sess., Supp. No. 6A, at 5, U.N. Doc. ‘A/2905 (1955).Published and Distributed by The Harvard Law Review Association Gannett House 1511 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 U.S.A. First Printing 1991 Second Printing 1991 Third Printing 1991 Fourth Printing 1991 Fifth Printing 1992 Sixth Printing 1992 Seventh Printing 1992 Eighth Printing 1993 Ninth Printing 1993 Tenth Printing 1994 Eleventh Printing 1994 Twelfth Printing 1995 Printings are updated as appropriate. Typesetting by DEKR Corporation, Woburn, Massachusetts Printing by Foremost Printers, Stoughton, MassachusettsThe Bluebook A Uniform System of Citation Fifteenth Edition Compiled by the editors of the Columbia Law Review, the Harvard Law Review, the University of Pennsylvania Law Review, and The Yale Law Journal. Copyright © 1991 by The Columbia Law Review Association, The Harvard Law Review Association, the University of Pennsylvania Law Review, and The Yale Law Journal.Preface to the Fifteenth Edition This edition of the Bluebook retains the same basic approach to legal citation established by its predecessors, but it has been substantially restructured so that it is easier to use. The quick reference sections, now located inside both the front and back covers, have been ex- panded to include more examples of representative citations. A new introductory section sets forth the basic scheme of legal citation and analyzes typical citation forms. Another new feature is a short refer- ence section for practitioners printed on light blue stock following the introductory section; the practitioners’ notes serve as a guide to the Bluebook for those who are working with court documents and legal memoranda and include some special rules of citation for these types of documents. Newly revised and expanded tables of abbreviations now appear at the back of the book; they, along with the domestic, foreign, and intergovernmental materials tables, are also printed on light blue stock for instant accessibility. Individual tables and practi- tioners’ notes are cross-referenced in the margins of the book so that the user who needs to consult a note or table can do so with ease. In addition to these structural changes, many citation forms have been expanded, elaborated upon, and, in some cases, modified from pre- vious editions to reflect the ever-expanding range of authorities used in legal writing and in response to suggestions from the legal com- munity. Veterans of Bluebook citation should carefully review this edition for rule modifications. Here are some of the more noteworthy changes: Rule 1 is now an introduction to the basic principles and structure of legal citation (pp. 21-30). The recommended order of citation for authorities within each signal (rule 1.4) has been substantially modified (pp. 25-27). Rule 1.5 on parenthetical information has been expanded and clarified (pp. 27-28). When used to indicate related authority, “in” is now italicized. See rule 1.6 on related authority and rule 15.5 on shorter works in col- lection (pp. 28-30, 105-07). The rule on typeface conventions for law reviews, now rule 2, has been reorganized for greater clarity; typeface conventions for practi- tioners are now found in the practitioners’ notes (pp. 30~32, 11-13). Short form rules have been added to the end of most of the major tules of citation (pp. 69-70, 85-86, 90-91, 98, 108-10, 118-19, 124— 25, 128-29, 138-39, 163). .The rule on spacing of single capitals in abbreviations, rule 6.1(a), has been modified (p. 47); this has affected a number of periodical abbreviations (see tables T.13 and T.14 (pp. 276-93, 294-95)). Rule 7 on italicization for stylistic purposes has been modified to provide further guidance (pp. 49-50). Note that all parts of the U.S. Constitution are now capitalized when teferred to in text (p. 51). The rule on parallel citations of state court cases (rule 10.3.1) has been modified to require parallel citations to official state reporters only in legal documents submitted to courts of the deciding state (p. 61). Case citations in other forms of legal writing need only cite to the appropriate regional reporter. (pp. 14-15, 61). Rule 10.8.1 has been updated to provide a more precise method for citing cases available on computer databases (p. 68). Rule 15 on books and pamphlets has been substantially revised, and should be reviewed in full. In particular: The full name of the author, editor, and/or translator should be pro- vided for all citations (pp. 101-02). Rule 15.1.3, which explains how to cite to institutional authors and editors, has been expanded (pp. 102-03). Rule 15.4 on editions and dates requires that additional identifying information be provided for some books, pamphlets, and nonperiodic publications (pp. 104-05). Rule 15.5 on shorter works in collection has replaced the old rule on essays in collection and clarifies the uses of “in” and “reprinted in” (pp. 105-07). A separate rule on prefaces, forewords, introductions, and epilogues, rule 15.6, has been added (p. 107). Rule 16 on periodical materials now includes newspapers and has been substantially revised; the new rule should be reviewed in full. In particular: The full name of the author should be provided for all citations to periodical materials (p. 111). Rule 16.4 incorporates a new and simplified rule for newspapers into the periodical materials rule (p. 113). viRule 16.5 provides new special citation forms for student-written law review materials (pp. 113-15), book reviews (p. 115), and other pe- riodical materials (pp. 116-18). All signed, student-written materials are now to include the author's name (pp. 113-14). New rule 17 has been created to introduce and standardize forms for unpublished, forthcoming, and nonprint sources, including elec- tronic databases, films and broadcasts, and sound recordings. (pp. 119-25). Rule 19 