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(ACI - Committee - 314) - ACI - 314R-11 - Guide - To - Simplified Design For RC Buildings PDF
(ACI - Committee - 314) - ACI - 314R-11 - Guide - To - Simplified Design For RC Buildings PDF
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specifications. tures of small to medium floor areas.
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1.5—Notation and definitions 6.7—Floor finish
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Observing these limits justifies the simplified analysis and
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Maximum area per floor—The area per floor should
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floor finish to floor finish, should not exceed 13 ft (4 m).
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- 6IWMHIRXMEPFSEVHERHGEVIJEGMPMXMIW =)7
- ,SWTMXEPW 23
+VSYT-{-RWXMXYXMSREP
- 4VMWSRWNEMPWVIJSVQEXSVMIWERHHIXIRXMSRGIRXIVW =)7
- (E]GEVIJEGMPMXMIW =)7
+VSYT1{1IVGERXMPI 1 (MWTPE]ERHWEPISJQIVGLERHMWI =)7
,SXIPWLEZMRKEREWWIQFP]VSSQ[MXLGETEGMX]PIWWXLERTIVWSRWERHRSXLEZMRKE
6 =)7
WXEKI
+VSYT6{6IWMHIRXMEP 6 %TEVXQIRXFYMPHMRKWERHHSVQMXSVMIW =)7
6 ,SYWIW =)7
6 6IWMHIRXMEPGEVIERHEWWMWXIHPMZMRKJEGMPMXMIW =)7
7 7XSVEKISJLIEZ]SVLE^EVHSYWQEXIVMEPW 23
+VSYT7{7XSVEKI
7 7XSVEKISJPMKLXQEXIVMEPW =)7
9 9XMPMXMIW[EXIVWYTTP]W]WXIQWERHTS[IVKIRIVEXMRKTPERXW 23
+VSYT9{9XMPMX]ERH
9 +EVEKIWJSVZILMGPIW[MXLGEVV]MRKGETEGMX]YTXSPFOK
=)7
QMWGIPPERISYW
9 +EVEKIWJSVXVYGOWSJQSVIXLERPFOK
GEVV]MRKGETEGMX] 23
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
8EFPI {(IWMKRERHGSRWXVYGXMSRTVSGIHYVIWXITW
6IPEXIH
7XIT (IWGVMTXMSR GLETXIV
Verification that the limitations for using the guide are met.
% ERH
Definition of the layout in plan and height of the structure.
& 'EPGYPEXMSRSJEPPKVEZMX]PSEHWXLEXEGXSRXLIWXVYGXYVII\GPYHMRKXLIWIPJ[IMKLXSJXLIWXVYGXYVEPQIQFIVW
' Definition of an appropriate floor system, depending on the span lengths and the magnitude of the gravity loads.
Selection of trial dimensions for the slab of the floor system.
( 'EPGYPEXMSRSJXLIWIPJ[IMKLXSJXLIW]WXIQERHHIWMKRSJXLIQIQFIVWXLEXGSQTVMWIMXGSVVIGXMRKXLIHMQIRWMSRMJRIIHIHF]XLI ERH
WXVIRKXLERHWIVZMGIEFMPMX]PMQMXWXEXIWGSQTP]MRK[MXLXLIPMQMXWJSVWPEFW]WXIQW[MXLFIEQWSVWPEFGSPYQRW]WXIQW
8VMEPHMQIRWMSRWJSVXLIFIEQWERHKMVHIVWMJRIIHIH
) 'EPGYPEXMSRSJXLIWIPJ[IMKLXSJKMVHIVWFIEQWERHNSMWXW ERH
*PI\YVEPERHWLIEVHIWMKRSJXLIFIEQWERHKMVHIVWGSVVIGXMRKXLIHMQIRWMSRWMJRIIHIHF]XLIWXVIRKXLERHWIVZMGIEFMPMX]PMQMXWXEXIW
8VMEPHMQIRWMSRWJSVXLIGSPYQRW
Verification of column slenderness through the use of minimum dimensions.
* 'EPGYPEXMSRSJXLIWIPJ[IMKLXSJXLIGSPYQRW
(IWMKRSJXLIGSPYQRWJSVGSQFMREXMSRSJE\MEPPSEHQSQIRXERHWLIEV
'SVVIGXMRKXLIHMQIRWMSRWMJRIIHIHF]XLIWXVIRKXLERHWIVZMGIEFMPMX]PMQMXWXEXIW
-JPEXIVEPPSEHWYGLEWIEVXLUYEOI[MRHSVPEXIVEPIEVXLTVIWWYVIMWFI]SRHRSQMREPQEKRMXYHIERHETTPMGEXMSRTSMRXEVIXSFI
+
IWXEFPMWLIHSXLIV[MWIXLIHIWMKRIVQE]TVSGIIHXS7XIT-
4VIPMQMREV]PSGEXMSRERHXVMEPHMQIRWMSRWJSVVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI[EPPWGETEFPISJVIWMWXMRKPEXIVEPPSEHW
, For earthquake loads, the influence of wall self-weight is evaluated. ERH
*PI\YVIERHWLIEVHIWMKRSJXLIVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI[EPPW
- (IWMKRSJXLIWXEMV[E]WVEQTWWQEPPTSXEFPI[EXIVXEROWERHVIXEMRMRK[EPPW
0SEHWEXXLIJSYRHEXMSRPIZIPEVIHIXIVQMRIH
. Definition of the foundation system is performed.
(IWMKRSJXLIWXVYGXYVEPQIQFIVWSJXLIJSYRHEXMSR
/ Production of the structural drawings and specifications.
0 8LIWXVYGXYVIMWFYMPXGSQTP]MRK[MXLXLIGSRWXVYGXMSRERHMRWTIGXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXW
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
*MKE{(IWMKRERHGSRWXVYGXMSRTVSGIHYVI *MKF{(IWMKRERHGSRWXVYGXMSRTVSGIHYVIJSVIEVXL
UYEOIVIKMSRW
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
TYX[ ! JEGXSVIH HIWMKR LSVM^SRXEP TVIWWYVI JSV VIXEMRMRK 6W ! response modification factor related to energy
[EPPW GEYWIH F] WYVGLEVKI TVIWWYVI SR XST SJ HMWWMTEXMSR GETEGMX] MR MRIPEWXMG VERKI SJ WIMWQMG
retaining wall backfill, lb/ftO4ESVO2Q
VIWMWXERXWXVYGXYVEPW]WXIQ
TY[ ! JEGXSVIH HIWMKR LSVM^SRXEP TVIWWYVI JSV VIXEMRMRK 6Y ! JEGXSVIH VIEGXMSR JVSQ WYTTSVXIH WXVYGXYVEP
[EPPWPFJXO4ESVO2Q
QIQFIVPFO2
T^ ! EXVIWXSVEGXMZIPEXIVEPWSMPTVIWWYVIEXHITXL\PF W ! WTEGMRK SJ XVERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX WXMVVYTW SV
JXO4ESVO2Q
[EPPVIMRJSVGIQIRXQIEWYVIHEPSRKE\MWSJQIQFIV
4FR ! RSQMREPGSQTVIWWMSRE\MEPGSQTVIWWMSRWXVIRKXLEX MRQQ
WIGXMSREXFEPERGIHGSRHMXMSRWPF2
WN ! GIRXIVXSGIRXIVWTEGMRKFIX[IIRTEVEPPIPNSMWXWMR
4GY ! JEGXSVIH GSQTVIWWMSR PSEH SR [EPP FSYRHEV] QQ
IPIQIRXMRGPYHMRKWIMWQMGIJJIGXWPF2
WW ! WEQTPIWXERHEVHHIZMEXMSRTWM14E
4H ! YRJEGXSVIHHIEHPSEHE\MEPJSVGIEXWIGXMSRPFO2
WWO ! WTEGMRKSJWOMRVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRQQ
4P ! YRJEGXSVIHPMZIPSEHE\MEPJSVGIEXWIGXMSRPFO2
WY ! WLIEV WXVIRKXL SJ YRHVEMRIH GSLIWMZI WSMP PFJX
4R ! RSQMREP E\MEP GSQTVIWWMSR WXVIRKXL EX KMZIR O4ESVO2Q
IGGIRXVMGMX]PF2
7 ! WRS[PSEHSVVIPEXIHMRXIVREPQSQIRXWERHPSEHW
4RQE\
! QE\MQYQGSQTVIWWMSRRSQMREPE\MEPGSQTVIWWMSR 7E ! ZEPYI SJ IPEWXMG EGGIPIVEXMSR HIWMKR VIWTSRWI
WXVIRKXLEXWIGXMSRPF2
WTIGXVYQJSVHEQTMRKVEXMSSJTIVGIRXSJGVMXMGEP
4SR ! nominal compression, without flexure, or axial I\TVIWWIHEWJVEGXMSRSJEGGIPIVEXMSRSJKVEZMX]
GSQTVIWWMSRWXVIRKXLEXWIGXMSRPF2
7M ! RSQMREPPSEHIJJIGXFEWIHSRPSEHM
4SZ ! QE\MQYQZIVXMGEPPSEHETTPMIHXSJSSXMRKMRGPYHMRK 7(7 ! ZEPYI SJ HIWMKR IEVXLUYEOI WTIGXVEP EGGIPIVEXMSR
[MRHSVWIMWQMGSZIVXYVRMRKIJJIGXWPF2
TEVEQIXIVEXWLSVXTIVMSH
4XR ! nominal tension, without flexure, or axial tension X\X] ! WXVYGXYVEP ZIVXMGEP QIQFIV GVSWWWIGXMSREP
WXVIRKXLEXWIGXMSRPF2
HMQIRWMSRMRHMVIGXMSR\SV]VIWTIGXMZIP]MRQQ
4XY ! JEGXSVIH XIRWMSR JSVGI SR [EPP FSYRHEV] IPIQIRX 8 ! GYQYPEXMZIIJJIGXSJXIQTIVEXYVIGVIITWLVMROEKI
MRGPYHMRKWIMWQMGIJJIGXWPF2
HMJJIVIRXMEPWIXXPIQIRXERHWLVMROEKIGSQTIRWEXMRK
4Y ! JEGXSVIH E\MEP SV GSRGIRXVEXIH PSEH SV JEGXSVIH GSRGVIXI
E\MEPPSEHEXKMZIRIGGIRXVMGMX]PF2SVO2
8M 8\ ! YRJEGXSVIH WXSV] XSVWMSREP QSQIRX HYI XS PEXIVEP
4YF ! JEGXSVIHE\MEPPSEHEXFEWISJGSPYQRPF2
PSEHWEXWXSV]MSV\VIWTIGXMZIP]PFMRO2Q
4Z ! QE\MQYQ ZIVXMGEP PSEH ETTPMIH XS JSSXMRK RSX 8S ! YRJEGXSVIH WXSV] XSVWMSREP QSQIRX HYI XS PEXIVEP
MRGPYHMRK[MRHSVWIMWQMGPF2
PSEHWEXFEWISJWXVYGXYVIPFMRO2Q
4- ! WSMP TPEWXMGMX] MRHI\ IUYEP XS HMJJIVIRGI MR 8SY ! JEGXSVIHWXSV]XSVWMSREPQSQIRXHYIXSPEXIVEPPSEHW
TIVGIRXEKISJQSMWXYVIGSRXIRXEXPMUYMHPMQMXERH EXFEWISJWXVYGXYVIPFMRO2Q
EXTPEWXMGPMQMX 8Y ! JEGXSVIHXSVWMSREPQSQIRXEXWIGXMSRPFMR2QQ
UE ! YRJEGXSVIHEPPS[EFPIFIEVMRKGETEGMX]SJWSMPPFJX 8\Y 8MY ! JEGXSVIHWXSV]XSVWMSREPQSQIRXHYIXSPEXIVEPPSEHW
O4ESVO2Q
EXWXSV]MSV\VIWTIGXMZIP]PFMRO2Q
UG ! WXERHEVH GSRI TIRIXVEXMSR VIWMWXERGI MR GSRI 9 ! VIUYMVIHWXVIRKXLXSVIWMWXJEGXSVIHPSEHWSVVIPEXIH
TIRIXVEXMSRXIWX'48
PFJXO4ESVO2Q
MRXIVREPQSQIRXWERHPSEHW
UH ! YRJEGXSVIHHIEHPSEHTIVYRMXEVIEPFJXO2Q
: ! FEWMG[MRHWTIIHQTLGSVVIWTSRHMRKXSWIGSRH
UL ! [MRHZIPSGMX]TVIWWYVIEXLIMKLXLSZIVXIVVEMRPF KYWXWTIIHEXJXQ
EFSZIKVSYRH
JXO2Q
:FW ! WIMWQMGHIWMKRFEWIWLIEVPFO2
U ! YRJEGXSVIHPMZIPSEHTIVYRMXEVIEPFJXO2Q
:G ! RSQMREPWLIEVWXVIRKXLTVSZMHIHF]GSRGVIXIPF2
US ! SZIVFYVHIR TVIWWYVI SV YRJEGXSVIH KVEZMX] PSEHW :M :\! YRJEGXSVIHWXSV]WLIEVHYIXSPEXIVEPPSEHWEXWXSV]M
ETTPMIH HMVIGXP] XS WPEF MR QEX JSYRHEXMSRW PFJX SV \VIWTIGXMZIP]PFO2
O2Q
:MY:\Y! JEGXSVIHWXSV]WLIEVHYIXSPEXIVEPPSEHWEXWXSV]MSV
UY ! JEGXSVIHPSEHTIVYRMXEVIEPFJXO2Q
\VIWTIGXMZIP]PFO2
UYG ! unconfined compression strength of soil, lb/ftO4E :R ! RSQMREPWLIEVWXVIRKXLEXWIGXMSRPF2
SVO2Q
:S ! YRJEGXSVIHWXSV]WLIEVHYIXSPEXIVEPPSEHWEXFEWISJ
UYR ! JEGXSVIHRIXWSMPVIEGXMSRTVIWWYVISRJSSXMRKPFJX WXVYGXYVIPFO2
O2Q
:SY ! JEGXSVIHWXSV]WLIEVHYIXSPEXIVEPPSEHWEXFEWISJ
VY ! JEGXSVIH YRMJSVQP] HMWXVMFYXIH VIEGXMSR JVSQ WPEF WXVYGXYVIPFO2
SRWYTTSVXMRKKMVHIVFIEQSVVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI :W ! RSQMREP WLIEV WXVIRKXL EX WIGXMSR TVSZMHIH F]
[EPPPFJXO2Q
XVERWZIVWIVIMRJSVGIQIRXPFO2
6 ! VEMRPSEHSVVIPEXIHMRXIVREPQSQIRXWERHPSEHWPF :W[ ! GSRXVMFYXMSRSJXLILSVM^SRXEP[EPPVIMRJSVGIQIRXXS
SVJXPFERHPF2
SV2Q
2
XLIRSQMREPWLIEVWXVIRKXLEXWIGXMSRPFO2
6R ! nominal strength in terms of flexure, axial load, :Y ! JEGXSVIHWLIEVPF2
WLIEVSVFIEVMRKWXVIRKXLPF2
:[ ! [MRHHIWMKRFEWIWLIEVPFO2
6TM ! VIEGXMSRJVSQPEXIVEPWSMPTVIWWYVIEXWXSV]MPFO2
[ ! QSMWXYVIGSRXIRXSJXLIWSMPTIVGIRXEKI
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
[H ! YRJEGXSVIH HIEH PSEH TIV YRMX QIQFIV PIRKXL W ! VEXMS SJ ZSPYQI SJ WTMVEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX XS GSVI
ETTPMIHHMVIGXP]XSXLIQIQFIVPFMRO2Q
volume confined by spiral reinforcement (measured
[HJ ! YRJEGXSVIH HIEH PSEH TIV YRMX QIQFIV PIRKXL SYXXSSYX
ETTPMIHHMVIGXP]XSXLIQIQFIVPFJXO2Q
X ! VEXMSSJLSVM^SRXEPWLIEVVIMRJSVGIQIRXEVIEXSKVSWW
[M[\ ! TEVXSJ;WGSVVIWTSRHMRKXSWXSV]MSV\VIWTIGXMZIP] GSRGVIXIEVIESJZIVXMGEPWIGXMSR
PFJXO2Q
Z[ ! VEXMS SJ ZIVXMGEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR VIMRJSVGIH
[ ! YRJEGXSVIHPMZIPSEHTIVYRMXQIQFIVPIRKXLETTPMIH GSRGVIXI[EPPW
HMVIGXP]XSXLIQIQFIVPFMRO2Q
! WXVIRKXLVIHYGXMSRJEGXSV
[Y ! JEGXSVIH PSEH TIV YRMX QIQFIV PIRKXL ETTPMIH W ! ERKPISJMRXIVREPJVMGXMSRSJWSMP
HMVIGXP]XSXLIQIQFIVPFJXO2Q
1G ! sum of nominal flexural strengths (1R
SJGSPYQRW
; ! [MRHPSEHWSVVIPEXIHMRXIVREPQSQIRXWERHPSEHW JVEQMRKMRXSNSMRXPFMR2Q
;W ! XSXEP FYMPHMRK [IMKLX JSV WIMWQMG HIWMKR PF O2
1K ! sum of nominal flexural strengths (1R
SJ KMVHIVW
JVEQMRKMRXSNSMRXPFMR2Q
;Y ! XSXEPJEGXSVIHYRMJSVQP]HMWXVMFYXIHHIWMKRPSEHTIV 4Y ! WYQSJJEGXSVIHGSRGIRXVEXIHPSEHW[MXLMRWTERPF
YRMXQIQFIVPIRKXLPFMRO2QQ
O2
;YJ ! XSXEPJEGXSVIHYRMJSVQP]HMWXVMFYXIHHIWMKRPSEHTIV 6Y ! WYQSJJEGXSVIHVIEGXMSRWJVSQWYTTSVXIHWXVYGXYVEP
YRMXQIQFIVPIRKXLPFJXO2Q
QIQFIVWEXWEQIWXSV]PFO2
\ ] ! WXSV] PEXIVEP WXMJJRIWW GIRXIV GSSVHMREXIW MR
HMVIGXMSRW \ERH]VIWTIGXMZIP]MRQQ
2.2—Definitions
^ ! HITXLSJWSMPJXQ
ACI provides a comprehensive list of definitions through
E ! JVEGXMSRSJPSEHEGXMRKMRWLSVXHMVIGXMSRMRX[S[E] ER SRPMRI VIWSYVGI w%'- 'SRGVIXI 8IVQMRSPSK]x LXXT
WPEFWSRKMVHIVW XIVQMRSPSK]GSRGVIXISVK.) Definitions provided herein
F ! JVEGXMSRSJPSEHEGXMRKMRPSRKHMVIGXMSRMRX[S[E] GSQTPIQIRXXLEXVIWSYVGI
WPEFWSRKMVHIVW EHQM\XYVI{QEXIVMEP SXLIV XLER [EXIV EKKVIKEXI SV
J ! TEVEQIXIVSJ)U
L]HVEYPMG GIQIRX YWIH EW ER MRKVIHMIRX SJ GSRGVIXI ERH
WL ! JEGXSV EJJIGXMRK IUYMZEPIRX WLIEV JSVGI HYI XS EHHIHXSGSRGVIXIFIJSVISVHYVMRKMXWQM\MRKXSQSHMJ]MXW
YRFEPERGIHQSQIRX EXGSPYQRWPEFGSRRIGXMSRMR TVSTIVXMIW
)U
EKKVIKEXI{KVERYPEV QEXIVMEP WYGL EW WERH KVEZIP
[ ! LSVM^SRXEPERKPIFIX[IIRRSVQEPXS[MRHI\TSWIH GVYWLIH WXSRI ERH MVSR FPEWXJYVREGI WPEK YWIH [MXL E
WYVJEGIERH[MRHHMVIGXMSRHIKVIIW GIQIRXMRKQIHMYQXSJSVQEL]HVEYPMGGIQIRXGSRGVIXISV
! VEXMS SJ GPIEV WTERW MR PSRK XS WLSVX HMVIGXMSR SJ QSVXEV
X[S[E]WPEFW EKKVIKEXIPMKLX[IMKLX{EKKVIKEXI QIIXMRK XLI VIUYMVI
J ! VEXMSSJPSRKWMHIXSWLSVXWMHISJJSSXMRK QIRXWSJ%781''1ERHLEZMRKEPSSWIFYPO
[ ! ZIVXMGEP ERKPI FIX[IIR RSVQEP XS [MRHI\TSWIH HIRWMX]SJPFJXOKQ
SVPIWWHIXIVQMRIHMREGGSV
WYVJEGIERHLSVM^SRXEPPMRIHIKVIIW HERGI [MXL %781 ''1 'SRGVIXI QERYJEGXYVIH
! YRMX[IMKLXSJQEXIVMEPSVWSMPPFJXO2Q
YWMRKPMKLX[IMKLXEKKVIKEXIMWRSXGSZIVIHF]XLMWKYMHI
M ! PSEHJEGXSVJSVPSEHIJJIGXM EPPS[EFPI FIEVMRK GETEGMX]{XLI QE\MQYQ TVIWWYVI XS
1Y ! JEGXSVIHYRFEPERGIHQSQIRXEXGSPYQRKMVHIVNSMRX [LMGLEWSMPSVSXLIVQEXIVMEPWLSYPHFIWYFNIGXIHXSKYEVH
SV[EPPKMVHIVNSMRXPFMR2QQ
EKEMRWXWLIEVJEMPYVISVI\GIWWMZIWIXXPIQIRX
1YEH ! EHHMXMSREPJEGXSVIHYRFEPERGIHQSQIRXEXGSPYQR ERGLSVEKI{E HIZMGI IQFIHHIH MR GSRGVIXI JSV XLI
WPEFGSRRIGXMSRPFMR2QQ
TYVTSWI SJ TVSZMHMRK E GSRRIGXMSR XS ERSXLIV QIQFIV SV
:I ! JEGXSVIH HIWMKR WLIEV JSVGI JVSQ HIZIPSTQIRX SJ WXVYGXYVI
probable flexural capacity of member at faces of FEV HMEQIXIV RSQMREP{ZEPYI GSQTYXIH YWMRK XLI
NSMRXWPF2
RSQMREPFEVEVIE
:Y ! JEGXSVIHWLIEVJSVGIHYIXSYRFEPERGIHQSQIRXEX FEWI SJ WXVYGXYVI{PIZIP EX [LMGL XLI LSVM^SRXEP IEVXL
GSPYQRWPEFGSRRIGXMSRPF2
UYEOI KVSYRH QSXMSRW EVI EWWYQIH XS FI MQTEVXIH XS E
:YX ! MRGVIEWI MR [EPP JEGXSVIH WLIEV HYI XS XSVWMSREP FYMPHMRK8LMWPIZIPHSIWRSXRIGIWWEVMP]GSMRGMHI[MXLXLI
IJJIGXWPFO2
KVSYRHPIZIP
TW ! JEGXSVXSGEPGYPEXITYRGLMRKWLIEVWXVIRKXL
FIEQ{E WXVYGXYVEP QIQFIV WYFNIGXIH XS E\MEP PSEH ERH
! VEXMSSJPSRKMXYHMREPXIRWMSRVIMRJSVGIQIRX%WFH
flexure but primarily to flexure. See also KMVHIV
! VEXMS SJ PSRKMXYHMREP GSQTVIWWMSR VIMRJSVGIQIRX FIRHMRK QSQIRX{XLI FIRHMRK IJJIGX EX ER] WIGXMSR SJ
%W FH
EWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXMXMWIUYEPXSXLIEPKIFVEMGWYQSJXLI
! VEXMS SJ XSXEP PSRKMXYHMREP VIMRJSVGIQIRX EVIE XS QSQIRXW SJ XLI MRXIVREP GSQTVIWWMSR ERH XIRWMSR JSVGIW
KVSWWGSRGVIXIWIGXMSREVIE%WXFL
EGXMRKEXXLIWIGXMSR[MXLVIWTIGXXSXLIGIRXVSMHEPE\MWSJE
QE\ ! maximum ratio of longitudinal flexural tension QIQFIVSREJVIIFSH]SJXLIQIQFIV
VIMRJSVGIQIRX FSYPHIVW{GSEVWIQEXIVMEPWQSVIXLERMRQQ
MR
QMR ! minimum ratio of longitudinal flexural tension HMEQIXIV
VIMRJSVGIQIRX
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
TMPI GET{E GSRGVIXI IPIQIRX XLEX XVERWJIVW PSEH JVSQ E IPIQIRXW SJ FYMPHMRKW MX MW GLEVEGXIVM^IH F] XLI EFMPMX] XS
GSPYQR SV TIHIWXEP XS XLI XST SJ SRI SV QSVI WYTTSVXMRK confine a fire or, when exposed to fire, to continue to perform
TMPIW EKMZIRWXVYGXYVEPJYRGXMSRSVFSXL
TPEMR GSRGVIXI{WXVYGXYVEP GSRGVIXI [MXL RS VIMRJSVGI VIUYMVIHWXVIRKXL{WXVIRKXLSJEQIQFIVSVGVSWWWIGXMSR
QIRXSV[MXLPIWWVIMRJSVGIQIRXXLERXLIQMRMQYQEQSYRX VIUYMVIHXSVIWMWXJEGXSVIHPSEHWSVVIPEXIHMRXIVREPQSQIRXW
specified for reinforced concrete. Plain concrete is not and loads in specified load combinations.
GSZIVIHF]XLIKYMHI VIXEMRMRK[EPP{[EPPFYMPXXSLSPHFEGOIEVXL
TPEMR VIMRJSVGIQIRX{VIMRJSVGIQIRX [MXLSYX WYVJEGI WERH{
HIJSVQEXMSRWSVLEZMRKHIJSVQEXMSRWXLEXHSRSXGSRJSVQXS +VERYPEV QEXIVMEP TEWWMRK XLI MR QQ
WMIZI
XLIETTPMGEFPIVIUYMVIQIRXW ERHEPQSWXIRXMVIP]TEWWMRKXLI2SQQ
WMIZIERH
TSWMXMZI VIMRJSVGIQIRX{WXIIP VIMRJSVGIQIRX XS VIWMWX TVIHSQMRERXP]VIXEMRIHSRXLI2S Q
WMIZIERH
TSWMXMZIFIRHMRKQSQIRX VIWYPXMRKIMXLIVJVSQREXYVEPHMWMRXIKVEXMSRERHEFVEWMSRSJ
TVIGEWXGSRGVIXI{WXVYGXYVEPGSRGVIXIIPIQIRXGEWXIPWI VSGOSVTVSGIWWMRKSJGSQTPIXIP]JVMEFPIWERHWXSRIERH
where than its final position in the structure. Precast concrete 8LEXTSVXMSRSJEREKKVIKEXITEWWMRKXLI2SQQ
MWRSXGSZIVIHF]XLIKYMHII\GITXEWHIWGVMFIHMR WMIZIERHTVIHSQMRERXP]VIXEMRIHSRXLI2S Q
WMIZI
TVIWXVIWWIH GSRGVIXI{WXVYGXYVEP GSRGVIXI MR [LMGL ERHVIWYPXMRKIMXLIVJVSQREXYVEPHMWMRXIKVEXMSRERHEFVEWMSR
MRXIVREP WXVIWWIW LEZI FIIR MRXVSHYGIH XS VIHYGI TSXIRXMEP SJVSGOSVTVSGIWWMRKSJGSQTPIXIP]JVMEFPIWERHWXSRI
XIRWMPIWXVIWWIWMRGSRGVIXIVIWYPXMRKJVSQPSEHW4VIWXVIWWIH WIMWQMGLSSO{ELSSOSREWXMVVYT SVGVSWWXMILEZMRKE
GSRGVIXIMWRSXGSZIVIHF]XLIKYMHII\GITXEWHIWGVMFIHMR FIRH RSX PIWW XLER HIKVIIWI\GITX XLEX GMVGYPEV LSSTW
WLEPPLEZIEFIRHRSXPIWWXLERHIKVIIW,SSOWWLEPPLEZI
TVSNIGXHVE[MRKW{HVE[MRKWXLEXEPSRK[MXLXLITVSNIGX EHFFYXRSXPIWWXLERMR?QQA
I\XIRWMSRXLEXIRKEKIW
specifications, complete the descriptive information for XLIPSRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGIQIRXERHTVSNIGXWMRXSXLIMRXIVMSV
GSRWXVYGXMRKXLI[SVOVIUYMVIHMRXLIGSRXVEGXHSGYQIRXW SJXLIWXMVVYTSVLSST
project specifications{[VMXXIR HSGYQIRXW XLEX WTIGMJ] WIPJ[IMKLX{[IMKLXSJXLIWXVYGXYVEPQIQFIVGEYWIHF]
VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV E TVSNIGX MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI WIVZMGI XLIQEXIVMEPXLEXGSQTSWIWXLIQIQFIV
parameters and other specific criteria established by the WIVZMGIPSEH{EPPPSEHWWXEXMGSVXVERWMXSV]MQTSWIHSRE
S[RIV7IIEPWSspecifications WXVYGXYVISVIPIQIRXXLIVISJHYVMRKSTIVEXMSRSJEJEGMPMX]
VIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI{WXVYGXYVEPGSRGVIXIVIMRJSVGIH[MXL [MXLSYXPSEHJEGXSVW
RSPIWWXLERXLIQMRMQYQEQSYRXWSJVIMRJSVGIQIRX WIXXPIQIRX{HS[R[EVHQSZIQIRXSJXLIWYTTSVXMRKWSMP
VIMRJSVGIH GSRGVIXI [EPP{WXVYGXYVEP GSRGVIXI [EPP WLIEV{ERMRXIVREPJSVGIXERKIRXMEPXSXLITPERISR[LMGL
VIMRJSVGIH [MXL RS PIWW XLER XLI QMRMQYQ EQSYRX SJ MXEGXW
prestressing steel or nonprestressed reinforcement as specified WLIEV VIMRJSVGIQIRX{VIMRJSVGIQIRX HIWMKRIH XS VIWMWX
MR XLI ETTPMGEFPIFYMPHMRKGSHI%WLIEV[EPPMWEVIMRJSVGIH WLIEVSVHMEKSREPXIRWMSRWXVIWWIW
GSRGVIXI[EPP WLIPPGSRGVIXI{GSRGVIXISYXWMHIXLIXVERWZIVWIVIMRJSVGI
VIMRJSVGIQIRX{HIJSVQIHWXIIPFEVW[MVISV[MVIQIWL ment confining the concrete core.
