HVSA Presentation 14-09-2015

High Voltage Surge Arresters:
Design & Application

HVSA: Design & Application
Agenda
Purpose of Surge Arresters in Electrical Systems
Overvoltage Conditions – Short Review
Proper selection of Surge Arresters for protection of the Electrical System
• Selection of the Arrester’s Characteristics
• Insulation Withstand Level: Selection and Evaluation
• Evaluation of the Insulation Coordination: Insulation Coordination using
Deterministic Method - Short Review
Surge Arresters application
• Transmission Line Arresters
• Station Arresters
Station Arresters for substations: Design & Technology
• Classification of the arresters design
• Design A - porcelain and tube design
• Design B – wrapped and cage design
Purpose of Surge Arresters in electrical
systems
Arresters are used to protect
electrical equipment and power
systems against transient
overvoltages (lightning and
switching) by reducing their
electrical stress to values lower than
the withstand voltage of the
equipment / power systems.
This protects the equipment / power

system from damage and / or
failures in the insulation of the
equipment / power systems after the
overvoltage condition’s occurrence.
Overvoltage conditions: short review
Definition – IEC 60.071-1 – Edition 8.0 / 2006:

• Any voltage between one phase conductor and earth or across a longitudinal
insulation having a peak value exceeding the peak of the highest voltage of the
system divided by 3 or between phase conductors having a peak value
exceeding the peak of the highest voltage of the system.
Classification:
• According to their shape and duration, voltage and overvoltages are divided in the
following classes:
• Continuous
• Temporary Overvoltage
• Transient Overvoltage
Temporary Overvoltage:
• An oscillatory phase-to-ground or
phase-to-phase overvoltage of
relatively long duration. May be
undamped or weakly damped and
in some cases its frequency may be
several times smaller or higher than
power frequency.
• Temporary overvoltages usually

originate from:
• Switching Operations
• Faults (Short Circuit)
• Load Rejection
• Ferro resonance Effects
• Ferranti Effect
Transient Overvoltages:
• Short Duration Overvoltage of few milliseconds or less, oscillatory or non-
oscillatory, usually highly damped.
• Slow-Front Overvoltage (usually associated with switching)
• Fast-Front Overvoltage (usually associated with lightning)
• Very Fast-Front Overvoltage (GIS and very fast events)
• Combined Overvoltage
Continuous (Power Frequency) Temporary Transient (Slow, Fast and Very Fast Fronts)
Combined
Purpose of Surge Arresters in electrical
systems
Proper selection of Surge Arresters for
the protection of the electrical systems
Selection of the Arrester’s Characteristics
Selection and Evaluation of the Insulation Withstand Levels for proper

Equipment Protection
Evaluation of the Insulation Coordination

Insulation Withstand Levels
Selection and Evaluation
• Steady State Condition – MCOV and Rated Voltage
• Protective Characteristics – Residual Voltage Levels
• Energy Requirements
• Environmental Conditions
• Short-circuit requirements
• Mechanical requirements


Lightning Impulse Withstand Voltage (BIL)
Switching Impulse Withstand Voltage (BSL)
LIWV & SIWV may be expressed as either Statistical or Conventional
Conventional Withstand Voltage: the peak voltage that an insulation system

is capable of withstanding without failure or disruptive discharge under
specified test conditions being applicable specifically to non-self-restoring
insulations.
Statistical Withstand Voltage: the peak voltage that an insulation is capable

of withstanding with a given probability of failure being applicable specifically
to self-restoring insulations.
IEC 60071-1 – Edition 8.0 / 2006

ANSI IEEE Std. 1313.1 / 1996




Insulation Coordination
Deterministic method: short review
Distance → VT
Maximum magnitudes of the transient overvoltages on the terminals of the
equipment protected are calculated taking into account the Surge Arrester’s
protective levels and the distance effect (electrical distance) among the
arrester and the protected equipment.
Insulation Coordination is the process of bringing the insulation strengths of
electrical equipment into the proper relationship with expected overvoltages
and with the characteristics of surge-protective devices.
Consists in the
selection of insulation
strength consistent
with the expected
overvoltages to
obtain an acceptable
risk of failure.
Protective Margin:
CWV LIWV SIWV
PM 1  PM 2  PM 3 
FWPL  V1 LIPL  V2 SIPL
CWV Chopped Wave Voltage of the equipment