now covers foreign materials and has been substantially expanded and revised (pp. 130-39). Rule 20 now covers international materials and has been substantially expanded and revised (pp. 140-63). In particular, many requirements for parallel citations for treaties have been eliminated, and the rules for citing U.N. and European Community documents have been re- vised and clarified. The tables, which are now printed on light blue stock at the back of the book, have been updated and expanded. In particular, the foreign tables (pp. 219-58), which now combine common law and civil juris- dictions into one list, provide materials for Austria (including Austrian Lander), the People’s Republic of China, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Spain. A new table of intergovernmental organizations is also provided (pp. 259-61). Librarians and cataloguers should note that previous editions of this manual were titled simply A Uniform System of Citation. The fifteenth edition adopts the more common term the Bluebook as its title and A Uniform System of Citation as its subtitle. The compilers would like to acknowledge outside commentators who contributed their expertise to the Fifteenth Edition of the Bluebook. In particular, the following individuals and organizations assisted in adding or revising the foreign country tables: Professor Alejandro M. Garro, Columbia University (Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, and Spain); Prof. Dr. Johannes Semler, Rechtsanwalt, Kronberg/Taunus, Ger- many (Germany); Mag. Magda Svoboda and Dr. Nikolaus Pitkowitz, attorney at law, Presimayr & Partners, Austria (Czechoslovakia and Hungary); Dr. Jené Horvath and Dr. Lajos Tillmann, President and Vice President of the Hungarian Bar Association (Hungary); Dr. Carl Alan Key, J.D., University of Miami School of Law (Austria, Czecho- slovakia, Germany, and Hungary); Dr. Veronika Kozak, Department of Business Law, University of Economics, Austria (Austria and Ger- many) and Mag. Maria Daniela Krissl, Patentamt, Austria (Austria); McGill Law Journal (Canada); Robert A. de By (the Netherlands); viiDavid Rockwell (the European Communities); Jonathon Pavluk (U.S.S.R.); Urs Saxer (Switzerland); and the Journal of Chinese Law at Columbia (China). The librarians of the law schools of the four Journals responsible for the Bluebook provided invaluable assistance in completing the current revision by reading and responding to drafts of the Bluebook. The compilers are grateful to the law journal editors, law librarians, and practitioners who responded to our call for sug- gestions with helpful advice and comments. Finally, the compilers request that any errors or omissions be reported and that suggestions for revisions be sent to the Harvard Law Review, Gannett House, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138. viiiContents Introduction Introduction to Legal Citation and the Bluebook . 11 Structure of the Bluebook... 12 General Principles of Citation 13 Use of Citations Generally 14 Typical Legal Citations Analyzed . Practitioners’ Notes Practitioners’ NOteS........+.ssesceseeseceeeeeesessenesenseeeeeees P.1 Typeface Conventions for Court Documents and Legal Memoranda. P.2 Citation Sentences and Clauses in Court Documents and Legal Memoranda. P.3 Parallel Citations for State Court Cases... P.4. Short Forms in Court Documents and Legal Memoranda. P.5 Special Citation Forms for Federal Taxation Materials . . P.6 Capitalization in Court Documents and Legal Memoranda P.7 Abbreviated Citations to Other Court Documents and Letters... General Rules of Citation and Style Structure and Use of Citations .... 1.1. Citation Sentences and Clauses in Law Review Footnotes . 1.2 Introductory Signals 1.3 Order of Signals . 1.4 Order of Authorities Within Each —— 1.5 Parenthetical Information 1.6 Related Authority..... Typefaces for Law Reviews . 2.1 Typeface Conventions for Law Review Text... 2.2 Typeface Conventions for Law Review Footnotes Subdivisions 3.1 Abbreviations 3.2 Volumes, Parts, and Supplements. 3.3 Pages and Footnotes 3.4 Sections and Paragraphs 3.5 Appendices, Notes, and Other ‘Addenda. 3.6 Internal Cross-References. Short Citation Forms . AA OL cece ee eee 4.2 “Supra” and “Hereinafter” . ARROwx Contents 5 Quotations ..........cecsseeeeees 5.1 Indentation, Quotation Marks, Citation, and Punctuation . 5.2 Alterations 5.3 Omissions 5.4 Paragraph Structure. 6 Abbreviations, Numerals, and Symbols. 6.1 Abbreviations ......... 6.2 Numerals and Symbols . 7 Italicization for Stylistic Purposes. 8 Capitalization ... 9 Titles of Judges, Officials, and Terms of Court. Cases 10 Cases ........- 10.1 Basic Citation Forms 10.2 Case Name: 10.2.1 Case Names in Textual Sentences. 10.2.2 Case Names in Citations. 10.3 Reporters and Other Sources .. 10.3.1 Parallel Citations and Which Source(s) to Cit 10.3.2 Reporters .. 10.4 Court and Jurisdiction. 10.5 Date or Year...... 10.6 Parenthetical Information Regarding Cases. 10.7 Prior and Subsequent History .. 10.7.1 €xplanatory Phrases and Weig| 10.7.2 Different Case Name on Appeal. 10.8 Special Citation Forms ............665+ 10.8.1 Pending and Unreported Cases 10.8.2 Fifth Circuit Split . 10.8.3 Briefs, Records, Motions, and Memoranda 10.9 Short Forms for Cases Constitutions, Statutes, and Legislative, Administrative, and Executive Materials 11 Constitutions ..... 12 Statutes... 12.1 Basic Citation Forms 12.2 Choosing the Proper Citation Form. 12.2.1 General Rule. 12.2.2 Exceptions... 12.3 Current Official and Unofficial Codes . 12.3.1 Additional Information . 12.3.2 Year of Code .. 42 42 43 44 46 46 46 48 49 50 52 55 55 56 56 60 61 61 62 62 64 64 65 65 66 67 67 68 69 69 73 73 73 74 74 7 75 76 77Contents xi | 12.4 Session Laws.. 78 | 12.5 Secondary Sources . . 80 | 12.6 Repeal, Amendment, and Prior History 81 | 12.6.1. Repeal... 