IQFIHHIH MR GSRGVIXI MR WYGL E QERRIV XLEX MX ERH XLI WLSVIW{ZIVXMGEPSVMRGPMRIHWYTTSVXQIQFIVWHIWMKRIHXS
GSRGVIXIEGXXSKIXLIVMRVIWMWXMRKPSEHW GEVV]XLI[IMKLXSJXLIJSVQ[SVOGSRGVIXIERHGSRWXVYGXMSR
VIMRJSVGIQIRX GSQTVIWWMSR{VIMRJSVGIQIRX HIWMKRIH PSEHWEFSZI
XSGEVV]GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWWIW WLVMROEKIERHXIQTIVEXYVIVIMRJSVGIQIRX{VIMRJSVGI
VIMRJSVGIQIRX HIJSVQIH{QIXEP FEVW [MVI SV JEFVMG QIRXTVSZMHIHXSVIWMWXWLVMROEKIERHXIQTIVEXYVIWXVIWWIW
[MXLEQERYJEGXYVIHTEXXIVRSJWYVJEGIVMHKIWXLEXTVSZMHIE MRGSRGVIXI
PSGOMRKERGLSVEKI[MXLWYVVSYRHMRKGSRGVIXI8LIJSPPS[MRK WMPX{EKVERYPEVQEXIVMEPVIWYPXMRKJVSQXLIHMWMRXIKVEXMSR
WXIIP VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW GSRWMHIVIH HIJSVQIH VIMRJSVGIQIRX SJVSGO[MXLKVEMRWPEVKIP]TEWWMRKE2S Q
WMIZI
HIJSVQIH VIMRJSVGMRK FEVW [IPHIH TPEMR [MVI JEFVMG ERH EPXIVREXMZIP] WYGL TEVXMGPIW MR XLI VERKI JVSQ » z XS
[IPHIHHIJSVQIH[MVIJEFVMGGSRJSVQMRKXSXLIETTVSTVMEXI MRXS Q
MRHMEQIXIV
%781WXERHEVHW WPEF—a molded layer of reinforced concrete, flat, hori
VIMRJSVGIQIRXRIKEXMZI{WXIIPVIMRJSVGIQIRXJSVRIKEXMZI ^SRXEPSVRIEVP]WS
YWYEPP]SJYRMJSVQFYXWSQIXMQIWSJ
QSQIRX ZEVMEFPI XLMGORIWW IMXLIV SR XLI KVSYRH SV WYTTSVXIH F]
VIMRJSVGIQIRX WTMVEP{GSRXMRYSYWP] [SYRH VIMRJSVGI FIEQWGSPYQRW[EPPWSVSXLIVJVEQI[SVO
QIRXMRXLIJSVQSJEG]PMRHVMGEPLIPM\ WSMP{E KIRIVMG XIVQ JSV YRGSRWSPMHEXIH REXYVEP WYVJEGI
VIMRJSVGIQIRXXIRWMSR{VIMRJSVGIQIRXHIWMKRIHXSGEVV] QEXIVMEPEFSZIFIHVSGO
XIRWMPIWXVIWWIWWYGLEWXLSWIMRXLIFSXXSQSJEWMQTPIFIEQ WSMPGSEVWIKVEMRIH{WSMPMR[LMGLXLIPEVKIVKVEMRWM^IW
VIWLSVIW{WLSVIWTPEGIHWRYKP]YRHIVEGSRGVIXIWPEFSV WYGLEWWERHERHKVEZIPTVIHSQMREXI
SXLIVWXVYGXYVEPQIQFIVEJXIVXLISVMKMREPJSVQWERHWLSVIW soil, fine-grained{WSMPMR[LMGLXLIWQEPPIVKVEMRWM^IW
LEZI FIIR VIQSZIH XS EPPS[ XLI RI[ WPEF SV WXVYGXYVEP predominate, such as fine sand, silt, and clay.
member to deflect and support its own weight. WSMPFIEVMRK GETEGMX]{XLI QE\MQYQ WXVIWW YRHIV E
resistance, fire{XLI TVSTIVX]SJEQEXIVMEP SVEWWIQFP] JSYRHEXMSRXLEXTVSZMHIWEHIUYEXIWEJIX]EKEMRWXWSMPJEMPYVI
to withstand fire or give protection from it; as applied to ERHEKEMRWXI\GIWWMZIWSMPWIXXPIQIRX
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
WSPMHWPEF{WPEFSJYRMJSVQXLMGORIWW XMIIPIQIRXW{IPIQIRXWXLEXWIVZIXSXVERWQMXMRIVXMEPSEHW
WTERPIRKXL{LSVM^SRXEPHMWXERGIFIX[IIR WYTTSVXWSJE ERH TVIZIRX WITEVEXMSR SJ FYMPHMRK GSQTSRIRXW WYGL EW
LSVM^SRXEPWXVYGXYVEPQIQFIVWYGLEWEWPEFNSMWXFIEQSV JSSXMRKWERH[EPPW
KMVHIVQIEWYVIHGIRXIVXSGIRXIVSJWYTTSVX XVERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX{VIMRJSVGIQIRX PSGEXIH
specifications{[VMXXIRHSGYQIRXHIWGVMFMRKMRHIXEMPXLI TIVTIRHMGYPEV XS XLI PSRKMXYHMREP E\MW SJ XLI QIQFIV
WGSTISJ[SVOQEXIVMEPWXSFIYWIHQIXLSHSJMRWXEPPEXMSR GSQTVMWMRKWXMVVYTWXMIWERHWTMVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRX
ERHUYEPMX]SJ[SVOQERWLMT7IIEPWSproject specifications [EPP{QIQFIVYWYEPP]ZIVXMGEPYWIHXSIRGPSWISVWITEVEXI
specified lateral seismic loads{PEXIVEP PSEHW GSVVI WTEGIW7IIEPWSVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI[EPP
WTSRHMRK XS XLI ETTVSTVMEXI HMWXVMFYXMSR SJ XLI FEWI WLIEV [IF{XLMR ZIVXMGEP TSVXMSR SJ ER -WLETIH WIGXMSR XLEX
JSVGIJSVWIMWQMGVIWMWXERXHIWMKR connects the flanges. See also flange, compression
specified wind loads{RSQMREP TVIWWYVI SJ [MRH XS FI [MVI{VIMRJSVGMRKFEVSJWQEPPHMEQIXIV
YWIHMRHIWMKR [MVIQIWL{[IPHIH[MVIVIMRJSVGIQIRX
WTVIEH JSSXMRK{E KIRIVEPP] VIGXERKYPEV TVMWQ SJ [SVO—the entire construction or separately identifiable
GSRGVIXI PEVKIV MR PEXIVEP HMQIRWMSRW XLER XLI GSPYQR SV TEVXW XLIVISJ XLEX EVI VIUYMVIH XS FI JYVRMWLIH YRHIV XLI
[EPPMXWYTTSVXWXSHMWXVMFYXIXLIPSEHSJEGSPYQRSV[EPPXS GSRXVEGXHSGYQIRXW
XLIWYFKVEHI7IIEPWSJSSXMRK [SVOMRK WXVIWW{QE\MQYQ TIVQMWWMFPI HIWMKR WXVIWW
WXMVVYT{VIMRJSVGIQIRX YWIH XS VIWMWX WLIEV ERH XSVWMSR YWMRK[SVOMRKWXVIWWHIWMKRQIXLSHW
WXVIWWIW MR E WXVYGXYVEP QIQFIV X]TMGEPP] FEVW [MVIW SV ]MIPH WXVIRKXL J]—specified minimum yield strength or
[IPHIH[MVIJEFVMGTPEMRSVHIJSVQIH
IMXLIVWMRKPIPIKSV ]MIPH TSMRX SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX =MIPH WXVIRKXL SV ]MIPH TSMRX
FIRX MRXS 0 9 SV VIGXERKYPEV WLETIW ERH PSGEXIH TIVTIR WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH MR XIRWMSR EGGSVHMRK XS ETTPMGEFPI
HMGYPEVXSSVEXERERKPIXSPSRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGIQIRX8LI %781WXERHEVHW
XIVQwWXMVVYTWxMWYWYEPP]ETTPMIHXSPEXIVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXMR
FIEQWERHKMVHIVWERHXLIXIVQwXMIWxXSXLSWIMRGSPYQRW ',%48)6{7869'896%07=78)10%=398
7IIEPWSXMI {(IWGVMTXMSRSJWXVYGXYVEPGSQTSRIRXW
WXSV]LIMKLX—vertical distance from the floor finish of a 8LIFYMPHMRKWXVYGXYVIWLSYPHFIHMZMHIHMRXSGSQTSRIRXW
story to the floor finish of the story below. EWHIWGVMFIHF]XLVSYKL
WXVIRKXL HIWMKR{RSQMREP WXVIRKXL QYPXMTPMIH F] E *PSSV W]WXIQ{'SRWMWXW SJ WXVYGXYVEP QIQFIVW
WXVIRKXLVIHYGXMSRJEGXSV that comprise the floor of a story in a building. 'LETXIV
WXVIRKXLRSQMREP{WXVIRKXLSJEQIQFIVSVGVSWWWIGXMSR describes different types of floor systems. The floor system
GEPGYPEXIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXLTVSZMWMSRWERHEWWYQTXMSRWSJ GER MRGPYHI KMVHIVW FIEQW NSMWXW ERH XLI WPEF XLEX WTERW
XLIWXVIRKXLHIWMKRQIXLSHSJXLMWKYMHIFIJSVIETTPMGEXMSR FIX[IIRXLIQSVXLIWPEFSRP][LIVIMXMWHMVIGXP]WYTTSVXIH
SJER]WXVIRKXLVIHYGXMSRJEGXSVW F]GSPYQRWEWMRWPEFGSPYQRW]WXIQW
WXVIRKXL VIHYGXMSR JEGXSV {GETEGMX] VIHYGXMSR JEGXSV :IVXMGEP WYTTSVXMRK QIQFIVW—Support the floor
MR WXVYGXYVEP HIWMKR E RYQFIV PIWW XLER F] [LMGL XLI W]WXIQ EX IEGL WXSV] ERH GEVV] EGGYQYPEXIH KVEZMX] PSEHW
RSQMREPWXVIRKXLSJEWXVYGXYVEPQIQFIVSVIPIQIRXMRXIVQW HS[RXSXLIJSYRHEXMSRSJXLIWXVYGXYVI:IVXMGEPWYTTSVXMRK
SJPSEHQSQIRXWLIEVSVWXVIWWMWVIUYMVIHXSFIQYPXMTPMIH QIQFIVW WLSYPH FI IMXLIV GSPYQRW SV VIMRJSVGIH GSRGVIXI
XSHIXIVQMRIHIWMKRWXVIRKXLSVGETEGMX] [EPPW
WXVIWW{MRXIRWMX]SJJSVGITIVYRMXEVIE *SYRHEXMSR{'SQTVMWIWWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXWXLVSYKL
WXVIWW EPPS[EFPI{QE\MQYQ TIVQMWWMFPI WXVIWW YWIH MR [LMGLXLIPSEHSJEWXVYGXYVIMWXVERWQMXXIHXSXLIIEVXL-X
HIWMKRSJQIQFIVWSJEWXVYGXYVIERHFEWIHSREJEGXSVSJ MRGPYHIWQIQFIVWWYGLEWWTVIEHJSSXMRKWGSQFMRIHJSSXMRKW
WEJIX]EKEMRWXJEMPYVI JSYRHEXMSR QEXW FEWIQIRX ERH VIXEMRMRK [EPPW ERH KVEHI
WXVYGXYVEP GSRGVIXI{EPP GSRGVIXI YWIH JSV WXVYGXYVEP FIEQW *SYRHEXMSR QIQFIVW EVI HIWGVMFIH MR 'LETXIV
TYVTSWIWMRGPYHMRKTVIWXVIWWIHERHVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXIERH (IITJSYRHEXMSRWWYGLEWTMPIWGEMWWSRWTMPIJSSXMRKWERH
YRHIVWTIGMEPGMVGYQWXERGIWTPEMRGSRGVIXI GETWEVIFI]SRHXLIWGSTISJXLIKYMHI
WXVYGXYVEP HMETLVEKQ{WXVYGXYVEP QIQFIV WYGL EW E 0EXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ{'SQTVMWIW XLI
floor or roof slab, that transmits loads acting in the plane of WXVYGXYVEP QIQFIVW XLEX EGXMRK NSMRXP] VIWMWX ERH XVERWQMX
XLI QIQFIV XS XLI ZIVXMGEP IPIQIRXW SJ XLI WIMWQMGJSVGI XSXLIKVSYRHXLIPEXIVEPPSEHWEVMWMRKJVSQWIMWQMGQSXMSRW
VIWMWXMRKW]WXIQ wind, and lateral earth pressure. The floor system acts as
XERO—container for the storage of water or other fluids. EHMETLVEKQXLEXGEVVMIWMR MXW TPERIXLIPEXIVEP JSVGIJVSQ
8LIKYMHISRP]GSZIVWXEROWYWIHJSVWXSVEKISJTSXEFPI[EXIV XLIETTPMGEXMSRTSMRXXSXLIZIVXMGEPQIQFIVWSJXLIPEXIVEP
MRPSGEXMSRW[LIVIXLI[EXIVWYTTP]W]WXIQMWYRVIPMEFPI JSVGIVIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ :IVXMGEP QIQFIVW SJ XLI PEXIVEP
XIQTSVEV]JEGMPMXMIW{FYMPHMRKWSVSXLIVWXVYGXYVIWXSFI JSVGIVIWMWXMRKW]WXIQMRXYVRGSPPIGXXLIPSEHWEVMWMRKJVSQ
MR WIVZMGI JSV E PMQMXIH XMQI ERH LEZI E PMQMXIH I\TSWYVI all floors and transmit them down to the foundation and
TIVMSHJSVIRZMVSRQIRXEPPSEHMRKW XLVSYKLXLIJSYRHEXMSRXSXLIYRHIVP]MRKWSMP*SVEVIEW[MXL
XMI{PSSTSJVIMRJSVGMRKFEVSV[MVIIRGPSWMRKPSRKMXYHMREP QSHIVEXI SV LMKL WIMWQMG VMWO XLI QEMR ZIVXMGEP QIQFIVW
VIMRJSVGIQIRX % GSRXMRYSYWP] [SYRH FEV SV [MVI MR XLI SJ XLI PEXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ WLSYPH FI VIMRJSVGIH
JSVQSJEGMVGPIVIGXERKPISVSXLIVTSP]KSRWLETI[MXLSYX GSRGVIXI[EPPW
VIIRXVERXGSVRIVWMWEGGITXEFPI7IIEPWSWXMVVYT
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
{+IRIVEP
%VGLMXIGXYVEP TVSKVEQ{% KIRIVEP EVGLMXIGXYVEP
TVSKVEQ SJ XLI FYMPHMRK WLSYPH FI GSSVHMREXIH [MXL XLI
PMGIRWIH HIWMKR TVSJIWWMSREP FIJSVI XLI WXVYGXYVEP HIWMKR
FIKMRW8LIKIRIVEPEVGLMXIGXYVEPTVSKVEQWLSYPHMRGPYHIXLI
JSPPS[MRKMXIQWEWEQMRMQYQ
(1) Plan geometry and dimensions of all building floors;
&YMPHMRKIPIZEXMSRERHXLIXIVVEMRMRGPYHMRKXLIFEWI
QIRXMJER]
8]TISJVSSJMXWWLETIERHWPSTIWXLIX]TISJ[EXIV
proofing, the means to facilitate the runoff of water from
VEMRERHQIPXMRKWRS[SVLEMPERHXLIPSGEXMSRSJHVEMREKI
KYXXIVW *MK{+IRIVEPWXVYGXYVEPPE]SYXMRTPER
9WISJMRXIVREPWTEGIWSJXLIFYMPHMRKMXWWYFHMZMWMSR
ERHQIERWSJWITEVEXMSRMREPPWXSVMIW
(5) Minimum architectural clear height in all floors;
0SGEXMSR ERH HMQIRWMSRW SJ WXEMV[E]W VEQTW ERH
IPIZEXSVW
8]TISJFYMPHMRKIRGPSWYVIMRXIVREPTEVXMXMSRWEVGLM
XIGXYVEPERHRSRWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXW
0SGEXMSRW SJ HYGXW ERH WLEJXW JSV YXMPMXMIW WYGL EW
TS[IV WYTTP] PMKLXMRK XLIVQEP GSRXVSP ZIRXMPEXMSR [EXIV
WYTTP] ERH [EWXI[EXIV MRGPYHMRK IRSYKL MRJSVQEXMSR XS
HIXIGXMRXIVJIVIRGI[MXLXLIWXVYGXYVEPQIQFIVWERH
%VGLMXIGXYVEP JIEXYVIW XLEX QE] VIHYGI IJJIGXMZI
GSRGVIXIGSZIVSJVIMRJSVGIQIRX
7XVYGXYVEPTVSKVEQ{&EWIHSRXLIKIRIVEPEVGLMXIG
XYVEPTVSKVEQMRJSVQEXMSRXLIPMGIRWIHHIWMKRTVSJIWWMSREP
should define the general structural program for the building
FIMRKHIWMKRIH8LIKIRIVEPWXVYGXYVEPTVSKVEQMRGPYHIWXLI
JSPPS[MRKMXIQWEWEQMRMQYQ
Fig. 3.3.2—Typical floor structural layout.
-RXIRHIHYWISJXLIFYMPHMRK
2SQMREPPSEHWVIPEXIHXSXLIYWISJXLIFYMPHMRK
(3) Special loads defined by the owner;
+IRIVEPERHPSGEPWYWXEMREFPIGSRWXVYGXMSRTVEGXMGIW
(IWMKR WIMWQMG PSEHW MJ XLI FYMPHMRK MW PSGEXIH MR E
WIMWQMG^SRI {7XVYGXYVEPPE]SYX
;MRHPSEHWETTVSTVMEXIJSVXLIWMXI +IRIVEP WXVYGXYVEP PE]SYX{8LI PMGIRWIH HIWMKR
0SEHWJVSQWRS[LEMPSVVEMR professional should define a general structural layout in plan,
*MVIVEXMRK MRGPYHMRKEPPMRJSVQEXMSRGSQQSRXSEPPWXVYGXYVIPIZIPWSJ
8]TI SJ VSSJ ERH EWWSGMEXIHPSEHW [LIR RSX FYMPX SJ XLI WXVYGXYVI *MK
8LI KIRIVEP WXVYGXYVEP PE]SYX MR
VIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI TPERWLSYPHMRGPYHI
7MXIMRJSVQEXMSRVIPEXIHXSWPSTIWERHWMXIHVEMREKI
% HMQIRWMSRIH E\MW KVMH SV GIRXIVPMRIW MR FSXL
%PPS[EFPI WSMPFIEVMRK GETEGMX] ERH VIGSQQIRHIH TVMRGMTEP HMVIGXMSRW MR TPER PSGEXIH EX XLI MRXIVWIGXMSR SJ
JSYRHEXMSRW]WXIQHIVMZIHJVSQXLIKISXIGLRMGEPMRZIWXMKE XLI ZIVXMGEP WYTTSVXMRK QIQFIVW GSPYQRW ERH VIMRJSVGIH
XMSRERHEHHMXMSREPVIWXVMGXMSRWVIPEXIHXSI\TIGXIHWIXXPIQIRX GSRGVIXI[EPPW
)RZMVSRQIRXEPGSRHMXMSRWHIVMZIHJVSQPSGEPWIEWSREP
0SGEXMSR MRTPER SJEPP ZIVXMGEP WYTTSVXMRK QIQFIVW
ERH HEMP] XIQTIVEXYVI ZEVMEXMSRW LYQMHMX] TVIWIRGI SJ GSPYQRW ERH VIMRJSVGIH GSRGVIXI [EPPW 8LIWI ZIVXMGEP
HIPIXIVMSYWGLIQMGEPWERHWEPXW WYTTSVXMRK QIQFIVW WLSYPH FI EPMKRIH ZIVXMGEPP] ERH FI
%ZEMPEFMPMX] X]TI ERH UYEPMX] SJ QEXIVMEPW WYGL EW GSRXMRYSYWXSXLIJSYRHEXMSR6IMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI[EPPWEVI
VIMRJSVGMRKFEVWGIQIRXERHEKKVIKEXIW TIVQMXXIHMJXLI]EVIGSRXMRYSYWXSXLIJSYRHEXMSRERHLEZI
%ZEMPEFMPMX]SJJSVQ[SVOQEXIVMEPW RSSTIRMRKWJSV[MRHS[WSVHSSVW*YXYVIVIZMWMSRWSJ%'-
%ZEMPEFMPMX] SJ E XIWXMRK PEF JSV GSRGVIXI QM\XYVI 6QE]TVSZMHITEVEQIXIVWXLEX[SYPHEPPS[PMQMXIH
TVSTSVXMSRMRKERHUYEPMX]GSRXVSPHYVMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR STIRMRKW
(15) Availability of qualified work force; and
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
*MK{+IRIVEPWXVYGXYVEPPE]SYXMRIPIZEXMSR
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
9 !( ; G
IPIGXVMGEP JIIHIVW ERH LIEXMRK ZIRXMPEXMRK ERH EMV GSRHM
XMSRMRKW]WXIQWWLSYPHFIMRGPYHIH[MXLXLIHIEHPSEHW
Note: In ASCE 7-10, wind forces are defined at strength 7IPJ[IMKLX SJ GSRGVIXI{8LI YRMX [IMKLX SJ VIMR
PIZIP -R TVIZMSYW ZIVWMSRW SJ %7') [MRH JSVGIW [IVI JSVGIHGSRGVIXIWLSYPHFIXEOIREWPFJXOKQ
defined at working stress level. In jurisdictions where the (IEH PSEHW JVSQ RSRWXVYGXYVEP IPIQIRXW{(IEH
PSGEP KSZIVRMRK EYXLSVMX] LEW EHSTXIH E WXERHEVH XLEX MW PSEHW JVSQ RSRWXVYGXYVEP IPIQIRXW WLSYPH FI HMZMHIH MRXS
different from ASCE 7-10, where wind forces are defined ZIVXMGEPERHLSVM^SRXEPRSRWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXW
EX[SVOMRKWXVIWWPIZIPXLIJEGXSVJSV;MR)UE
ERH *PEXRSRWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXW{8LI]WLSYPHMRGPYHI
G
WLSYPH FI MRWXIEH SJ ERH MR )U F
GSRWXVYGXMSR QEXIVMEP [MXL E ZIVXMGEP HMQIRWMSR XLEX MW
WLSYPHFIMRWXIEHSJ WYFWXERXMEPP] PIWW XLER XLI LSVM^SRXEP HMQIRWMSRW ERH EVI
7IMWQMG PSEHW{6IUYMVIH JEGXSVIH WXVIRKXL 9 XS either applied, supported, attached, fixed, or suspended from
VIWMWX WIMWQMG PSEHW ) WLSYPH FI IZEPYEXIH FEWIH SR XLI XLI WPEFW SV VSSJ SJ XLI FYMPHMRK 8LIWI IPIQIRXW WLSYPH
JSPPS[MRKPSEHGSQFMREXMSRW MRGPYHIFYXEVIRSXPMQMXIHXSTIVQERIRXWPEFSVNSMWXJSVQW
floor topping, floor fills, floor finishes, roof slope fills, roof
9 !(07 ) E
coverings, tiles, waterproofing membranes, thermal insula
XMSRWO]PMKLXWGIMPMRKWJYVVMRKERHHYGXWJSVWIVZMGIW
9 !( ) F
For purposes of design, the dead loads due to flat nonstruc
XYVEP IPIQIRXW QE] FI GSRWMHIVIH YRMJSVQ ZIVXMGEP PSEHW
)EVXLTVIWWYVI{*SVQIQFIVWVIWMWXMRKPEXIVEPIEVXL TIVYRMXEVIESJLSVM^SRXEPWYVJEGISVLSVM^SRXEPTVSNIGXMSR
TVIWWYVI , XLI VIUYMVIH JEGXSVIH WXVIRKXL 9 WLSYPH FI EX applied to the corresponding zones or areas where the flat
PIEWXIUYEPXS RSRWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXWEVIPSGEXIH-RHIXIVQMRMRKXLIHIEH
loads of flat nonstructural elements, the actual weight of
9 !(0,
QEXIVMEPW ERH GSRWXVYGXMSRW ERH VIEPMWXMG XLMGORIWW WLSYPH
FIYWIH%WEKYMHI8EFPIKMZIWQMRMQYQYRMX[IMKLX
;LIR XLI FYMPHMRK WXVYGXYVI EW E [LSPI VIWMWXW TIVQERIRX 1YPXMTP] XLI ZEPYIW TVSZMHIH F] XLI GSVVIWTSRHMRK XLMGO
YRGSQTIRWEXIHLSVM^SRXEPPSEHWHYIXSPEXIVEPWSMPTVIWWYVI RIWWMRJX?QAXSSFXEMRHIEHPSEHWMRPFJX?2QA
-R8EFPIW
,WLSYPHFIEHHIHXSXLIVMKLXWMHISJ)UG
ERH EXSHZEPYIWEVIKMZIRJSVHIEHPSEHWSJX]TMGEP
)UF
flat nonstructural element construction materials. The values
Weight and pressure of fluids{*SVQIQFIVWWYFNIGXIH TVSZMHIHMR8EFPIWEXS HGSVVIWTSRHXSEZIVEKI
to weight and pressure of fluids with well-defined densities QMRMQYQ ZEPYIW 8LI PMGIRWIH HIWMKR TVSJIWWMSREP WLSYPH
ERHGSRXVSPPEFPIQE\MQYQLIMKLXW*MR)UE
ERH GSRWMHIV XLI TSWWMFMPMX] SJ ZEVMEXMSR SJ XLIWI ZEPYIW JVSQ
*MR)UF
WLSYPHFIEHHIHXSXLIVMKLXWMHI HMJJIVIRXPSGEPQEXIVMEPWERHPSGEPGSRWXVYGXMSRTVEGXMGIW
3XLIVIJJIGXW{;LIVIWXVYGXYVEPIJJIGXW8SJHMJJIV 7XERHMRKRSRWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXW{7XERHMRKRSRWXVYG
IRXMEP WIXXPIQIRX WLVMROEKI SV XIQTIVEXYVI GLERKI EVI XYVEP IPIQIRXW WLSYPH MRGPYHI GSRWXVYGXMSR QEXIVMEP [LSWI
significant in design, the design should not be performed ZIVXMGEP HMQIRWMSR MW WYFWXERXMEPP] KVIEXIV XLER XLI PIEWX
YWMRK XLI KYMHI ERH XLI GSHIW ERH WXERHEVHW PMWXIH MR LSVM^SRXEPHMQIRWMSRERHEVIIMXLIVJVIIWXERHMRKWYTTSVXIH
WLSYPHFIYWIH F]ZIVXMGEP WXVYGXYVEP QIQFIVW SVEXXEGLIHXSXLIQSVWTER
vertically from floor to floor. These elements include, but
{1EWWERH[IMKLX EVI RSX PMQMXIH XS JEËEHIW RSRWXVYGXYVEP [EPPW TEVXMXMSRW
% GPIEV HMWXMRGXMSR FIX[IIR QEWW ERH [IMKLX WLSYPH FI [EPP GSZIVMRKW ZIRIIV EVGLMXIGXYVEP SVREQIRXW [MRHS[W
QEHIF]XLIPMGIRWIHHIWMKRTVSJIWWMSREPMREPPGEPGYPEXMSRW doors, and vertical ducts for services. In office buildings or
SXLIVFYMPHMRKW[LIVITEVXMXMSRWGERFIIVIGXIHSVVIEVVERKIH
{;IMKLXSJQEXIVMEPW TVSZMWMSRW JSV TEVXMXMSR [IMKLX WLSYPH FI QEHI [LIXLIV SV
-RHIXIVQMRMRKHIEHPSEHWXLIEGXYEP[IMKLXSJQEXIVMEPW RSXTEVXMXMSRWEVIWLS[RSRXLIEVGLMXIGXYVEPHVE[MRKW(IEH
ERHGSRWXVYGXMSRWWLSYPHFIYWIH PSEHWLSYPHFIMRGPYHIHEWYRMJSVQZIVXMGEPPSEHWTIVYRMXEVIE
In the absence of definite information, the approximated SJLSVM^SRXEPWYVJEGIMRPFJXO2Q
ZEPYIWPMWXIHMR8EFPIQE]FIYWIH (IEHPSEHWJVSQWXERHMRKRSRWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXWQE]FI
GSRWMHIVIHEWGSRGIRXVEXIHPSEHWSVEWYRMJSVQPMRIPSEHW
{(IEHPSEHW TIV YRMX SJ PIRKXL SJ RSRWXVYGXYVEP IPIQIRX %W E KYMHI
Definition of dead loads{(IEH PSEHW GSRWMWX SJ MR 8EFPI QMRMQYQ YRMX [IMKLXW EVI KMZIR 1YPXMTP]
XLI [IMKLX SJ GSRWXVYGXMSR QEXIVMEP MRGSVTSVEXIH MRXS XLI ZEPYIWF]XLIGSVVIWTSRHMRKXLMGORIWWMRJXQ
ERHF]XLI
building, including, but not limited to: structure, walls, floors, IPIQIRXLIMKLXMRJXQ
XSSFXEMRYRMJSVQPMRIHIEHPSEHWMR
roofs, ceilings, stairways, ramps, finishes, cladding, other PFJX2Q
-R8EFPIWEXSIZEPYIWEVIKMZIR
incorporated architectural and structural systems, and fixed JSV HIEH PSEHW SJ X]TMGEP WXERHMRK RSRWXVYGXYVEP IPIQIRXW
WIVZMGIIUYMTQIRX;LIRHIXIVQMRMRKHIEHPSEHWJSVHIWMKR GSRWXVYGXMSR QEXIVMEPW MR PF O2
TIV YRMX ZIVXMGEP EVIE MR
TYVTSWIWXLIEGXYEP[IMKLXWSJQEXIVMEPWERHGSRWXVYGXMSRW JXQ
8SSFXEMRYRMJSVQPMRIHIEHPSEHWMRPFJXO2Q
should be used. For design purposes, the weight of fixed QYPXMTP]ZEPYIWWYKKIWXIHMR8EFPIWEXSIF]
WIVZMGI IUYMTQIRX WYGL EW TPYQFMRK WXEGOW ERH VMWIVW XLI LIMKLX SJ XLI WXERHMRK RSRWXVYGXYVEP IPIQIRX MRJX Q
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
8EFPI E{*PEXRSRWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXWQMRMQYQHIEHPSEHWGIMPMRKW
'SQTSRIRX 0SEHPFJX
TIVJX of floor area 0SEHO2Q
TIVQ of floor area
'IMPMRKW
Acoustical fiberboard
+]TWYQFSEVH TIVMRXLMGORIWW
TIVQQXLMGORIWW
1IGLERMGEPHYGXEPPS[ERGI
7TVMROPIVW]WXIQEPPS[ERGI
0YQMREVMIWERHIPIGXVMGEPW]WXIQEPPS[ERGI
4PEWXIVSRXMPISVGSRGVIXI
4PEWXIVSR[SSHPEXL
7YWTIRHIHWXIIPGLERRIPW]WXIQ
7YWTIRHIHQIXEPPEXLERHGIQIRXTPEWXIV
7YWTIRHIHQIXEPPEXLERHK]TWYQTPEWXIV
;SSHJYVVMRKWYWTIRWMSRW]WXIQ
SREWXIIPSV[SSHWXVYGXYVIMXMWTIVQMXXIHXSYWIEVSSJPMZI 8LIPSEHWWLSYPHFIGEPGYPEXIHYWMRKXLIPSGEPGSHITVSZM
PSEHSJPFJXO2Q
WMSRW-RXLIEFWIRGISJEKSZIVRMRKPSGEPGSHIXLIQMRMQYQ
WRS[PSEHEXPEXMXYHIWKVIEXIVXLERHIKVIIWMRPFJXO2Q
{6EMRPSEH MWKMZIR MR *MK ;LIVI VIGSVHW SVI\TIVMIRGIRIEVXLI
)EGL TSVXMSR SJ XLI VSSJ WLSYPH FI HIWMKRIH XS WYWXEMR WMXI MRHMGEXI XLEX XLI ZEPYI [MXL E TIVGIRXERRYEP TVSFE
XLI EGGYQYPEXIH VEMR[EXIV MJ XLI HVEMREKI W]WXIQ JSV XLEX FMPMX]SJFIMRKI\GIIHIH]IEVQIERVIGYVVIRGIMRXIVZEP
TSVXMSRMWFPSGOIH I\GIIHW XLI ZEPYI JVSQ *MK SV XLI FYMPHMRK MW WYFNIGX
to significant ice loads, the design should not be performed
{7RS[PSEH YWMRK XLI KYMHI ERH XLI GSHIW ERH WXERHEVHW PMWXIH MR
;LIVIWRS[MWI\TIGXIHXLIPSEHWGEYWIHF]MXWEGGYQY WLSYPHFIYWIH
PEXMSRWLSYPHFIXEOIRMRXSEGGSYRX[LIRHIWMKRMRKXLIVSSJ
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
8EFPI H{*PEXRSRWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXWQMRMQYQHIEHPSEHWVSSJGSZIVMRKW
'SQTSRIRX 0SEHPFJX
TIVJX of floor area 0SEHO2Q
TIVQ of floor area
6SSJGSZIVMRK
%WFIWXSWGIQIRXWLMRKPIW
%WTLEPXWLMRKPIW
'IQIRXXMPI
'PE]XMPIMRGPYHMRKQSVXEV
'STTIVSVXMR
Corrugated asbestos-cement roofing
(IGOQIXEPKEYKIQQRSQMREPXLMGORIWW
(IGOQIXEPKEYKIQQRSQMREPXLMGORIWW
(IGOMRKMRQQ
[SSH
(IGOMRKMRQQ
[SSH
*MFIVFSEVHMRQQ
+]TWYQWLIEXLMRKMRQQ
-RWYPEXMSRVSSJFSEVHW
*MFVSYWSVGIPPYPEVKPEWW TIVMRXLMGORIWW
TIVQQXLMGORIWW
*MFIVFSEVH TIVMRXLMGORIWW
TIVQQXLMGORIWW
4IVPMXI TIVMRXLMGORIWW
TIVQQXLMGORIWW
4SP]WX]VIRIJSEQ TIVMRXLMGORIWW
TIVQQXLMGORIWW
9VIXLERIJSEQ[MXLWOMR TIVMRXLMGORIWW
TIVQQXLMGORIWW
4P][SSHTIVMR?QQAXLMGORIWW
TIVMRXLMGORIWW
TIVQQXLMGORIWW
7O]PMKLXQIXEPJVEQIMRQQ
[MVIKPEWW
Waterproofing membranes:
&MXYQMRSYWKVEZIPGSZIVIH
&MXYQMRSYWWQSSXLWYVJEGI
0MUYMHETTPMIH
7MRKPITP]WLIIX
;SSHWLIEXLMRK TIVMRXLMGORIWW
TIVQQXLMGORIWW
;SSHWLMRKPIW
8EFPI E{7XERHMRKRSRWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXWQMRMQYQHIEHPSEHWGSZIVMRKWJSV[EPPW
0SEHPFJX
TIVJXSJZIVXMGEPWYVJEGIQYPXMTP] 0SEHO2Q
TIVQSJZIVXMGEPWYVJEGI
F]XLILIMKLXSJIPIQIRXMRJXXSSFXEMRPMRIPSEHW QYPXMTP]F]XLILIMKLXSJIPIQIRXMRQXS
'SQTSRIRX MRPFJX
SFXEMRPMRIPSEHWMRO2Q
'SZIVMRKJSV[EPPW
'IQIRXXMPI
*MFIVFSEVHMRQQ
+]TWYQWLIEXLMRKMRQQ
-RWYPEXMSR[EPPFSEVHW
*MFVSYWSVGIPPYPEVKPEWW TIVMRXLMGORIWW
TIVQQXLMGORIWW
*MFIVFSEVH TIVMRXLMGORIWW
TIVQQXLMGORIWW
4IVPMXI TIVMRXLMGORIWW
TIVQQXLMGORIWW
4SP]WX]VIRIJSEQ TIVMRXLMGORIWW
TIVQQXLMGORIWW
9VIXLERIJSEQ[MXLWOMR TIVMRXLMGORIWW
TIVQQXLMGORIWW
4P][SSHTIVMRQQ
XLMGORIWW
TIVMRXLMGORIWW
TIVQQXLMGORIWW