FWPL Front of Wave Protective Level of the arresters
LIWV Lightning Impulse Withstand Voltage of the equipment (BIL)
LIPL Lightning Impulse Protective Level of the arrester
SWIV Switching Impulse Withstand Voltage of the equipment (BSL)
SIPL Switching Impulse Protective Level of the arrester
V Additional voltage due to the electrical distance between the

arrester and the protected equipment
Methods for evaluating the Distance Effect
• Simplified Method
• IEC Method: IEC 60.099-5
• ANSI IEEE Std. Method: ANSI C62.22
• Computational Simulation Method: Usually more realistic, but the final results
depend strongly on the models and the parameters used
LIWV - BIL
PM ≥ 1,20
VMAX
LIPL SA
SIWV - BSL
PM ≥ 1,15
VMAX
SIPL SA
VMAX t   VRES t   V t 
protection of the electrical systems
To reduce the electrical distance among surge arresters and the protected
equipment in special power transformers, place the surge arresters as closer
as possible to the protected equipment.
• Possibility of increasing the Protective Margin (MP).
• Possibility of reducing the Insulation Withstand Voltage.
Arrester as an integral part of the Protected Equipment

CHESF – Brazil
245 kV System
Kazakhstan
242kV System
Surge Arresters: application
Substations Distribution Networks Transmission Lines
Station Arresters
Installed to protect both self-restored and non-self-restored equipment from

the substation against transient overvoltages due to lightning and switching
events preventing damage in the insulation of those equipment.
Usually specified with lower protective levels as compared with Transmission

Line Arresters.
Energy requirements for station arresters usually higher than the

requirements for Transmission Line Arresters.
Station Arresters for substations
Design & Technology
Porcelain Polymeric
Design & Technology
Classification of arresters designs
Design A:
• Arresters have a design in which a gas channel runs along the entire
length of the arrester unit and fills ≥ 50 % of the internal volume not
occupied by the internal active parts.
• Typically, “Design A” arresters are porcelain housed arresters and polymer

housed arresters with a composite hollow insulator, which are usually
equipped with pressure relief devices.
Design & Technology – Design A
Porcelain Polymeric
ZnO Arresters: design and technology
Porcelain arresters
Porcelain arresters
Porcelain arresters – Short-circuit test
Porcelain arresters
MAA: up to 198 kV rating
• IEC Class 2 – 4.5 kJ / kV rating
MCA: up to 360 kV rating

MDA: up to 420 kV rating

MEA: up to 640 kV rating

Porcelain arresters
Porcelain arresters
Polymeric arrester: tube design
1 Polymeric housing
(Silicone, EPDM or
blends
EPDM/Silicone)
2 Fiber Reinforced
Tube (FRT)
3 Mettalic flanges
4 ZnO disks
5 Air spacing inside
the arrester
420 kV rating - EnBW - Germany

Design & Technology
Classification of arresters designs
Design B:
• Arresters are of a solid design with no enclosed volume of gas or having

an internal gas volume filling < 50 % of the internal volume not occupied by
the internal active parts.
• Typically, “Design B” arresters are polymer housed arresters which do not

have any pressure relief device and are of a solid type with no enclosed
volume of gas.
Design & Technology – Design B
Porcelain Polymeric
Polymeric arrester: wrapped design
1 Polymeric housing
(Silicone, EPDM or
blends
EPDM/Silicone)
2 Fiber Reinforced
Tube (FRT)
3 Mettalic flanges
4 ZnO disks
the arrester
Slipped over process molded on process

FRP material directly wrapped onto MO stack
Outer housing slipped over or molded on (SR, EPDM, EPDM/SR blends)
Most economical design: lowest market prices

Short-circuit performance better than for porcelain
Lightweight; easy to handle
Limited mechanical strength (diameter of housing, wall thickness)

Big differences in performance (e.g. with regard to moisture ingress, short-
circuit performance) depending on design variants and implementation
Multi-unit arresters even for lower system voltages (radial fields)
110 kV Sytem - Estonia SGD&E - USA – 69 kV System

Polymeric arrester: cage design
1 Polymeric housing
(Silicone, EPDM or
blends
EPDM/Silicone)
2 Fiber Reinforced
Tube (FRT)
3 Mettalic flanges
4 ZnO disks
the arrester
Loops + bondage Rods

FRP rods or loops form an open cage around the MO stack
Outer housing directly molded onto the MO stack (silicone rubber)
The cage design is a higher performance arrester as compared with wrapped
design.
Economical design; low market prices