81 12.6.2 Amendment 81 } 12.6.3 Prior History . 81 | 12.7 Explanatory Parenthetical Phrases 81 12.8 Special Citation Forms 82 12.8.1 Internal Revenue Code. 82 12.8.2 Ordinances ......... 82 12.8.3 Rules of Evidence and Procedure 83 12.8.4 Uniform Acts. 83 | 12.8.5 Model Codes, Restatements, and Standards 83 12.8.6 ABA Code of Professional Responsibility and Opinions on Ethics » 85 12.9 Short Forms for Statutes . 85 13 Legislative Materials... 86 | 13.1 Basic Citation Forms 86 | 13.2 Bills and Resolutions erage 7 4 13.3 it 88 13.4 88 138.5 89 13.6 ly 90 13.7 Short Forms for Legislative Materials. . 90 14 Administrative and Executive Materials. 91 14.1 Basic Citation Forms........... 91 14.2 Rules, Regulations, and Other Publications. 92 14.3 Administrative Adjudications and Arbitrations . 93 14.3.1 Names............ 93 14.3.2 Which Sources to Cite 93, 14.3.3 Issuing Agenc\ 94 14.4 Advisory Opinions. 94 14.5 Federal Taxation Material 95 14.5.1 Treasury Regulations 95. 14.5.2 Treasury Determinations . 95 14.5.3 Cases. 96 14.6 SEC Materials .. 97 14.7 Presidential Papers and Executive Orders. 97 14.8 Court Administrative Orders... 98 14.9 Short Forms for Regulations . cee 98 Books, Periodical Materials, and Other Secondary Sources 15 Books, Pamphlets, and Other Nonperiodic Materials. 101 15.1 Author, Editor, and Translator 101 15.1.1 Author 101xii Contents 15.1.2 Editor or Translator 101 15.1.3 Institutional Authors and Editors 102 15.2 Title....... 103 15.3 Serial Number 103 15.4 Edition, Publisher, and Date. 104 15.5 Shorter Works in Collection .. see 105 15.5.1 Shorter Works in Collection Generally. 105 15.5.2 Collected Documents ......... on 106 15.6 Prefaces, Forewords, Introductions, and Epilogues 107 15.7 Special Citation Forms seeceeees 107 15.8 Short Citation Forms .. 108 16 Periodical Materials. 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 17 Unpublished, Forthcoming, and Nonp! 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 15.8.1 Short Forms for Books, Pamphlets, and Nonpetiodic Materials Generally 15.8.2 Short Forms for Shorter Works in Collectior Author .. Consecutively Paginated Journals Nonconsecutively Paginated Journals and Magazines . Newspapers ........ Special Citation Forms 16.5.1 Student-Written Law Review Materials 16.5.2 Book Reviews... 16.5.3 Symposia, Colloquia, 16.5.4 Multipart Articles 16.5.5 Annotations 16.5.6 Proceedings, Regular Publications by Institutes, and ABA Section Reports. 16.5.7 Newsletters and Other Noncommercially Distributed Periodical Short Citation Forms and Surveys Unpublished Materials. 17.1.1 Manuscripts. 17.1.2 Dissertations and Theses 17.1.3 Letters and Memorandé 17.1.4 Interviews. 17.1.5 Speeches and Addresses Forthcoming Publications. Electronic Databases. . 17.3.1 Electronic Databases Containing Separately Published Documents. . 17.3.2 Electronic Databases Containing Tabulated Data. Microform 17.4.1 17.4.2 Microform Collections Containing Original Materials .. 108 110 111 111 141 112 113 113 113 415 116 116 117 7 117 118 119 119 120 120 120 121 121 121 122 122 123Contents xiii 17.5 Films and Broadcasts . 124 17.6 Sound Recordings .. 124 17.6.1 Commercial Recordings. 124 17.6.2 Noncommercial Recordings . 124 17.7 Short Citation Forms.......... sees 124 Services 18 ServiceS.........seeeeeeveee 127 18.1 Citation Form for Services. 127 18.2 Short Citation Forms.... 128 Foreign Materials 19 Foreign Materials ....... 131 19.1 Basic Citation Forms.... 131 19.2 Foreign Language Documents . 132 19.2.1 Documents Appearing in More than One Language... 132 19.2.2 Titles and Names of Documents in Languages Other than English . 132 19.2.3 Abbreviations in Languages Other than English . 132 19.2.4 Languages That Do Not Use the Roman Alphabet 133 19.2.5 Citations to Translations of Foreign Language Documents....... 133 19.3 Jurisdiction Not Evident from Context 133 19.4 Cases.......... 134 19.4.1 Volumes 134 19.4.2 Common Law Case: 134 19.4.3 Civil Law and Other Non-Common Law Cases 135 19.5 Constitutions. 136 19.6 Statutes.... 136 19.6.1 Common Law Statutes 136 19.6.2 Civil Law and Other Non-Common Law Statutes 137 19.7 Periodicals with Foreign Language Titles 138 19.8 Short Citation Forms............ Porerery 20 International Materials... 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 International Materials Basic Citation Forms Foreign Language Documents . Jurisdiction Not Evident from Context ..... Treaties and Other International Agreements 20.4.1 Name of the Agreement. 20.4.2 Date of Signing 20.4.3 Parties to the Agreement 20.4.4 Subdivisions ... 20.4.5 Treaty Sources. 141 144 142 142 142 143 143 144xiv Contents 20.5 International Law Cases. 146 20.5.1 - International Court of Justice and Permanent Court of International Justice (World Court).. 146 20.5.2 Court of Justice of the European Communities . 148 20.5.3 The European Court and the European Commission of Human Rights +. 149 20.5.4 The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 150 20.5.5 The East African Court of Appeal . 150 20.5.6 Other Multinational Courts. ..... 150 20.5.7 _ International Cases in National Courts 151 20.6 International Arbitrations . 151 20.7 United Nations Materials . 151 20.7.1 Official Records. 152 20.7.2 Sales Documents . 155 20.7.3 Mimeographed Documents. 156 20.7.4 Yearbooks and Periodicals. 157 20.7.5 United Nations Charter. 157 20.7.6 Founding Documents . 187 20.8 Materials of Other Intergovernmental Organizations 187 20.8.1 League of Nations Materials... 157 20.8.2 European Community Materials 158 20.8.3 Council of Europe Materials. . aise 160 20.8.4 Other Intergovernmental Organizations’ Materials 161 20.9 Yearbooks 161 20.10 Digests 162 20.11 Short Citation Forms 163 T Tables and Abbreviations ..... Tables and Abbreviations Tables TA United State Jurisdictions Federal ....... States and the District of Columbi: Alabama. Alaska . Arizona Arkansas. California Colorado. Connecticut Delaware .. District of Columbia . Florida . 