;SSHWLIEXLMRK TIVMRXLMGORIWW
TIVQQXLMGORIWW
{;MRHPSEHW GSQTP][MXLXLIWIJIEXYVIWWLSYPHFIGSRWMHIVIHSYXWMHIXLI
+IRIVEP{7IGXMSR TVSZMHIW E QIXLSH XS WGSTISJXLIKYMHI
GEPGYPEXI[MRHPSEHWSREFYMPHMRKERHSRMRHMZMHYEPWXVYGXYVEP 4VSGIHYVI{;MRH TVIWWYVIW ERH [MRH PSEHW
QIQFIVWERHGPEHHMRK8LITVSGIHYVIWERHZEPYIWTVSZMHIH EX WXVIRKXL PIZIP WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL
F]EPSGEPFYMPHMRKGSHIWLSYPHFIYWIHXSSFXEMR[MRHPSEHW 7XITWXLVSYKLOIITMRKMRQMRHXLEXFYMPHMRK[MRHPSEHW
-RXLIEFWIRGISJEPSGEPFYMPHMRKGSHIJSVFYMPHMRKW[MXL EVIFEWIHSRXLIKVSWWI\TSWIHEVIEWMRXLIHMVIGXMSRSJXLI
VIKYPEVKISQIXVMGWLETIWVIWTSRWIGLEVEGXIVMWXMGWERHWMXI [MRH[LIVIEWGSQTSRIRXERHGPEHHMRK[MRHPSEHWEVIFEWIH
PSGEXMSRWXLIJSPPS[MRKWLSYPHETTP]&YMPHMRKWXLEXHSRSX SRXLIIPIQIRXEVIEYRHIVWXYH]
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
8EFPI F{7XERHMRKRSRWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXWQMRMQYQHIEHPSEHWPMKLXTEVXMXMSRW
0SEHPFJX
TIVJXSJZIVXMGEPWYVJEGI 0SEHO2Q
TIVQSJZIVXMGEPWYVJEGI
QYPXMTP]F]XLILIMKLXSJIPIQIRXMR QYPXMTP]F]XLILIMKLXSJIPIQIRXMRQ
'SQTSRIRX JXXSSFXEMRPMRIPSEHWMRPFJX
XSSFXEMRPMRIPSEHWMRO2Q
0MKLXTEVXMXMSRW
1SZEFPIWXIIPTEVXMXMSRWRSRJYPPLIMKLX
1SZEFPIWXIIPTEVXMXMSRWJYPPLIMKLX
;SSHSVWXIIPWXYHWMRQQ
K]TWYQFSEVHIEGLWMHI
;SSHWXYHW\MR\QQ
YRTPEWXIVIH
;SSHWXYHW\MR\QQ
TPEWXIVIHSRIWMHI
;SSHWXYHW\MR\QQ
TPEWXIVIHX[SWMHIW
8EFPI G{7XERHMRKRSRWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXWQMRMQYQHIEHPSEHWZIRIIV
0SEHPFJX
TIVJXSJZIVXMGEPWYVJEGI 0SEHO2Q
TIVQSJZIVXMGEPWYVJEGI
QYPXMTP]F]XLILIMKLXSJIPIQIRXMRJXXSSFXEMR QYPXMTP]F]XLILIMKLXSJIPIQIRXMRQXSSFXEMR
'SQTSRIRX PMRIPSEHWMRPFJX
PMRIPSEHWMRO2Q
:IRIIV
+VERMXI TIVMRXLMGORIWW
TIVQQXLMGORIWW
0MQIWXSRI TIVMRXLMGORIWW
TIVQQXLMGORIWW
7ERHWXSRI TIVMRXLMGORIWW
TIVQQXLMGORIWW
'IVEQMG TIVMRXLMGORIWW
TIVQQXLMGORIWW
8EFPI H{7XERHMRKRSRWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXWQMRMQYQHIEHPSEHW[EPPW
0SEHPFJX
0SEHO2Q
TIVJXSJZIVXMGEPWYVJEGI TIVQSJZIVXMGEPWYVJEGI
QYPXMTP]F]XLILIMKLXSJIPIQIRXMRJXXS QYPXMTP]F]XLILIMKLXSJIPIQIRXMRQXS
'SQTSRIRX SFXEMRPMRIPSEHWMRPFJX
SFXEMRPMRIPSEHWMRO2Q
;EPPW
)\XIVMSVWXYH[EPPWWXIIPSV[SSHWXYHW
\MR\QQ
EXMRQQ
MR
QQ
K]TWYQMRWYPEXIHMRQQ
WMHMRK
\MR\QQ
EXMRQQ
MR
QQ
K]TWYQMRWYPEXIHMRQQ
WMHMRK
)\XIVMSVWXYH[EPPW[MXLFVMGOZIRIIV
'PE]WSPMHQEWSRV]YRMX[EPPW ;EPPXLMGORIWW ;EPPXLMGORIWWQQ
MRMRMRMR
9RTPEWXIVIH
'PE]XMPIQEWSRV]YRMX[EPPW ;EPPXLMGORIWW ;EPPXLMGORIWWQQ
MRMRMRMRMR
4PEWXIVMRFSXLJEGIW
9RTPEWXIVIH
,SPPS[GSRGVIXIQEWSRV]YRMX[EPPW ;EPPXLMGORIWW ;EPPXLMGORIWWQQ
MRMRMRMRMR
2SKVSYX
MRSGQ
KVSYXWTEGMRK
MRSGQ
KVSYXWTEGMRK
MRSGQ
KVSYXWTEGMRK
MRSGQ
KVSYXWTEGMRK
MRSGQ
KVSYXWTEGMRK
*YPPKVSYX
7SPMHGSRGVIXIQEWSRV]YRMX[EPPW ;EPPXLMGORIWW ;EPPXLMGORIWWQQ
MRMRMRMRMR
9RTPEWXIVIH
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
8EFPI I{7XERHMRKRSRWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXWQMRMQYQHIEHPSEHW[MRHS[W
0SEHPFJX
TIVJXSJZIVXMGEPWYVJEGI 0SEHO2Q
TIVQSJZIVXMGEPWYVJEGI
QYPXMTP]F]XLILIMKLXSJIPIQIRXMRJX QYPXMTP]F]XLILIMKLXSJIPIQIRXMRQ
'SQTSRIRX XSSFXEMRPMRIPSEHWMRPFJX
XSSFXEMRPMRIPSEHWMRO2Q
;MRHS[W
+PEWWGYVXEMR[EPPWKPEWWJVEQIERHWEWL
;MRHS[WKPEWWJVEQIERHWEWL
8EFPI {%PXIVREXMZIQMRMQYQZEPYIWJSVHIEHPSEHSJRSRWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXW[LIRRSHIXEMPIH
EREP]WMWMWTIVJSVQIH
*EËEHIERH Floor finish and
TEVXMXMSRW GIMPMRK
PFJXO2Q
PFJXO2Q
TIVJXQ
SJ TIVJXQ
SJ
3GGYTERG] floor area floor area
% &YMPHMRKLEZMRKEREWWIQFP]VSSQ[MXLGETEGMX]SJPIWWXLER
+VSYT%{%WWIQFP]
% TIVWSRWERHRSXLEZMRKEWXEKI
1SZEFPIJYPPLIMKLXTEVXMXMSRW
+VSYT&{&YWMRIWW &
*M\IHQEWSRV]TEVXMXMSRW
+VSYT){)HYGEXMSREP ) 'PEWWVSSQW
+VSYT*{*EGXSV] * 0MKLXMRHYWXVMIW
- 6IWMHIRXMEPFSEVHERHGEVIJEGMPMXMIW
+VSYT-{-RWXMXYXMSREP - 4VMWSRWNEMPWVIJSVQEXSVMIWHIXIRXMSRGIRXIVW
- (E]GEVIJEGMPMXMIW
+VSYT1{1IVGERXMPI 1 (MWTPE]ERHWEPISJQIVGLERHMWI
1EWSRV]JEËEHIERHTEVXMXMSRW
+VSYT6{6IWMHIRXMEP 6
0MKLXJEËEHIERHTEVXMXMSRW
+VSYT7{7XSVEKI 7 7XSVEKISJPMKLXQEXIVMEPW
+VSYT9{9XMPMX]ERH
9 +EVEKIWJSVZILMGPIW[MXLGEVV]MRKGETEGMX]YTXSPFOK
1MWGIPPERISYW
8EFPI {1MRMQYQYRMJSVQP]HMWXVMFYXIHPMZIPSEHW
9RMJSVQPSEHPFJX
TIVJXSJ 9RMJSVQPSEHO2Q
TIVQ
3GGYTERG]SVYWI floor area of floor area
&EPGSRMIW
'SVVMHSVWERHWXEMV[E]W
+]QREWMYQW
+VSYT%{%WWIQFP] 0SFFMIW
1SZEFPIWIEXW
6IGVIEXMSREPEVIEW
4PEXJSVQW
'SVVMHSVWERHWXEMV[E]W
+VSYT&{&YWMRIWW Offices
6IWXEYVERXW
'PEWWVSSQW
'SVVMHSVWERHWXEMV[E]W
+VSYT){
0MFVEVMIW
)HYGEXMSREP
6IEHMRKVSSQW
7XEGOVSSQW
+VSYT*{*EGXSV] 0MKLXMRHYWXVMIW
3TIVEXMRKVSSQWPEFSVEXSVMIW
+VSYT-{
;EVHWERHTVMZEXIVSSQW
-RWXMXYXMSREP
'SVVMHSVWERHWXEMV[E]W
+VSYT1{ 6IXEMP
1IVGERXMPI ;LSPIWEPI
&EPGSRMIW
+VSYT6{ 4VMZEXIVSSQWERHGSVVMHSVWWIVZMRKXLIQ
6IWMHIRXMEP 4YFPMGVSSQWERHGSVVMHSVWWIVZMRKXLIQ
7XEMV[E]W
+VSYT7{7XSVEKI 0MKLX
+VSYT9{9XMPMX]
+EVEKIWJSVTEWWIRKIVGEVWSRP]
ERH1MWGIPPERISYW
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
8EFPI {8]TMGEPZEPYIWSJWXVIRKXLPIZIP
FEWMG[MRHWTIIH:
6IKMSR :QTL :QW
-WPERHWERHGSEWXEPVIKMSRWI\TSWIHXSXVSTMGEP XS
XS
WXSVQW
-WPERHWERHGSEWXEPVIKMSRWI\TSWIHXS XS
XS
WYFXVSTMGEPWXSVQW
-WPERHWERHGSEWXEPVIKMSRWRSXI\TSWIHXS XS
XS
XVSTMGEPSVWYFXVSTMGEPWXSVQW
XS
8SVREHSTVSRIVIKMSRW XS
'SRXMRIRXEPVIKMSRWQSVIXLERQMPIW XS
XS
OQ
JVSQXLIGSEWX
*MK{1MRMQYQWRS[PSEH
7IPIGXMSRSJFEWMG[MRHWTIIH{&EWMG[MRHWTIIH
EX WXVIRKXL PIZIP : GSVVIWTSRHW XS E WIGSRH KYWX WTIIH
7XIT :IPSGMX] TVIWWYVI UL WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH MR EXJXQ
EFSZIKVSYRHQIEWYVIHEXSTIRXIVVEMR[MXL
EGGSVHERGI[MXLERH WGEXXIVIHSFWXVYGXMSRWLEZMRKLIMKLXWPIWWXLERJXQ
7XIT %TTVSTVMEXI 'WY pressure coefficients should WYGLEWSTIRGSYRXV][MXLE]IEVQIERVIXYVRTIVMSH
FI WIPIGXIH JVSQ HITIRHMRK SR I\TSWIH FYMPHMRK 8LITIVGIRXI\GIIHERGITVSFEFMPMX]MRE]IEVTIVMSH
WYVJEGIW EWWYQMRK XLEX XLI [MRH EGXW MR XLI TSWMXMZI ERH SVXLIERRYEPTVSFEFMPMX]XLEXXLIFEWMG[MRHWTIIH[MPPFI
RIKEXMZI WIRWI MR FSXL TVMRGMTEP HMVIGXMSRW MR TPER SJ XLI I\GIIHIHMW
FYMPHMRK 8EFPI KMZIW X]TMGEP ZEPYIW SJ FEWMG [MRH WTIIH
7XIT:IPSGMX]TVIWWYVIUL affected by the force coefficients EX WXVIRKXL PIZIP KMZIR EW E KYMHI JSV VIKMSRW SYXWMHI SJ
ERHQYPXMTPMIHF]XLII\TSWIHEVIESJXLIWYVJEGI%WYWLSYPH XLI9RMXIH7XEXIWERHGSYRXVMIW[LIVI[MRHWTIIHZIPSGMX]
FIYWIHXSHIXIVQMRIXLIIUYMZEPIRXWXEXMG[MRHHIWMKRJSVGI MRJSVQEXMSRMWRSXEZEMPEFPI8LIYWIVWLSYPHVIJIVXSLMWXSV
*WY XLEXEGXWMR EHMVIGXMSRRSVQEP XSXLI I\TSWIHFYMPHMRK MGEPVIGSVHWSVPSGEPVIKYPEXMSRWJSVEGXYEPHIWMKRWTIIH%
WYVJEGIW HMWXMRGXMSRWLSYPHFIQEHIFIX[IIRXLIX]TISJFEWMG[MRH
7XIT 'SQTSRIRXW MR XLI HMVIGXMSR SJ XLI [MRH SJ XLI WTIIHWIGSRHKYWXSVJEWXIWXQMPI
XLIQIERVIXYVRTIVMSH
WXEXMG[MRHPSEHWXLEXEGXSRXLIWYVJEGIW*WYWLSYPHFIEPKI and the type of exposure where the wind velocity is defined.
FVEMGEPP] EHHIH XS SFXEMR XLI [MRH FEWI WLIEV :[ JSV XLI +MZIR XLI PEXIVEPPSEHFYMPHMRK WXMJJRIWW SFXEMRIH JVSQ XLI
FYMPHMRKMRIEGLTVMRGMTEPHMVIGXMSRMRTPERMRFSXLWIRWIW KYMHIEKYWXIJJIGXJEGXSVMWRSXMRGPYHIHMRXLITVSGIHYVI
7XIT 7XEXMG [MRH PSEHW XLEX EGX SR XLI WXVYGXYVEP ;MRHPSEHWSREFYMPHMRK{8LIIUYMZEPIRXWXEXMG
QIQFIVW ERH GPEHHMRK WLSYPH FI YWIH XS HIWMKR XLI MRHM WXVIRKXL PIZIP [MRH JSVGI XLEX EGXW MR XLI HMVIGXMSR RSVQEP
ZMHYEPIPIQIRXWERHXLIMVEXXEGLQIRXWXSXLIWXVYGXYVI XS XLI [MRHI\TSWIH WYVJEGI WLSYPH FI GEPGYPEXIH YWMRK
7XIT7XEXMG[MRHPSEHWXLEXEGXSRXLIFYMPHMRKWLSYPH )UE
6IKEVHPIWWSJXLISTIRRIWWSJXLII\TSWIH
FIYWIHXSHIWMKRXLIQIQFIVWSJXLIPEXIVEPPSEHVIWMWXMRK WYVJEGIXLIKVSWWEVIEWLSYPHFIYWIH
W]WXIQERHXLISZIVEPPWXEFMPMX]SJXLIWXVYGXYVI
%TTPMGEXMSR SJ TVIWWYVIW ERH PSEHW{7XEXMG *WY!UL%WY'WY E
[MRHHIWMKRPSEHW*WYWLSYPHFIEWWYQIHXSEGXMREHMVIG
XMSR RSVQEP XS XLI WYVJEGI GSRWMHIVIH EX XLI GIRXVSMH SJ [LIVI %WYMWXLII\TSWIHWYVJEGIEVIEERH 'WYMWXLIZEPYI
MXW EVIE *WY YWIH MR GEPGYPEXMRK FYMPHMRK PSEHW WLSYPH FI KMZIRMR
I\TVIWWIH EW XLI VIWYPXERX EPSRK XLI TVMRGMTEP E\MW SJ XLI % TSWMXMZI ZEPYI SJ *WY MRHMGEXIWXLEX XLIJSVGIMW EGXMRK
FYMPHMRK)UF
XS[EVHXLIWYVJEGIERHERIKEXMZIZEPYIMRHMGEXIW XLEXXLI
'EPGYPEXMSRSJXLI[MRHPSEHW JSVGI MW EGXMRKE[E] JVSQ XLI WYVJEGI WYGXMSR
8LI [MRH
:IPSGMX]TVIWWYVIGEPGYPEXMSR{:IPSGMX]TVIWWYVI design force at floor level \ *\HYIXS[MRHMRETVMRGMTEP
ULEXXLIQIERVSSJLIMKLXLVSZIVXLIXIVVEMRWLSYPHFIGEPGY HMVIGXMSRMRTPERWLSYPHFIGEPGYPEXIHEWXLIWYQSJEPP[MRH
PEXIHJVSQ)UE
ERHF
I\TSWIHWYVJEGIWSJXLIWXSV]YWMRK)UF
2 n
1 2 hr 7 Fx Fsu( w ) cos w cos w F
qh V ULMRPFJX LVMRQERH:MRQTL
E
w 1
400 33
[LIVI [MWXLILSVM^SRXEPERKPIFIX[IIRXLIRSVQEPXSXLI
ULMRO2Q LVMRQERH:MRQW
WYVJEGIERH XLITVMRGMTEPHMVIGXMSRMR TPER YRHIV GSRWMHIV
EXMSRERH [MWXLIZIVXMGEPERKPIFIX[IIRXLIRSVQEPXSXLI
WYVJEGIERHELSVM^SRXEPPMRI
F
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
-R )UF
, care should be used in defining the sign 8EFPI 4.10.3.2—Pressure coefficients for
XSFIYWIHJSV*WY[MXLVIWTIGXXSXLIHMVIGXMSRMR[LMGLXLI GSQTSRIRXWERHGPEHHMRK
JSVGIMWEGXMRK 8]TISJWYVJEGI 'T
8LI [MRH FEWI WLIEV :[ MR E TVMRGMTEP HMVIGXMSR MR TPER :IVXMGEPWYVJEGIW
GSVVIWTSRHWXSXLIWYQSJEPPWXSV][MRHPSEHW*\MRXLITVMR )\XIVMSV[EPPWSJIRGPSWIHFYMPHMRKW
GMTEPHMVIGXMSRMRTPERYRHIVWXYH] (SSVWERH[MRHS[W
;MRH PSEHW SR GSQTSRIRXW ERH GPEHHMRK{ )\XIVMSV[EPPWSJFYMPHMRKW[MXLSRISVQSVIWMHIWSTIR
'EPGYPEXMSRSJXLIWXVIRKXLPIZIP[MRHJSVGISRGSQTSRIRXW ,SVM^SRXEPWYVJEGIW
ERHGPEHHMRKWLSYPHFITIVJSVQIHYWMRK)U
%[E]JVSQIHKIWERHGSVRIVW
)HKIWSJFYMPHMRKERHE[E]JVSQGSVRIVW
*T[!UL%T'T
'SVRIVWSJFYMPHMRK
)HKIHMWXERGIMWTIVGIRXSJPIRKXLSJWYVJEGIMRGSRWMHIVEXMSR
[LIVI %TMWXLIGSQTSRIRXI\TSWIHWYVJEGIEVIEERH'TMW
XLIGSQTSRIRXWYVJEGITVIWWYVI
Pressure coefficients
Pressure coefficients for a building{4VIWWYVI TVSHYGIWXMJJWXVYGXYVIW[MXLEWLSVXJYRHEQIRXEPTIVMSHSJ
coefficients in Table 4.10.3.1 should be used for the calcula vibration, and the seismic loads given in the guide reflect
tion of the wind loads on a building. Note that coefficients XLMW X]TISJWXVYGXYVI 8LIGEPGYPEXMSRSJWIMWQMG PSEHW JSV
reflect the direction of the force relative to the direction of more flexible structures is beyond the scope of the guide.
XLIQIQFIVW-RXIVQWSJXLIFYMPHMRKXSXEPPSEHIJJIGXJSV %HHMXMSREPWIMWQMGMRJSVQEXMSRMWTVIWIRXIHMR'LETXIV
ZIVXMGEPWYVJEGIWXLIEFWSPYXIZEPYIWWLSYPHFIEHHIH 7IMWQMGKVSYRHQSXMSRW
Pressure coefficients for components and clad 7IMWQMGPSEHWERHWIMWQMGHIWMKR{-XMWMRXIRHIHXLEX
HMRK—Pressure coefficients in Table 4.10.3.2 should be used [LIVIXLIKSZIVRMRKEYXLSVMX]LEWEHSTXIHF]PSGEPSVHMRERGI
JSV XLI GEPGYPEXMSR SJ XLI WXVIRKXL PIZIP [MRH PSEHW SRXLI XLIQSHIPGSHI-&'
ERHVIJIVIRGIWXERHEVH%7')
GSQTSRIRXWERHGPEHHMRKTSWMXMZIJSVTVIWWYVIERHRIKEXMZI WIMWQMGHIWMKRPSEHWERHWIMWQMGHIWMKRTVIWGVMFIHYRHIVXLI
JSVWYGXMSR QSHIPGSHI-&'
ERHVIJIVIRGIWXERHEVH%7')
WLSYPH FI YWIH QIIXMRK ERH ;LIVI XLIWI
{7IMWQMGPSEHW WXERHEVHWLEZIRSXFIIREHSTXIHF]XLIKSZIVRMRKEYXLSVMX]
+IRIVEP{6IWMWXERGI XS WIMWQMG PSEHW WLSYPH FI XLVSYKLWLSYPHFIYWIH
provided by using a sufficient number of reinforced concrete (IWMKR WTIGXVEP EGGIPIVEXMSR TEVEQIXIVW{8LI
[EPPW GSRXMRYSYW JVSQ XLI VSSJ XS XLI JSYRHEXMSR MR FSXL HIWMKR IEVXLUYEOI WTIGXVEP EGGIPIVEXMSR TEVEQIXIV EX WLSVX
TVMRGMTEP HMVIGXMSRW MR TPER 6IMRJSVGIH GSRGVIXI [EPPW TIVMSH 7(7 WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH JVSQ XLI TVSGIHYVI IWXEF
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
8EFPI 4.11.2.4.2—Values of the site coefficient *E ZW "QWA
SV[LIVIMRXLIYTTIVJXQ
XLI748
7SMP Site coefficient *EJSVWLSVXTIVMSHWSJZMFVEXMSR VIWMWXERGILEWEREZIVEKIZEPYIMRXLIVERKI 2 c
profile %E %E! %E! %E! %E SVEWLIEVWXVIRKXLJSVGPE]WMRXLIVERKIPFJX c WY
7% PFJX?O4Ec WY O4EA
7& (e) Soil Profile 7) a soil profile where the measured shear
7' [EZIZIPSGMX]ZW JXWQW
SVXLI748VIWMWXERGI
7( LEWEREZIVEKIZEPYI2 MRXLIYTTIVJXQ
SV
7) LEWQSVIXLERJXQ
SJTPEWXMG4-"
LMKLQSMWXYVI
GSRXIRX["TIVGIRX
ERHPS[WLIEVWXVIRKXLWY PF
PMWLIHMRVIJIVIRGIWXERHEVH%7')8LIHIWMKRWTIGXVEP JX?WY O4EA
GPE]WERH
SVHMREXIWJSVHIXIVQMRMRKWIMWQMGPSEHW7ESJXLIKYMHIEVI (f) Seismically vulnerable soils: sites where the soil profile
IUYEPXS7(7 GSRXEMRWWSMPLEZMRKSRISVQSVISJXLIJSPPS[MRKGLEVEGXIV
7IMWQMG (IWMKR 'EXIKSVMIW{-R XLI KYMHI XLI MWXMGWEVIFI]SRHXLIWGSTISJXLIKYMHIM
WSMPWZYPRIVEFPI
JSPPS[MRKHMWXMRGXMSRSJ7IMWQMG(IWMKR'EXIKSVMIWEWEWWS XSTSXIRXMEPJEMPYVISVGSPPETWIYRHIVWIMWQMGQSXMSRWWYGL
GMEXIH[MXLWIMWQMGVMWOWLSYPHFIYWIHMRXLSWIGEWIW[LIVI as liquefiable soils, quick and highly sensitive clays, collaps
VIJIVIRGIWXERHEVH%7')LEWRSXFIIREHSTXIHF]PSGEP MFPI[IEOP]GIQIRXIHWSMPMM
TIEXWLMKLP]SVKERMGGPE]W
EYXLSVMXMIW SVFSXL[MXLQSVIXLERJXQ
SJXLMGORIWWMM
ZIV]
E
0S[SVRSWIMWQMGVMWO^SRIWEVI[LIVIXLI7IMWQMG LMKLTPEWXMGMX]GPE]W4-"
[MXLQSVIXLERJXQ
SJ
(IWMKR 'EXIKSV] EWWMKRIH XS XLI WXVYGXYVI MR XLI TVSGI XLMGORIWWERHMZ
WSJXXSQIHMYQWXMJJGPE]W[MXLQSVIXLER
HYVIMRXLIVIJIVIRGIHWXERHEVHWJSV7LSVX4IVMSH6IWTSRWI JXQ
SJXLMGORIWW
%GGIPIVEXMSRMWIMXLIV%SV& When the soil profile and properties are not known well
F
1SHIVEXI SV LMKL WIMWQMG VMWO ^SRIW EVI [LIVI XLI enough in detail to determine the soil profile type, a soil
7IMWQMG (IWMKR 'EXIKSV] EWWMKRIH XS XLI WXVYGXYVI MR XLI profile 7(WLSYPHFIYWIH
TVSGIHYVI MR XLI VIJIVIRGIW WXERHEVHW JSV 7LSVX4IVMSH 7MXI IJJIGXW{7MXI IJJIGXW WLSYPH FI HIWGVMFIH
6IWTSRWI%GGIPIVEXMSRMW'()SV* through the site coefficient for short periods of vibration, *E
7IMWQMG PSEHW ERH WIMWQMG HIWMKR [LIR XLI Values of the site coefficient for short periods of vibration,
VIJIVIRGIH WXERHEVHW LEZI RSX FIIR EHSTXIH{;LIVI XLI *EWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHJVSQ8EFPIEWEJYRG
KSZIVRMRKEYXLSVMX]LEWRSXEHSTXIHXLIQSHIPGSHI-&'
XMSRSJXLIIJJIGXMZITIEOKVSYRHLSVM^SRXEPEGGIPIVEXMSRMR
ERHVIJIVIRGIWXERHEVH%7')
XLIKVSYRHQSXMSRWLSYPH VSGOJSV WLSVX TIVMSHWSJZMFVEXMSR %E, and the soil profile
FI HIWGVMFIH XLVSYKL ER IJJIGXMZI TIEO KVSYRH LSVM^SRXEP X]TIJVSQ0MRIEVMRXIVTSPEXMSRGERFIYWIHFIX[IIR
EGGIPIVEXMSR MR VSGO JSV WLSVX TIVMSHW SJ ZMFVEXMSR %E ZEPYIWSJ%EMR8EFPI
I\TVIWWIHEWEJVEGXMSRSJKVEZMX]K8LIZEPYIWKMZIRMRXLI 7MXI IJJIGX SJ WIMWQMGEPP] ZYPRIVEFPI WSMPW EW HIWGVMFIH
KIRIVEPFYMPHMRKGSHILEZMRKNYVMWHMGXMSRWLEPPFIYWIHJSV MR MW FI]SRH XLI WGSTI SJ XLI KYMHI ERH HIWMKRW
SFXEMRMRKXLIGSVVIWTSRHMRKZEPYIW
WLSYPHRSXFIQEHIYRHIVXLIKYMHIJSVFYMPHMRKWPSGEXIHSR
Where the building code having jurisdiction defines a WYGLWSMP
QE\MQYQGSRWMHIVIHWIMWQMGKVSYRHQSXMSRFEWIHSRWTIG 7IMWQMG VMWO ^SRIW [LIR VIJIVIRGIH WXERHEVHW
XVEPVIWTSRWIEGGIPIVEXMSRWEXTIVGIRXSJGVMXMGEPHEQTMRK LEZIRSXFIIREHSTXIH{8LIJSPPS[MRKHMWXMRGXMSRSJWIMWQMG
XLIWLSVXTIVMSHWIGSRH
ZEPYIW7WWLSYPHFIIQTPS]IH VMWOWLSYPHFIYWIH
ERHXLIZEPYISJ%EQE]FISFXEMRIHEW%E!7W;LIVI E
0S[ERHRSWIMWQMGVMWO^SRIW^SRIW[LIVI%EMWPIWW
the building code having jurisdiction defines a seismic zone XLERSVIUYEPXSERH
JEGXSV >XLIZEPYISJ%EWLSYPHFIXEOIRIUYEPXS> F
1SHIVEXISVLMKLWIMWQMGVMWO^SRIW^SRIW[LIVI%E
Soil profile types—&EWIH SR XLI WSMP X]TI I\GIIHW
present at the building site, the soil profile should be classified (IWMKRVIWTSRWIWTIGXVEPSVHMREXIW[LIRVIJIV
EWSRISJXLIJSPPS[MRK IRGIH WXERHEVHW LEZI RSX FIIR EHSTXIH{3VHMREXIW SJ XLI
(a) Soil Profile 7%LEVHVSGO[MXLEQIEWYVIHWLIEV[EZI IPEWXMGHIWMKRVIWTSRWIWTIGXVYQ7EJSVEHEQTMRKVEXMSSJ
ZIPSGMX] ZW "JXWQW
TIVGIRXSJGVMXMGEPI\TVIWWIHEWEJVEGXMSRSJXLIEGGIPIVEXMSR
(b) Soil Profile 7& VSGO [MXL QSHIVEXI JVEGXYVMRK ERH SJKVEZMX]WLSYPHFIGEPGYPEXIHEW
[IEXLIVMRK[MXLEQIEWYVIHWLIEV[EZIZIPSGMX]MRXLIVERKI
JXW ZW "JXW?QW ZW "QWA
7E!%E*E
(c) Soil Profile 7' WSJX [IEXLIVIH SV JVEGXYVIH VSGO SV
HIRWISVWXMJJWSMP[LIVIXLIQIEWYVIHWLIEV[EZIZIPSGMX] 7IMWQMGHIWMKRFEWIWLIEV
MWMRXLIVERKIJXW ZW "JXW?QW ZW " 7IMWQMGVIWMWXERXWXVYGXYVEPW]WXIQ{8LIWIMWQMG
QWA
SVMRXLIYTTIVJXQ
XLI748VIWMWXERGILEW resistant structural system used in this guide is classified as
EREZIVEKIZEPYISJ2 "SVEWLIEVWXVIRKXLJSVGPE]WWY EHYEPFYMPHMRKJVEQIW]WXIQ[LIVIERIWWIRXMEPP]GSQTPIXI
PFJXWY O4E
QSQIRXVIWMWXERX WTEGI JVEQI WYTTSVXW KVEZMX] PSEHW ERH
(d) Soil Profile 7(TVIHSQMREXIP]QIHMYQHIRWIXSHIRWI VIWMWXERGIXSPEXIVEPPSEHWMWTVSZMHIHF]VIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI
SVQIHMYQWXMJJXSWXMJJWSMP[LIVIXLIQIEWYVIHWLIEV[EZI [EPPW [MXL XLI QSQIRXVIWMWXMRK WTEGI JVEQI TVSZMHMRK
ZIPSGMX]MWMRXLIVERKIJXW ZW "JXW?QW E QMRMQYQ GSPPEXIVEP PEXIVEP PSEH VIWMWXERGI 6IMRJSVGIH
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
GSRGVIXI [EPPW VIWMWXMRK PEXIVEP PSEHW EVI RSX TIVQMXXIH XS QMRIHF]%[MRHFEWIWLIEV:SERHMXWHMWXVMFYXMSR
GEVV]ZIVXMGEPE\MEPPSEHWKVIEXIVXLEXXLIFEPERGIHTSMRXE\MEP SZIVXLIFYMPHMRKLIMKLXWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHJSVFSXLQEMR
WXVIRKXL)U
HMVIGXMSRWMRTPEREWHIXIVQMRIHF]8LISZIVXYVRMRK
)RIVK]HMWWMTEXMSRGETEGMX]SJXLIWIMWQMGVIWMW QSQIRX 1SXGEYWIHF]XLI[MRHPSEHWMRFSXLQEMRHMVIG
XERXWXVYGXYVEPW]WXIQ{8LIIRIVK]HMWWMTEXMSRGETEGMX]MR XMSRWMRTPERWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHEWHIXIVQMRIHF]
XLIMRIPEWXMGVERKISJXLIWIMWQMGVIWMWXERXWXVYGXYVEPW]WXIQ The application of the resultant wind loads on each floor and
described by the response modification factor, should have TVMRGMTEP HMVIGXMSR WLSYPH FI GEPGYPEXIH ERH XLI XSVWMSREP
EZEPYISJ6W ! QSQIRXWSRXLIWXVYGXYVI8MEFSYXEZIVXMGEPE\MWWLSYPHFI
'EPGYPEXMSR SJ XLI WIMWQMG HIWMKR FEWIWLIEV{ IZEPYEXIHEWHIXIVQMRIHF]JSVIEGLWXSV]
8LI WIMWQMG HIWMKR FEWI WLIEV :FW IUYMZEPIRX XS XLI XSXEP 7IMWQMG PSEHW{7IMWQMG PSEHW WLSYPH FI HIXIV
LSVM^SRXEPMRIVXMEPIJJIGXWGEYWIHF]WIMWQMGKVSYRHQSXMSRW QMRIHF],SVM^SRXEPWIMWQMGPSEHW*\EXIEGLPIZIP\
WLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHYWMRK)U
ERHMRIEGLQEMRHMVIGXMSRMRTPERWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHF]
%PEXIVEPFEWIWLIEV:SERHMXWHMWXVMFYXMSRSZIVXLI
a s FYMPHMRKLIMKLXWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHF]ERH
bs
s
JSV FSXL QEMRHMVIGXMSRW MR TPER 8LI SZIVXYVRMRK QSQIRX
1SXHYIXSXLIWIMWQMGPSEHWMRFSXLQEMRHMVIGXMSRWMRTPER
[LIVI 7EWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHJVSQ)U
6WMWXLI WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH F] %TTPMGEXMSR TSMRX SJ XLI
response modification factor determined from 4.11.3.2; and seismic force at each floor should be the center of mass of the
;WGSVVIWTSRHWXSXLIXSXEP[IMKLXSJXLIFYMPHMRK;WWLSYPH floor diaphragm. The effect of an eccentricity between the
MRGPYHIXLIXSXEP[IMKLXSJXLIWXVYGXYVITPYWXLI[IMKLXSJEPP center of mass of the floor diaphragm and the center of stiff
RSRWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXWWYGLEW[EPPWERHTEVXMXMSRWTIVQE RIWW GSVVIWTSRHMRK XS XLI PEXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRK WXVYGXYVEP
RIRXIUYMTQIRXXEROWERHXLIGSRXEMRIHPMUYMHMRWXSVEKIERH QIQFIVW WLSYPH FI GEPGYPEXIH ERH XLI XSVWMSREP QSQIRXW
SGGYTERGMIW ;W WLSYPH EPWS MRGPYHI TIVGIRX SJ XLI PMZI SRXLIWXVYGXYVI8MEFSYXEZIVXMGEPE\MWWLSYPHFIIZEPYEXIH
PSEHERHXLIWRS[PSEH[LIRXLIWRS[PSEHI\GIIHWPF F] JSVIEGLWXSV]
JXO4E
7SMPPEXIVEPPSEHW{0EXIVEPPSEHWHYIXSWSMPTVIW
:IVXMGEP HMWXVMFYXMSR SJ HIWMKR WIMWQMG PSEHW{ WYVIWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHF]'LETXIV(YIXSXLIVIWXVMG
8SXEPWIMWQMGHIWMKRFEWIWLIEVWLSYPHFIHMWXVMFYXIHSZIV XMSRWSJERHVIXEMRMRK[EPPWPEXIVEPP]WYTTSVXIH
XLIFYMPHMRKLIMKLXYWMRK)UE
ERH)UF
%X F]XLIFYMPHMRKWLSYPHFISRP]SRIWXSV]MRLIMKLX8LIVIEG
each floor level designated as \ *\WLSYPHFIETTPMIHSZIV tion from the lateral soil pressure on the first story per unit
XLIFYMPHMRKEVIEMREGGSVHERGI[MXLXLIQEWWHMWXVMFYXMSRW LSVM^SRXEPPIRKXLSJVIXEMRMRK[EPPWLSYPHFIGSQTYXIHF]
EXIEGLPIZIP )U
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
*MK{3ZIVXYVRMRKQSQIRXGEPGYPEXMSR
*MK{0EXIVEPVIHYGXMSRHYIXSWSMPTVIWWYVI
*EGXSVIH SZIVXYVRMRK QSQIRX{8LI SZIVXYVRMRK
QSQIRX HYIXS[MRH WIMWQMGJSVGI ERHPEXIVEPWSMPTVIWWYVI
WLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHMRHITIRHIRXP]JSVXLIX[SQEMRHMVIG
XMSRW MR TPER 8LI WXSV] SZIVXYVRMRK QSQIRXEXPIZIP \JSV
IEGL PEXIVEP JSVGI [MRH WIMWQMG ERH WSMP
GSVVIWTSRHWXS
XLI WYQ SJ XLI QSQIRXW HYI XS PEXIVEP PSEHW EX XLEX WXSV]
JVSQPIZIP\XSXLIVSSJEW HIXIVQMRIHJVSQ)U E
*MK
E
&EWISZIVXYVRMRKQSQIRX1SXJSVIEGLPEXIVEPJSVGI[MRH
*MK{7XSV]WLIEVERHFEWIWLIEVGEPGYPEXMSR WIMWQMG ERH WSMP
GSVVIWTSRHW XS XLI WYQ SJ XLI TVSHYGX
of the floor level lateral loads by the height to floor level
lateral soil loads on the first floor should be calculated and QIEWYVIH JVSQ XLI FEWI SJ XLI WXVYGXYVI *MK
EW
XLIXSVWMSREPQSQIRXWSRXLIWXVYGXYVI8MEFSYXEZIVXMGEP defined by Eq. (4.13.4b).