Short-circuit performance better than for porcelain
Mechanical strength usually higher than for wrapped design
Lightweight; easy to handle
Limited mechanical strength (diameter; mechanical strength of MO blocks) as

compared with tube design.
Short-circuit performance
1. Arrester has failed and gas begins to

be expelled through the housing.
2. The gas streams trigger an external

flashover and the internal arc is
commutated to the outside
Design & Technology – Design B
55
Bending Moment Test: 1,000 cycles - SLL
Bending Moment Test: 1,000 cycles - SLL
Bending Moment Test: SLL Application
Bending Moment Test: SLL Application
Bending Moment: Thermal cycle 96 h
Bending Moment: Boiling test - 42 h
Seismic test: shake table – PCA3-120
PAA: up to 132 kV rating
• IEEE – Intermediate Class – 5.2 kJ / kV MCOV – Energy Class B
PBA: up to 230 kV rating

• IEEE – Station Class – 7.5 kJ / kV MCOV – Energy Class D
PCA: up to 360 kV rating

• IEEE – Station Class – 9.5 kJ / kV MCOV – energy Class E
Series parallel HVSA
Surge counters
Selection of the arrester’s characteristics



Surge arrester’s characteristics
Lightning and switching
Contamination and overvoltages
environmental condition
Voltage
U rw
Temporary
overvoltages
Up
Continuous operating
voltage
Uc
t1
Time
MCOV and duty rating
Condition 1 - Selection of MCOV based on the Highest System Voltage
U max
Uc1 
3
MCOV and duty rating
Condition 2 - Selection of MCOV based the Amplitudes of the Temporary
Overvoltages (TOV) and their Duration
• Temporary Overvoltage versus Time Capability for Surge Arrester
TOV
Uc2 
K2
TOV
K2 
MCOV
MCOV and duty rating - Example
System Voltage (Phase-to-Phase)
• Rated Voltage: 230 kV
• Highest Voltage of the System: 242 kV
• Case 1 - Grounded System: TOV = 181.6 kV (1.3 pu) at 1 s
• Case 2 – Non-effectively Grounded System: 193.6 kV at 1 s
• Case 3 - High Impedance System: TOV = 216.6 kV (1.55 pu) at 1 s
• Case 4 – Ungrounded System: TOV = 242 kV (1.73 pu) at 1 s
Um
Uc1  MCOVmin 
3
242
Uc1   139.7kV
3
• Case 1 - Grounded System: TOV = 181.6 kV (1.3 pu) at 1 s
TOV
Uc2 
K2
181.6
Uc2   122.7kV
1.48
• Case 2 - Non-effectively Grounded System: 193.6 kV at 1 s
TOV
Uc2 
K2
193.6
Uc2   130.8kV
1.48
• Case 3 - High Impedance System: TOV = 216.6 kV (1.55 pu) at 1 s
TOV
Uc2 
K2
216.6
Uc2   146.4kV
1.48
• Case 4: Ungrounded System: TOV = 242 kV (1.73 pu) at 1 s
TOV
Uc2 
K2
242
Uc2   163.5kV
1.48
Summary of the Results:

• Case 1 - Uc1 = 139.7 kV / Uc2 = 122.7 kV ▬ Uc = 144 kV
System Voltage (Phase-to-Phase): 230 kV
Highest Voltage of the System: 242 kV
• Grounded System: Uc = 144 kV / Ur = 180 kV

• Non-effectively Grounded System: Uc = 144 kV / Ur = 180 kV
• High Impedance System: Uc = 152 kV / Ur = 192 kV
• Unearthed System: Uc = 180 kV / Ur = 228 kV
Higher MCOV and rated voltage means higher residual voltage across the
surge arrester.
Grounded System: PCA33-180
High Impedance System: PCA33-192
Unearthed System: PCA33-225

• For same arrester design, it is

URATED possible to reduce the surge
arrester’s protective levels by
reducing the arrester’s MCOV and
rated voltage.
MCOV
TOV SA TOV 2
TOV 1
MCOV
VMAX
Arrester classification
ANSI IEEE Std. 62.11
• Intermediate Class Arrester - Classifying current: 5 kA
These arresters are designed for moderate-duty and for maximum system voltages of
169 kV and below.
• Station Class Arrester – Classifying current: 10 kA / 15 kA / 20 kA
These arresters are designed for heavy-duty applications. They have the widest range
of ratings, the lowest protective characteristics, and the most durability.
IEC 60.099-4
• Transmission Line Discharge Class: 1 - 5
• Nominal Discharge Current 10 kA: Class 1, 2 & 3
• Nominal Discharge Current 20 kA: Class 4 & 5
Energy requirements
To define Surge Arrester Energy Capability
• ANSI IEEE Std. C62.11: Station or Intermediate Class
• IEC 60.099-4: Transmission Line Discharge Class
Lightning Requirements
Switching Requirements
• Closing and Re-closing of Long Lines
• Switching of Capacitor Banks and Cables
• Switching of reactors
Energy requirements
Closing and reclosing of TL
Energy requirements
 2 U ps  U L  U ps 
Td
E ARR
Z0
EARR Energy absorbed by the arrester (kJ)