165 165 169 169 170 171 171 172 174 175 176 177 178 179 179 180Contents xv Mlinois. 180 Indiana. 181 lowa . 182 Kansas 183 Kentucky. 184 Louisiana 185 Maine... 186 Maryland. 186 Massachusetts . 188 Michigan . 189 i 190 191 191 192 192 193 193 194 195 195 200 201 Ohio..... 202 Oklahoma. . + 203 Oregon .. 204 Pennsylvania. . 204 Rhode Islan 206 South Carolina 206 South Dakota . : Tennessee 209 Texas, 210 Utah. 212 Vermont 212 Virginia 213 Washington . 214 West Virgini 214 Wisconsin. 215 Wyoming 216 Other United States Jurisdictions. 216 American Samoa.... 216 Canal Zone (now part of Panama) 216 Guam... 217 Navajo Nation. 217 Puerto Rico. 217 Virgin Islands . 218 T.2 Foreign Jurisdictions 219 Argentine Republic. 219xvi Contents Australia ... Australian States and Territories . Austria, Republic of ..... Austrian Lander. Brazil, Federative Republic of Canada Canadian Provinces | and Territories . Catholic Church China, People’s Republic of. . Czechoslovakia (Czech and Slovak Federal Republic) .. France, Republic of... Germany, Federal Republic ot German Lander... German Democratic Republic (East Germany) ie Hungary, Republic of. India... Ireland (Eire), Republic of Italy, Republic of Japan. Mexico, United States of Netherlands, Kingdom of the (Holland) New Zealand. Roman Law.... Spain.... Switzerland Swiss Cantons. United Kingdom. England and Wales ............+0.000+ Northern Iretand (and Ireland Until 1924) Scotland ....... seeeees Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Russian Soviet Federated Socialist ne 7.3 Intergovernmental Organizations . United Nations . League of Nations European Communities . European Court and Commission of Human Rights. Inter-American Commission on Human Right: East African Court of Appeal .. Other Intergovernmental Organizations oe OM NOM ee Perris Abbreviations T.5 Arbitral Reporters . T.6 Case Names. T.7 Court Names. 220 221 223 225 225 226 227 229 230 231 231 234 236 236 237 238 239 240 241 243 244 246 246 247 248 249 250 252 255 255 256 257 259 259 259 259 260 261 261 261 262 263 264 266Contents xvii T.8 Court Documents 268 T.9 Explanatory Phrase: ee T.10 Geographical Terms - 274 T.11 Judges and Officials . . 274 T.12 Months....... 275 7.13 Periodicals... 276 1.14 Periodicals in Foreign Languages 294 T.15 Publishing Terms + 296 T.16 Services 297 T.17 Subdivisions . 304 Index X Ide ....seesereeeeserereeees veseeerenees 307The Bluebook A Uniform System of Citation Fifteenth EditionIntroduction I Introduction to Legal Citation and the Bluebook 11: Structure of the Bluebook 12: General Principles of Citation 13: Use of Citations Generally 14: Typical Legal Citations Analyzed ARROW| Structure of the Bluebook | Introduction to Legal Citation and the | Bluebook This section provides an introduction to legal citation for those who | are new to the Bluebook. It explains the basic principles of legal | citation and analyzes a number of representative citations to the most frequently cited sources in legal writing. | Note that this introduction is not comprehensive; it merely seeks to | familiarize new users with the basic principles of legal citation and a | few of the most common citation forms. In order to ensure accurate | citation, then, it is important to consult the applicable rule or rules in | the body of the book and the tables found in the back of the book, | because they offer more detailed guidance as to the particulars of various citation forms. Structure of the Bluebook _ The Bluebook contains three major parts. The first (rules 1 to 9) sets forth general standards of citation and style to be used throughout legal writing. The second part (rules 10 to 20) presents specific rules of citation for cases, statutes, books, periodicals, foreign materials, international materials, and so forth. A third part (tables T.1 to T.17), printed on light blue stock at the end of the book, consists of a series of tables to be used in conjunction with the rules. The tables show, among other things, which authority to cite and how to abbreviate properly. When a tule calls for a particular table, the table is cross- referenced in the margin of the book for quick access. In addition to this introduction and the basic rules and tables, Practi- tioners’ Notes, a special section for practitioners printed on light blue stock immediately following this introduction, provides extra guidance for those working on court documents and legal memoranda, including how to adapt the examples found throughout the body of the Bluebook for these types of documents. Practitioners should be careful to note cross-references in the rules and tables to relevant practitioners’ notes; these are located in the margins of the book. Such a cross- reference is a signal that the practitioner may need additional guid- ance in using a particular rule. A quick reference guide with examples of the most common citation forms in law review style is found on the inside front cover and first page of the book, and a parallel listing using the typeface conventions for court documents and legal memoranda appears on the very last page and inside back cover. Finally, located at the back of the book is a detailed index to the different citation forms covered in the Blue- book. 11 TA-TATIntroduction to Legal Citation and the Bluebook 12 13 General Principles of Citation The basic purpose of a legal citation is to allow the reader to locate a cited source accurately and efficiently. Thus, the citation forms in the Bluebook seek to provide the minimum amount of information necessary to lead the reader directly to the specific items cited. As you become more familiar with legal citation, you will find that the citation forms for some sources, such as U.S. Supreme Court cases, become second nature, and