E\MWWLSYPHFIIZEPYEXIHF]8LISGGYVVIRGISJ[MRH
n
SVWIMWQMGPSEHWWMQYPXERISYWP][MXLXLMWWSMPTVIWWYVITIVQE
M ot Fi hi F
RIRXPEXIVEPJSVGIWLSYPHFIIZEPYEXIHYWMRKPSEHGSQFMRE i 1
XMSRWTVIWGVMFIHJSVXLMWGEWIMR
*PYMHTVIWWYVI{%Y\MPMEV]WXVYGXYVIWWYFNIGXIHXS *EGXSVIH WXSV] SZIVXYVRMRK QSQIRX 1\Y ERH JEGXSVIH FEWI
fluid pressure, such as water tanks, should be self-contained SZIVXYVRMRK QSQIRX 1SXY WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH F] QYPXM
and fluid pressure should be compensated within the auxiliary TP]MRK 1\ERH1SXF]XLIETTVSTVMEXIPSEHJEGXSVJVSQ
WXVYGXYVI8LIQEMRFYMPHMRKWXVYGXYVIWLSYPHRSXFIYWIHXS 8SVWMSREP QSQIRXW{*SV IEGL WXSV] ERH MR IEGL
VIWMWX PEXIVEP PSEHW HIVMZIH JVSQ GSRXEMRIH PMUYMHW ;IMKLX TVMRGMTEP HMVIGXMSR XLI YRJEGXSVIH XSVWMSR 8M WLSYPH FI
JVSQEY\MPMEV]XEROERHPMUYMHGSRXIRXWLSYPHFIGSRWMHIVIH GSQTYXIHEWXLITVSHYGXSJXLIWXSV]PEXIVEPJSVGI*MXMQIW
MRXLIGEPGYPEXMSRSJ[IMKLXMRXLIVSSJPIZIP ERIGGIRXVMGMX]IUYEPXSXLIXVERWZIVWIHMWXERGIFIX[IIRXLIPMRI
*EGXSVIHWXSV]WLIEVERHFEWIWLIEV{&EWIWLIEV SJEGXMSRSJXLIPEXIVEPJSVGIERHXLIWXSV]PEXIVEPWXMJJRIWWGIRXIV
HYIXS[MRHWIMWQMGJSVGIERHPEXIVEPWSMPTVIWWYVIWLSYPH *MK
8LIWXSV]WXMJJRIWWGIRXIVWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIH
FIHIXIVQMRIHMRHITIRHIRXP]JSVXLIX[SQEMRHMVIGXMSRWMR F] *SV[MRHERHWIMWQMGPSEHW8MWLSYPHFIXEOIREW
TPER8LIWXSV]WLIEVEXPIZIP\JSVIEGLPEXIVEPJSVGI[MRH XLIKVIEXIVZEPYIHIXIVQMRIHJSVFSXLTVMRGMTEPHMVIGXMSRW*SV
WIMWQMGERHWSMP
GSVVIWTSRHWXSXLIWYQSJXLIPEXIVEPPSEHW PEXIVEPWSMPTVIWWYVI8MWLSYPHFIXEOIREWXLIEPKIFVEMGWYQSJ
ETTPMIHXSXLIWXVYGXYVIMRXLIQEMRHMVIGXMSRYRHIVGSRWMHIV XLIZEPYIWHIXIVQMRIHJSVFSXLTVMRGMTEPHMVIGXMSRW
EXMSRJVSQWXSV]\XSXLIVSSJEWHIXIVQMRIHJVSQ)U
8LIWXSV]XSXEPYRJEGXSVIHXSVWMSREXPIZIP\JSVIEGLPEXIVEP
*MK
JSVGI [MRH WIMWQMG ERH WSMP
GSVVIWTSRHW XS WYQ SJ XLI
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n
XSXLIVSSJEWHIXIVQMRIHF])U
Vx Fi
i x
n
Tx Ti
8LIFEWIWLIEV:SJSVIEGLPEXIVEPJSVGI[MRHWIMWQMGERH i x
WSMP
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XLIWXVYGXYVIMRXLIQEMRHMVIGXMSRYRHIVWXYH]*MK
&EWI XSXEP YRJEGXSVIH XSVWMSR 8S JSV IEGL PEXIVEP JSVGI
*EGXSVIHWXSV]WLIEV:\YERHJEGXSVIHFEWIWLIEV:SYWLSYPH [MRH WIMWQMG ERH WSMP
GSVVIWTSRHW XS WYQ SJ XLI WXSV]
FIHIXIVQMRIHF]QYPXMTP]MRK:\ERH:SF]XLIETTVSTVMEXI YRJEGXSVIHXSVWMSRETTPMIHXSXLIWXVYGXYVI
PSEHJEGXSVJVSQ
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
*MK{7XSV]XSVWMSR
{0EXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRKW]WXIQ
+IRIVEP{8LI PEXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ MW
GSQTSWIH SJ WXVYGXYVEP QIQFIVW EGXMRK NSMRXP] XLEX VIWMWX
ERH XVERWQMX PEXIVEP PSEHW VIWYPXMRK JVSQ WIMWQMG QSXMSRW
[MRHERHPEXIVEPIEVXLTVIWWYVIXSXLIKVSYRH*MK
The floor system should act as a diaphragm that carries
MR MXW TPERI XLI PEXIVEP JSVGI JVSQ XLI ETTPMGEXMSR TSMRX XS
XLI ZIVXMGEP QIQFIVW SJ XLI PEXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ
:IVXMGEP QIQFIVW SJ XLI PEXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ
in turn, collect loads arising from all floors affected and
XVERWQMXXLIQHS[RXSXLIJSYRHEXMSRERHXSXLIYRHIVP]MRK *MK{0EXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRKWXVYGXYVEPW]WXIQ
WSMP8LIQEMRZIVXMGEPQIQFIVWSJXLIPEXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRK
W]WXIQWLSYPHFIERYQFIVSJVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI[EPPWMR [EPPWERHQSQIRXVIWMWXMRKJVEQIW
EWMRTPERIPSEHWMRXLI
FSXLTVMRGMTEPHMVIGXMSRWMRTPER8LIWIVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI HMETLVEKQ
[EPPWWLSYPHLEZIRSSTIRMRKWJSV[MRHS[WSVHSSVW (METLVEKQ{8LI HMETLVEKQ WLSYPH GSQTP]
6IWXVMGXMSRW SR WXVYGXYVEP W]WXIQ JSV WIMWQMG [MXLE
XLVSYKLI
VIWMWXERGI (a) The shape in plan of the floor slab diaphragm should be
+IRIVEP{8LI JSPPS[MRK VIWXVMGXMSRW ETTP] XS EWVIKYPEVERHW]QQIXVMGEPEWTVEGXMGEFPI4VIJIVVIHJSVQW
structural systems used for the seismic risk zones as defined WLSYPH FI WUYEVI SV VIGXERKYPEV 6IGXERKYPEV HMETLVEKQW
MR WLSYPHLEZIEQE\MQYQVEXMSSJWLSVXIVXSPSRKIVWMHISJ
>SRIWSJPS[ERHRSWIMWQMGVMWO{8LIVIEVIRS F
*PSSVWPEFWXVYGXYVEPQIQFIVWWLSYPHGSQTP][MXLXLI
VIWXVMGXMSRWSR[LMGLWXVYGXYVEPW]WXIQWGERFIYWIHMR^SRIW QMRMQYQXLMGORIWWSJ'LETXIV
of low or no seismic risk, as defined in -R XLIWI G
2SSTIRMRKMRXLIWPEFWLSYPHFIKVIEXIVXLERTIVGIRX
^SRIWWXVYGXYVEP[EPPWJSVVIWMWXERGIXSIEVXLUYEOIWIMWQMG of the floor area, and the sum of all openings in the slab
PSEHWQE]RSXFIRIIHIHFYXXLIMVRIIHXSVIWMWX[MRHERH should not exceed 50 percent of the floor area;
soil pressure lateral loads should be verified. H
(METLVEKQGSPPIGXSVIPIQIRXWWLSYPHFITVSZMHIHEW
1SHIVEXI SV LMKL WIMWQMG VMWO ^SRI{0EXIVEP MRHMGEXIH MR ERH FI GETEFPI SJ XVERWQMXXMRK PEXIVEP
JSVGIVIWMWXERGIWLSYPHFITVSZMHIHF]VIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI loads from the floor slab system to the lateral-force-resisting
[EPPWGSRXMRYSYWJVSQ XLI JSYRHEXMSR XS XLI VSSJ MR FSXL WXVYGXYVEP[EPPWERH
TVMRGMTEP HMVIGXMSRW MR TPER 8LI WTIGMEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX I
(METLVEKQ QIQFIVW GER FI EX E WPSTI FYX WLSYPH
HIXEMPWSJ'LETXIVWLSYPHFIYWIH GSQTP][MXL
(METLVEKQIJJIGX *PSSV QEWW GIRXVSMH—The floor mass centroid
+IRIVEP{8S SFXEMR TVSTIV PEXIVEP JSVGI VIWMW should correspond to the centroid of the area of the floor
XERGI XLI FYMPHMRK WXVYGXYVI WLSYPH EGX EW E WMRKPI YRMX slab. The area for computing each floor mass centroid should
through the diaphragm effect of the floor slabs. The lateral FIFSYRHIHF]WPEFFSVHIVWQMRYWXLIEVIESJEPPSTIRMRKW
PSEHW WLSYPH FI XVERWJIVVIH JVSQ XLI ETTPMGEXMSR TSMRX XS LEZMRKEWMHIKVIEXIVXLERJXQ
8LIPEXIVEPWIMWQMG
XLI PEXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRK WXVYGXYVEP QIQFIVW WXVYGXYVEP
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
\M MW XLI HMWXERGI JVSQ SVMKMR XS XLI [EPP GVSWWWIGXMSREP
GIRXVSMHQIEWYVIHMREHMVIGXMSRTEVEPPIPXS]ERH
H
8SXEPWXSV]VSXEXMSREPWXMJJRIWWEFSYXXLIWXSV]PEXIVEP
WXMJJRIWWGIRXIVWLSYPHFIGSQTYXIHYWMRK)UG
2 2 2 2
r y i x i y \ G
{1MRMQYQEQSYRXSJVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI
WXVYGXYVEP[EPPW
+IRIVEP{% QMRMQYQ EQSYRX SJ VIMRJSVGIH
GSRGVIXI WXVYGXYVEP [EPPW WLSYPH FI TVSZMHIH JSV JEGXSVIH
PEXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXERGI8LIWIWXVYGXYVEP[EPPWWLSYPHGSQTP]
[MXLE
XLVSYKLK
*MK{'EPGYPEXMSRSJXLIWXSV]PEXIVEPWXMJJRIWWGIRXIV E
7XVYGXYVEP[EPPWWLSYPHLEZIVIGXERKYPEVGVSWWWIGXMSRW
3XLIVGVSWWWIGXMSRWEVIFI]SRHXLIWGSTISJXLMWKYMHI
F
7XVYGXYVEP[EPPWWLSYPHFIZIVXMGEPP]GSRXMRYSYWJVSQ
loads should be applied at the floor mass centroid for each JSYRHEXMSRXSVSSJI\GITX[LIVI[EPPWEVIRIIHIHSRP]JSV
WXSV] VIWMWXERGIJSVYRFEPERGIHPEXIVEPWSMPTVIWWYVIMREFEWIQIRX
7XSV]PEXIVEPWXMJJRIWWGIRXIV{7XSV]PEXIVEPWXMJJRIWW In this case, the wall may be stopped at the first story level;
center corresponds to the point where the floor diaphragm G
7XVYGXYVEP [EPPW WLSYPH FI EPMKRIH ZIVXMGEPP] ;LIVI
[MPP XIRH XS VSXEXI EFSYX EZIVXMGEP E\MW [LIR WYFNIGXIH XS WIGXMSRVIHYGXMSRWSGGYVXLI[EPPGVSWWWIGXMSRYRHIVRIEXL
E WXSV] XSVWMSREPQSQIRX 8LI PSGEXMSR SJXLIWXSV]PEXIVEP WLSYPHFIKVIEXIVXLERXLISRIEFSZIERHXLIGIRXVSMHSJXLI
WXMJJRIWWGIRXIVMRTPERWLSYPHFIGEPGYPEXIHYWMRKXLIPEXIVEP [EPPGVSWW WIGXMSR EFSZI WLSYPH FI MR XLI QMHHPI XLMVH MR
WXMJJRIWWSJXLI[EPPWSRP]HMWVIKEVHMRKXLIWXMJJRIWWGSRXVM FSXLHMVIGXMSRWSJXLISRIFIPS[
FYXMSRSJXLIGSPYQRWSJXLIWXVYGXYVI-JXLIPSGEXMSRSJXLI H
7XVYGXYVEP[EPPWWLSYPHRSXLEZISTIRMRKWJSV[MRHS[W
WXVYGXYVEP [EPPW MW W]QQIXVMG [MXL VIWTIGX XS XLI GIRXIV SJ SVHSSVW
QEWWSJ IZIV] WXSV]MR XLI WXVYGXYVI MXWLSYPH FI EWWYQIH I
-RFSXLTVMRGMTEPHMVIGXMSRWMRTPERXLIVIWLSYPHFIEX
XLEXXLIPEXIVEPWXMJJRIWWGIRXIVJSVEPPWXSVMIWMWPSGEXIHEXXLI PIEWXX[S TEVEPPIP [EPPWMR HMJJIVIRX TPERIW ERH XLI TPERIW
GIRXIVSJQEWW;LIVIXLI[EPPWEVIRSXW]QQIXVMGTVSGI WLSYPH FI EW JEV ETEVX EW TVEGXMGEFPI 8LI [EPPW WLSYPH FI
HYVIWE
XLVSYKLH
WLSYPHFIYWIHXSGEPGYPEXIXLIPSGEXMSR TPEGIHEWGPSWIXSXLITIVMTLIV]SJXLIFYMPHMRKEWTVEGXMGEFPI
SJXLIWXSV]PEXIVEPWXMJJRIWWGIRXIV*MK
J
;EPPWWLSYPHFIPSGEXIHEWW]QQIXVMGEPP]EWTSWWMFPI
E
%REVFMXVEV]SVMKMRPSGEXMSRMWEWWYQIHEXTSMRX [MXL VIWTIGX XS XLI GIRXIVW SJ QEWW ERH WXMJJRIWW SJ IEGL
F
0EXIVEPWXMJJRIWWIWO\ERHO]SJWXVYGXYVEP[EPPWWLSYPH floor; and
FI GSQTYXIH YWMRK )U EE
ERH EF
JSV K
7XVYGXYVEP[EPPHMQIRWMSRWWLSYPHGSQTP][MXL
FSXLTVMRGMTEPHMVIGXMSRW\ERH] ERH
*SVWXVYGXYVEP[EPPW[MXLPIRKXLWTEVEPPIPXSXLI\E\MW 1MRMQYQ [EPP EVIE JSV WLIEV WXVIRKXL{%X ER]
floor MJSVXLIX[STVMRGMTEPHMVIGXMSRW\ERH]XLIQMRMQYQ
bw3 w 3
b
w w
GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE %K! [F[
JSVEPP VIMRJSVGIH GSRGVIXI
kx ERH k y EE
[EPPW EGXMRK MR XLI TVMRGMTEP HMVIGXMSR YRHIV GSRWMHIVEXMSR
hpi h pi
WLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHJVSQ)U
SVJSVWXVYGXYVEP[EPPW[MXLPIRKXLWTEVEPPIPXSXLI]E\MW
9Viu
3
b
w w bw3 w b
w w (SI)
kx ERH k y EF
fc
hpi h pi
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
*MKE{'SPYQRPEXIVEPWLIEVWERHQSQIRXWMRJVEQIW
hw
4
w
*MKF{+MVHIVPEXIVEPJSVGIQSQIRXWMRJVEQIW
[LIVI L[MWXLI[EPPLIMKLXJVSQXLIJSYRHEXMSRXSXLIVSSJ
ERH [MWXLILSVM^SRXEPPIRKXLSJ[EPP G
8LIJVEGXMSRSJXLIWXSV]WLIEV:MYEWHIWGVMFIHF]E
SV
0EXIVEPWXVIRKXLMRZIVXMGEPWXVYGXYVEPQIQFIVW F
GEVVMIHF]ERMRHMZMHYEPGSPYQRMRSRITPERHMVIGXMSRJSV
7XVYGXYVEP [EPPW{%X ER] WXSV] M XLI JEGXSVIH ER]WXSV]MWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHJVSQ)UE
JSV
PEXIVEPWLIEV:YXLEXE[EPPWLSYPHWYWXEMRMWHIXIVQMRIHJVSQ MRXIVMSVGSPYQRWERHF])UF
JSVIHKIGSPYQRW
)UE
8LIWYQQEXMSRMR)UE
WLSYPHFI %RMRXIVMSVGSPYQRMWEGSPYQR[LSWIIRHWJVEQIMRXSX[S
TIVJSVQIHJSVEPP[EPPW[MXL [TEVEPPIPXS:MY KMVHIVW TEVEPPIPXSXLIHMVIGXMSR YRHIVWXYH][LIVIEWIHKI
GSPYQRWJVEQIMRXSSRIKMVHIVSRSRIWMHISRP]
3
bw
Vu Viu w
Vut E
2Viu
bw 3 Vu E
w ne 2 nc
[LIVI :MY MW XLI JEGXSVIH WXSV] WLIEV
MR XLI HMVIG Viu
Vu F
XMSR TEVEPPIP XS [ F[ ERH [ EVI XLI [EPP GVSWWWIGXMSREP ne 2 nc
HMQIRWMSRWERH :YXMWXLIMRGVIEWIMRWLIEVHYIXSXSVWMSR
HIXIVQMRIHJVSQ)UF
8LIZEPYISJ :YXJVSQ)U -R )U E
ERH F
RI ERH RG EVI XLI XSXEP
F
TEVEPPIPXS [WLSYPHFIYWIHMR)UE
RYQFIVSJIHKIERHGIRXVEPGSPYQRWVIWTIGXMZIP]MRWXSV]M
JSVXLIHMVIGXMSRYRHIVGSRWMHIVEXMSR
ykx xk y H
8LI JEGXSVIH GSPYQR QSQIRX HYI XS PEXIVEP PSEHW
Vutx Tiu ERH Vuty Tiu F
*MKE
WLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHJVSQ)UG
kr kr
[LIVI 8MYMWHIXIVQMRIHJVSQ \ERH]EVIHIXIVQMRIH pi
u u G
JVSQ)UF
O\ERHO]EVIHIXIVQMRIHJVSQ)UE
ERH O]MWHIXIVQMRIHJVSQ)UG
*VEQIW{8LI JSPPS[MRK TVSGIHYVI WLSYPH FI [LIVI LTM corresponds to the story height of floor MERH:YMW
YWIHXSEWWMKRJEGXSVIHWXSV]WLIEVWXSXLIWXVYGXYVIvWJVEQI XLIGSVVIWTSRHMRKZEPYIHIXIVQMRIHMRG
XLVSYKLXLIGSPYQRW I
*SVGSPYQRWPEFW]WXIQWXLIKMVHIVSVWPEFQSQIRX
E
-R^SRIWSJPS[ERHRSWIMWQMGVMWO[LIVIVIMRJSVGIH HYIXSPEXIVEPPSEHWWLSYPHFIXEOIREWIUYEPXSXLIJEGXSVIH
GSRGVIXI[EPPWEVIRSXQERHEXSV]
XSXEPPEXIVEPWXSV] GSPYQR QSQIRX JSV MRXIVMSV GSPYQR NSMRXW ERH X[MGI XLI
WLIEVEXER]WXSV]WLSYPHFIHMWXVMFYXIHXSXLIJVEQIWXLVSYKL JEGXSVIHGSPYQRQSQIRXJSVIHKIGSPYQRNSMRXW8LMWVIWYPXW
XLIGSPYQRW MRXLIQSQIRXWEXEPPKMVHIVWEXXLIJEGISJXLIGSPYQRKMVHIV
F
-R QSHIVEXI SVLMKL WIMWQMGVMWO ^SRIW TIVGIRX NSMRXW8LMWQSQIRX EGXWMRFSXL XLITSWMXMZIERHRIKEXMZI
SJ JEGXSVIH PEXIVEP PSEHW WLSYPH FI VIWMWXIH F] VIMRJSVGIH WIRWIMRXLIHMVIGXMSRYRHIVWXYH]ERHMXWLSYPHFIXEOIREW
GSRGVIXI [EPPW *VEQIW WLSYPH FI TVSTSVXMSRIH XS VIWMWX E ERMRGVIEWISVHIGVIEWISJXLIKVEZMX]PSEHJEGXSVIHQSQIRXW
QMRMQYQ PEXIVEP JSVGI IUYEP XS TIVGIRX SJ XLI JEGXSVIH *MKF
PEXIVEPJSVGIMRIEGLHMVIGXMSRMRTPERXSEGGSYRXJSVIJJIGXW 'SPPIGXSVIPIQIRXW{'SPPIGXSVIPIQIRXW[MXLMRXLI
WYGLEWFEWIVSXEXMSRSJXLI[EPPWSVEHIGVIEWIMRWXMJJRIWW HMETLVEKQYWYEPP]GSRWMWXMRKSJFIEQWSVKMVHIVWXVERWQMX
ERHWXVIRKXLHYIXSMRIPEWXMGVIWTSRWI PEXIVEPPSEHWMRXLIWXSV]JVSQETTPMGEXMSRTSMRXXSXLIPEXIVEP
JSVGIVIWMWXMRKWXVYGXYVEPQIQFIVW'SPPIGXSVIPIQIRXPSRKM
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
{1EXIVMEPWJSVVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI
1EXIVMEPWXERHEVHW{%PPQEXIVMEPWYWIHMRGSRWXVYG %781%%1ERH%%1WXERHEVHW
XMSR SJ E WXVYGXYVI HIWMKRIH JSPPS[MRK XLI KYMHI WLSYPH HSRSXMRGPYHI2SMR
QQ
HMEQIXIVFEVW
GSRJSVQXSXLI%781WXERHEVHWPMWXIHMR'LETXIV ;IPHIH[MVIVIMRJSVGIQIRX—Maximum specified
'IQIRX{'IQIRX WLSYPH GSRJSVQ XS SRI SJ XLI ]MIPHWXVIRKXLJSV[MVIWMR[IPHIH[MVIVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPH
following: “Specification for Portland Cement” (ASTM FITWM14E
;IPHIH[MVIVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPH
C150/C150M-11) and “Specification for Blended Hydraulic GSRJSVQXS%781%%19RHIVXLIKYMHIXLI
'IQIRXWx %781 ''1
I\GPYHMRK 8]TIW 7 QE\MQYQRSQMREPHMEQIXIVSJ[MVIJSV[IPHIH[MVIVIMRJSVGI
ERH7%%781''18]TIW7ERH7%EVIRSX QIRXMWMRQQ
7IGXMSR
MRXIRHIH EW TVMRGMTEP GIQIRXMRK GSRWXMXYIRXW SJ WXVYGXYVEP 4PEMRVIMRJSVGIQIRX{4PEMRVIMRJSVGIQIRXQE]FI
GSRGVIXI YWIH SRP] JSV WXMVVYTW XMIW WTMVEPW ERH [LIR MX MW TEVX SJ
%KKVIKEXIW{%KKVIKEXIWWLSYPHGSRJSVQXS%781 [IPHIH[MVIVIMRJSVGIQIRXERHWLSYPHGSRJSVQXSXLIWTIG
''1 'SRGVIXI [MXL PMKLX[IMKLX EKKVIKEXIW EVI ifications listed in 5.2.5.1. Maximum specified yield strength
RSX[MXLMRXLIWGSTISJXLMWKYMHI JSVTPEMRVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHFITWM14E
ERH
;EXIV{;EXIV WLSYPH GSRJSVQ XS %781 ' YRHIV XLMWKYMHI XLI QE\MQYQ RSQMREP HMEQIXIV SJ TPEMR
' VIMRJSVGMRK FEVW MW MR QQ
7IGXMSR
4PEMR
7XIIPVIMRJSVGIQIRX{7XIIPVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHFI VIMRJSVGIQIRXMWRSXEPPS[IHJSVYWIMRXLI9RMXIH7XEXIW
HIJSVQIH VIMRJSVGIQIRX [MXL I\GITXMSRW RSXIH MR %HQM\XYVIW{%HQM\XYVIW WLSYPH GSRJSVQ XS XLI
GSRJSVQ XS XLVSYKL ERH GSQTP] [MXL XLI %781WXERHEVHWMR8EFPI
GSVVIWTSRHMRK %781 WXERHEVHW ;IPHIH [MVI VIMRJSVGI %HHMXMSREP EHQM\XYVIW QE] FI YWIH MJ ETTVSZIH F] E
QIRXWLSYPHFIGSRWMHIVIHHIJSVQIHVIMRJSVGIQIRX PMGIRWIH HIWMKR TVSJIWWMSREP 'EPGMYQ GLPSVMHI SV EHQM\
(IJSVQIH VIMRJSVGIQIRX—Maximum specified XYVIW GSRXEMRMRK GLPSVMHIW WLSYPH RSX FI YWIH MR GSRGVIXI
]MIPHWXVIRKXLJSVHIJSVQIHVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHFI LEZMRKTVIWXVIWWIHWXIIPSVMRGSRGVIXIXLEXMWMRGSRXEGX[MXL
TWM14E
(IJSVQIHVIMRJSVGMRKFEVWWLSYPHGSRJSVQ KEPZERM^IHWXIIP
XS%781%%1SV%781%%1 8LIYWI SJ EHQM\XYVIW MR GSRGVIXI GSRXEMRMRK I\TERWMZI
%781 %%1 GSZIVW +VEHIW ERH cement, as specified by ASTM C845-04, should be used
[MXL]MIPHWXVIRKXLWSJERHTWM [MXL GEYXMSR 8LI EHQM\XYVI WLSYPH FI TVSZIR GSQTEXMFPI
ERH 14E
VIWTIGXMZIP] [LIVIEW %781 % [MXLXLIGIQIRX[MXLSYXTVSHYGMRKLEVQJYPIJJIGXW
%1GSZIVW+VEHIW
ERH
[MXL]MIPH 7XSVEKI SJ QEXIVMEPW{-X MW MQTSVXERX XLEX GIQIRX
WXVIRKXLW SJ ERH TWM ERH 14E
ERHEKKVIKEXIWFIWXSVIHXSTVIZIRXGSRXEQMREXMSRHIXIVMS
9RHIVXLMWKYMHISRP]]MIPHWXVIRKXLSJERHTWM VEXMSRERHMRXVYWMSRSJJSVIMKRQEXXIV%R]QEXIVMEPXLEXLEW
ERH14E
EVITIVQMXXIH HIXIVMSVEXIH SV LEW FIIR GSRXEQMREXIH WLSYPH RSX FI YWIH
&SXLWXERHEVHWGSZIVXLIRSQMREPHMEQIXIVWWLS[RMR8EFPI JSVGSRGVIXI
9RHIVXLMWKYMHIXLIQE\MQYQRSQMREPHMEQIXIVSJ
HIJSVQIHVIMRJSVGMRKFEVWMW2SMR
QQ
6IJIVXS
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
E 1IQFIVWGEWXEKEMRWXERHTIVQERIRXP]I\TSWIHXSIEVXL
1MRMQYQGSRGVIXIGSZIVMRQQ
F 1IQFIVWI\TSWIHXS[IEXLIVSVIEVXL
1MRMQYQGSRGVIXIGSZIVMRQQ
G
+MVHIVWFIEQWSVGSPYQRW[LIRRSXI\TSWIHXS[IEXLIVSVMRGSRXEGX
[MXLKVSYRH
1MRMQYQGSRGVIXIGSZIVMRQQ
H
7SPMHWPEFWVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI[EPPWSVNSMWXW[LIRRSXI\TSWIHXS
[IEXLIVSVMRGSRXEGX[MXLKVSYRH
1MRMQYQGSRGVIXIGSZIVMRQQ
I 7SPMHWPEFWSRKVEHI
1MRMQYQGSRGVIXIGSZIVMRQQ
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
8EFPI {&IRHHMEQIXIVQMRMQYQZEPYIW
6IMRJSVGIQIRXX]TI (MEQIXIVSJFIRH
E
(IJSVQIHVIMRJSVGMRKFEVW HF
F 4PEMRVIMRJSVGMRKFEVW HF
G *SVWXMVVYTWERHXMIW HF
*MK{1E\MQYQRSQMREPGSEVWIEKKVIKEXIWM^I
X]TISJTVSXIGXMSRMWFI]SRHXLIWGSTISJXLMWKYMHIERHXLI PIRKXLSRSRIWMHISJXLIGVMXMGEPWIGXMSRQE]FIVITPEGIHF]
WXERHEVHWSJ WLSYPHFIYWIHJSVHIWMKRMRXLEXGEWI EWXERHEVHLSSOGSQTP]MRK[MXLXLIQMRMQYQWXERHEVHLSSO
ERGLSVEKIHMWXERGISJ*MK
{1MRMQYQVIMRJSVGIQIRXFIRHHMEQIXIV ;IPHIH [MVI VIMRJSVGIQIRX{(IZIPSTQIRX PIRKXL
&IRHHMEQIXIVQIEWYVIHSRXLIMRWMHISJXLIFEVWLSYPH HSJ[IPHIH[MVIVIMRJSVGIQIRXQIEWYVIHSRIEGLWMHISJXLI
RSXFIPIWWXLERXLIZEPYIWWLS[RMR8EFPI GVMXMGEPWIGXMSRXSXLIIRHSJ[MVIWLSYPHGSRXEMRX[SGVSWW[MVIW
ERHWLSYPHRSXFIPIWWXLERMRQQ
*MK
{7XERHEVHLSSOHMQIRWMSRW 0ETWTPMGIHMQIRWMSRW
8LIXIVQwWXERHEVHLSSOxQIERWSRISJXLIJSPPS[MRKMR 6IMRJSVGMRK FEVW{1MRMQYQ PET PIRKXL JSV
8EFPI WTPMGMRK VIMRJSVGMRK FEVW WLSYPH FI HF *SV FYMPHMRKW
[MXLMRXLIWGSTISJXLMWKYMHIXLMWPETPIRKXLGEPGYPEXMSRMWE
{1E\MQYQEKKVIKEXIWM^I satisfactory simplification of the ACI 318-11 detailed calcu
1E\MQYQ RSQMREP GSEVWI EKKVIKEXI WM^I WLSYPH RSX FI PEXMSRJSVWTPMGIPIRKXL*MK
PEVKIVXLER
SV
*MK
8LI QE\MQYQ RSQMREP FEV HMEQIXIV TIVQMXXIH F] XLI
XLIREVVS[IWXHMQIRWMSRFIX[IIRWMHIWSJJSVQW KYMHIMWMRQQ
XLIHITXLSJWPEFWERH ;IPHIH [MVI VIMRJSVGIQIRX{% [IPHIH [MVI
XLI QMRMQYQ GPIEV WTEGMRK FIX[IIR TEVEPPIP VIMRJSVGIQIRXWTPMGIWLSYPHGSRXEMRX[SGVSWW[MVIWJVSQIEGL
VIMRJSVGMRKFEVW WLIIXERHWLSYPHRSXFIPIWWXLERMRQQ
*MK
% QE\MQYQ RSQMREP WM^I SJ MR QQ
MWVIGSQ 1MRMQYQ WXERHEVH LSSO ERGLSVEKI HMWXERGI{8LI
QIRHIHJSVGSPYQRWKMVHIVWFIEQWERHNSMWXW)\GITXJSV FIRXTSVXMSRSJXLILSSOWLSYPHFIPSGEXIHEWGPSWIXSXLISYXIV
WXVYGXYVEPWPEFWEPEVKIVWM^IGERFIYWIHMJMXQIIXWXLIPMQMXW JEGISJGSRGVIXIEWGSZIVTIVQMXW1MRMQYQHMWXERGIFIX[IIR
KMZIRMR
XLVSYKL
XLISYXIVJEGISJGSRGVIXIERHXLIGVMXMGEPWIGXMSR[LIVIXLI
LSSOIHFEVHIZIPSTWMXWJYPPWXVIRKXLMWHF*MK
{(IZIPSTQIRXPIRKXLPETWTPMGMRKERH
ERGLSVEKISJVIMRJSVGIQIRX {0SRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGIQIRX
(IZIPSTQIRXPIRKXL 0SRKMXYHMREP VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR VIMRJSVGIH GSRGVIXI
6IMRJSVGMRKFEVW{8LIQMRMQYQPIRKXLSJIQFIH QIQFIVW WLSYPH FI TVSZMHIH XS VIWMWX E\MEP XIRWMSR E\MEP
QIRX HSRIEGLWMHISJEGVMXMGEPWIGXMSRJSVEVIMRJSVGMRK compression, flexural-induced tension and compression,
FEVXSHIZIPSTMXWJYPPWXVIRKXLWLSYPHFIHF(IZIPSTQIRX
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
8EFPI {7XERHEVHLSSOHIWGVMTXMSRERHHMQIRWMSRW
,SSOHIWMKREXMSR (IWGVMTXMSRERHHMQIRWMSRW
%FIRHTPYWQMRMQYQHFI\XIRWMSREXJVIIIRH
E
LSSO
SJFEV
%FIRHTPYWQMRMQYQHFI\XIRWMSREXJVIIIRH
F
LSSO
SJFEV
%FIRHTPYWQMRMQYQHFI\XIRWMSREXJVIIIRHSJ
FEVSV
G *SVWXMVVYTERHXMILSSOW
%FIRHTPYWQMRMQYQHFI\XIRWMSREXJVIIIRH
SJFEV
%FIRHTPYWQMRMQYQHFI\XIRWMSREXSRIJVII %FIRHTPYWQMRMQYQHF
IRHSJFEVFYXRSXPIWWXLERMRQQ
ERH I\XIRWMSREXXLISXLIVJVIIIRHSJFEV
I *SVGVSWWXMIWMRWIMWQMG^SRIW
*MK{(IZIPSTQIRXPIRKXLJSVVIMRJSVGMRKFEVW
ERH WXVIWWIW MRHYGIH F] XIQTIVEXYVI ZEVMEXMSR ERH HV]MRK ;LIR XLI GEPGYPEXIH EVIE SJ PSRKMXYHMREP VIMRJSVGIQIRX
WLVMROEKISJGSRGVIXI MWPIWWXLERXLIQMRMQYQZEPYIRSPIWWXLERXLIQMRMQYQ
8LIEVIESJPSRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGIQIRXTPEGIHMRVIMRJSVGIH ZEPYIWLSYPHFITVSZMHIH-JXLIGEPGYPEXIHEVIEI\GIIHWXLI
concrete members should be sufficient to resist the factored QE\MQYQ PMQMX VIMRJSVGIH GSRGVIXI QIQFIV HMQIRWMSRW
PSEHWFYXRSXPIWWXLERXLIQMRMQYQZEPYIRSVKVIEXIVXLER should be appropriately modified.
