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Interpreting Geologic History From Map
Interpreting Geologic History From Map
Clarkston, GA 30021
Laboratory 16
1. Each colored unit on the geologic map represents a formation. See the
"explanation" (or "legend" or "key") on the side of the map for formation names. The
ages of the rocks are given also. Each formation has a symbol or abbreviation that
will help you to read the map. The first letter of the symbol is capitalized, and
represents the age of the unit. The other letters are lowercase and represent the
formation or group name, or provide lithologic information. Example:
You should be familiar with the geologic period names from the geologic time scale.
There is a copy of the time scale in the front of your lab manual.
a. What are the ages of rocks are present on this map? Put an X in the box
below each period abbreviation if it is on the map or in the legend.
pC C O S D M P P Tr J K T Q
b. What ages (periods) are missing from this sequence? Put an X in the boxes
of those which you cannot find on the map or in the legend.
pC C O S D M P P Tr J K T Q
2. The fine gray lines on this map are topographic contour lines. Some of these
contour lines are numbered with the elevation (in feet) above sea level. The contour
interval is defined as the difference in elevation between two adjacent contour lines.
(1) Find the elevation at the top (or rim) of the canyon. (This is the
place where the contour lines change from being closely spaced to
being widely spaced. A good point to use near the El Tovar Hotel on
the south rim.)
(2) Find the elevation at the bottom of the canyon (at the river).
(3) Subtract these two elevations to find the depth of the canyon.
d. What is the general structural orientation of the Paleozoic rock units in the
Grand Canyon? (Possibilities include nearly horizontal (or flat lying), nearly
vertical (standing on edge), dipping, or folded.) Hint: If the answer is not
obvious from the map with a little thought, examine the structure sections or
look for photographs of the Grand Canyon in your textbook.
___________________________________
e. In some places at the bottom of the canyon (near the river), the
topographic contours do NOT parallel the formation contacts. These
formations are not horizontal. List at least four formations which are not
horizontal, from an examination of the MAP. (Do not use the structure
sections for this question.)
1.
2.
3.
4.
3. The contact between the Cambrian Tapeats Sandstone and these underlying units
is called an unconformity.
b. Sketch the MAP EVIDENCE for an unconformity. (See Figure 2 in this lab).
c. Sketch the unconformity as shown in the structure section A-A' near Widforss
Point.
Examine the structure section A-A'. What is the approximate AGE of the
unconformity? (Bracket it between two formations, and give their ages
(period names) - older than X but younger than Y.)
____________________________ period.
b. Is it located near the top or near the bottom of the canyon? (Circle one.)
c. What other formations does the Tapeats overlie? (Give at least four other
formations.)
1.
2.
3.
4.
7. The diagram below shows two stratigraphic sections with lithologic and fossil data,
through the Tapeats Sandstone, Bright Angel Formation, and Muav Formation. The
letters A, B, C, and D refer to the stratigraphic ranges of particular fossil species.
a. Is this a transgressive or a regressive sequence? (Circle one.)
A ________________________________
B ________________________________
C ________________________________
D ________________________________
c. On the diagram above, draw lines which correspond to the top and bottom
of the stratigraphic ranges of each of the fossils, A, B, C, and D.
d. Assume that the tops and bottoms of the stratigraphic ranges of each of
these fossils (A, B, C, and D) represent time lines. Do the contacts between
the three formations parallel time lines, or are they diachronous?
__________________________________
f. From your answer to the question above, which direction (east or west) was
more landward?
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
c. The different ages of these two adjacent formations indicate the presence
of an unconformity or time break. Is there any evidence ON THE MAP for and
unconformity between these two formations?
__________________________________
d. How could the presence of this unconformity be detected? (Hint: See the
explanatory information at the beginning of this lab.)
____________________________________________
Fossils of many marine invertebrates which lived during the time after the
Muav Formation was deposited, but before the Redwall Limestone was
deposited, are known from other parts of the world. But, all are missing here.
The fossils indicate the presence of an unconformity.
9. a. Box E contains fossils like those from the Redwall Limestone. Identify three
fossil groups.
_____________________, ___________________,
_____________________
_____________________________________________
c. Box F contains rocks and fossils (or trace fossils) like those from the Supai
Formation.
____________________________________
_____________________________________
10. The Hermit Shale is red, with a few sandstone beds near its base (fining
upwards). Ripples, mudcracks, plant fossils, and footprints are also present.
Interpret the depositional environment.
__________________________________________
11. The Coconino Sandstone is a white to buff, cross-bedded, well sorted quartz
sandstone with rounded grains, a few reptile tracks, and no marine fossils. Interpret
the depositional environment.
___________________________________________
12. The Toroweap Formation and Kaibab Formation are marine limestones. The
Kaibab also contains chert. Fossil brachiopods, corals, cephalopods, and crinoids are
present.
____________________________________________
Summary
Outline the events in the geologic history of the Grand Canyon area as recorded by
the rocks, and as interpreted step-by-step, in order from oldest to youngest, in this
lab exercise. Use the geologic map, structure sections, and your answers to the
above questions to guide you. (You are basically just summarizing your findings, in
order.) Use your own paper. Should be typed.
Start with the Precambrian Vishnu Schist (pCV), and indicate the units in order of
deposition (with depositional environments mentioned for the Paleozoic units), and
mentioning periods of tilting, uplift, erosion, transgression, and regression, in the
proper order.
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Copies of the geologic map of the Grand Canyon or Bright Angel Quadrangle for each
pair or table of students. Many of these maps are sold in sets which come with
structure sections or geologic cross sections along several lines. Several questions
refer to the structure sections. If they are not available, the students can omit those
questions.
(1) There should be four boxes of fossils labelled A, B, C, and D. (See question 7).
(2) There should be a box labelled E with fossils from the Mississippian Redwall
Limestone (or substitutes). Various marine invertebrates can be used, including
brachiopods, corals, and crinoids.
(3) There should be a box labelled F with Pennsylvanian- Permian Supai-type rocks
(non-marine red cross-bedded sandstone, and red shale), and fossils or trace fossils
such as tracks, or bones of amphibians or primitive reptiles).