you will no longer need to consult the Bluebook each time you cite to those authorities. Some sources are less frequently cited or have more complex citation forms, however; you may find yourself referring to the Bluebook rule each time such a source appears to ensure that you are citing it correctly. Regardless of how well you know the rules, moreover, you will often need to refer to the tables in the back of the book for technical guidance. Because of the ever-increasing range of authorities cited in legal writing, neither the Bluebook nor any other system of citation can be complete. When citing to material of a type not explicitly discussed in this book, try to locate an analogous sort of authority that is discussed and use that citation form as a model. You may find rule 17, which deals with unpublished and nonprint sources, particularly helpful in this regard. Always be sure to provide sufficient information to allow a reader to find the authority quickly and reliably. For additional guidance on punctuation, capitalization, compounding, and other matters of style, you may wish to consult the U.S. Govern- ment Printing Office Style Manual (1984) or The Chicago Manual of Style (13th rev. ed. 1982). Use of.Citations Generally In all types of legal writing, whether by scholars or by practitioners, it is customary to cite an authority or authorities to show support for a legal or factual proposition or argument. An author may cite to au- thority that directly states his or her legal or factual proposition; au- thority that does not specifically state the author's proposition but directly supports it; authority that less directly supports the author's proposition but from which one can infer the proposition; authority that contradicts the author's proposition; and authority that provides background material that might be useful to the reader in considering the proposition. Each of these categories of authority is introduced by a different signal—an italicized or underlined word or words such as “see,” “see, e.g.,” or “compare"—or, in the case of authority that directly states the proposition, by no signal at all. In law review articles, citations to| Typical Legal Citations Analyzed 5 supporting authority appear in footnotes appended directly after the propositions in the text they support. Sometimes law review footnotes themselves include assertions that are followed directly by supporting citations. In court documents and legal memoranda, citations gener- ally appear within the text of the document, as full sentences or as clauses within sentences, directly after the propositions they support. Certain kinds of authorities are considered more useful—or authori- tative—than other kinds. If more than one authority is cited in support of a proposition, these supporting authorities are usually listed so that the most authoritative ones appear first. Finally, it is common to include a short parenthetical explanation of a particular authority after the citation to the authority if it will help the reader understand how the source supports the author's assertion. Typical Legal Citations Analyzed 14 What follows are representative citations for cases, constitutions, stat- utes, rules, regulations, books, periodicals, treaties, and United Na- tions documents, with explanations of their constituent parts. Note that the typeface conventions used here conform to those for law review footnotes. For an explanation of typeface styles to be used in court documents and legal memoranda, see practitioners’ note P.1. PA (a) Cases (rule 10). Citation to a U.S. Supreme Court case: “v." for “versus” Teporter _first page of specific page volume no. case referred to Meritor Sav. Bank v. Vinson, 477 U.S. 57, 60 (1986). \ first party second party reporter date of decision abbreviation (no court is listed (U.S. Reports) because itis clear from reporter name) Citation to a case decided by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, later reversed by the U.S. Supreme Court, with parenthetical information about the Fourth Circuit decision:Introduction to Legal Citation and the Bluebook reporter abbreviation span of specific. : (Federal Reporter, pages refered to ti reporter 4 oT volumeno. 24 82H€8) fist page of case /deciding date of court’ decision United States v. MacDonald, 531 F.2d 196, 199-200 (4th Cir. 1976) (resting review of dispositive issue on principle of judicial economy), L i} rev'd, 435 U.S. 850 (1978). action of higher citation of reversal _—_—parenthetical phrase describing decision court of Fourth Circuit Short form for the above case after it has been cited in full: volume no. and reporter specific page abbreviation referred to MacDonald, 531 F.2d at 197. shortened case name in italics denotes that page number (do not use governmental follows, party) (b) Constitutions (rule 11). Citation to Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Con- stitution: abbreviation for —_no, of amendment “amendment” sited U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 2. abbreviation of section symbol constitution cited and no. of section cited (c) Statutes (rule 12). Citation to an entire statute, the Comprehensive Environmental Re- sponse, Compensation, and Liability Act, as codified in the United States Code: Official name of act ‘Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Lia- bility Act Act, = U.S.C. £8.9601-9675 9601-9675 e use. “veel section ee and of code number ‘span of sections edition cited abbreviation of containing statute code citedTypical Legal Citations Analyzed Citation to an individual provision of the United States Code: title specific section cited dey a date of code edition cited 28 U.S.C. § 1291 (1988). code abbreviation (d) Rules (rule 12.8.3). Citation to a Federal Rule of Civil Procedure: number of rule cited Civ. FED. abbreviation of set of rules cited (e) Regulations (rule 14.2). Citation to a particular provision of a regulation in the Code of Federal Regulations: C.FR. title abbreviation of set of regulations cited 0. 