XLIQE\MQYQZEPYI
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
As 2 Mu 2 f fc
*MK{(IZIPSTQIRXPIRKXLJSV[IPHIH[MVIVIMRJSVGIQIRX f f [LIVI
bd bd 2 f y f
1.18 f y
*MK{1MRMQYQWXERHEVHLSSOERGLSVEKIHMWXERGI
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
*MK{*PI\YVEPRSQMREPQSQIRXWXVIRKXL
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
*MK{(MQIRWMSRWJSVGEPGYPEXMSRSJFEPERGIHHIWMKRWXVIRKXLJSVVIGXERKYPEVXMIH
GSPYQRWERHVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI[EPPW
h
Mbn Pbn 0.2h 0.6 Ast f y d *MK{-RXIVEGXMSRHMEKVEQJSV 1R 4R
2
F
u n (max) F
Design strength for axial tension without flexure{
The design axial tension strength without flexure, 4XR
WLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHYWMRK)U
[MXL ! u n G
*SVZEPYIWSJ4Y 4FR
tn st y
Pon Pu
'SQFMRIH E\MEP PSEH ERH QSQIRX WXVIRKXL{8LI Mu Mn M bn H
Pon Pbn
HIWMKRQSQIRXWXVIRKXLEXXLIWIGXMSR 1REXXLIPIZIPSJ
ETTPMIHJEGXSVIHE\MEPPSEH4YWLSYPHFIIUYEPXSSVKVIEXIV
XLERXLIQE\MQYQJEGXSVIHQSQIRX1YXLEXGEREGGSQTER] *SVZEPYIWSJ4Y 4FR
XLIJEGXSVIHE\MEPPSEH4YEWWLS[RMR)UE
Pu Ptn
Mu Mn Mbn I
Mn Mu E
Pbn Ptn
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
Mu Mu 6IUYMVIHWLIEVWXVIRKXL{8LIJEGXSVIHWLIEVJSVGI
x y
1.0
:YVIUYMVIHWLIEVWXVIRKXL
HYIXSXLIETTPMIHJEGXSVIHPSEHW
Mn x
Mn y WLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHJSVXLITEVXMGYPEVQIQFIVX]TIJVSQ
'LETXIVWXS
[LIVI 1Y
\ ERH 1Y
] EVI XLI JEGXSVIH QSQIRXW XLEX EGX (IWMKRWLIEVWXVIRKXL{8LIHIWMKRWLIEVWXVIRKXL
EFSYX E\MW \ ERH ] *MK
WMQYPXERISYWP] [MXL XLI EX E WIGXMSR :R WLSYPH FI IUYEP XS SV KVIEXIV XLER XLI
JEGXSVIH E\MEP PSEH 4Y 1R
\ ERH 1R
] GSVVIWTSRH XS VIUYMVIHWLIEVWXVIRKXL:YEWWLS[RMR)U
ZEPYIW SJ XLI HIWMKR QSQIRX WXVIRKXL HIXIVQMRIH JVSQ
)UH
SV)UI
JSVXLIJEGXSVIHE\MEPPSEH4Y Vn Vu
ERHJSVXLIETTVSTVMEXIHMVIGXMSR\SV]
:R! :G
Vn Vc Vs
-R )U
:G MW XLI GSRGVIXI GSRXVMFYXMSR XS XLI
HIWMKR WLIEV WXVIRKXL ERH :W MW XLI WLIEV VIMRJSVGIQIRX
GSRXVMFYXMSRXSXLIHIWMKRWLIEVWXVIRKXL
*MK{'SPYQRWYFNIGXIHXSFME\MEPQSQIRXW
*MK{&IEQEGXMSRWLIEVERHTYRGLMRKWLIEV
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
:R! :G
Fig. 6.1.2.1—Slab-on-girder floor system.
[LIVI :G!
-R )U
:GMWXLIGSRGVIXIGSRXVMFYXMSRXSXLI The selection of an appropriate floor system should be
HIWMKR WLIEV WXVIRKXL 4VSGIHYVIW JSV HIWMKR SJ XVERWZIVWI QEHIEJXIVWXYH]MRKWIZIVEPEPXIVREXMZIW
SVWLIEVVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRWPEFWERHJSSXMRKWEVIFI]SRHXLI 7PEFSRKMVHIVW]WXIQ
WGSTISJXLIKYMHI8LIEPXIVREXIWXERHEVHWSJ WLSYPHFI (IWGVMTXMSR{8LMW W]WXIQ GSRWMWXW SJ E KVMH SJ
YWIHJSVHIWMKRMRXLEXGEWI KMVHIVW MR FSXL TPER HMVIGXMSRW [MXL E WSPMH WPEF WTERRMRK
8SVWMSR{(IWMKRJSVXSVWMSRMWFI]SRHXLIWGSTISJ FIX[IIR KMVHIVW 8LIWI KMVHIVW EVI PSGEXIH SR XLI GSPYQR
XLIKYMHIERHXSVWMSRIJJIGXWWLSYPHFIRIKPIGXIH[LIRXLI PMRIWSVE\MWWTERRMRKXLIHMWXERGIFIX[IIRGSPYQRW8LI
GEPGYPEXIHVIUYMVIHXSVWMSRWXVIRKXL8YMWPIWWXLERXLIZEPYI WSPMHWPEFMWWLEPPS[IVXLERXLIKMVHIVWERHMWWYTTSVXIHF]
HIXIVQMRIHJVSQ)U
XLIQ*MK
8LIWPEFGERGERXMPIZIVSYXSZIVXLIIHKI
KMVHIV 8LMW W]WXIQ WLSYPH GSQTP] [MXL XLI WXVYGXYVEP
fc h 2 b2 fc h2b2
MRXIKVMX]SJ
Tu Tu 9WI SJ MRXIVQIHMEXI FIEQW{3RI SJ XLI QEMR
2 h b 24 h b 7-
W]WXIQZEVMEXMSRWMWXLIYWISJMRXIVQIHMEXIFIEQWWYTTSVXIH
SRXLIKMVHIVW3RISVWIZIVEPFIEQWQE]FIYWIHTIVKMVHIV
WTER8LIMRXIVQIHMEXIFIEQWQE]FISJXLIWEQIHITXLSJ
[LIVI ! XLIKMVHIVWSVWLEPPS[IV8LIWIMRXIVQIHMEXIFIEQWQE]FI
-RQIQFIVW[LIVIXSVWMSRMWWQEPPIVXLERXLIZEPYIKMZIR YWIHMRSRIHMVIGXMSREWWLS[RMR*MKESVMRX[S
F])U
GPSWIHWXMVVYTW[MXLEQMRMQYQFEVHMEQIXIV HMVIGXMSRW EW WLS[R MR *MK F 8LI YWI SJ QER]
HFSJMRQQ
WLSYPHFITVSZMHIHRIEVXLIWYTTSVXW MRXIVQIHMEXI FIEQW [MPP QEOI XLI W]WXIQ KVEZMXEXI XS XLI
8LI WTEGMRK SJ XLIWI GPSWIH WXMVVYTW QIEWYVIH EPSRK XLI NSMWXW]WXIQHIWGVMFIHMR
QIQFIV PIRKXL WLSYPH RSX FI KVIEXIV XLER XLI WQEPPIV SJ %HZERXEKIW SJ WPEFSRKMVHIV W]WXIQ{*SV XLI
FSVHJSVEHMWXERGIIUYEPXSSJXLIGPIEVWTERSJXLI WPEFSRKMVHIVW]WXIQIEGLGSQTSRIRXLEWXLIETTVSTVMEXI
QIQFIV%X PIEWX SRIPSRKMXYHMREPFEV [MXLHMEQIXIV HFSJ QMRMQYQHITXLERH[MHXLXSGSQTP][MXLHIWMKRWXVIRKXLSV
MRQQ
SVKVIEXIVWLSYPHFIPSGEXIHEXIEGLMRXIVREP WIVZMGIEFMPMX]XLIVIJSVILEZMRKEVIPEXMZIP]PS[WIPJ[IMKLX
GSVRIVSJXLIWIWXMVVYTW 8LIW]WXIQGEREGGSQQSHEXIWTERWSJER]WM^IGERIEWMP]
FIEHETXIHXSER]TPERWLETIERHPEVKITIVJSVEXMSRWHYGXW
{&IEVMRK ERHWLEJXWGERFIPSGEXIH[MXLSYXQENSVTVSFPIQW
8LIJEGXSVIHGSQTVIWWMSRRSVQEPPSEH4YETTPMIHGSRGIR (MWEHZERXEKIW SJ WPEFSRKMVHIV W]WXIQ{*SV
XVMGEPP]SREREVIE%GFWLSYPHRSXI\GIIHXLIHIWMKRFIEVMRK XLIWPEFSRKMVHIVW]WXIQXLIHITXLSJXLIKMVHIVWFIEQW
WXVIRKXLSRGSRGVIXI 4RHIXIVQMRIHYWMRK)U
ERHXLIWPEFGERFIPEVKIMJXLIQMRMQYQRYQFIVSJQIQFIVW
MWYWIHLS[IZIVXV]MRKXSVIHYGIMXGEYWIWQSVIQIQFIVW
XS FI YWIH ERH XLI JSVQ[SVO FIGSQIW QSVI IPEFSVEXI %
Pn 0.85 fc Acb
suspended ceiling may be needed for apartment and office
SGGYTERGMIW
[LIVI ! .SMWXW]WXIQW
(IWGVMTXMSR ERH VIWXVMGXMSRW{8LI NSMWX W]WXIQ
',%48)6{*03367=78)17 GSRWMWXW SJ E WIVMIW SJ TEVEPPIP VMFW SV NSMWXW WYTTSVXIH F]
6.1—Types of floor systems KMVHIVW 8LI KMVHIVW EVI PSGEXIH SR XLI GSPYQR PMRIW ERH
+IRIVEP—The floor system used by a building WTERFIX[IIRGSPYQRW.SMWXWEVIYWYEPP]XLIWEQIHITXLEW
HIWMKRIH YRHIV XLI KYMHI WLSYPH FI SRI SJ XLI W]WXIQW XLIKMVHIVWFYXGERFIWLEPPS[IV%WSPMHWPEFWTERWFIX[IIR
GSZIVIHMRSVXLIMVTIVQMXXIHZEVMEXMSRW NSMWXW *MK E
8LMW W]WXIQ WLSYPH GSQTP] [MXL XLI
WXVYGXYVEPMRXIKVMX]SJ8LIXSTWPEFWLSYPHRSXGERXMPIZIV
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
*MKF{.SMWXHMQIRWMSREPPMQMXW
*MKF{9WISJX[SHMVIGXMSRMRXIVQIHMEXIFIEQWMR
the slab-on-girder floor system.
SYXSZIVXLIIHKINSMWX8LIGPIEVWITEVEXMSRFIX[IIRTEVEPPIP
NSMWXW QIEWYVIH EX XLI YRHIVWMHI SJ XLI WPEF WLSYPH RSX
I\GIIHMRQQ
.SMWX[IF[MHXLWLSYPHRSXFIPIWW *MK{(MWXVMFYXMSRVMFW
XLERMRQQ
QIEWYVIHEXXLIYRHIVWMHISJXLIWPEFRSV
MRQQ
QIEWYVIHEXMXWXLMRRIWXWIGXMSR'PIEVHITXLSJ
XLINSMWXWLSYPHRSXI\GIIHXMQIWMXWQMRMQYQ[MHXL
*MKF
8LIXSTWPEFWLSYPHGSQTP][MXL
8]TISJJSVQ[SVO{;LIRNSMWXWLEZIXLIWEQI
depth as the girders, a flat formwork decking supported on
WLSVIW GER FI YWIH .SMWXW WLEPPS[IV XLER XLI KMVHIVW QE]
VIWYPXMRQSVIGSQTPI\JSVQ[SVO8SGVIEXIZSMHWTIVQERIRX
ERHVIQSZEFPITERWSVHSQIWSJHMJJIVIRXWLETIERHQEXIVMEP
EVIYWIH%QSRKXLSWIGSQQSRP]YWIHEVITIVQERIRXERH
removable wood pans; removable metal, fiberglass, plastic,
PMKLXTSP]WX]VIRITPEWXMGTERWSVTIVQERIRXGIQIRXGMRHIV
or clay filler blocks.
(MWXVMFYXMSR VMFW{8S MQTVSZI PSEH HMWXVMFYXMSR
ERH EZSMH GVIEXMRK E GSRGIRXVEXIH PSEH SR E WSPMXEV] NSMWX
MRSRI[E]NSMWXW]WXIQWXVERWZIVWIVMFWTEGMRKWLSYPHRSX
I\GIIHXLIWQEPPIVSJXMQIWXLIXSXEPNSMWXHITXLLERHJX Fig. 6.1.3.3—Two-way joist system or waffle-slab-on-beams
Q
*MK
W]WXIQ
8[S[E] NSMWX W]WXIQW{*SV WTERW ETTVS\M
QEXIP] IUYEP MR FSXL HMVIGXMSRW MX QE] FI EHZERXEKISYW the beams are omitted, the system is called the waffle-slab
to use two-way joists. For the system to be classified as a W]WXIQHIWGVMFIHMR
NSMWXW]WXIQNSMWXWWLSYPHFIWYTTSVXIHSRKMVHIVW8LMWMW %HZERXEKIW SJ NSMWX W]WXIQW{8LI NSMWX W]WXIQ
called a waffle-slab-on-beams system (Fig. 6.1.3.3). When GEREGGSQQSHEXIQIHMYQXSPEVKIWTERW[MXLVIPEXMZIP]PS[
WIPJ[IMKLX-XMWIEW]XSPSGEXIWQEPPTIVJSVEXMSRWHYGXWERH
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
*MK{4YRGLMRKWLIEVJEMPYVI *MKE{(VSTTERIPW
*MKF{'SPYQRGETMXEP
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
*MKG{'SPYQRGETMXEPERHHVSTTERIP
Fig. 6.1.4.4—Waffle-slab.
G
4VIWIRGISJGERXMPIZIVWERHXLIMVQE\MQYQWTERERH
HMVIGXMSR
H
3GGYTERG]X]TI
I
%ZEMPEFPI GSRGVIXI ERH VIMRJSVGMRK WXIIP QEXIVMEP
WXVIRKXLW
*MKH{1MRMQYQHMQIRWMSRWJSVHVSTTERIPW J
)\TIGXIHFILEZMSVSJXLIWPEFW]WXIQERHXLIEFMPMX]XS
comply with the serviceability and deflection criteria;
K
%QSYRXSJQEXIVMEPWJSVGSRGVIXIWXIIPERHJSVQ[SVO
^SRIW SJ TYRGLMRK WLIEV JEMPYVI I\MWX ERH FSXL WLSYPH FI that are required to build the floor system, which contains
GLIGOIHMRHIWMKR QSWXSJXLIQEXIVMEPWRIIHIHXSGSRWXVYGXXLIFYMPHMRK
(VST TERIPW WLSYPH TVSNIGX FIPS[ XLI WPEF EX PIEWX SRI L
0SGEP TVIJIVIRGIW XS WMQTPMJ] GSRWXVYGXMSR
JSYVXLSJXLIWPEFHITXLFI]SRHXLIHVSTERHWLSYPHI\XIRH GSSVHMREXMSR
MRIEGLHMVIGXMSRJVSQXLIGSPYQRGIRXIVPMRIEHMWXERGIRSX (i) Worker training and proficiency, as some systems
PIWWXLERSRIWM\XLXLIWTERPIRKXLQIEWYVIHJVSQGIRXIVXS require more training and proficiency than what local
GIRXIVSJWYTTSVXWMRXLEXHMVIGXMSR*MKH
[SVOIVWGERGSQTP][MXLERH
Waffle-slabs{*SVPSRKIVWTERWZSMHWEVIJSVQIH N
6IPEXMZIGSWXSJEPXIVREXMZIW[MXLIGSRSQMGEHZERXEKIW
in the bottom of a flat-plate, away from the columns. This IZEPYEXIHSRP]EJXIVTVSZMHMRK EHIUYEXII\TIGXIHFILEZMSV
system is called a waffle-slab, as shown in Fig. 6.1.4.4. The ERHWEJIX]SJXLIW]WXIQ
rib dimensions (joists) in waffle-slabs should comply with
XLIQMRMQYQHMQIRWMSRWJSVNSMWXWKMZIRMR {7XVYGXYVEPMRXIKVMX]
8LMWW]WXIQMWZIV]WMQMPEVXSX[S[E]NSMWXW8LIQEMR +IRIVEP{7IGXMSRWXLVSYKLGSRWXMXYXIXLI
HMJJIVIRGI MW XLEX JSV X[S[E] NSMWXW FIEQW EVI PSGEXIH MR HIXEMPMRKGSRGITXWJSVWXVYGXYVEPMRXIKVMX]
the column lines, whereas for waffle slabs, all members are 7XVYGXYVEP MRXIKVMX] WLSYPH MQTVSZI VIHYRHERG] ERH
joists and the voids surrounding the column are filled, thus HYGXMPMX]SJXLIWXVYGXYVIEWE[LSPIJSVMXXSJYRGXMSRMRXLI
JSVQMRKEGSPYQRGETMXEP8LIWSPMHGETMXEPWLSYPHIRKEKI IZIRXSJHEQEKIXSEQENSVWYTTSVXMRKQIQFIVSVEREFRSVQEP
EX PIEWX XLVII NSMWXW MR IEGL HMVIGXMSR JSV MRXIVMSV GSPYQRW loading event by confining the damage to a relatively small
ERHEXPIEWXX[SNSMWXWTEVEPPIPXSXLIIHKIMRIHKIERHGSVRIV EVIEERHQEMRXEMRMRKSZIVEPPWXEFMPMX]
columns. Domes or pans for waffle-slabs can be permanent, 4IVMQIXIV FIEQW MR WPEFERHKMVHIV ERH NSMWX
QEHISJGSRGVIXIFPSGOSVVIQSZEFPI[LIRQEHISJ[SSH W]WXIQW{&IEQW WLSYPH PMRO EPP TIVMQIXIV GSPYQRW ERH
fiberglass, or plastic, as described for the joist system in VIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI[EPPWSJXLIWXVYGXYVI8LIWITIVMQIXIV
FIEQWSVKMVHIVWWLSYPHLEZIEQMRMQYQEVIESJGSRXMRYSYW
XSTERHFSXXSQPSRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGIQIRXERHGPSWIHWXMVVYTW
6.2—Selection of floor system EW MRHMGEXIH MR 8LMW VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLSYPH FI PET
The licensed design professional should select a floor WTPMGIHYWMRKXLIPETWTPMGIPIRKXLSJ
W]WXIQJVSQXLIW]WXIQWGSZIVIHF]XLIKYMHIEWTVIWIRXIH 2SRTIVMQIXIV FIEQW ERH KMVHIVW{%PP FIEQW ERH
MR. Several alternatives should be studied, and the final KMVHIVWRSXGSZIVIHMRWLSYPHLEZIGPSWIHWXMVVYTWERHE
WIPIGXMSRWLSYPHGSRWMHIV QMRMQYQEVIESJGSRXMRYSYWFSXXSQPSRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGI
E
1EKRMXYHISJHIEHERHPMZIPSEHWMRGPYHMRKWIPJ[IMKLX QIRXEWMRHMGEXIHMRERH8LMWPSRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGI
F
+ISQIXV]SJXLIWXVYGXYVEPTPERPE]SYXMRGPYHMRKWTER QIRXWLSYPHFIPETWTPMGIHEXSVGPSWIXSXLIWYTTSVXWYWMRK
PIRKXLWMRFSXLTPERHMVIGXMSRWERHXLIVEXMSFIX[IIRXLIQ XLIPETWTPMGIPIRKXLSJ
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
8EFPI {1MRMQYQHITXLLJSVKMVHIVW
.SMWXW{-RNSMWXWEXPIEWXSRIFSXXSQFEVWLSYPHFI FIEQWERHSRI[E]NSMWXWWYTTSVXMRK
GSRXMRYSYWSVWTPMGIHSZIVXLIWYTTSVXYWMRKXLIPETWTPMGI deflection-insensitive nonstructural elements
PIRKXL SJ %X RSRGSRXMRYSYW WYTTSVXW EX PIEWX SRI 'SRXMRYMX]EGVSWWXLIWYTTSVXW 1MRMQYQHITXLL
FSXXSQFEVWLSYPHFIXIVQMREXIH[MXLEWXERHEVHLSSO
7MQTP]WYTTSVXIH W
7PEFGSPYQR W]WXIQW{-R WPEFGSPYQR W]WXIQW 3RIIRHGSRXMRYSYW W
QMRMQYQ GSRXMRYSYW WXVYGXYVEP MRXIKVMX] VIMRJSVGIQIRX &SXLIRHWGSRXMRYSYW W
WLSYPHFITVSZMHIHEWMRHMGEXIHF]'LETXIV 'ERXMPIZIV W
{3RI[E]ERHX[S[E]PSEHTEXLW
+IRIVEP—Load path of the floor system should be when permanent concrete or clay filler blocks are used as
classified either as one-way or two-way. The actual load JSVQWRSVPIWWXLERMRQQ
MREPPSXLIVGEWIW
TEXLJVSQXLIETTPMGEXMSRTSMRXXSXLIWYTTSVXWHITIRHWSR Deflection-insensitive nonstructural elements{
TPERHMQIRWMSRWERHWXMJJRIWWSJXLIWYTTSVXMRKQIQFIVW ;LIVI XLI WPEF WYTTSVXW RSRWXVYGXYVEP IPIQIRXW FYMPX SJ
3RI[E]{% WPEF WLSYPH FI GSRWMHIVIH SRI[E] materials that will not be damaged by large deflections, slab
[LIRMXLEW HITXL LWLSYPHRSXFIPIWWXLERXLIZEPYIWMR8EFPI
E
8[SSTTSWMRKJVIIIHKIW[MXLSYXZIVXMGEPWYTTSVXERH [LIVIXLIWTERPIRKXL WMWXLIHMWXERGIGIRXIVXSGIRXIVSJ
LEWZIVXMGEPWYTTSVXWYGLEWFIEQWSV[EPPWMRXLISXLIVX[S WYTTSVXW;LIVIXLIGPIEVWTERMWPIWWXLERJXQ
WMW
STTSWMRKIHKIW XLIGPIEVWTER
F
% VIGXERKYPEV TPER WLETI LEW ZIVXMGEP WYTTSVX EX EPP Deflection-sensitive nonstructural elements{
IHKIW ERH XLI PSRKIV WPEF WTER MW KVIEXIV XLER X[MGI XLI ;LIVI XLI WPEF WYTTSVXW RSRWXVYGXYVEP IPIQIRXW FYMPX SJ
WLSVXIVWPEFWTERSV materials that will be damaged by large deflections, slab
G
.SMWXWI\GITXXLIHMWXVMFYXMSRVMFWMRSRP]SRIHMVIGXMSR HITXL LWLSYPHRSXFIPIWWXLERXLIZEPYIWMR8EFPI
8[S[E]{% WPEF WLSYPH FI GSRWMHIVIH X[S[E] [LIVI WWLSYPHFIXEOIREWXLIHMWXERGIGIRXIVXSGIRXIVSJ
[LIR WYTTSVXW;LIVIXLIGPIEVWTERMWPIWWXLERJXQ
WMW
E
8LI WPEF TERIP LEW E VIGXERKYPEV TPER WLETIERHLEW XLIGPIEVWTER
ZIVXMGEP WYTTSVX WYGL EW FIEQW SV [EPPW EX EPP IHKIW ERH +MVHIVWFIEQWERHSRI[E]NSMWXW
XLIPSRKIVWPEFWTERMWPIWWXLERSVIUYEPXSX[MGIXLIWLSVXIV Deflection-insensitive nonstructural elements{
WPEFWTERSV ;LIVIEKMVHIVFIEQSVSRI[E]NSMWXWYTTSVXWRSRWXVYG
F
-R WPEFGSPYQR W]WXIQW XLI TERIP LEW E VIGXERKYPEV XYVEP IPIQIRXW FYMPX SJ QEXIVMEPW XLEX [MPP RSX FI HEQEKIH
TPERWLETI ERH XLI PSRK WPEF WTER MW PIWW XLER SV IUYEPXS by large deflections, L WLSYPH RSX FI PIWW XLER XLI ZEPYIW
X[MGIXLIWLSVXWPEFWTER MR 8EFPI [LIVI W WLSYPH FI XEOIR EW XLI HMWXERGI
*PSSVW]WXIQPSEHTEXL{%RETTVS\MQEXIPSEHTEXL GIRXIVXSGIRXIVSJWYTTSVXW*SVNSMWXW[LIVIXLIGPIEVWTER
(one-way or two-way) should be identified and used to MWPIWWXLERJXQ
WMWXLIGPIEVWTER
EWWMKRXVMFYXEV]PSEHXSEPPWPEFWYTTSVXMRKQIQFIVWERHHIXIV Deflection-sensitive nonstructural elements{
QMRITVIPMQMREV]HMQIRWMSRWSJXLIWPEFERHXLIWYTTSVXMRK ;LIVIXLIKMVHIVFIEQSVSRI[E]NSMWXWYTTSVXWRSRWXVYG
QIQFIVW 8LI PSEH TEXL ERH XLI XVMFYXEV] PSEH WLSYPH FI XYVEP IPIQIRXW FYMPX SJ QEXIVMEPW XLEX [MPP FI HEQEKIH
verified as members are dimensioned and designed, and by large deflections, L WLSYPH RSX FI PIWW XLER XLI ZEPYIW
GSVVIGXIHEWRIIHIH MR 8EFPI [LIVI W WLSYPH FI XEOIR EW XLI HMWXERGI
GIRXIVXSGIRXIVSJWYTTSVXW*SVNSMWXW[LIVIXLIGPIEVWTER
6.5—Minimum depth for floor system members MWPIWWXLERJXQ
WMWXLIGPIEVWTER
+IRIVEP—Minimum depth for floor system members 8[S[E] WPEFW WYTTSVXIH EX EPP IHKIW{8LI
KMZIR MR XS WLSYPH FI GSRWMHIVIH XS QIIX XLI QMRMQYQHITXLSJX[S[E]WPEFWMRGPYHMRKX[S[E]NSMWX
serviceability limit state, providing sufficient stiffness to and waffle-on-beams systems, supported by girders, beams,
avoid excessive member deflections caused by dead and live SVVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI[EPPWSREPPTERIPIHKIWMWKMZIRMR
PSEHW )U
8LIWYTTSVXMRKKMVHIVWSVFIEQWWLSYPHLEZIE
7SPMHSRI[E]WPEFW HITXLRSXPIWWXLERXLVIIXMQIWXLIWPEFHITXL
(ITXL
7PEFFIX[IIRNSMWXW{7PEFWWLSYPHLEZIEQMRMQYQ SJWSPMHWPEFWWLSYPHFIRSXPIWWXLERMRQQ
JSV R
HITXLSJ WFYXWLSYPHRSXFIPIWWXLERMRQQ
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
*MK{0SGEXMSRSJGSRHYMXWERHTMTIWTEWWMRKLSVM^SRXEPP]XLVSYKLKMVHIVWFIEQW
ERHNSMWXW
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
XLIWGSTISJXLMWKYMHIERHXLIWXERHEVHWSJWLSYPHFI
YWIHMJWPEFWLIEVVIMRJSVGIQIRXMWRIIHIH
'SVRIV VIMRJSVGIQIRX{8ST ERH FSXXSQ GSVRIV
VIMRJSVGIQIRXMREHHMXMSRXSSXLIVVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHFI
TVSZMHIHEXI\XIVMSVWYTTSVXIHWPEFGSVRIVWJSVGERXMPIZIVW
VIJIVXS ) for a distance equal to one-fifth of the longer
GPIEVWTERSJXLIWPEFTERIP*MK
8LIEVIESJXSTERH
bottom corner reinforcement should be sufficient to resist a
moment equal to the required positive flexural strength, per
YRMXSJ[MHXLMRXLIWPEFTERIPMREGGSVHERGI[MXL
ERH
8ST GSVRIV VIMRJSVGIQIRX{'SVRIV VIMRJSVGI
QIRXTEVEPPIPXSXLIHMEKSREPSJXLITERIPWLSYPHFITPEGIH
at the slab top, directly below the flexural reinforcement.
'SVRIV VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLSYPH IRH [MXL E WXERHEVH LSSO EX
*MK{7PEFGSVRIVVIMRJSVGIQIRX
XLIWYTTSVX
&SXXSQGSVRIVVIMRJSVGIQIRX{'SVRIVVIMRJSVGIQIRX
TIVTIRHMGYPEVXSXLIHMEKSREPSJXLITERIPWLSYPHFITPEGIH
at the slab bottom, directly above the flexural reinforcement.
'SVRIVVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHIRH[MXLEWXERHEVHLSSOEXXLI
IHKIWYTTSVX
;IPHIH [MVI VIMRJSVGIQIRX YWIH MR WLSVX SRI[E]
WTERWPEFW{-RSRI[E]WPEFW[MXLEGPIEVWTERRSXI\GIIHMRK
JXQ
[IPHIH[MVIVIMRJSVGIQIRXQE]EGXEWFSXLRIKEXMZI
*MK {;IPHIH [MVI VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR WLSVX SRI[E] ERH TSWMXMZI QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX -X WLSYPH FI GSRXMR
WTERW YSYWPSGEXIHRIEVXLIWPEFXSTSZIVXLIWYTTSVXERHRIEVXLI
WPEFFSXXSQEXQMHWTERTVSZMHIHMXIMXLIVGSRXMRYIWSZIVSV
MR'LETXIVERHWLSYPHGSQTP][MXL ERH MWERGLSVIHEXXLIWYTTSVXW8LIPSRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGIQIRX
XS JSV IEGL WPEF X]TI 8LI HIWMKR QSQIRX WXVIRKXL SJ EVIEWLSYPHFIEHIUYEXIXSVIWMWXXLIVIUYMVIHTSWMXMZIERH
E WIGXMSR FEWIH SR XLI TVSZMHIH EVIE SJ RIKEXMZI QSQIRX negative flexural strength (Fig. 7.3.9). The wire area in the
VIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHFIIUYEPXSSVKVIEXIVXLERXLIVIUYMVIH TIVTIRHMGYPEVHMVIGXMSRWLSYPHGSQTP][MXLXLIEVIERIIHIH
flexural strength. JSVWLVMROEKIERHXIQTIVEXYVIVIMRJSVGIQIRX
0SGEXMSR{2IKEXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPH :EPYISJHGERHHMRWSPMHWPEFW{8LIHMWXERGIJVSQ
FITVSZMHIHTIVTIRHMGYPEVXSWYTTSVXMRKKMVHIVWFIEQWERH extreme tension fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement,
VIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI[EPPW2IKEXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRX HGWLSYPHGSRWMHIVXLIGSRGVIXIGSZIVMRFEVHMEQIXIV
WLSYPHFIPSGEXIHEWGPSWIXSXLIXSTWYVJEGISJGSRGVIXIEW ERH VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR XLI TIVTIRHMGYPEV HMVIGXMSR TPEGIH
GSZIVTIVQMXW
-RX[S[E]W]WXIQWXLIWLSVXIVWTER FIX[IIR XLI VIMRJSVGIQIRX YRHIV WXYH] ERH XLI GSRGVIXI
RIKEXMZI QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLSYPH FI PSGEXIH EFSZI WYVJEGI
XLIPSRKIVWTERRIKEXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXFIGEYWIXLI 8LIJSPPS[MRKZEPYIWSJHGGERFIYWIHXSGSQTYXIHEWH!
RIKEXMZIQSQIRXMRXLIWLSVXIVWTERMWPEVKIV LzHG*SVSRI[E]WPEFWERHJSVVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRXLIWLSVX
'YXSJJ TSMRXW{)\GITX JSV GERXMPIZIVW EPP RIKEXMZI HMVIGXMSRMRX[S[E]WPEFWHG!MRQQ
JSVMRXIVMSV
QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX QE] FI GYX SJJ EX XLI PSGEXMSRW I\TSWYVIERHHG!MRQQ
JSVI\XIVMSVI\TSWYVI*SV
MRHMGEXIH MRXS JSV IEGL WPEFX]TI ;LIVI EHNEGIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRXMRXLIPSRKIVHMVIGXMSRSJX[S[E]WPEFWHG!
WTERW EVI YRIUYEP RIKEXMZI QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX GYXSJJ MRQQ
JSVMRXIVMSVI\TSWYVIERHHG!MRQQ
TSMRXWWLSYPHFIFEWIHSRXLIPSRKIVWTER JSVI\XIVMSVI\TSWYVI
6IMRJSVGIQIRX WTPMGMRK{2IKEXMZI QSQIRX
VIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHRSXFIPETWTPMGIHFIX[IIRXLIGYXSJJ {7LIEVWXVIRKXL
TSMRXERHXLIWYTTSVX 8LIHIWMKRWLIEVWXVIRKXLSJWSPMHWPEFWWLSYPHFIHIXIV
)RH ERGLSVEKI SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX{2IKEXMZI QMRIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXLERH
QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX TIVTIRHMGYPEV XS E HMWGSRXMRYSYW 6IUYMVIH WLIEV WXVIRKXL{8LI JEGXSVIH WLIEV :Y
IHKIWLSYPHIRHMREWXERHEVHLSSOEXXLIIHKIGSQTP]MRK VIUYMVIH WLIEV WXVIRKXL
GEYWIH F] JEGXSVIH PSEHW ETTPMIH
[MXL %X XLI I\XIVREP IHKI SJ GERXMPIZIVW RIKEXMZI XSXLIWPEFWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHEXXLIPSGEXMSRWMRHMGEXIHMR
QSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXTIVTIRHMGYPEVXSXLIIHKIWLSYPHIRH XSJSVIEGLWPEFX]TI
MREWXERHEVHLSSO;LIVIGSRWXVEMRIHF]WPEFKISQIXV]XLI (IWMKR WLIEV WXVIRKXL{8LI HIWMKR WLIEV WXVIRKXL
IRHLSSORIIHRSXFITPEGIHZIVXMGEPP] :R JSV WSPMH WPEFW WLSYPH FI FEWIH SRP] SR XLI GSRGVIXI
7LIEV VIMRJSVGIQIRX{4VSGIHYVIW JSV HIWMKR SJ WLIEV WXVIRKXL ERH WLSYPH FI IUYEP XS SV KVIEXIV XLER XLI
WLIEVSVXVERWZIVWIVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRWSPMHWPEFWEVIFI]SRH VIUYMVIHWLIEVWXVIRKXL:YEWWLS[RMR)UE
[MXL !
*MK
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
6IMRJSVGIQIRX
2IKEXMZI QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX{2IKEXMZI
QSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXVEXMS MRXLIHMVIGXMSRSJXLIGERXM
PIZIVWLSYPHFIFEWIHSR1YJVSQ)U
8LMWVIMRJSVGI
ment should extend beyond the first support not less than the
HMWXERGIMRHMGEXIHJSVRIKEXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXSJXLI
MRXIVMSVWPEFTERIPEXXLIIHKIWYTTSVXERHRSXPIWWXLER HJSV
*MK{'SRXVMFYXMSRSJGSRGVIXIXSFIEQEGXMSRWLIEV XLIVIMRJSVGMRKFEVYWIH*MK
WXVIRKXLMRGSRGVIXIWPEFW
*MK{6IMRJSVGIQIRXSJXSTWSPMHWPEFXLEXWTERWFIX[IIRNSMWXW
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
*MK{'EPGYPEXMSRSJRIKEXMZIQSQIRXEXWPEFGERXMPIZIVW
*MK{6IMRJSVGIQIRXJSVWPEFGERXMPIZIVW
*MK{2IKEXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRX[S[E]WPEFGERXMPIZIVW
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
qu n2 F
Vu
M ue ru s
24
n
*MK{6IMRJSVGIQIRXJSVWMRKPIWTERSRI[E]WPEFW
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
*MKE{6IMRJSVGIQIRXJSVX[SWTERSRI[E]WPEFWWYTTSVXIHF]KMVHIVWFIEQWSV
VIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI[EPPW
*MK F{6IMRJSVGIQIRX JSV SRI[E] WPEFW WYTTSVXIH F] KMVHIVW FIEQW SV VIMR
JSVGIHGSRGVIXI[EPPW[MXLXLVIISVQSVIWTERW
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
*MK{'IRXVEPERHFSVHIVVIKMSRWJSVX[S[E]WPEFWWYTTSVXIHSRKMVHIVWFIEQWSV
VIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI[EPPW
MRXIVMSVWYTTSVX-XMWTIVQMXXIHXSHIGVIEWIKVEHYEPP]XLIRIKE
XMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXEVIEEXXLIGIRXVEPVIKMSRJVSQ
XLIIHKISJXLIGIRXVEPVIKMSRWXSSRIXLMVHSJXLMWZEPYIEX
XLITERIPIHKIFYXRSXFIPS[XLIEVIERIIHIHJSVWLVMROEKI
ERHXIQTIVEXYVI*MK
7LIEVWXVIRKXL{*EGXSVIHWLIEVTIVYRMXWPEF[MHXL
:Y VIUYMVIH WLIEV WXVIRKXL
EX XLIJEGIW SJ XLI WYTTSVXMRK
QIQFIVWWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHYWMRKXLIPSEHJVEGXMSRW E
ERH FWTERRMRKMRXLIWLSVXIVERHPSRKIVHMVIGXMSRWVIWTIG
*MK E{2IKEXMZI QSQIRX EX HMWGSRXMRYSYW IHKIW SJ XMZIP] EW KMZIR MR 8EFPIW E XS H JSV XLI GSVVI
X[S[E]WSPMHWPEFWSRKMVHIVW WTSRHMRK TERIP IHKI GSRHMXMSRW ERH TERIP WTER VEXMS
*MK E
8LIVIUYMVIHWLIEVWXVIRKXLWLSYPHRSXFIPIWW
XLIWLSVXIVWTER ESVXLIPSRKIVWTER FWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIH XLERXLIWLIEVGEYWIHF]JEGXSVIHHIWMKRPSEHUYEGXMRKSRE
YWMRKXLIGSVVIWTSRHMRKZEPYISJ1ESV1F%WQYGLEW XVMFYXEV] EVIE FSYRHIH F] HIKVII PMRIW HVE[R JVSQ XLI
SRILEPJSJXLITSWMXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXEXXLIGIRXIV GSVRIVERHXLIGIRXIVPMRISJXLITERIPTEVEPPIPXSXLIPSRKIV
SJ XLI GSVVIWTSRHMRK WTER QE] FI GYX SJJ EX E HMWXERGI WTER*MKF
IUYEPXS ESV FQIEWYVIHJVSQXLIJEGISJER]MRXIVMSV 8LIJEGXSVIHWLIEVTIVYRMXWPEF[MHXL:YWLSYPHRSXFI
WYTTSVX4SWMXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXTIVTIRHMGYPEVXSE PIWW XLER XLI ZEPYI HIXIVQMRIH JVSQ )U E
JSV XLI
HMWGSRXMRYSYWIHKIQE]RSXFIGYXSJJ WLSVXIVWTERWYTTSVXMRKQIQFIVERHJVSQ)UF
JSV
4SWMXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXSJXLIFSVHIVVIKMSRQE]FI XLIPSRKIVWTERWYTTSVXMRKQIQFIV
HIGVIEWIHJVSQXLEXRIIHIHEXXLIIHKISJXLIGIRXVEPVIKMSR
XSSRIXLMVHSJXLMWZEPYIEXXLITERIPIHKIFYXRSXFIPS[XLI q
b u b qu a
Vu E
EVIERIIHIHJSVWLVMROEKIERHXIQTIVEXYVI*MK
2 4
2IKEXMZI QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX{%X WYTTSVXMRK
IHKIW SJ XLI WPEF TERIPvW GIRXVEP VIKMSR XLI EVIE SJ RIKEXMZI 2
QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLSYPH FI FEWIH SR XLI JEGXSVIH q
a u a a a
Vu qu F
RIKEXMZIQSQIRXHIXIVQMRIHJVSQETTVSTVMEXIIUYEXMSRWSJ 2 2 4 b
8EFPIWEXSH8LIRIKEXMZIQSQIRXWXIIPVEXMS
JSVVIMRJSVGIQIRXTEVEPPIPXSXLIWLSVXIVWTER ESVXLIPSRKIV -RHIXIVQMRMRKXLIHIWMKRWLIEVWXVIRKXL :RERIJJIGXMZI
WTER FWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHYWMRKXLIGSVVIWTSRHMRKZEPYI HITXL HJSVXLIWPEFKVIEXIVXLERSVIUYEPXSXLIPEVKIWXZEPYI
SJ 1Ez SV 1Fz -X MW TIVQMXXIH XS GYX SJJ YT XS SRILEPJ SJ JVSQ)UG
H
ERHI
WLSYPHFIYWIH
XLI RIKEXMZI QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX EVIE EX XLI WYTTSVX EX
E HMWXERGIIUYEPXS ESV FQIEWYVIHJVSQ XLIJEGISJ
qu a a
ER] MRXIVMSV WYTTSVX -X MW TIVQMXXIH XS GYX SJJ EPP RIKEXMZI d G
QSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXEXXLIGSVVIWTSRHMRKWTERWYTTSVXEX 4 fc
EHMWXERGIIUYEPXS ESV FQIEWYVIHJVSQXLIJEGISJER]
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
8EFPI E{-RXIVMSVTERIPSJX[S[E]WPEFWWYTTSVXIHSRKMVHIVWFIEQWSVVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI[EPPW
! F E 7LSVXIVHMVIGXMSR E 0SRKIVHMVIGXMSR F
0SEH
4ERIPWTERVEXMS 2IKEXMZIQSQIRX 4SWMXMZIQSQIRX 0SEHJVEGXMSR 2IKEXMZIQSQIRX 4SWMXMZIQSQIRX JVEGXMSR
qu a2 qu a2 qu b2 qu b2
M ae = Ma = E! M be = Mb = F!
22 42 22 42
qu a2 qu a2 qu b2 qu b2
M ae = Ma = E! M be = Mb = F!
18 35 25 50
qu a2 qu a2 qu b2 qu b2
M ae = Ma = E! M be = Mb = F!
16 30 35 60
qu a2 qu a2 qu b2 qu b2
M ae = Ma = E! M be = Mb = F!
15 27 40 75
qu a2 qu a2 qu b2 qu b2
M ae = Ma = E! M be = Mb = F!
14 25 50 100
qu a2 qu a2 qu b2 qu b2
M ae = Ma = E! M be = Mb = F!
13 23 65 120
qu a2 qu a2 qu b2 qu b2
M ae = Ma = E! M be = Mb = F!
13 22 85 145
qu a2 qu a2 qu b2 qu b2
M ae = Ma = E! M be = Mb = F!
12 21 110 180
qu a2 qu a2 qu b2 qu b2
M ae = Ma = E! M be = Mb = F!
12 20 135 225
qu a2 qu a2 qu b2 qu b2
M ae = Ma = E! M be = Mb = F!
12 20 160 275
qu a2 qu a2 qu b2 qu b2
M ae = Ma = E! M be = Mb = F!
11 18 170 340
qu a2 qu a2
" M ae = Ma = E! 8IQTIVEXYVIERHWLVMROEKIVIMRJSVGIQIRX F!
10 16
*MKF{:EVMEXMSRSJQSQIRX1EEGVSWWXLI[MHXLSJGVMXMGEPWIGXMSRW
JSV HIWMKR X[S[E] WPEFW WYTTSVXIH SR KMVHIVW FIEQW SV VIMRJSVGIH
GSRGVIXI[EPPW
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
4ERIPWTER 0SEH
VEXMS 2IKEXMZIQSQIRX 4SWMXMZIQSQIRX 0SEHJVEGXMSR 2IKEXMZIQSQIRX 4SWMXMZIQSQIRX JVEGXMSR
qu a2 qu a2 qu b2 qu b2
M ae = Ma = E! M be = Mb = F!
16 35 33 40
qu a2 qu a2 qu b2 qu b2
M ae = Ma = E! M be = Mb = F!
15 31 35 50
qu a2 qu a2 qu b2 qu b2
M ae = Ma = E! M be = Mb = F!
14 28 50 65
qu a2 qu a2 qu b2 qu b2
M ae = Ma = E! M be = Mb = F!
13 25 70 85
qu a2 qu a2 qu b2 qu b2
M ae = Ma = E! M be = Mb = F!
13 23 90 110
qu a2 qu a2 qu b2 qu b2
M ae = Ma = E! M be = Mb = F!
12 22 115 135
qu a2 qu a2 qu b2 qu b2
M ae = Ma = E! M be = Mb = F!
12 21 135 160
qu a2 qu a2 qu b2 qu b2
M ae = Ma = E! M be = Mb = F!
12 20 165 185
qu a2 qu a2 qu b2 qu b2
M ae = Ma = E! M be = Mb = F!
12 20 200 220
qu a2 qu a2 qu b2 qu b2
M ae = Ma = E! M be = Mb = F!
12 19 250 270
qu a2 qu a2 qu b2 qu b2
M ae = Ma = E! M be = Mb = F!
12 18 330 340
qu a2 qu a2
" M ae = Ma = E! 8IQTIVEXYVIERHWLVMROEKIVIMRJSVGIQIRX F!
10 16
*MKG{:EVMEXMSRSJQSQIRX1FEGVSWWXLI[MHXLSJGVMXMGEPWIGXMSRWJSV
HIWMKRX[S[E]WPEFWWYTTSVXIHSRKMVHIVWFIEQWSVVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI[EPPW
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
4ERIPWTER 0SEH
VEXMS 2IKEXMZIQSQIRX 4SWMXMZIQSQIRX 0SEHJVEGXMSR 2IKEXMZIQSQIRX 4SWMXMZIQSQIRX JVEGXMSR
qu a2 qu a2 qu b2 qu b2
M ae Ma E! M be Mb F !
30 39 16 35
qu a2 qu a2 qu b2 qu b2
M ae Ma E! M be Mb F !
23 32 19 40
qu a2 qu a2 qu b2 qu b2
M ae Ma E! M be Mb F !
19 26 22 50
qu a2 qu a2 qu b2 qu b2
M ae Ma E! M be Mb F !
17 23 27 60
qu a2 qu a2 qu b2 qu b2
M ae Ma E! M be Mb F !
15 20 32 70
qu a2 qu a2 qu b2 qu b2
M ae Ma E! M be Mb F !
13 19 40 85
qu a2 qu a2 qu b2 qu b2
M ae Ma E! M be Mb F !
12 17 50 100
qu a2 qu a2 qu b2 qu b2
M ae Ma E! M be Mb F !
12 16 60 125
qu a2 qu a2 qu b2 qu b2
M ae Ma E! M be Mb F !
11 15 70 150
qu a2 qu a2 qu b2 qu b2
M ae Ma E! M be Mb F !
11 15 85 175
qu a2 qu a2 qu b2 qu b2
M ae Ma E! M be Mb F !
10 14 100 200
qu a2 qu a2 8IQTIVEXYVIERHWLVMROEKI
" M ae Ma E!
VIMRJSVGIQIRX F !
9 11
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
8EFPI H{'SVRIVTERIPSJX[S[E]WPEFWWYTTSVXIHSRKMVHIVWFIEQWSVVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI[EPPW
! F E 7LSVXIVHMVIGXMSR E 0SRKIVHMVIGXMSR F
qu a2 qu a2 qu b2 qu b2
M ae Ma E! M be Mb F!
20 31 20 31
qu a2 qu a2 qu b2 qu b2
M ae Ma E! M be Mb F!
17 26 25 38
qu a2 qu a2 qu b2 qu b2
M ae Ma E! M be Mb F!
15 23 30 45
qu a2 qu a2 qu b2 qu b2
M ae Ma E! M be Mb F!
13 20 40 55
qu a2 qu a2 qu b2 qu b2
M ae Ma E! M be Mb F!
13 19 50 70
qu a2 qu a2 qu b2 qu b2
M ae Ma E! M be Mb F!
12 17 60 85
qu a2 qu a2 qu b2 qu b2
M ae Ma E! M be Mb F!
11 16 75 100
qu a2 qu a2 qu b2 qu b2
M ae Ma E! M be Mb F!
11 16 100 125
qu a2 qu a2 qu b2 qu b2
M ae Ma E! M be Mb F!
11 15 120 150
qu a2 qu a2 qu b2 qu b2
M ae Ma E! M be Mb F!
11 15 145 175
qu a2 qu a2 qu b2 qu b2
M ae Ma E! M be Mb F!
10 14 165 200
qu a2 qu a2
" M ae Ma E! 8IQTIVEXYVIERHWLVMROEKIVIMRJSVGIQIRX F!
9 11
*MKJ{)HKITERIP[MXL FTEVEPPIPXSIHKISJX[S[E] *MK K{'SVRIV TERIP SJ X[S[E] WPEFW WYTTSVXIH SR
WPEFWWYTTSVXIHSRKMVHIVWFIEQWSV[EPPW KMVHIVWFIEQWSVVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI[EPPW
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
*MK{6IMRJSVGIQIRXJSVX[S[E]WPEFWWYTTSVXIHF]KMVHIVWFIEQWSVVIMRJSVGIH
GSRGVIXI[EPPW
*MKE{*VEGXMSRSJXLIXSXEP PSEHMRXLITERIPEGXMRK *MK F{8VMFYXEV] EVIEW SJ QMRMQYQ WLIEV EX XLI
MR IEGL HMVIGXMSR MR X[S[E] WPEFW WYTTSVXIH SR KMVHIVW WYTTSVXWSJX[S[E]WPEFWWYTTSVXIHSRKMVHIVWFIEQWSV
FIEQWSVVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI[EPPW VIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI[EPPW
qu 3qu b b GIRXIV WTER MR XLEX HMVIGXMSR ERH E ERH F EVI XLI GSVVI
d b b
d (SI) H
4 fc fc WTSRHMRKGPIEVWTERW
6IEGXMSRW EX XLI IHKI TERIP I\XIVREP WYTTSVXW WLSYPH FI
IUYEPXSZEPYIWJVSQXLITERIPVYEXXLIIHKIWYTTSVXHIXIVQMRIH
JVSQ )U E
SV F
TPYW XLI GERXMPIZIV VIEGXMSR
qu a 3qu a
d d (SI) I
[LIVI ETTPMGEFPI 6IEGXMSRW SR MRXIVREP WYTTSVXW WLSYPH FI
8 fc 2 fc XLIWYQSJVIEGXMSRWVYHIXIVQMRIHYWMRKIMXLIV)UE
SVF
JSVFSXLEHNEGIRXWTERWEXXLEXWYTTSVX
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
8EFPI E{8]TIWSJPSRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRKMVHIVWFIEQWERHNSMWXW
4SWMXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRX 7IGXMSR
*PI\YVEP 2IKEXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRX 7IGXMSR
7XVYGXYVEPMRXIKVMX] 7IGXMSR
0SRKMXYHMREP
7OMRVIMRJSVGIQIRX 7IGXMSR
VIMRJSVGIQIRX
6IMRJSVGIQIRXJSVWYTTSVXSJWXMVVYTW 7IGXMSR
3XLIV
T-beam flange reinforcement 7IGXMSR
0SRKMXYHMREPXSVWMSRVIMRJSVGIQIRX 7IGXMSR
8EFPI F{8]TIWSJXVERWZIVWIVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRKMVHIVWFIEQWERHNSMWXW
7LIEVVIMRJSVGIQIRX 7IGXMSR
8VERWZIVWIWYTTSVXSJGSQTVIWWMSRVIMRJSVGIQIRX 7IGXMSR
8VERWZIVWI 7XMVVYTW
,ERKIVVIMRJSVGIQIRX 7IGXMSR
VIMRJSVGIQIRX
8VERWZIVWIXSVWMSRVIMRJSVGIQIRX 7IGXMSR
,SSTW Confinement in seismic zones 7IGXMSR
8EFPI {1E\MQYQRYQFIVSJPSRKMXYHMREP
FEVWMREPE]IVJSVKMVHIVWERHFIEQW
&IEQSVKMVHIV[IF[MHXLF[ 1E\MQYQRYQFIVSJ
MRQQ
PSRKMXYHMREPFEVW
F[ MRQQ
7IGXMSRRSXTIVQMXXIH
MRQQ
c F[ MRQQ
8[SFEVW
MRQQ
F[ MRQQ
8LVIIFEVW
bw bw
MRQQ
c F[ c e3 c e 3 (SI) FEVW
2 50
*MK{1EMRX]TIWSJVIMRJSVGIQIRXJSVKMVHIVWFIEQW
ERHNSMWXW PE]IVW FEVW MR XLI YTTIV PE]IV WLSYPH FI TPEGIH HMVIGXP]
EFSZI FEVW MR XLI PS[IV PE]IV [MXL GPIEV HMWXERGI FIX[IIR
PE]IVWSJEXPIEWXMRQQ
*MK
1E\MQYQRYQFIVSJFEVWMREPE]IV{8LIQE\MQYQ
RYQFIVSJPSRKMXYHMREPFEVWMREPE]IVWLSYPHFIGSQTYXIH
GSRWMHIVMRK PSRKMXYHMREP ERH XVERWZIVWI FEV HMEQIXIVW
GSRGVIXI GSZIV
QE\MQYQ RSQMREP GSEVWI EKKVIKEXI
WM^I ERH QMRMQYQ GPIEV WTEGMRK FIX[IIR FEVW
;LIRXLIWIGEPGYPEXMSRWEVIRSXTIVJSVQIH7IGXMSRW
XS QE]FIYWIH
+MVHIVWERHFIEQW[MXLF[ MRQQ
{
*SVKMVHIVWERHFIEQW[LSWI[MHXLF[MWIUYEPXSSVKVIEXIV
*MK {1MRMQYQ GPIEV WTEGMRK FIX[IIR FEVW MR E XLER MR QQ
XLI QE\MQYQ RYQFIV SJ FEVW MR E
PE]IVERHGPIEVHMWXERGIFIX[IIRPE]IVWSJVIMRJSVGIQIRX PE]IVQE]FIHIXIVQMRIHYWMRK)U
8EFPI
{0SRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGIQIRX QE\MQYQRYQFIVSJFEVWMREPE]IV
+IRIVEP{7IGXMSR WLSYPH ETTP] XS EPP X]TIW SJ
PSRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGIQIRXYWIHMRKMVHIVWFIEQWERHNSMWXW
1MRMQYQWTEGMRK
0SRKMXYHMREP FEVW MR E PE]IV{-R KMVHIVWFIEQW
ERH NSMWXW XLI QMRMQYQ GPIEV WTEGMRK FIX[IIR TEVEPPIP
PSRKMXYHMREP FEVW MR E PE]IV WLSYPH FI XLI RSQMREP FEV [LIVI F[MWMRMRGLIWQQ
HMEQIXIV HFSJXLIPEVKIWXFEVFYXRSXPIWWXLERMRQQ
+MVHIVWERHFIEQW[MXLF[ MRQQ
{9T
*MK
'PIEVHMWXERGIPMQMXEXMSRFIX[IIRFEVWWLSYPH XSXLVIIPSRKMXYHMREPFEVWQE]FIYWIHMRKMVHIVWERHFIEQW
ETTP]EPWSXSXLIGPIEVHMWXERGIFIX[IIREGSRXEGXPETWTPMGI [LSWI[MHXLF[MWIUYEPXSSVKVIEXIVXLERMRQQ
ERHEHNEGIRXWTPMGIWSVFEVW ERHPIWWXLERMRQQ
8[SPSRKMXYHMREPFEVWWLSYPH
4EVEPPIP PE]IVW{-R KMVHIVW FIEQW ERH NSMWXW FIYWIHJSVF[PIWWXLERMRQQ
8EFPI
[LIVITEVEPPIPPSRKMXYHMREPFEVWEVITPEGIHMRX[SSVQSVI
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
QMRMQYQRYQFIVSJFEVWMREPE]IV
Fig. 8.4.5b—T-shaped section with flange in tension.