Ups Residual voltage for swtching impulse (kV)
UL Overvoltage along the transmisison line (kV)
Td Propagation time of the electromagnetic waves (µs)
Z0 Transmission Line Surge Impedance (Ω)
Energy requirements
Highest System Surge Impedance Overvoltage

Voltage (kVrms) (Ω) (pu)
Um ≤ 145 450 3.0
145 < Um ≤ 362 400 3.0
362 < Um ≤ 525 350 2.6
Um > 525 300 2.2
Energy requirements
Example:
• 72.5 kV transmission line with 200 km length
• Surge Impedance: 450 Ω
• Overvoltage: 3.0 p.u. = 177.6 kVpeak
• Arrester model: PCA3-72
• Residual voltage at 250 A: 133 kV
• Propagation time: 666.7 µs
E ARR  2 U ps  U L  U ps   2 133  177.6  133 

Td 666.7
 17.58kJ
Z0 450
Energy requirements
Example:
• 230 kV transmission line with 450 km length
• Surge Impedance: 400 Ω
• Overvoltage: 3.0 p.u. = 592.8 kVpeak
• Arrester model: PCA33-192
• Residual voltage at 500 A: 372 kV
• Propagation time: 1,500 µs
 U  T  2  372  592.8  372 

1,500
E ARR  2 U ps L  U ps d
 616.0kJ
Z0 400
616.0 kJ
E ARR  616.0kJ   4.05
152 kV MCOV
Energy requirements
From the graphic: Ups = 128 kV and Idischarge = 105 A E = 17.92 kJ

Energy requirements
600000
500000
Residual Voltage (V)
400000
300000
200000
100000
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200
Discharge Current (A)
From the graphic: Ups = 375 kV and Idischarge = 550 A E = 618.8 kJ

Energy requirements
Reevaluate the real conditions for the surge arresters regarding the energy
requirements during the occurrence of transient overvoltages.
Detailed studies have shown that in some cases is possible to reduce the
energy absorption capability required for the surge arresters, reducing costs
and optimizing the cost – benefit relationship.
Surge arresters must be defined based on the energy absorption capability

required instead of transmission line dicharge class.
Protective Levels – Residual Voltages
To obtain the Surge Arrester Protective Levels
• ANSI IEEE Std. C62.11

• Normalized lightning impulse discharge voltage
• Normalized switching impulse discharge voltage
• Normalized front-of-wave discharge voltage
• IEC 60.099-4
• Steep Current Residual Voltage: 1 µs / Nominal Discharge Current - In
• Lightning Impulse Residual Voltage: 8/20 µs / 0.5.In, In, and 2.In
• Switching Impulse Residual Voltage: 30/60 µs / Discharge Current based on TLD Class
and Nominal Discharge Current
ANSI IEEE C62.11
• Normalized front-of-wave discharge voltage: 1 µs
• Lightning impulse classifying current value
ANSI IEEE C62.11
• Normalized lightning impulse discharge voltage - 8/20 µs
• 1.5 kA / 3.0 kA / 5.0 kA / 10.0 kA and 20.0 kA
• Classifyng current if different
ANSI IEEE C62.11
• Normalized lightning impulse discharge voltage - 8/20 µs
ANSI IEEE C62.11
• Normalized switching impulse discharge voltage
• Current impulse with a magnitude equal to the appropriate switching surge classifying
current(s)
Other parameters to be selected
Environmental Conditions (Especially for Polymeric Arresters)
Contamination Issues
• Define the minimum leakage distance required
Short-Circuit Capability
• At Low Current
• At High Current
Mechanical considerations
• Bending Moment requirements
• Seismic requirements
Pollution issues – Leakage distance
Highest system voltage: 242 kV
Arrester model PCA33-192

• Leakage distance: 285.4 inches or 7,250 mm
Contamination level 3 – IEC 60815:

• 1.705 in / kV or 43.3 mm / kV (phase-to-earth)
• 0.984 in / kV or 25.0 mm / kV (phase-to-phase)
Minimum leakage distance required: 0.984 * 242 = 238.1 inches

Pollution issues – Leakage distance
Highest system voltage: 72.5 kV
Arrester model PBA3-72

• Leakage distance: 143 inches or 3632 mm
Contamination level 3 IEC 60.815:

• 43.3 mm / kV (phase-to-earth)
• 25.0 mm / kV (phase-to-phase)
Minimum leakage distance required: 43.3 * 41.9 = 1,812 mm (71.4 in)

VMAX t   VRES t   V t 
LIWV - BIL
MP ≥ 1,20
VMAX
LIPL SA
SIWL - BSL
MP ≥ 1,15
VMA
SIPL SA X
TOV capability
TOV SA
TOV system
1.3 – 2.0 pu
MCOV MCOV SA
1.0 pu VMAX
VMAX t   VRES t   V t 
825 kV - BIL
MP ≥ 1,20
687 kV
LIPL SA
685 kV - BSL
MP ≥ 1,15
595 kV
SIPL SA
382 kV – 1 kA
225 kV – 1 s
TOV SA
193.6 kV – 1 s
1.3 – 2.0 pu
MCOV 152 kV
1.0 pu 139.7 kV

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High Voltage Surge Arresters:

Design & Application

This protects the equipment / power

Definition – IEC 60.071-1 – Edition 8.0 / 2006:

• Temporary overvoltages usually

Selection and Evaluation of the Insulation Withstand Levels for proper

Evaluation of the Insulation Coordination

Selection and Evaluation of the Insulation Withstand Levels for proper

Evaluation of the Insulation Coordination

Conventional Withstand Voltage: the peak voltage that an insulation system

Statistical Withstand Voltage: the peak voltage that an insulation is capable

IEC 60071-1 – Edition 8.0 / 2006

ANSI IEEE Std. 1313.1 / 1996

Selection of the Arrester’s Characteristics

Selection and Evaluation of the Insulation Withstand Levels for proper

Evaluation of the Insulation Coordination

CWV Chopped Wave Voltage of the equipment

V Additional voltage due to the electrical distance between the

• IEC Method: IEC 60.099-5

• ANSI IEEE Std. Method: ANSI C62.22

• Possibility of increasing the Protective Margin (MP).

• Possibility of reducing the Insulation Withstand Voltage.

Arrester as an integral part of the Protected Equipment

Installed to protect both self-restored and non-self-restored equipment from

Usually specified with lower protective levels as compared with Transmission

Energy requirements for station arresters usually higher than the

• Typically, “Design A” arresters are porcelain housed arresters and polymer

MCA: up to 360 kV rating

MDA: up to 420 kV rating

MEA: up to 640 kV rating

420 kV rating - EnBW - Germany

• Arresters are of a solid design with no enclosed volume of gas or having

• Typically, “Design B” arresters are polymer housed arresters which do not

Slipped over process molded on process

Outer housing slipped over or molded on (SR, EPDM, EPDM/SR blends)

Most economical design: lowest market prices

Limited mechanical strength (diameter of housing, wall thickness)

110 kV Sytem - Estonia SGD&E - USA – 69 kV System

Loops + bondage Rods

Economical design; low market prices

Limited mechanical strength (diameter; mechanical strength of MO blocks) as

1. Arrester has failed and gas begins to

2. The gas streams trigger an external

PBA: up to 230 kV rating

PCA: up to 360 kV rating

Selection of the Arrester’s Characteristics

Selection and Evaluation of the Insulation Withstand Levels for proper

Evaluation of the Insulation Coordination

System Voltage (Phase-to-Phase)

• Grounded System: Uc = 144 kV / Ur = 180 kV

High Impedance System: PCA33-192

Unearthed System: PCA33-225

• For same arrester design, it is

EARR Energy absorbed by the arrester (kJ)

Highest System Surge Impedance Overvoltage

E ARR  2 U ps  U L  U ps   2 133  177.6  133 

 U  T  2  372  592.8  372 

From the graphic: Ups = 128 kV and Idischarge = 105 A E = 17.92 kJ

From the graphic: Ups = 375 kV and Idischarge = 550 A E = 618.8 kJ

Surge arresters must be defined based on the energy absorption capability

• ANSI IEEE Std. C62.11

Arrester model PCA33-192

Contamination level 3 – IEC 60815:

Minimum leakage distance required: 0.984 * 242 = 238.1 inches