LS-Dyna

y
at
CAE Associates
Overview
z Experience with LS-Dyna for Dynamics Modeling
— CAE Associates’ engineers have
h nearly
l 30 years off experience using explicit
l dynamics
d
finite element codes for complex design and analysis applications. Their experience
with these codes began in 1975 at Pratt and Whitney Aircraft when the WHAM
code was first used to model jet engine foreign object damage and containment. At
that
h time,
i WHAM only l supported d shell
h ll elements
l andd did not have
h any contact
capabilities. Dr. Kenneth Brown, currently working with CAE Associates, developed
and implemented contact capabilities for WHAM, as well as adding a membrane
element for analysis of Kevlar containment designs.
— In the early 1990’s DYNA3D superseded WHAM as the impact software of choice for
these applications, due to its more complete library of elements and contact
capabilities. Dr. Brown was one of several developers nationwide to use the public
domain, Lawrence-Livermore version of DYNA. He continued to provide code
improvements, including development of a PC version of DYNA and a fabric
constitutive model for Kevlar containment applications. This model was included in
the Livermore version of Dyna (LS-Dyna) as Material Type 41 (Fabric with Damage).
He also calculated numerous material coefficients from test data using regression
fitting techniques for a variety of applications, including:
• Bammann model coefficients for Titanium containment applications, including strain rate and thermal
softening effects.
• Johnson-Cook models for ballistic impact applications.
• Mooney-Rivlin
Mooney Rivlin models for soft
soft-body
body ballistic impact simulations
simulations.
• Mooney-Rivlin and Ogden models for sporting goods applications.

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Overview

z CAE Associates has considerable experience in preprocessing models in

ANSYS for use with LS-Dyna. Particular areas of expertise include brick-
only meshing techniques,mesh distribution methods considering
accuracy versus time step size, contact algorithm selection and
definition, element type selection, load curve application,and
hourglass control methods. Other strengths include the ability to
identify
y and correct several common problems associated with highg
speed impact analysis in LS-Dyna, including the following:
— Over-penetration of one body into another
— Excessive run times
— High hourglass energies
— Initial contact penetration
— Solution instabilities often associated with “out-of-range velocities” errors

z CAE Associates has also provided consulting and training in explicit

y
dynamics finite element methods for manyy years.
y

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Overview
z Training in LS-Dyna, Finite Element Analysis, Dynamics, and other
Mechanical Engineering Topics
— CAE Associates provides training classes in the following areas:
• ANSYS/LS-Dyna for Explicit Dynamics Analysis
• ANSYS Dynamics – Modal, Harmonic, Transient, and Random Vibration Methods
• Finite Element Best Practices
• Introduction to ANSYS
• Advanced ANSYS – Nonlinear Analysis, Contact, and Bolt Pretension
• ANSYS Parametric Design Language (APDL)
• ANSYS Heat Transfer
— CAE Associates
A i t engineers
i have
h received
i d training
t i i from
f the
th developers
d l off LS-Dyna
LS D (Li
(Livermore
Software Technology Corporation) in the application of ALE (Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian),
SPH (Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics), and manufacturing simulation methods. CAEA engineers
have also received training in the use of LS-Dyna for general transient modeling applications,
including
g impact
p analyses.
y
— All CAE Associates engineers have M.S. and/or Ph.D. degrees in Mechanical Engineering. They
have received training in general materials science, dynamics, and finite element analysis
through a range of undergraduate and graduate level courses, including the following:
• Materials Science
• Fatigue and Fracture of Materials
• Advanced Mechanics of Materials
• Advanced Dynamics
• Finite Element Methods
• Solid Mechanics and Elasticity
• Plasticity
• Advanced Fluid Mechanics

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Overview
z Partial List of Consulting Projects Utilizing LS-Dyna
— Developed
D l d numerous projectile
j til impact
i t models
d l for
f the
th U.S.
U S Army
A using
i lagrangian,
l i
multimaterial ALE, and SPH modeling methods. Numerous material models were
investigated for the projectiles, soft targets, and hard targets.
— Performed LS-Dyna
y analyses
y of a helicopter
p clutch assembly
y to predict
p the potential
p
for slipping during torque application.
— Provided drop test simulations of a nuclear spent fuel cask using ANSYS/LS-Dyna to
predict the potential for loss of containment at several different drop orientations
and heights.
heights Results were compared to experimental data to validate the model,
model
and they were reviewed and approved by the NRC.
— Developed LS-Dyna models for Pratt & Whitney Aircraft to simulate fan blade
loss,containment, and bird ingestion. These included pre-stress, complex contact
d fi iti
definitions, and
d hi
high
h strain
t i rate
t material
t i l models.
d l Th
These models
d l were used d tto
predict failure in existing and proposed containment case, blade, and disk designs.
— Provided sporting goods design analyses of golf balls, basketballs, soccer balls, golf
clubs, and softball bats. These allowed for p
predictions of dynamic
y behavior of
existing and proposed designs to reduce prototype testing.
— Predicted knuckle pullout strength of concrete decking in support of NIST’s World
Trade Center investigation.
— Developed
D l d LS
LS-Dyna
D models
d l off battery
b deep
d drawing
d i processes, arterial
i l stent
insertion, drop-testing of surgical devices, accident simulations.