bw bw
c c (SI)
8 200
.SMWXW{-R NSMWXW [MXL [IF [MHXLW F[ PIWW XLER
SV IUYEPXS MR QQ
IMXLIV SRI PSRKMXYHMREP FEV SV [LIVI F[MWMRMRGLIWQQ
E X[SFEV FYRHPI MR GSRXEGX PSGEXIH SRI EFSZI XLI SXLIV Minimum area of flexural tension reinforcement{
MW TIVQMXXIH *SV [IF [MHXLW KVIEXIV XLER MR QQ
;LIVI 'LETXIV indicated that tension flexural reinforce
ERH PIWW XLER MR QQ
IMXLIV SRI PSRKMXYHMREP FEV QIRX MW RIIHIH %WQMR WLSYPH FI GSQTYXIH F] E
SV F
SVX[SFEVWMREWMRKPIPE]IVEVITIVQMXXIHFYXFYRHPMRKSJ [LIVI QMRMWXLIZEPYIKMZIRMR8EFPI
VIMRJSVGIQIRXMWRSXTIVQMXXIH*SV[IF[MHXLWIUYEPXSSV E
*SV VIGXERKYPEV WIGXMSRW ERH JSV 8WLETIH WIGXMSRW
KVIEXIVXLERMRQQ
XLIQE\MQYQRYQFIVSJFEVW where the flange is in compression (Fig. 8.4.5a):
MREWMRKPIPE]IVWLSYPHFISRIQSVIXLERXLSWIEPPS[IHJSV
MR 8EFPI %WQMR! QMRHF[ E
1MRMQYQRYQFIV SJ FEVW MR E PE]IV{8SQMRMQM^I
the number and width of flexural cracks at points of maximum (b) For cantilevers having a T-section where the flange
QSQIRXEPEVKIRYQFIVSJWQEPPIVHMEQIXIVFEVWWLSYPHFI MWMRXIRWMSR*MKF
%WQMRWLSYPHFIXLIWQEPPIVZEPYI
TVSZMHIHVEXLIVXLEREWQEPPRYQFIVSJPEVKIHMEQIXIVFEVW GSQTYXIHJVSQ)UF
ERHG
*SVNSMWXWXLIQMRMQYQRYQFIVSJPSRKMXYHMREPFEVWWLSYPH
FISRI*SVKMVHIVWERHFIEQW[MXLF[PIWWXLERMRQQ
%WQMR! QMRHF[ F
XLIQMRMQYQRYQFIVSJPSRKMXYHMREPFEVWWLSYPHFIX[S*SV
KMVHIVWERHFIEQW[LSWI[MHXLF[MWIUYEPXSSVKVIEXIVXLER %WQMR! QMRHFJ G
MRQQ
ERHWLSYPHFIQIXEXWIGXMSRW
SJQE\MQYQTSWMXMZIERHRIKEXMZIQSQIRX 6IJIVXS7IGXMSRJSVFJGEPGYPEXMSRJSV8WIGXMSR
)\XIVMSV I\TSWYVI{8LI QMRMQYQ RYQFIV SJ Maximum flexural reinforcement ratio{8LIVEXMSSJ
PSRKMXYHMREPFEVWMREPE]IVJSVKMVHIVWERHFIEQWI\TSWIHXS tension flexural reinforcement, WLSYPHFIGSQTYXIHF]E
IEVXLSV[IEXLIVWLSYPHFIXLIZEPYIKMZIRF])U
ERHF
ERHWLSYPHRSXI\GIIHXLIZEPYIWSJ QE\EWKMZIRMR
8EFPI
QMRMQYQRYQFIVSJFEVWMREPE]IV (a) In girders, beams, and joists having only tension flexural
VIMRJSVGIQIRX
bw bw
c c (SI)
4 100
As
max E
bd
[LIVI F[MWMRMRGLIWQQ
-RXIVMSV I\TSWYVI{8LI QMRMQYQ RYQFIV SJ F
-R KMVHIVW FIEQW ERH NSMWXW LEZMRK XIRWMSR ERH
PSRKMXYHMREPFEVWMREPE]IVJSVKMVHIVWERHFIEQWRSXI\TSWIH compression flexural reinforcement (*MK
XSIEVXLSV[IEXLIVWLSYPHFIXLIZEPYIKMZIRF])U
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
As e As
max F
bd
Mu
As
0.85 f y d
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
E
3RIX[IPJXLXLIFIEQWTERPIRKXLTPYWXLI[IFXLMGO
RIWW F[
(b) Six times the flange thickness LJTPYWXLI[IFXLMGORIWW
F[SV
G
3RILEPJ XLI GPIEV HMWXERGI XS XLI RI\X [IF TPYW XLI
[IFXLMGORIWWF[
Fig. 8.4.10.2—Effective flange width for T-beams with slab -WSPEXIH8FIEQW{*PERKIXLMGORIWWLJMRMWSPEXIH
SRSRIWMHISRP] 8FIEQW WLSYPH FI EX PIEWX SRILEPJ SJ XLI [IF XLMGORIWW
F[, and the effective flange width FWLSYPHRSXI\GIIH XLI
WQEPPIVSJF[ERHFJ*MK
(IWMKR QSQIRX WXVIRKXL SJ 8FIEQW{8LI
HIWMKRQSQIRXWXVIRKXLWLSYPHFIGEPGYPEXIHYWMRKJSV
sections where the flange is in compression (Fig. 8.4.10.4),
ERHXLIHITXLSJXLIIUYMZEPIRXYRMJSVQWXVIWWFPSGO EPMIW
within the flange thickness LJEWGSQTYXIHF])U
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
*MKE{8]TMGEPWXMVVYTWLETIWJSVKMVHIVWERHFIEQW *MKF{8]TMGEPWXMVVYT
WLETIJSVNSMWXWMREHHMXMSR
XS*MKE
*MK{8]TMGEPWXMVVYTWTEGMRKEPSRKXLIKMVHIVFIEQSVNSMWX
RIKEXMZI QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX GYXSJJ TSMRXW WLSYPH FI (e) Provide confinement to the concrete in seismic zones
FEWIHSRXLIPSRKIVWTER EXWIPIGXIHPSGEXMSRW[MXLMRXLIQIQFIV
6IMRJSVGIQIRX WTPMGMRK{2IKEXMZI QSQIRX 7XMVVYT WLETI{% WXMVVYT WLSYPH GSRWMWX SJ WMRKPI
VIMRJSVGIQIRXFIX[IIRGYXSJJTSMRXERHXLIWYTTSVXWLSYPH SV QYPXMTPI ZIVXMGEP PIKW )EGL ZIVXMGEP PIK WLSYPH IRKEKI
RSXFIPETWTPMGIH E PSRKMXYHMREP FEV IMXLIV F] FIRHMRK EVSYRH MX [LIR XLI
)RH ERGLSVEKI{2IKEXMZI QSQIRX VIMRJSVGI WXMVVYTGSRXMRYIWSVF]YWMRKEWXERHEVHWXMVVYTLSSO
XS
QIRX EX XLI IRH SJ E KMVHIV FIEQ SV NSMWX WLSYPH IRH MR WYVVSYRHXLIPSRKMXYHMREPFEVEXXLIWXMVVYTIRH*MKE
E WXERHEVH LSSO EX XLI JEV IHKI SJ XLI WYTTSVXMRK KMVHIV ERHF
FIEQGSPYQRSVVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI[EPPGSQTP]MRK[MXL 4IVQMXXIHWXMVVYTWLETIJSVKMVHIVWERHFIEQW{
ERGLSVEKIHMWXERGIHIWGVMFIHF]%XXLII\XIVREPIHKI %PPWXMVVYTWMRKMVHIVWERHFIEQWWLSYPHFIGPSWIHWXMVVYTW
SJ GERXMPIZIVW RIKEXMZIQSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLSYPH IRH [MXLHIKVIILSSOWEWWLS[RMR*MKEE
8LISXLIV
MREWXERHEVHLSSO WXMVVYTWLETIWEVIMRGSQQSRYWIFYXEVIWLS[RXSGPEVMJ]
7XMVVYT WYTTSVX{-R EVIEW [LIVI RS RIKEXMZI XLEXXLI]EVIRSXXSFIYWIH[MXLXLMWKYMHI-RWIMWQMGEVIEW
VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW RIIHIH XST FEVW WLSYPH FI TVSZMHIH JSV XLIWXMVVYTWLETIMWJYVXLIVPMQMXIH
EXXEGLQIRXERHERGLSVEKISJWXMVVYTW8LIHMEQIXIVSJXLIWI 4IVQMXXIH WXMVVYT WLETI JSV NSMWXW{%PP WXMVVYT
XST FEVW WLSYPH FIIUYEP XS SV KVIEXIV XLER XLI WXMVVYT FEV X]TIWWLS[RMR*MKEERHFQE]FIYWIHMRNSMWXW
HMEQIXIV 1MRMQYQ PET PIRKXLSJ XLIWI XST FEVW WLSYPH 1MRMQYQGPIEVWTEGMRKFIX[IIRWXMVVYTWPIKW{-R
FIMRQQ
KMVHIVWFIEQWERHNSMWXWXLIQMRMQYQGPIEVWTEGIFIX[IIR
WXMVVYTWSVTEVEPPIPPIKWMREWXMVVYTWLSYPHFIMRQQ
{8VERWZIVWIVIMRJSVGIQIRX 7XMVVYT WYTTSVX{7XMVVYTW WLSYPH FI EXXEGLIH
(IWGVMTXMSR{8VERWZIVWIVIMRJSVGIQIRXJSVKMVHIVW XSPSRKMXYHMREPFEVW WSXLEXWXMVVYTW HSRSXHMWTPEGIHYVMRK
FIEQWERHNSMWXWWLSYPHGSRWMWXSJWXMVVYTWXLEXIRGPSWIXLI GSRGVIXITPEGIQIRX
PSRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGIQIRXERHEVITPEGIHTIVTIRHMGYPEVXS 7XMVVYTPIKWTPMGMRK{7XMVVYTFEVWWLSYPHRSXFIPET
XLIPSRKMXYHMREPE\MWSJXLIQIQFIVEXZEV]MRKMRXIVZEPW WTPMGIH
8LI QEMR JYRGXMSRW JSV XVERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR 0SGEXMSR SJ XVERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX{7XMVVYT
KMVHIVWFIEQWERHNSMWXWEVI WTEGMRKMRXIVZEPWWWLSYPHGSQTP][MXL*MK
E
'SRXVMFYXIXSQIQFIVWLIEVWXVIRKXL 'SRXVMFYXMSR SJ XVERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX XS WLIEV
F
4VSZMHIPEXIVEPWYTTSVXJSVPSRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGIQIRX WXVIRKXL
WYFNIGXIHXSGSQTVIWWMSRWXVIWWIW +IRIVEP—Beam-action shear accompanies flex
G
%GX EW LERKIV VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR KMVHIVW WYTTSVXMRK YVEPQSQIRXWERHSGGYVWMRKMVHIVWFIEQWERHNSMWXWEPSRK
FIEQWERHNSMWXW XLIMVPIRKXL ERH MW SJ KVIEXIV QEKRMXYHIMRXLIZMGMRMX]SJ
H
'SRXVMFYXIXSQIQFIVXSVWMSRWXVIRKXLERH WYTTSVXWERHGSRGIRXVEXIHPSEHW
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
8EFPI {7LIEVVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRKMVHIVWFIEQWERHNSMWXWQE\MQYQWTEGMRKW
:EPYISJJEGXSVIH 1MRMQYQEVIESJWLIEV
VIUYMVIHWLIEVWXVIRKXL VIMRJSVGIQIRX %Z[MXLMRE
:Y 0MQMXMRKZEPYISJ :W HMWXERGI W 1E\MQYQWTEGMRKW
c
u 2SXRIIHIH
bw s
Av 0.75 fc
Vc fyt d 2
Vc Vu s c min. of
2 bw s d24 in. (600 mm)
Av 0.062 fc (SI)
fyt
d 2
f24 in. (600 mm)
Vu Vc s f
:G" :W Av s c min. of A f 50 b
f yt d f v yt w
f A f 0.35b (SI)
d v yt w
d 4
Vu Vc f24 in. (600 mm)
Vu Vc s f
Av s c min. of A f 50 b
4 Vc Vs 2 Vc f yt d f v yt w
f
d Av fyt 0.35bw (SI)
Vs 4 Vc 2SXTIVQMXXIH
Vn Vc Vs
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
*MK{1MRMQYQWLIEVVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRKMVHIVWFIEQWERHNSMWXW[LIR :G c
:Y :G
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
*MK{,ERKIVVIMRJSVGIQIRX
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
*MK{6IMRJSVGIQIRXJSVFIEQWERHNSMWXWWYTTSVXIHF]FIEQWSVKMVHIVW
PMQMXWWIXJSVXLMR)QFIHHIHGSRHYMXWERHTMTIWWLSYPH
GSQTP][MXL
+MVHIVHITXLERH[MHXL{8LIKMVHIVWLSYPHFITVMW
QEXMG[MXLSYXLEYRGLIWFVEGOIXWSVGSVFIPW8LILIMKLXL
WLSYPHGSQTP][MXLXLIQMRMQYQHITXLSJ'PIEVWTER
SJXLIQIQFIVWLSYPHRSXFIPIWWXLERJSYVXMQIWMXWLIMKLXL
8LI[MHXLXSLIMKLXVEXMSF[LWLSYPHRSXFIPIWWXLER8LI
[MHXL F[WLSYPHRSXFIPIWWXLERMRQQ
RSVI\GIIHXLI
GSVVIWTSRHMRK[MHXLSJXLIWYTTSVXMRKGSPYQRTPYWLSR
IEGLWMHISJXLIWYTTSVXMRKGSPYQR*MK
+MVHIVWWYTTSVXIHF]VIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI[EPPW{
+MVHIVWWYTTSVXIHF]EVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI[EPPPSGEXIHMR
XLITPERISJXLIJVEQIWLSYPHGSRXMRYIEPSRKXLIJYPPLSVM
^SRXEP[EPPPIRKXL+MVHIV[MHXLWLSYPHRSXFIPIWWXLER[EPP
XLMGORIWW;LIVIKMVHIVWEVIWYTTSVXIHF][EPPWTIVTIRHMG
YPEVXSXLIPSRKMXYHMREPE\MWSJXLIKMVHIVEFIEQWLSYPHVYR
EPSRKXLIJYPPLSVM^SRXEP[EPPPIRKXLEXXLIWEQIPIZIPERH *MK{0MQMXWSRKMVHIVHITXLERH[MHXL
LEZIXLIWEQILIMKLXEWXLIKMVHIV&IEQ[MHXLWLSYPHRSX
FI PIWW XLER [EPP XLMGORIWW SV MR QQ
:IVXMGEP QIQFIVWEVIGSPYQRWERHGSRGVIXIWXVYGXYVEP[EPPWWLSYPHFI
VIMRJSVGIQIRXSJXLI[EPPWLSYPHTEWWXLVSYKLXLIKMVHIVSV GEPGYPEXIHYWMRKIUYEXMSRWMR8EFPI[LIVI 4YMWXLI
FIEQEWMRHMGEXIHMR'LETXIV WYQSJEPPJEGXSVIHGSRGIRXVEXIHPSEHWXLEXEGXSRXLIWTER
0EXIVEP WYTTSVX{*SV KMVHIVW RSX GSRXMRYSYWP] +MVHIVW TEVEPPIP XS SRI[E] NSMWX W]WXIQW{*SV
laterally supported by the floor slab or secondary beams, the KMVHIVWTEVEPPIPXSNSMWXWXLIEWWYQIHXVMFYXEV][MHXLJSVXLI
GPIEVHMWXERGIFIX[IIRPEXIVEPWYTTSVXWWLSYPHRSXI\GIIH GEPGYPEXMSRSJKMVHIVJEGXSVIHPSEHWWLSYPHFIX[MGIXLINSMWX
XMQIWXLIPIEWX[MHXLF of compression flange or face. WTEGMRKTPYWXLIKMVHIV[MHXL
6IWXVMGXMSRW{8LIJSPPS[MRKVIWXVMGXMSRWWLSYPHFI 9WI SJ JVEQI EREP]WMW{*VEQI EREP]WMW QIIXMRK
MRIJJIGXJSVKMVHIVWSJJVEQIWHIWMKRIHYRHIV QE]FIYWIHXSHIXIVQMRIJEGXSVIHQSQIRXWERHWLIEVW
E
8LIVIEVIX[SSVQSVIWTERW EWEWYFWXMXYXIJSVZEPYIWGSQTYXIHJVSQERH
F
7TERW EVI ETTVS\MQEXIP] IUYEP [MXL XLI WLSVXIV SJ 6IUYMVIHWLIEVWXVIRKXL
X[SEHNEGIRXWTERWKVIEXIVXLERSVIUYEPXSTIVGIRXSJXLI *EGXSVIH WLIEV{+MVHIV :Y WLSYPH FI GEPGYPEXIH
PEVKIVWTER
EXWYTTSVXJEGIWYWMRKIUYEXMSRWSJ8EFPI[LIVI 4Y
G
0SEHW EVI YRMJSVQP] HMWXVMFYXIH ERH EHNYWXQIRXW JSV MWXLIWYQSJEPPJEGXSVIHGSRGIRXVEXIHPSEHWXLEXEGXSRXLI
GSRGIRXVEXIHPSEHWEVITIVJSVQIH WTER6IJIVXSJSVEWWYQIHXVMFYXEV][MHXL
H
9RJEGXSVIH YRMX PMZI PSEH [ HSIW RSX I\GIIH XLVII 9WI SJ JVEQIEREP]WMW{*VEQI EREP]WMWQIIXMRK
XMQIWYRJEGXSVIHYRMXHIEHPSEH[HERH QE]FIYWIHXSHIXIVQMRIJEGXSVIHWLIEVEWEWYFWXM
I
+MVHIVWWLSYPHRSXLEZIEWPSTII\GIIHMRKHIKVIIW XYXIJSVZEPYIWGSQTYXIHJVSQ
6IUYMVIHQSQIRXWXVIRKXL 6IMRJSVGIQIRX
*EGXSVIHTSWMXMZIERHRIKEXMZIQSQIRX{*EGXSVIH 4SWMXMZI QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX{8LI TSWMXMZI
TSWMXMZIERHRIKEXMZIQSQIRX1YVIUYMVIHQSQIRXWXVIRKXL
QSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXEVIEWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHYWMRKXLI
JSVKMVHIVWERHFIEQWXLEXEVITEVXSJEJVEQI[LSWIZIVXMGEP GEPGYPEXIH ZEPYI SJ 1Y -J E WPEF I\MWXW MR XLI YTTIV TEVX
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
8EFPI {*EGXSVIHQSQIRXJSVKMVHIVWSJ [MXL *SV TIVMQIXIV FIEQW EW MRHMGEXIH MR
JVEQIW SRIUYEVXIV SJ XLI RIKEXMZI QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLSYPH
4SWMXMZIQSQIRXEX IMXLIV FI GSRXMRYSYW SV WTPMGIH EX QMHWTER *MK F
)RHWTERW 2IKEXMZI QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR GERXMPIZIVW WLSYPH RSX
Wu n2 n
Mu Pu E
FIGYXSJJ*SVSXLIVFIEQWEPPRIKEXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGI
14 6
QIRXQE]FIGYXSJJEXEHMWXERGIIUYEPXS RJSVMRXIVREP
-RXIVMSVWTERW
WYTTSVXWERHEXEHMWXERGIIUYEPXS RJSVI\XIVREPWYTTSVXW
Wu n2 n
Mu Pu F
QIEWYVIHJVSQXLIWYTTSVXJEGIMRXSXLIWTER*MKE
16 7
2IKEXMZIQSQIRXEXWYTTSVXWEX 8VERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX{:EPYIW SJ :Y EX XLI
-RXIVMSVJEGISJI\XIVREPGSPYQRSVTIVTIRHMGYPEV VMKLX ERH PIJX JEGIW SJ XLI WYTTSVXW WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH
WXVYGXYVEP[EPP YWMRKXLIETTVSTVMEXIIUYEXMSRJVSQ8VERWZIVWIVIMRJSVGI
Wu n2 n QIRXWLSYPHQIIX
M ue Pu G
16 10 ,ERKIVWXMVVYTW{;LIVIEFIEQMWWYTTSVXIHF]E
Exterior face of first internal column or perpendicular KMVHIVSJWMQMPEVHITXLXLIYWISJLERKIVWXMVVYTWEWMRHMGEXIHF]
WXVYGXYVEP[EPPSRP]X[SWTERW WLSYPHFIMRZIWXMKEXIH
Wu n2 n
M ue Pu H
6IEGXMSRWSRGSPYQRWERHVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI[EPPW
9 6
:IVXMGEPVIEGXMSRWEXGSPYQRWERH[EPPW{*EGXSVIH
*EGIWSJMRXIVREPGSPYQRWSVTIVTIRHMGYPEVWXVYGXYVEP
VIEGXMSRWEXXLIWYTTSVXW6YWLSYPHFIXLIZEPYIWHIXIVQMRIH
[EPPWQSVIXLERX[SWTERW
Wu n2
JVSQ)U
TPYWXLIJEGXSVIHVIEGXMSRJVSQER]GERXM
n
M ue Pu I
PIZIVWTERRMRKJVSQXLEXWYTTSVX
10 6.5
*EGIWSJWXVYGXYVEP[EPPWTEVEPPIPXSXLITPERISJXLI
JVEQI Vu s
Ru
Wu n2 n
M ue Pu J
n
12 7
7YTTSVXSJKMVHIVGERXMPIZIVW [LIVI :YMWXLIJEGXSVIHWLIEVJVSQ WMWXLIGIRXIVXS
3Wu n2 K
GIRXIVWTERERH RMWXLIGPIEVWTERSJXLIKMVHIV
M ue n Pu
4 9RFEPERGIH QSQIRX JVSQ ZIVXMGEP PSEHMRK{
1SQIRXVIEGXMSRSRGSPYQRWWLSYPHFIIZEPYEXIHYWMRKXLI
8EFPI {*EGXSVIHWLIEVJSVKMVHIVWSJ YRFEPERGIH JEGXSVIH QSQIRX 1Y GEYWIH F] XLI JEGXSVIH
JVEQIW ZIVXMGEP PSEHW SR KMVHIVW XLEX WTER JVSQ XLI GSPYQR MR XLI
At exterior face of first interior column: TPERI SJ XLI JVEQI 8LI YRFEPERGIH QSQIRX WLSYPH FI
Wu n HMWXVMFYXIH XS XLI GSPYQR EFSZI ERH FIPS[ XLI KMVHIV MR
Vu 1.15 0.8 Pu E
2 TVSTSVXMSRXSXLIMVVIPEXMZIWXMJJRIWW8SGEPGYPEXIXLIYRFEP
ERGIH QSQIRX E
F
ERH G
WLSYPH ETTP] SV E JVEQI
%XJEGIWSJEPPSXLIVGSPYQRW EREP]WMWGSQTP]MRK[MXLWLSYPHFITIVJSVQIH
Wu n E
8LIYRFEPERGIHQSQIRX 1YMWXLIPEVKIWXHMJJIVIRGI
Vu 0.75 Pu F
2 MR KMVHIV JEGXSVIH RIKEXMZI QSQIRXW EX XLI GSPYQR [LIR
PSEHGEWIWMRF
ERHG
EVIIZEPYEXIH
%XWYTTSVXWSJKMVHIVGERXMPIZIVW (b) In the first case ('EWI % SJ *MK
XLI IRXMVI
Vu Wu n Pu G
KMVHIV WLSYPH FI PSEHIH [MXL XLI JEGXSVIH HIEH PSEH ERH
EPXIVREXISHHWTERWWLSYPHFIPSEHIH[MXLXLIJEGXSVIHPMZI
PSEHERH
G
-RXLIWIGSRHGEWI'EWI&SJ*MK
XLIIRXMVI
SJXLIKMVHIVXLI8FIEQIJJIGXQE]FIXEOIRMRXSEGGSYRX KMVHIVWLSYPHFIPSEHIH[MXLXLIJEGXSVIHHIEHPSEHERHXLI
4SWMXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHGSQTP][MXL EPXIVREXIIZIRWTERWWLSYPHFIPSEHIH[MXLXLIJEGXSVIHPMZI
%X MRXIVREP WYTTSVXW EX E HMWXERGI IUYEP XS R QIEWYVIH PSEH
JVSQ XLI WYTTSVX JEGI MRXS XLI WTER YT XS SRILEPJ SJ XLI 9RFEPERGIH QSQIRX HMWXVMFYXMSR{8S HMWXVMFYXI
TSWMXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXQE]FIGYXSJJMJXLIVIEVI XLI YRFEPERGIH QSQIRX XS GSPYQRW SV [EPPW EFSZI ERH
RSGSRGIRXVEXIHPSEHW[MXLMRXLEXHMWXERGI*MKEERH FIPS[XLIKMVHIVE
ETTPMIWXSVSSJNSMRXWERHF
ERH G
F
ETTP] XS NSMRXW [MXL GSPYQRWv XST ERH FSXXSQ SV E JVEQI
2IKEXMZI QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX{8LI RIKEXMZI EREP]WMWGSQTP]MRK[MXLWLSYPHFITIVJSVQIH
QSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXEVIEWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHYWMRKXLI E
*SVVSSJNSMRXW8]TIW()ERH*SJ*MK
XLI
PEVKIVZEPYISJ1YzGSQTYXIHEXFSXLWMHIWSJXLIWYTTSVX GSPYQRJEGXSVIHQSQIRXWLSYPHGSVVIWTSRHXS 1Y
8LMWVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHGSQTP][MXL;LIREWPEF F
*SVNSMRXW[MXLGSPYQRWXSTERHFSXXSQ8]TIW%&
MWTVIWIRXMRXLIYTTIVTEVXSJXLIWIGXMSRSV[LIRXLIKMVHIV ERH ' SJ *MK
XLI YRFEPERGIH QSQIRX WLSYPH FI
MW8WLETIHRIKEXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHGSQTP] HMWXVMFYXIHXSXLIGSPYQRSV[EPPEFSZIYWMRK)UE
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
*MK E{6IMRJSVGIQIRX MR KMVHIVW XLEX EVI TEVX SJ E QSQIRXVIWMWXMRK JVEQI
WYTTSVXIHF]GSPYQRWSVVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI[EPPW
*MKF{6IMRJSVGIQIRXMRKMVHIVWXLEXEVITEVXSJXLITIVMQIXIVJVEQI
*MK{+MVHIVYRFEPERGIHQSQIRXXSFIXVERWJIVVIHXSGSPYQRW
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
(IEH PSEH ERH PMZI PSEH{:EPYIW SJ UH JSV HIEH
PSEHWLSYPHMRGPYHIWPEFWIPJ[IMKLXERHXLI[IMKLXSJXLI
horizontal and vertical nonstructural elements as defined in
8LI ZEPYI U JSV PMZI PSEH WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH F]
;LIVIXLIWPEFMWTEVXSJXLIVSSJW]WXIQVSSJPMZIPSEH
KMZIRMRVEMRPSEHMRERHWRS[PSEHWMRWLSYPH
FIMRGPYHIHEWETTVSTVMEXI
*EGXSVIH PSEHW{*EGXSVIH PSEH UY WLSYPH FI XLI
PEVKIWXZEPYIHIXIVQMRIHYWMRKPSEHJEGXSVWERHPSEHGSQFM
REXMSRWMR
{(MQIRWMSREPPMQMXW
+IRIVEP{-REHHMXMSRXS'LETXIVXLIWPEFMRWPEF
GSPYQRW]WXIQWWLSYPHGSQTP][MXLXLIHMQIRWMSREPPMQMXW
*MK{.SMRXX]TIWJSVHIXIVQMREXMSRSJGSPYQRQSQIRXW MRERHXLIVIWXVMGXMSRWSJJSVWPEFGSPYQRW]WXIQW
'SPYQRWXVMT{%GSPYQRWXVMTMWEHIWMKRWXVMT[MXL
I c hpi E [MHXL SR IEGL WMHI SJ E GSPYQR GIRXIVPMRI IUYEP XS
up SV [LMGLIZIVMWPIWW*MK
;LIVIXLIWXVMTMWEHNE
Mu up
Mu E
I c hpi I c hpi GIRXERHTEVEPPIPXSERIHKIXLIGSPYQRWXVMT[MHXLSRXLI
up down
I\XIVREPWMHIWLSYPHFIXLIHMWXERGIJVSQXLIGSPYQRGIRXIV
PMRIXSXLIIHKI[MXLSYXI\GIIHMRKXLI[MHXLSJXLIMRXIVREP
G
*SVNSMRXW[MXLGSPYQRWXSTERHFSXXSQ8]TIW%&ERH side. For waffle-slabs, the column strip comprises all joists
'SJ*MK
XLIYRFEPERGIHQSQIRXWLSYPHFIHMWXVMFYXIH XLEX IRKEKI XLI GSPYQR GETMXEP 6IJIV XS JSV XLI
XSXLIGSPYQRSV[EPPFIPS[YWMRK)UF
QMRMQYQRYQFIVSJNSMWXWXLEXWLSYPHIRKEKIXLIGETMXEP
1MHHPI WXVMT{% QMHHPI WXVMT MW E HIWMKR WXVMT
I c hpi FSYRHIHF]X[SGSPYQRWXVMTW*MK
down
Mu Mu Definition of a panel{%TERIPMWFSYRHIHF]GSPYQR
down
I c hpi I c hpi F
up down SV[EPPGIRXIVPMRIWSREPPWMHIW*MK
1MRMQYQWPEFXLMGORIWW{1MRMQYQWPEFXLMGORIWW
XSQIIXXLIWIVZMGIEFMPMX]PMQMXWXEXISJWPEFGSPYQRW]WXIQW
H
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ERHF
-GWLSYPHFIIZEPYEXIH WLSYPHGSRJSVQXS
YWMRK)UG
*MK
6IWXVMGXMSRSRGSPYQRHMQIRWMSRW{-RWPEFGSPYQR
W]WXIQW XLI VEXMS SJ PSRKXSWLSVX GVSWWWIGXMSREP GSPYQR
3
c c HMQIRWMSRWWLSYPHRSXI\GIIH
c G
7YTTSVXHMQIRWMSRWERHGPIEVWTER{*SVEWPEFW]WXIQ
WYTTSVXIHF]GSPYQRWSV[EPPWXLIGPIEVWTER RWLSYPHI\XIRH
[LIVI FG MW XLI GSPYQR HMQIRWMSR SV [EPP WIGXMSR MR XLI JVSQJEGIXSJEGISJGSPYQRWGETMXEPWFVEGOIXWSV[EPPW
HMVIGXMSRTIVTIRHMGYPEVXSXLIKMVHIVWTERLGMWXLIGSPYQR 3XLIV VIWXVMGXMSRW{7PEFGSPYQR W]WXIQW WLSYPH
HMQIRWMSR SV [EPP WIGXMSR MR XLI HMVIGXMSR TEVEPPIP XS XLI GSQTP][MXLE
XLVSYKLJ
KMVHIVWTERERHLTMMWXLIGSPYQRSV[EPPWXSV]LIMKLX E
8LIVIWLSYPHFIEQMRMQYQSJXLVIIGSRXMRYSYWWTERW
MRIEGLHMVIGXMSR
',%48)6{70%&'309127=78)17 F
4ERIPWWLSYPHFIVIGXERKYPEV[MXLEVEXMSSJPSRKIVXS
{+IRIVEP WLSVXIVWTERGIRXIVXSGIRXIVSJWYTTSVXW[MXLMRETERIPRSX
7PEFWMRWPEFGSPYQRW]WXIQWEWHIWGVMFIHMRWLSYPH KVIEXIVXLER
be designed using Chapter 9. The design of waffle-slabs as G
7YGGIWWMZI WTER PIRKXLW QIEWYVIH GIRXIVXSGIRXIV SJ
HIWGVMFIHMRMWMRGPYHIH WYTTSVXWMRIEGLHMVIGXMSRWLSYPHRSXFIWQEPPIVXLERTIVGIRX
SJ XLI EHNEGIRX PEVKIV WTER I\GITX MR IPIZEXSV ERH WXEMV GSVIW
{0SEHW
0SEHWXSFIMRGPYHIH{7IVZMGIPSEHWJSVWPEFWXLEX H
'SPYQRWQE]FISJJWIXF]EQE\MQYQSJTIVGIRX
EVITEVXSJWPEFGSPYQRW]WXIQWWLSYPHFIIWXEFPMWLIHJVSQ SJXLIWTERMRHMVIGXMSRSJSJJWIX
JVSQIMXLIVE\MWFIX[IIR
'LETXIV +VEZMX] PSEHW XLEX WLSYPH FI MRGPYHIH MR XLI GIRXIVPMRIWSJWYGGIWWMZIGSPYQRW
HIWMKREVI I
%PPPSEHWWLSYPHFIHYIXSKVEZMX]SRP]ERHFIYRMJSVQP]
(a) Dead loads: Slab self-weight, flat nonstructural HMWXVMFYXIHSZIVERIRXMVITERIPERH
elements, standing nonstructural elements, and fixed equip J
9RJEGXSVIH PMZI PSEH U WLSYPH RSX I\GIIH X[MGI XLI
QIRXPSEHWMJER] YRJEGXSVIHHIEHPSEHUH
F
0MZIPSEHWERH (YGXWWLEJXWERHSTIRMRKW
G
;LIVI XLI WPEF MW TEVX SJ XLI VSSJ W]WXIQ ETTVSTVMEXI +IRIVEP (YGXW WLEJXW ERH STIRMRKW MR XLI WPEF
ZEPYIWSJVSSJPMZIPSEHVEMRPSEHERHWRS[PSEHWLSYPHFIYWIH WLSYPHGSQTP][MXL ERH
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
*MK{'SPYQRERHQMHHPIWXVMTW
3TIRMRKWMRQMHHPIWXVMTW{3TIRMRKWSJER]WM^I
EVI TIVQMXXIH MR XLI EVIE GSQQSR XS MRXIVWIGXMRK QMHHPI
WXVMTW TVSZMHIH XSXEP EVIE SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR XLI TERIP
[MXLSYXXLISTIRMRKMWQEMRXEMRIH
3TIRMRKWMRGSPYQRWXVMTW{-RXLIEVIEGSQQSR
XSMRXIVWIGXMRKGSPYQRWXVMTWRSXQSVIXLERSRIIMKLXLXLI
GSPYQRWXVMT[MHXLMRIMXLIVWTERWLSYPHFIMRXIVVYTXIHF]
*MK{)JJIGXSJSTIRMRKWMRXLIWPEF
STIRMRKW%REVIESJVIMRJSVGIQIRXIUYMZEPIRXXSXLEXMRXIV
VYTXIH F] ER STIRMRK WLSYPH FI EHHIH SRXLI WMHIW SJ XLI
STIRMRK;LIRERSTIRMRKMWPSGEXIHMRXLIGSPYQRWXVMTSV F
*PI\YVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHGSQTP][MXL
EXEHMWXERGIPIWWXLERXMQIWXLIWPEFXLMGORIWWJVSQXLI (c) Slab reinforcement in waffle-slabs over cellular spaces
support face, or within the capital zone in waffle-systems, WLSYPHGSQTP][MXL
XLIGVMXMGEPWIGXMSRTIVMQIXIVFS defined in WLSYPHFI (d) Joists in waffle-slab systems should comply with
modified by removing that part of the perimeter enclosed by flexural reinforcement, and XVERWZIVWIVIMRJSVGIQIRX
WXVEMKLXPMRIWTVSNIGXMRKJVSQXLIGIRXVSMHSJXLIWYTTSVXERH (e) Reinforcement in joists of waffle-slabs should meet
XERKIRXXSXLIFSYRHEVMIWSJXLISTIRMRK*MK
JSVNSMWXWPSGEXIHMRXLIQMHHPI WXVMTERHSJ JSV
3TIRMRKWMR^SRIWGSQQSRXSGSPYQRERHQMHHPI NSMWXWPSGEXIHMRXLIGSPYQRWXVMTERH
WXVMTW{-R XLI EVIE GSQQSR XS SRI GSPYQR WXVMT ERH SRI (f) Reinforcement in waffle-slabs need not comply with
QMHHPIWXVMTRSXQSVIXLERSRIUYEVXIVSJXLIVIMRJSVGIQIRX XS
MRIMXLIVWXVMTWLSYPHFIMRXIVVYTXIHF]STIRMRKW%REVIESJ 4SWMXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRX
VIMRJSVGIQIRXIUYMZEPIRXXSXLEXMRXIVVYTXIHF]ERSTIRMRK (IWGVMTXMSR{4SWMXMZI QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX
WLSYPHFIEHHIHSRXLIWMHIWSJXLISTIRMRK WLSYPHFITVSZMHIHMRXLIPS[IVTEVXSJXLIWPEFWIGXMSREW
(VSTTERIPW{(VSTTERIPWWLSYPHGSQTP][MXLXLI MRHMGEXIHMR'LETXIVERHWLSYPHGSQTP][MXL
HMQIRWMSREP PMQMXW SJ *MK H
-R WPEF VIMR 0SGEXMSR{4SWMXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPH
JSVGIQIRXGEPGYPEXMSRWXLIHVSTTERIPXLMGORIWWFIPS[XLI FITVSZMHIHMRFSXLHMVIGXMSRW4SWMXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGI
WPEF WLSYPH RSX FI EWWYQIH KVIEXIV XLER SRIUYEVXIV XLI QIRX WLSYPH FI PSGEXIH EW GPSWI XS XLI FSXXSQ WYVJEGI SJ
HMWXERGIJVSQHVSTTERIPIHKIXSIHKISJGSPYQRSVGSPYQR XLIWPEFEWTVEGXMGEFPIJSPPS[MRK 7LSVXWTERTSWMXMZI
GETMXEP moment flexural reinforcement should be located below the
Waffle-slab systems{.SMWXWWPEFWWTERRMRKFIX[IIR long-span positive moment flexural reinforcement.
joists, and capitals of two-way waffle-slab systems should 1MRMQYQ VIMRJSVGIQIRX EVIE{4SWMXMZI QSQIRX
GSQTP][MXLXLIHMQIRWMSREPPMQMXWSJERH VIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHLEZIEREVIEEXPIEWXIUYEPXSXLIEVIE
HIXIVQMRIHF]
{6IMRJSVGIQIRXHIXEMPW 1E\MQYQ VIMRJSVGIQIRXEVIE{4SWMXMZIQSQIRX
+IRIVEP{7PEF VIMRJSVGIQIRX SJ WPEFGSPYQR VIMRJSVGIQIRXEVIEWLSYPHRSXI\GIIHZEPYIWMR
W]WXIQWWLSYPHFISJXLIX]TIWHIWGVMFIHERHWLSYPHGSQTP] 1E\MQYQ VIMRJSVGIQIRX WTEGMRK{4SWMXMZI
[MXLMREHHMXMSRXSE
XLVSYKLJ
*MK
QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX EX GVMXMGEP WIGXMSRW WLSYPH RSX FI
E
7PEF VIMRJSVGIQIRX EVIE MR IEGL HMVIGXMSR WLSYPH FI WTEGIHJYVXLIVETEVXXLERX[MGIXLIWPEFXLMGORIWW
HIXIVQMRIH JVSQ QSQIRXW EX GVMXMGEP WIGXMSRW FYX WLSYPH 'YXSJJTSMRXW{%PPFSXXSQFEVW[MXLMRXLIGSPYQR
RSXFIPIWWXLERWLVMROEKIERHXIQTIVEXYVIVIMRJSVGIQIRXMR WXVMT MR IEGL HMVIGXMSR WLSYPH FI GSRXMRYSYW SV WTPMGIH
GSQTP]MRK[MXLEXPSGEXMSRWWLS[RMR*MK%X
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
*MK{1MRMQYQPIRKXLSJWPEFVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRWPEFGSPYQRW]WXIQW
+IRIVEP{7LIEV WXVIRKXL JSV X[S[E] EGXMSR 8[S[E] EGXMSR WLIEV WXVIRKXL{7LIEV WXVIRKXL
WLIEVSVTYRGLMRKWLIEVWLSYPHFIMRZIWXMKEXIHEXIHKIWSJ WLSYPH FI XLI ZEPYI HIXIVQMRIH JVSQ )U
[MXL
GSPYQRWGSRGIRXVEXIHPSEHWERHWYTTSVXWERHEXGLERKIW !