7, a date of code edition cited (meee a n 7 CER. § 319.76 (1990). section symbol and ‘specific section cited (f) Books (rule 15). Citation to a particular section of James and Hazards treatise on civil Procedure: full name of first full name of second author Cod ampersand FLEMING James, JR. & GEOFFREY C. HAZARD, Jr., Civit PROCEDURE § 2.35 (3d ed. 1985). {ile of book section’ date of edition cited symbol and specific edition cited ‘ section citedIntroduction to Legal Citation and the Bluebook Citation to a particular page within Charles Dickens's Bleak House: author's full name fille of book page cited CHaRLEs DICKENS, BLEAK House 50 (Norman Page ed., Penguin Books 1971) (1853). editor's full name abbreviation for “editor publisher year of original date of “editor” ofedition —_ edition cited publication cited (g) Periodical materials (rule 16). Citation to particular pages within a law review article with parenthet- ical information about what appears on those pages: author's full name title of article journal abbreviation of volume no. joumal cited (The Yale Law Journal) Charles A. Reich, The New Property, 73 YALE L.J. 733, 737-38 (1964) (discussing importance of government largess)! date of parenthetical describing page on which publication content of pages cited article begins span of specific pages cited Citation to an entire magazine article: name of author's full name title of article magazine Robert J. Samuelson, A Slow Fix for the Banks, NEWSWEEK, Feb. 18, 1991, at 55. cover date of separates date first page of issue from pageno. —_ article Citation to the first page of a signed newspaper article: water's full name headline tr VT Seth Mydans, Los Angeles Police Chief Removed for 60 Days in Inquiry on Beating, N.Y. Times, Apr. 5, 1991, at Al. 1 abbreviated date of article page on which article name of appears newspaper separates date from page no.Typical Legal Citations Analyzed (h) Treaties (rule 20.4). Citation to a treaty between the United States and one other party: name of agreement date of signing f 1 1 Convention for the Avoidance of Double Taxation, Nov. 24, 1978, U.S.-Fr., 32 U.S.T. 1935. abbreviated names of one U.S. treaty parties to agreement source Citation to a treaty between the U.S. and two or more other parties: subdivision one U.S. treaty name of agreement date of signing ~ cited poral North Atlantic Treaty, Apr. 4, 1949, art. 5, 63 Stat. 2241, 2244, 34 U.N.T.S. 243, 246. specific page specific page P one intemational referred to in ie lieedecde le treaty source UNTS. (i) United Nations materials (rule 20.7). Citation to a resolution of the United Nations General Assembly: resolution session ‘supplement number issuing organ number containing the resolution G.A. Res. 832, U.N. GAOR, 9th Sess., Supp. No. 21, at 19, U.N. Doc. A/2890 (1954). page UN. document year of cited number resolutionPractitioners’ Notes P Practitioners’ Notes P.1 Typeface Conventions for Court Documents and Legal Memoranda P.2 Citation Sentences and Clauses in Court Documents and Legal Memoranda P.3 Parallel Citations for State Court Cases P.4 Short Forms in Court Documents and Legal Memoranda P.5 Special Citation Forms for Federal Taxation Materials P.6 Capitalization in Court Documents and Legal Memoranda P.7 Abbreviated Citations to Other Court Documents and Letters aby Vi 14 14 15 17 17 18‘Typeface Conventions 1 Practitioners’ Notes The rules and tables in the Bluebook are generally applicable to all types of legal writing, including court documents and legal memo- randa. These practitioners’ notes show how to adapt the examples in the Bluebook, which conform to the typeface conventions for law review footnotes, to the simpler style used in court documents and legal memoranda. They also provide some additional citation forms and further guidance of special interest to prac ners. Note that particular practitioners’ notes are cross-referenced in the margins of the Bluebook; practitioners who are not yet familiar with the infor- mation contained in these notes should be sure to consult them as appropriate. In addition, the quick reference section on the very last page and inside back cover provides a list of representative citation forms as they would appear in practitioners’ documents. The practitioner should also be aware that many courts have their own tules of citation that may differ in some respects from the Blue- book. Make sure that you are familiar with and abide by any addi- tional or different citation requirements of the court to which the document is to be submitted. \f you are not certain about what a court requires, you should consult with someone who is familiar with the court's rules or with the clerk of the court. Typeface Conventions for Court Documents and Legal Memoranda Generally, only two typefaces are used in court documents and legal memoranda—ordinary type, such as courier, and italics (indicated in some materials by underscoring): Ordinary type Italics or underscoring The examples in these practitioners’ notes adhere to the typeface conventions for court documents and legal memoranda, using under- scoring rather than italics since underscoring is more common in practice. The practitioner should be sure to substitute the simpler typeface conventions set forth in this section in place of the law review typeface style found in the examples in the rest of the book. The following items should be underscored or italicized in practition- ers’ documents regardless of whether the material appears in the text of a document or in a footnote: (a) Case names (rule 10.2). Underscore or italicize all case names, including the “v.” and any procedural phrases such as “In re” and ‘Ex_parte”:Practitioners’ Notes United States v. Reynolds, 449 F.2d 1347 (9th Cir. 1971), cert. denied, 408 U.S. 924 (1972). In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358 (1970). (b) Names of publications (rules 15 and 16). In citations, always underscore or italicize the title of a book or the title of an article appearing in a periodical. Authors’ names and periodical titles are not underscored or italicized. If an article or essay appears within a book, \ underscore Or italicize the title of the article or essay as well as that ‘of the book: Oliver W. Holmes, The Common Law 1 (1881). Samuel D. Warren & Louis D. Brandeis, The Right to Privacy, 4 Harv. L. Rev. 193, 195 (1890). Russell Baker, The Beer Culture, N.Y. Times, May 27, 1980, at A27. Kay Deaux & Brenda Major, A Soci Psychological Model of Gender, in Theoretical Perspectives on Sexual Difference 89 (Deborah L. Rhode ed., 1990). Treat legislative materials (such as hearings, documents, and com- mittee prints) (rule 13) as books; underscore or italicize their titles and print the authors’ names (if given) in ordinary type: Corporate Rights and Responsibilities: Hearings Before the Senate Comm. on Commerce, 94th Cong., 2d Sess. 47 (1976). Charles Davenport, Administrative Procedures of the Internal Revenue Service, S. Doc. No. 266, 94th Cong., 2d Sess. 619-726 (1975). When reports or documents are cited without author or title, do not underscore or italicize them: S. Rep. No. 1319, 89th Cong., 2d Sess. (1966). When referring to a publication in a textual sentence rather than citing to it, underscore or italicize the name of the publication: The library receives both The Yale Law Journal and the Federal Reporter. (c) Introductory signals (rule 1.2). Introductory signals are always underscored or italicized when they appear in citation sentences or clauses. When an introductory signal is part of a regular English sentence, however, it is not underscored or italicized:Typeface Conventions 13 See, e.g., Stringfellow v. Concerned Neighbors in Action, 480 U.S. 370 (1987). Compare Richardson-Merrell, Inc. v. Koller, 472 U.S. 424 (1985) with Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. v. Risjord, 449 U.S. 368 (1981) and Cobbliedick v. United States, 309 U.S. 323 (1940). But: For a more pointed analysis of this issue, see Flanagan v. United States, 456 U.S. 259, 264 (1987). (d) Explanatory phrases introducing prior or subsequent history (rule 10.7.1). These should always be underscored or italicized: Kubrick v. United States, 581 F.2d 1092 (3d Cir. 1978), aff'g 435 F. Supp. 166 (E.D. Pa. 1977), rev'd, 444 U.S. 111 (1979). (e) Words and phrases introducing related authority (rules 1.6, 15.5, 17.3, 17.4, 17.6, and 19.2.5). Underscore or italicize “in,” “reprinted in,” “quoted in,” “available in,” “translated in,” “microformed on,” and other similar words and phrases re- ferring to related authority: Urvashi Vaid, Prisons, in AIDS and the Law 235, 237-39 (Harlon L. Dalton et al. eds., 1987). H.R. Rep. No. 98, 92d Cong., 1st Sess. 4 (1971), reprinted in 1971 U.S.C.C.A.N. 1017, 1017. (f) Cross-references and short forms (rule 4). Always underscore or italicize “supra,” “infra,” and “id.” (including the period), but not “hereinafter.” (g) Style (rules 5 and 7). Underscore or italicize words for emphasis, foreign words not commonly encountered in legal writing, and words italicized in the original of quoted matter. (h) Everything else. Print everything else—including reporters, ser- vices, constitutions, statutory material, restatements, mode! codes, tules, executive orders, administrative materials, unpublished sources, and treaties—in ordinary roman type.14 Practitioners’ Notes P.2 PI P3 Ta a Citation Sentences and Clauses in Court Documents and Legal Memoranda Citations in court documents and legal memoranda may be made in either of two ways: in citation sentences or in citation clauses. Au- thorities that support (or contradict) an entire sentence are given in separate citation sentences that begin with capitalized letters and end with periods. Authorities that support (or contradict) only part of a sentence are cited in clauses, set off by commas, that immediately follow the proposition they support (or contradict). In both citation sentences and clauses, multiple citations are separated with semi- colons. Thus, a legal discussion in a court document or memorandum would appear: States have required defendants to prove both insanity, e.g., State v. Caryl, 543 P.2d 389, 397 (Mont. 1975); State v. Hinson, 172 S.E.2d 548, 554 (S.C. 1970), and self-defense, see e.g., Quillen v. State, 110 A.2d 445, 449 (Del. 1955); State v. Skinner, 104 P. 223, 224 (Nev. 1909). See generally Wayne R. LaFave & Austin W. Scott, Jr., Handbook on Criminal Law § 8, at 46-51 (1972). In several jurisdictions the defendant must even establish that a homicide was accidental. See, e.g., Chandle v. State, 198 S.E.2d 289, 291 (Ga. 1973); State v. Enlow, 536 S.W.2d 533, 535 (Mo. Ct. App. 1976). See practitioners’ note P.7 for a sample factual discussion that cites court documents. Parallel Citations for State Court Cases In a document to be submitted to a state court, all citations to cases decided by the courts of that state (not of other states) should include a citation to the official state reporter, if available, in addition to a regional reporter. Consult the state listings in table T.1 for guidance as to the reporters of particular states. In addition, documents sub- mitted to California and New York state courts may require a further parallel citation to a third reporter for cases decided by the courts of those states. (See the listings for California and New York in table T.1 for specific parallel citation requirements.) Note that when the state is clear from the official reporter title, it should be omitted from the date parenthetical (see rule 10.4(b)). Thus:Short Forms in Court Documents and Legal Memoranda 15 In a brief to a California state court: Amante v. State Bar, 50 Cal. 3d 247, 258, 786 P.2d 375, 381, 266 Cal. Rptr. 648, 654 (1990). In a brief to a Georgia state court: Heard v. Neighbor Newspapers, 190 Ga. App. 756, 758, 380 S.E.2d 279, 281 (1989). In a brief to a New York state court: People v. Taylor, 73 N.Y.2d 683, 690, 541 N.E.2d 386, 389, 543 N.Y.S.2d 357, 360 (1989). For short forms and the use of “id.” for cases for which a parallel citation is required, see practitioners’ note P.4. Short Forms in Court Documents and Legal Memoranda Once a full citation is given, you may use a short form for cases, statutes, regulations, legislative materials, books, articles, periodical materials, and so forth so Jong as (i) it will be clear to the reader from the short form what is being referenced; (ii) the earlier full citation falls in the same general discussion; and (iii) the reader will have little trouble locating the full citation quickly. The short forms explained elsewhere in the book are generally applicable to court documents and memoranda, except that there is no note number referenced after a “supra” in a practitioner's document and the typefaces should conform to practitioners’ note P.1. Consult rule 4 and the rules treating particular materials for suggested short forms. See practi- tioners’ note P.7 for a discussion of abbreviated citation forms for court documents and correspondence to be used within practitioners’ documents. (a) Cases. Citations to a case that has been cited in full in the same general discussion may be shortened to one of the following forms if the shortened citation clearly identifies the case. Note that the short forms listed below give only one or neither of the parties and do not give the first page of the case or the court or year of decision; they do, however include the word “at” to indicate the page on which the specific material appears. In employing a short form, avoid using the name of a governmental or other common litigant to identify the case. Acceptable short forms for the citation “United States v. Calandra, 414 U.S. 338, 343 (1974)” are thus: Calandra, 414 U.S. at 343. 414 U.S. at 343. Id. at 343. Not: United States, 414 U.S. at 343. P.4 PA PT16 Practitioners’ Notes For cases in which a parallel citation is required, shorter citation forms take a slightly different form. Thus, Chalfin v. Specter, 426 Pa. 464, 465, 233 A.2d 562, 563 (1967). becomes: Chalfin, 426 Pa. at 465, 233 A.2d at 563. 426 Pa. at 465, 233 A.2d at 563. The id. form (see rule 4.1) for cases requiring parallel citations is as follows: Id. at 465, 233 A.2d at 563. (bo) Statutes and regulations. In practitioners’ documents, the first mention of a statute or regulation should give a full citation similar to the ones listed in the first column of the table appearing in rule 12.9. Subsequent citations to the statute or regulation in the same general discussion may employ any short form that clearly identifies the stat- ute or regulation. See the table in rule 12.9 for acceptable short forms for these sources. (c) Constitutions. Do not use a short citation form other than “id.” for constitutions. (d) Books, pamphlets, and other nonperiodic materials; shorter works in collection; periodical materials; Unpublished and forth- coming materials. Both “id.” and “supra” may be used to refer to these materials after they have already been cited in full. Follow rules 4, 15.8, 16.6, and 17.7, omitting note number references in the “si pra” form. Representative citations using “supra” would thus be: Tribe, supra, § 15-1. Heilbrun & Resnik, supra, at 1942 n.122. Beneson et al., supra, at 3438. Note, supra, at 1325. Margolick, supra. Indictment of Pregnant Woman for Drug Use Dismissed, supra, at 5. Huyssen, Mapping the Postmodern, in Feminism, Postmodernism, supra, at 234, 234-35. (e) Services. Follow rule 18.2.Capitalization in Court Documents and Legal Memoranda 17 Special Citation Forms for aaah Taxation Materials In court documents and legal memoranda that discuss solely the current version of federal taxation laws, (i) citations to the Internal Revenue Code (rule 12.8.1) may omit the year and publisher; and (ii) citations to treasury regulations (rule 14.5.1) may omit the year of promulgation or last amendment: I.R.C. § 61. Treas. Reg. § 1.72-16(a). In all other court documents and legal memoranda, use the citation forms provided in rules 12.8.1 and 14.5. When citing Treasury determinations, the abbreviations contained in the introductory pages of each volume of the Cumulative Bulletin may be used. Hence, General Counsel Memoranda may be cited “GCM,” instead of “Gen. Couns. Mem.” When citing Private Letter Rulings in court documents and legal memoranda, the abbreviation “LTR” may be used instead of “Priv. Ltr. Rul.” Capitalization in Court Documents and Legal Memoranda Practitioners generally should follow rule 8 on matters of capitaliza- tion, with the following modifications and additions: (a) Court. In addition to capitalizing “Court” when naming any court in full or when referring to the U.S. Supreme Court, practitioners should also capitalize “Court” in a court document when referring to the court that will be receiving that document: In Brown v. Board of Education the Court relied heavily on social science data. The Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit held otherwise. This Court has already ruled on Defendant's Motion to Dismiss. But: The court in Watkins clearly was trying to distinguish earlier precedent leading in the other direction. (b) Party designations. Capitalize party designations such as “Plaintiff,” “Defendant,” “Appellant,” “Appellee,” and so forth when referring to parties in the matter that is the subject of the court document or memorandum: PS P.6