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LS-Dyna Analyses at CAE Associates

z Sphere impacts into gelatin

— Lagrange and multi-material ALE gelatin block models
— Many different gelatin material models were investigated:
• Mooney-Rivlin
• Strain-rate dependent plasticity
• Fluid
• Simplified
p rubber (Ogden
g hyperelastic)
yp
• Piecewise linear plasticity

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LS-Dyna Analyses at CAE Associates

z Bullet impact into a gelatin block

— Lagrange gelatin block and bullet
— Eroding gelatin elements
— Bullet spin and precession included

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LS-Dyna Analyses at CAE Associates

z High speed impact of a copper block into a gelatin block

— A Multi-material Arbitrary Lagrange-Eulerian (ALE) method was used for
the copper block. This allows the copper to flow at impact.
— A Johnson
Johnson-Cook
Cook material model was used for the copper
copper.

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LS-Dyna Analyses at CAE Associates

z Lead projectile impact into gelatin

— A Multi-material ALE method was used for the projectile.
— A Johnson-Cook material model was used for the lead

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LS-Dyna Analyses at CAE Associates

z SPH cylinder impact models

— High velocity impact of a copper cylinder onto a lagrange steel plate.
— A Johnson-Cook material model was used for the copper.
— The cylinder was modeled with SPH particles (smooth particle
hydrodynamics) to evaluate the ability of this method for predicting
fragmentation.

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LS-Dyna Analyses at CAE Associates

z Bullet travel through a rifle barrel with rifling grooves

— CAE Associates developed a LS-Dyna model to simulate the dynamics of a
bullet traveling through a barrel. Meshing methods were developed to
generate rifling
g g grooves
g in the barrel. Pressure curves were applied
pp to the
base of the bullet and to the interior of the barrel. The copper jacket of
the bullet was modeled with a plasticity material law to allow for the
formation of grooves as it enters the barrel.

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LS-Dyna Analyses at CAE Associates

z Diff
Differentiation
ti ti off time-history
ti hi t results
lt to
t obtain
bt i bullet
b ll t velocities
l iti

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LS-Dyna Analyses at CAE Associates

z Copper rod impacts (Taylor bar impact tests)

— Johnson-Cook and Bamman material models were investigated.
— This model was used to calibrate the material laws and showed the correct
gross deformation and failure behavior
behavior.

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LS-Dyna Analyses at CAE Associates

z Elevator frame – Buffer strike with plasticity

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LS-Dyna Analyses at CAE Associates

z Inflatable packaging inflation using airbag elements

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LS-Dyna Analyses at CAE Associates

z Arterial vessel expansion using airbag elements and a plaque failure

model

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LS-Dyna Analyses at CAE Associates

z Nitinol stent insertion into a flexible artery

— A shape memory material model was used for the Nitinol

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LS-Dyna Analyses at CAE Associates

z Impact models of hyperelastic golf balls

— Looking at backspin and sidespin for a “toe” hit
— Multilayer molded golf ball models were generated using Mooney-Rivlin
and Ogden hyperelastic material laws.
laws LS
LS-Dyna
Dyna models of golf balls and
clubs were developed to predict their dynamic behavior with the goal of
reducing prototype testing.

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LS-Dyna Analyses at CAE Associates

z Nuclear spent fuel cask drop analysis

— Spent fuel shipping and storage casks must go through a detailed
analytical evaluation to gain certification.
— CAE Associates has performed drop test analyses of nuclear spent fuel
casks using ANSYS/LS-DYNA explicit dynamics software.
— The analyses include a simulation of the slapdown effect with material
models that include crushing of the concrete pad. Experimental data was
used to validate the finite element models.
— The analyses performed by CAE Associates for their client were reviewed
by the NRC and approved without any follow-up required.

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LS-Dyna Analyses at CAE Associates

z Nuclear spent fuel cask drop analysis

Cask Model for End Drop

Soil

Concrete Pad

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LS-Dyna Analyses at CAE Associates

z Nuclear spent fuel cask drop analysis

— End cask drop: Displacements after impact

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LS-Dyna Analyses at CAE Associates

z Nuclear spent fuel cask drop analysis

— Side impact with slapdown

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z Nuclear spent fuel cask drop analysis
— Stress results after impact: Simplified model of internals

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LS-Dyna Analyses at CAE Associates

z Spring clutch analysis

— Quasi-static analysis using critical damping to minimize dynamic effects
• Alpha damping applied to minimize local oscillations in the flexible spring
((some Beta damping
p g also added))
• Mass scaling used to speed up the run time
• Torque applied as pressures to the spline faces
• Cylinder pushed over the spring with a ½ sine wave velocity curve

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LS-Dyna Analyses at CAE Associates

z Battery deep drawing analysis

— Quasi-static analysis
— Plasticity material model with considerable strain

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LS-Dyna Analyses at CAE Associates

z Simulation of knuckle pull-out in concrete blocks

— Quasi-static analyses
— Material models included cracking and crushing in the concrete, and
plasticity in the steel

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LS-Dyna Analyses at CAE Associates

z Blast load on a concrete wall

— Modeled walls both with and without rebar.
— An air blast load was applied based on an equivalent weight of TNT.
— A concrete material model with an unconfined compression strength was
used.

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