SJXLMGORIWWWYGLEWIHKIWSJGETMXEPWERHHVSTTERIPW
Definition of critical section for two-way shear{ Vn Vc 4 fc bo d
ps
)EGLSJXLIGVMXMGEPWIGXMSRWMRZIWXMKEXIHWLSYPHFIPSGEXIH
fc
WSXLEXXLITIVMQIXIVFS is as defined in *MKFYXRIIH
Vn Vc ps bo d (SI)
RSXETTVSEGLGPSWIVXLEREHMWXERGIHXSIHKIWSVGSVRIVW 3
SJGSPYQRWERHXSGLERKIWMRWPEFXLMGORIWWWYGLEWIHKIW
SJGETMXEPWSVHVSTTERIPW [LIVI TWWLSYPHFIXEOIREW
JSVFSH c
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
*MK{&IEQEGXMSRWLIEVWXVIRKXLMRWSPMHWPEFW
*MK{8VMFYXEV]EVIEWJSVTYRGLMRKWLIEV
sions. In waffle-slab systems, calculations for punching
WLIEVEVIRIIHIHSRP]MRXLIGVMXMGEP^SRI[MXLMRXLIGETMXEP WLSYPH FI MRZIWXMKEXIH EX E HMWXERGI H JVSQ XLI JEGI SJ
*SVMRXIVMSVGSPYQRW GSPYQRWGSRGIRXVEXIHPSEHWERHWYTTSVXW
6IUYMVIHWLIEVWXVIRKXL{*EGXSVIHFIEQEGXMSRWLIEV
hc bc
2
Vu hc bc :YWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHEWXLIXSXEPJEGXSVIHPSEHUYQYPXMTPMIH
d F]XLIEVIEFSYRHIHF]TERIPGIRXIVPMRIWSJXLIGSPYQRERHE
4 6 fc 4 PMRIEXEHMWXERGIHJVSQXLIJEGISJXLIGSPYQR*MK
E
2 1MRMQYQWPEFXLMGORIWWEWVIUYMVIHF]FIEQEGXMSR
hc bc 2Vu hc bc WLIEV
d (SI)
4 fc 4 7SPMHWPEFW{1MRMQYQIJJIGXMZIHITXLHEWVIPEXIH
XS FIEQEGXMSR WLIEV WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH F] GSQFMRMRK
)U
[MXL)U
ERHWSPZMRKJSVH
*SVIHKIGSPYQRW[MXLLGTEVEPPIPXSIHKI
Vu
2 d
hc 2bc Vu hc 2bc 2 fc
d 2
4 6 fc 4
F
6Vu
2
d (SI)
hc 2bc 2Vu hc 2 bc 2 fc
d (SI)
4 fc 4
*SVIHKIGSPYQRW[MXLFGTEVEPPIPXSIHKI [LIVI ! 8LI PEVKIWX ZEPYI SJ H HIXIVQMRIH JSV EPP
HMVIGXMSRWEXEPPGSPYQRWMRXIVMSVIHKIERHGSVRIV
WLSYPH
FIYWIH-JXLIGVMXMGEPWIGXMSRGYXWEGVSWWE^SRI[MXLEHVST
2hc bc
2
Vu 2hc bc TERIPERHE^SRI[MXLSYXEHVSTTERIPXLI[IMKLXIHEZIVEKI
d ZEPYISJHWLSYPHFIYWIH
4 6 fc 4
G
Waffle-slabs—In waffle-slabs, the transverse
2
2hc bc 2Vu 2hc bc HMQIRWMSR SJ XLI GETMXEP WLSYPH FI YWIH MR )U
d (SI) MRWXIEHSJ %REHHMXMSREPGVMXMGEPWIGXMSRMWEXXLIJEGISJ
4 fc 4
XLIGETMXEPYWMRKXLITVSZMWMSRWJSVNSMWXWMRERH [MXL
*SVGSVRIVGSPYQRW E GPIEV WTER IUYEP XS XLI GPIEV HMWXERGI FIX[IIR JEGIW SJ
GETMXEPW'SRXVMFYXMSRSJXLINSMWXWLIEVVIMRJSVGIQIRXQE]
hc bc
2
Vu hc bc FIMRGPYHIHMR XLI FIEQEGXMSRWLIEVWXVIRKXLSJ XLI NSMWXW
d XLEXIRKEKIXLIGSPYQRGETMXEP
2 3 fc 2
H
2
hc bc 4Vu hc bc {*PI\YVI
d (SI) 6IUYMVIHQSQIRXWXVIRKXL
2 fc 2
+IRIVEP{8LI JEGXSVIH QSQIRXW WLSYPH FI
GSQTYXIHJSPPS[MRK
XLVSYKL
{1MRMQYQWPEFXLMGORIWWEWVIUYMVIHF]FIEQ
8LIWPEFMWHMZMHIHMRXSHIWMKRWXVMTWMRFSXLHMVIGXMSRW
EGXMSR
)EGLWXVMTMRGPYHIWEGSPYQRSVWYTTSVXGIRXIVPMRIERH
+IRIVEP{8LIHIWMKRJSVFIEQEGXMSRWLIEVWXVIRKXL MWFSYRHIHF]TERIPGIRXIVPMRIWSRIEGLWMHI*MKE
SJEWPEFWIGXMSRWLSYPHFIIZEPYEXIHF]FIJSVIHIWMKRMRK
;LIVIXLIWXVMTMWEHNEGIRXXSERHTEVEPPIP[MXLEWPEF
the slab for flexure. Shear strength for beam-action shear IHKIMXWLSYPHMRGPYHIXLIIHKIGSPYQRSVWYTTSVXGIRXIVPMRI
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
*MK{8VMFYXEV]EVIEJSVFIEQEGXMSRWLIEV
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
*MKF{*EGXSVIHQSQIRXWMRXIVMSVWTERW
*MKG{*EGXSVIHQSQIRXWI\XIVMSVWTERW
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
YWIH XS HMWXVMFYXI QSQIRXW EW MRHMGEXIH F] 4SWMXMZI ERH PEXIVEP XMIW ERH QIQFIVW VIMRJSVGIH [MXL PSRKMXYHMREP
QSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHGSQTP][MXL *MK
FEVWERHEGSRXMRYSYWWTMVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRX6IGXERKYPEVERH
2IKEXMZI QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX{-R FSXL HMVIG GMVGYPEVWIGXMSRWEVITIVQMXXIH
XMSRW XLI RIKEXMZI QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX VEXMS MR XLI
HMVIGXMSR SJ XLI WTER WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH YWMRK ZEPYIW {0SEHW
SJ 1YzHIXIVQMRIHJVSQ *MK F ERH G
0SEHWXSFIMRGPYHIH{*SVGSPYQRWFIPSRKMRKXS
JSVXLIWXVMTYRHIVGSRWMHIVEXMSR*SVRIKEXMZIQSQIRXWMR JVEQIW SV WPEFGSPYQR W]WXIQW XLI XVMFYXEV] PSEHW JVSQ
XLIGSPYQRWXVMTXLIWXVMT[MHXL F should be as defined in each floor plus self-weight of the column should be included.
*SV RIKEXMZI QSQIRXW MR XLI SRILEPJ QMHHPI WXVMTW 8VMFYXEV]PSEHWWLSYPHGSRJSVQXS'LETXIVERHXLITEVXMG
SRIEGLWMHIXLIWXVMT[MHXLWLSYPHFIGSRWMWXIRX[MXLXLI YPEVPSEHWSJIEGLXVMFYXEV]QIQFIVX]TI*MKEERH
[MHXL YWIH XS HMWXVMFYXI QSQIRXW EW MRHMGEXIH F] *MKF
2IKEXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHGSQTP][MXL (IEH PSEH ERH PMZI PSEH{:EPYIW SJ 4H JSV HIEH
*MK
-RXLIGSPYQRWXVMTEXWYTTSVXWXLIYRFEPERGIH PSEH ERH 4 JSV PMZI PSEH WLSYPH FI EGGYQYPEXIH MRHITIR
QSQIRXXVERWJIVSJ ERH WLSYPHFIQIX*SV dently and combined at each floor. 4HWLSYPHMRGPYHIWIPJ
YRIUYEPWXVMT[MHXLWQIIXMRKEXEWYTTSVXXLIVIMRJSVGIQIRX [IMKLXSJXLIGSPYQR7IPJ[IMKLXWLSYPHYWIXLIHIEHPSEH
JVSQIEGLWMHIPIEHMRKXSXLIPEVKIVRIKEXMZIQSQIRXVIMR JEGXSV SJ XLI GSVVIWTSRHMRK PSEH GSQFMREXMSR IUYEXMSRW MR
JSVGIQIRXVEXMS WLSYPHFIYWIH 7IPJ[IMKLXWLSYPHFIETTPMIHEXXLIPS[IVTEVXSJXLI
Joist reinforcement of waffle-slab systems GSPYQRMRXLEXWXSV]*MKF
Positive moment reinforcement in joists of waffle- 6IUYMVIHWXVIRKXL{:EPYIWSJXLIJEGXSVIHPSEH4Y
WPEFW{4SWMXMZI QSQIRXW YWIH XS GEPGYPEXI VIMRJSVGIQIRX JSV ERHJEGXSVIHQSQIRX1YWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHEXXLIYTTIV
IEGLNSMWXWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHYWMRKZEPYIWSJ1YJVSQ and lower part of each column at each floor. The direction
HMZMHIHF]XLIRYQFIVSJNSMWXW[MXLMRXLIWXVMTYRHIVGSRWMH MRTPEREPSRK[LMGLXLIQSQIRXW1Y\ERH1Y]EGXWLSYPHFI
IVEXMSR 8FIEQ IJJIGX EW MRHMGEXIH MR QE] FI YWIH RSXIH*MKF
4SWMXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHGSQTP][MXL
I\GITXXLEXXLIVIMRJSVGIQIRXGYXSJJWLSYPHGSQTP][MXL {(MQIRWMSREPPMQMXW
Negative moment reinforcement in joists of waffle- +IRIVEP{-R EHHMXMSR XS 'LETXIV GSPYQRW
WPEFW{2IKEXMZI QSQIRXW YWIH XS GEPGYPEXI VIMRJSVGI WLSYPHGSQTP][MXLXLIKIRIVEPHMQIRWMSREPPMQMXWWIXJSVXL
QIRX JSV IEGL NSMWX WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH YWMRK ZEPYIW SJ MR 'SPYQRWWLSYPHFIZIVXMGEPERHWLSYPHFIGSRXMRYSYW
1YzJVSQHMZMHIHF]XLIRYQFIVSJNSMWXW[MXLMRXLI HS[R XS XLI JSYRHEXMSR 'SPYQR WIGXMSR WLETI WLSYPH FI
WXVMT YRHIV GSRWMHIVEXMSR 2IKEXMZI QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX IMXLIVVIGXERKYPEVSVGMVGYPEV
WLSYPH GSQTP] [MXL I\GITX XLEX XLI VIMRJSVGIQIRX (MQIRWMSREPPMQMXW
GYXSJJWLSYPHGSQTP][MXL 1MRMQYQGVSWWWIGXMSREPHMQIRWMSRWJSVVIGXER
Shear reinforcement in joists of waffle-slabs{ KYPEVGSPYQRW{'VSWWWIGXMSREPHMQIRWMSRWJSVVIGXERKYPEV
:EPYIW SJ :Y EX XLI WYTTSVXW WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH YWMRK GSPYQRWWLSYPHGSQTP][MXLE
ERHF
*MK
7LIEVVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHGSQTP][MXL E
8LIPIEWXGVSWWWIGXMSREPHMQIRWMSRWLSYPHRSXFIPIWW
ERH 7XMVVYT WTEGMRK W should be defined for the XLERMRQQ
ERH
HMJJIVIRXVIKMSRW[MXLMRXLIWTER1MRMQYQWXMVVYTWTEGMRK F
6EXMS SJ XLI PSRK GVSWWWIGXMSREP HMQIRWMSR XS XLI
EW MRHMGEXIH F] should be used. The first stirrup WLSVXHMQIRWMSRWLSYPHRSXI\GIIHI\GITXMRWPEFGSPYQR
WLSYPHRSXFITPEGIHJYVXLIVXLERWJVSQXLIWYTTSVXJEGI W]WXIQW[LIVIMXWLSYPHRSXI\GIIH
[MXL WFIMRKXLIWXMVVYTWTEGMRKEXXLIWYTTSVX
{'EPGYPEXMSRSJWYTTSVXVIEGXMSRW
:IVXMGEP VIEGXMSRW EX GSPYQRW ERH [EPPW{:IVXMGEP
VIEGXMSRW SJ XLI WYTTSVXMRK QIQFIVW 6Y WLSYPH FI HIXIV
QMRIH EW XLI XSXEP JEGXSVIH HIWMKR PSEH UY QYPXMTPMIH F]
XLIEVIE FSYRH F] TERIP GIRXIVPMRIWEVSYRHXLI WYTTSVXMRK
QIQFIV*MK
'SPYQRERH[EPPQSQIRXWJVSQZIVXMGEPPSEHMRK{
'SPYQRWERH[EPPWFYMPXMRXIKVEPP][MXLEWPEFW]WXIQWLSYPH
VIWMWXYRFEPERGIHQSQIRXWHYIXSJEGXSVIHPSEHWSRXLIWPEF
W]WXIQ 9RFEPERGIH QSQIRXW 1Y WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH
JVSQ ERHWLSYPHFIHMWXVMFYXIHXSXLIGSPYQRWEFSZI
ERHFIPS[XLIWPEFYWMRKXLITVSGIHYVISJ
',%48)6{'309127
{+IRIVEP
'SPYQRW WLSYPH FI HIWMKRIH YWMRK 'LETXIV 8LMW *MK E{*EGXSVIH GSPYQR PSEHW ERH QSQIRXW JVSQ
GLETXIVETTPMIWXSQIQFIVWVIMRJSVGIH[MXLPSRKMXYHMREPFEVW single floor and in one direction.
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
1MRMQYQGVSWWWIGXMSREPHMQIRWMSRJSVGMVGYPEV
GSPYQRW{'SPYQRW [MXL E GMVGYPEV GVSWW WIGXMSR WLSYPH
LEZIEHMEQIXIVSJEXPIEWXMRQQ
*MK
(MWXERGIFIX[IIRPEXIVEPWYTTSVXW
+IRIVEP—It should be assumed that the floor
W]WXIQTVSZMHIWGSPYQRPEXIVEPVIWXVEMRXMRFSXLLSVM^SRXEP
HMVIGXMSRWEXEPPWYTTSVXIHPIZIPW*MK
*MK {1MRMQYQ GVSWWWIGXMSREP HMQIRWMSRW JSV
-RXIVMSV GSPYQRW{*SV MRXIVMSV GSPYQRW XLI
VIGXERKYPEVGSPYQRW
GSPYQRGVSWWWIGXMSRHMQIRWMSRTEVEPPIPXSXLIHMVIGXMSRSJ
XLIWYTTSVXWLSYPHRSXFIPIWWXLERSJXLIGPIEVZIVXMGEP
HMWXERGIFIX[IIRPEXIVEPWYTTSVXWLR*MK
)HKIGSPYQRW{*SVIHKIGSPYQRWGSPYQRGVSWW
WIGXMSRHMQIRWMSRTIVTIRHMGYPEVXSXLIIHKIWLSYPHRSXFI
PIWW XLER SRIRMRXL SJ XLI GPIEV ZIVXMGEP HMWXERGI FIX[IIR
PEXIVEPWYTTSVXWLR*MK
'SVRIVGSPYQRW{*SVGSVRIVGSPYQRWQMRMQYQ *MK {1MRMQYQ GVSWWWIGXMSREP HMQIRWMSR JSV
GSPYQRGVSWWWIGXMSRHMQIRWMSRWLSYPHFISRIIMKLXLSJXLIGPIEV GMVGYPEVGSPYQRW
ZIVXMGEPHMWXERGIFIX[IIRPEXIVEPWYTTSVXWLR*MK
'SPYQRFYMPXQSRSPMXLMGEPP][MXL[EPP{)JJIGXMZI 0SRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGIQIRX
GVSWWWIGXMSRSJEXMIHSVWTMVEPP]VIMRJSVGIHGSPYQRXLEXMW (IWGVMTXMSR ERH PSGEXMSR{0SRKMXYHMREP VIMR
QSRSPMXLMG[MXLEGSRGVIXI[EPPWLSYPHFIXEOIRRSXKVIEXIV JSVGIQIRXWLSYPHFITVSZMHIHEXXLITIVMTLIV]SJXLIGSPYQR
XLERMRQQ
SYXWMHIXLIXMISVWTMVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRX WIGXMSR 0SRKMXYHMREP VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLSYPH FI PSGEXIH EW
SVXLIPEXIVEP[EPPJEGIW*MK
GPSWIXSXLIGSPYQRPEXIVEPWYVJEGIWEWTVEGXMGEFPIJSPPS[MRK
XVERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX ERH GSRGVIXI GSZIV ERH
{6IMRJSVGIQIRXHIXEMPW
8LI EVIE SJ PSRKMXYHMREP VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLSYPH
+IRIVEP{'SPYQR VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLSYPH FI SJ FIEHIUYEXIXSVIWMWXXLIWMQYPXERISYWEGXMSRSJEJEGXSVIH
XLIX]TIWHIWGVMFIHMR'LETXIVERHWLSYPHGSQTP][MXL E\MEPPSEHERHJEGXSVIHQSQIRXWEGXMRKEFSYXXLIX[SQEMR
XS GSPYQRE\IW*MKF
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
*MK{0EXIVEPVIWXVEMRXJSVGSPYQRW
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
*MKE{8]TMGEPGSPYQRVIMRJSVGIQIRXPE]SYX
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
*MKF{8]TMGEPGSPYQRVIMRJSVGIQIRXPE]SYXMRLMKLWIMWQMG^SRIW
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
8EFPI {1E\MQYQRYQFIVSJPSRKMXYHMREP
FEVWMRGMVGYPEVGSPYQRW
1E\MQYQRYQFIVSJ
'SPYQRHMEQIXIVLMRQQ
PSRKMXYHMREPFEVW
L MRQQ
7IGXMSRRSXTIVQMXXIH
h
MRQQ
c L c he6 e 6 FEVW
25
*MK{0SRKMXYHMREPFEVSJJWIX
*MKE{,SVM^SRXEPXMIEVVERKIQIRX
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
{*PI\YVI
*EGXSVIH PSEHW ERH QSQIRXW{*EGXSVIH E\MEP
PSEH 4YERHQSQIRX1YEXXLIWIGXMSRYRHIVGSRWMHIVEXMSR
WLSYPHFIFEWIHSR
8VMEPGVSWWWIGXMSREPHMQIRWMSRWERHPSRKMXYHMREP
VIMRJSVGIQIRX
8VMEP GVSWWWIGXMSREP HMQIRWMSRW{8VMEP GVSWW
WIGXMSREPHMQIRWMSRWWLSYPHFIIWXEFPMWLIHEWJSPPS[W
E
8VMEP KVSWW GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE %K WLSYPH FI HIXIV
*MK{7TMVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXSJGSPYQR QMRIHJVSQ)UE
E
F
*SVVIGXERKYPEVGVSWWWIGXMSRWXLIPIEWXHMQIRWMSRFG
WLSYPHGSQTP][MXL
*MK{'SPYQRXMIWMRGSPYQRKMVHIVNSMRXW G
*SVVIGXERKYPEVGVSWWWIGXMSRWXLIPEVKIVHMQIRWMSRLG
WLSYPHGSQTP][MXL
Ab g d cs e db Ag fc
s 0.45 1
c
Acs s Acs f yt
c n for central columns G
n for edge columns
[LIVI %FMWXLIEVIESJXLIWTMVEPFEVSV[MVIHFMWXLIWTMVEP n for corner columns
FEVSV[MVIHMEQIXIVHGWMWXLISYXWMHIHMEQIXIVSJXLIWTMVEP
WMWXLIZIVXMGEPWTEGMRKSJXLIWTMVEP%GWMWXLIEVIESJXLI H
*SV GMVGYPEV GSPYQRW XLI HMEQIXIV L WLSYPH GSQTP]
confined column core measured from the outside diameter of [MXL
XLIWTMVEP%GW!gHGW %KMWXLIKVSWWGSPYQRWIGXMSREVIE
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
2 2
Vu Vu y
x
1.0
Vn x
Vn y
{'EPGYPEXMSRSJJSYRHEXMSRVIEGXMSR
:IVXMGEP PSEH VIEGXMSR{:IVXMGEP PSEH VIEGXMSR 6Y
Fig. 11.1.2.3—Confinement stirrup spacing.
EXXLIJSYRHEXMSRWLSYPHFIIUYEPXSXLIZEPYISJ 4YEXXLI
GSPYQRPS[IVIRHHMVIGXP]EFSZIXLIJSYRHEXMSR
1SQIRX VIEGXMSR{9RFEPERGIH QSQIRX VIEGXMSR F
,SSTWWLSYPHFIGPSWIHWXMVVYTWEXPIEWXMRQQ
1Y EXXLI JSYRHEXMSR WLSYPH FI IUYEP XS XLI ZEPYI SJ 1Y diameter, with hooks as definedMRH
ERHGSQTP]MRK[MXL
EXXLIGSPYQRPS[IVIRHHMVIGXP]EFSZIXLIJSYRHEXMSR8LMW GSPYQRXMIW'VSWWXMIWWLSYPHGSQTP][MXL I
YRFEPERGIHQSQIRXWLSYPHFIHMWXVMFYXIHXSXLIKVEHIFIEQW (c) The first hoop should be located no farther than 2 in.
ERHXLIJSYRHEXMSRQIQFIVWEWTVIWGVMFIHMR'LETXIV QQ
JVSQXLIWYTTSVXJEGI
H
,SSTWTEGMRKWLSYPHRSXI\GIIHXLIWQEPPIVSJHERH
',%48)6{7)-71-'6)7-78%2') MRQQ
ERH
{7TIGMEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXHIXEMPWJSVWIMWQMG I
*SV XLI GIRXVEP PIRKXL SJ XLI KMVHIV WTER FIX[IIR
^SRIW confinement zones, transverse reinforcement should be
+IRIVEP{8LI JSPPS[MRK WLSYPH FI YWIH JSV XLI GPSWIHWXMVVYTW [MXL LSSOW GSQTP]MRK [MXL H
ERH XLI
structural members located in seismic zones as defined by QE\MQYQWXMVVYTWTEGMRKWLSYPHFIH
7LIEV WXVIRKXL{-R EHHMXMSR XS E
XLVSYKL
*VEQIKMVHIVW I
WLSYPHEPWSFIQIX
(MQIRWMSREP PMQMXW{1MRMQYQ [MHXL F[ SJ E
%HHMXMSREPJEGXSVIHWLIEVJSVGI :IGSVVIWTSRHMRKXS
KMVHIVW WLSYPH FI MR QQ
ERH XLI KMVHIV WLSYPH XLI TVSFEFPI QSQIRX WXVIRKXL HIZIPSTQIRX SJ XLI WTER EX
GSQTP][MXL XLINSMRXJEGIWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHEWXLIPEVKIVZEPYIJVSQ
0SRKMXYHMREP VIMRJSVGIQIRX{-R EHHMXMSR XS )UE
ERH)UF
*MKE
E
XLVSYKLJ
WLSYPHFIQIX
E
%XPIEWXX[SXSTERHFSXXSQPSRKMXYHMREPFEVWWLSYPH M pr + M pr
left right
FITVSZMHIH Ve E
F
%X ER] WIGXMSR XLI VEXMSW SJ TSWMXMZI ERH RIKEXMZI n
QSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHFIIUYEPXSSVKVIEXIVXLERXLI
QMRMQYQMRHMGEXIHF]
M pr + M pr
G
%X ER] WIGXMSR XLITSWMXMZI ERH RIKEXMZI QSQIRX left right
Ve F
VIMRJSVGIQIRXVEXMSWWLSYPHRSXI\GIIH n
H
%VIE SJ TSWMXMZI QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX EX XLI NSMRX
JEGI WLSYPH RSX FI PIWW XLER SRILEPJ XLI EVIE SJ RIKEXMZI F
-R)UE
ERHF
1TVERH1TVzGSVVI
QSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXEXXLIWEQINSMRXJEGI WTSRH XS TSWMXMZI ERH RIKEXMZI TVSFEFPI QSQIRX WXVIRKXL
I
%VIESJTSWMXMZIERHRIKEXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXEX EXNSMRXJEGIWHIXIVQMRIHJVSQ)U
ERHYWMRKXLI
ER]WIGXMSRWLSYPHRSXFIPIWWXLERSRIJSYVXLXLIQE\MQYQ GSVVIWTSRHMRK PSRKMXYHMREP VIMRJSVGIQIRX ]MIPH WXVIRKXL
EVIESJRIKEXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXEXIMXLIVNSMRXJEGIERH J]TVMRWXIEHSJJ]J]TV!J]
ERHEWXVIRKXLVIHYGXMSRJEGXSV
J
0ETWTPMGIWWLSYPHRSXFIYWIHMRFIEQGSPYQRWNSMRXW !
and the confinement zones defined in 11.1.2.3(a). Full length G
8LIPEVKIWXZEPYISJ :IHIXIVQMRIHJVSQ)UE
of the lap splice should be confined with closed stirrups as SV)UF
WLSYPHFIEHHIHXS:YEXXLIWYTTSVXJEGI
defined in 11.1.2.3(b), with stirrup spacing not exceeding the ERH XLI WLIEV HMEKVEQ SJ WLSYPH FI VIGEPGYPEXIH
WQEPPIVSJHERHMRQQ
*MKF
8VERWZIVWIVIMRJSVGIQIRX{-REHHMXMSRXSE
H
8VERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX JSV WLIEV WLSYPH FI HIXIV
XLVSYKLI
WLSYPHFIQIX QMRIHEWTVIWGVMFIHMRI\GITX[LIVI :I:Y MWKVIEXIV
(a) Transverse reinforcement should be hoops (confine XLER :YJSVKVEZMX]PSEHWEXXLIWYTTSVXJEGI-RGSQTYXMRK
QIRXWXMVVYTW
EXFSXLIRHWSJXLIKMVHIVSZIVEHMWXERGIIUYEP WLIEV VIMRJSVGIQIRX XLI GSRXVMFYXMSR SJ GSRGVIXI XS WLIEV
XSX[MGIXLIQIQFIVHITXLLQIEWYVIHJVSQXLIJEGISJXLI WXVIRKXLWLSYPHFIXEOIREW^IVS :G = 0) in the confinement
WYTTSVXMRKQIQFIVXS[EVHQMHWTER*MK
^SRIWMRHMGEXIHMRE
ERH
I
,SSTW HIWGVMFIH MR WLSYPH FI GSRWMHIVIH
IJJIGXMZIWLIEVVIMRJSVGIQIRX
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
Ab fyt
sc
6 fc
Ab fyt
sc (SI)
15 fc
[LIVI %FMWXLILSSTERHGVSWWXMIFEVEVIEERHJ]XMWXLIRSQMREP
]MIPHWXVIRKXLSJXLILSSTERHGVSWWXMI*MKE
(f) The first hoop should be located no farther than 2 in.
QQ
JVSQXLINSMRXJEGI
*MK F{'EPGYPEXMSR SJ XLI WLIEV IRZIPSTI MR XLI
KMVHIV
*MK{1MRMQYQQSQIRXWXVIRKXLSJGSPYQRW
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
Ab g dcs e db fc
s 0.12
Acs s f yt
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
*MKF{1E\MQYQ1TVJSVGSPYQRWVIUYMVIHJSVGSPYQRWLIEV :I
*MKE{.SMRXWLIEVHIXIVQMREXMSR
Vu f ypr As As girder
Ve column
E
Fig. 11.1.4.4b—Definition of %N JSV KMVHIV [MHIV XLER
GSPYQRW
f ypr As girder
Ve column
ff
Vu F
ff A Ve
df ypr s girder column
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
*MK{&SYRHEV]IPIQIRXHMQIRWMSRW
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
*MK{'ETXMZISVWLSVXGSPYQRIJJIGX
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
*MK{6IMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI[EPP[MXLETTPMIHJEGXSVIHPSEHWERHQSQIRXW
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
*MK{'EPGYPEXMSRSJJEGXSVIHPEXIVEPJSVGIQSQIRXW
*MK{-RTPERIERHSYXSJTPERIPSEHW
*MK{6IMRJSVGIQIRXWTEGMRKMRVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI
[EPPW
ERH VSSJ WYTTSVXIH F] XLI [EPP 8LIWI FIEQW SV KMVHIVW
WLSYPHGSRJSVQXSERHGSRJSVQXSGSPPIGXSV
IPIQIRXW
{6IMRJSVGIQIRXHIXEMPW
*MK {1MRMQYQ GVSWWWIGXMSREP HMQIRWMSRW JSV +IRIVEP{6IMRJSVGIQIRX X]TIW WLSYPH FI EW
VIGXERKYPEVVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI[EPPW HIWGVMFIHMR'LETXIVERHWLSYPHGSQTP][MXLXS
TPEGIHEXSRIWMHISJXLIGVSWWWIGXMSR8VERWZIVWIGSPYQR 1E\MQYQ VIMRJSVGIQIRX WTEGMRK{1E\MQYQ
HMQIRWMSRWLSYPHQIIX ZIVXMGEPERHLSVM^SRXEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHFIXLIPIWWIVSJ
(MWXERGI FIX[IIR PEXIVEP WYTTSVXW{-X WLSYPH FI XLVIIXMQIWXLIVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI[EPPXLMGORIWWERHMR
assumed that lateral support is provided by the floor system QQ
*MK
EXEPPPIZIPWGSRRIGXIHXSXLI[EPP*MK
MRXLIX[S 2YQFIV SJ GYVXEMRW SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX{8[S
LSVM^SRXEPHMVIGXMSRW'PIEVZIVXMGEPHMWXERGIFIX[IIRPEXIVEP GYVXEMRW SV PE]IVW SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX LEZMRK FSXL ZIVXMGEP
WYTTSVXW LRWLSYPHRSXI\GIIHXMQIWXLI[EPPXLMGORIWW ERHLSVM^SRXEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHFITPEGIHMRGEWIWE
&IEQWSRXSTSJ[EPPW{&IEQWSVKMVHIVWWLSYPH F
ERHG
be provided for the full horizontal wall length at every floor E
;EPPXLMGORIWWI\GIIHWMRQQ
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
*MK{'EPGYPEXMSRSJZIVXMGEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXVEXMS
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
6IMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI[EPPVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRWIMWQMG Vc 2 fc bw w
^SRIW{-R [EPPW XLEX EVI TEVX SJ XLI PEXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRK
W]WXIQMRWIMWQMG^SRIWVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHGSQTP][MXL fc
Vc bw w (SI)
'LETXIV
6
[LIVI :G MW XLI GSRGVIXI GSRXVMFYXMSR XS XLI HIWMKR WLIEV {'EPGYPEXMSRSJVIEGXMSRWEXJSYRHEXMSR
WXVIRKXL ERH :W MW XLI VIMRJSVGIQIRX GSRXVMFYXMSR XS XLI :IVXMGEPPSEHVIEGXMSR{:IVXMGEPPSEHVIEGXMSR6YEX
HIWMKRWLIEVWXVIRKXLERH ! XLIJSYRHEXMSRWLSYPHFIIUYEPXSXLIZEPYISJ4YEXXLIPS[IV
'SRXVMFYXMSR SJ GSRGVIXI XS WLIEV WXVIRKXL{%X IRHSJXLI[EPPHMVIGXP]EFSZIXLIJSYRHEXMSR
IEGLGVMXMGEPPSGEXMSRXSFIMRZIWXMKEXIHSRP]XLI[EPP[IF 1SQIRX VIEGXMSR{9RFEPERGIH QSQIRX VIEGXMSR
WLSYPHFIGSRWMHIVIHXSGSQTYXI :GYWMRK)U
1Y MR IEGL TVMRGMTEP HMVIGXMSR EX XLI JSYRHEXMSR WLSYPH
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
FI IUYEP XS XLI ZEPYI SJ 1Y MR XLEX HMVIGXMSR EX XLI PS[IV
IRHSJXLI[EPPHMVIGXP]EFSZIXLIJSYRHEXMSR9RFEPERGIH
QSQIRXWWLSYPHFIHMWXVMFYXIHXSXLIJSYRHEXMSRQIQFIVEW
TVIWGVMFIHMR'LETXIV
{'SVI[EPPW
+IRIVEP{'SVI [EPPW YRHIV XLMW KYMHI EVI [EPPW
GSQTSWIHSJTPEREVIPIQIRXW[LSWILSVM^SRXEPWIGXMSRLEW
XLIWLETISJER-98SV'%PPSJ'LETXIVERH7IGXMSR
JSVWXVYGXYVIWPSGEXIHMRWIMWQMG^SRIWEVIETTPMGEFPI
XSGSVI[EPPW[MXLXLII\GITXMSRWRSXIHMRGYVVIRX
)QFIHHIH GSPYQRW EX GSVRIVW{%PP GSVRIVW SJ
MRXIVWIGXMRK TPEREV [EPP WIKQIRXW ERH EPP IHKIW SJ E GSVI
[EPP WLSYPH FI TVSZMHIH [MXL ER IQFIHHIH GSPYQR XLEX
GSQTPMIW[MXLXLIHMQIRWMSREPERHVIMRJSVGIQIRXPMQMXWJSV
GSPYQRW-JETTPMGEFPIXLIWIGSPYQRWWLSYPHGSQTP][MXL *MK {8]TMGEP GSVI [EPP WLS[MRK IQFIHHIH GSVRIV
FSYRHEV]IPIQIRXW GSPYQRW
0SEHW{0SEHWSRXLIGSVI[EPPWLSYPHFIGSQTYXIH
EWMRHMGEXIHMR [MXLXLII\GITXMSRXLEXMRMRWXIEH
SJ MRTPERI ERH SYXSJTPERI HMWXMRGXMSR JSV XLI LSVM^SRXEP
PSEHWXLIWIPSEHWWLSYPHFIGEPPIHXLITVMRGMTEPE\MWMRTPER
\ERH]EWWLS[RMR*MK
(MQIRWMSREPPMQMXW{8LIHMQIRWMSREPPMQMXWEWWIX
JSVXLMRETTP]XSGSVI[EPPWEWMRHMGEXIHJSVIEGLSJ
XLITPEREV[EPPGSQTSRIRXWSJXLIGSVI[EPP
6IMRJSVGIQIRX HIXEMPW{6IMRJSVGIQIRX HIXEMPW MR
ETTP]XSGSVI[EPPW
*PI\YVI{*EGXSVIH E\MEP PSEHW 4Y ERH QSQIRXW
1Y EX WIGXMSR YRHIV GSRWMHIVEXMSR WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH *MK{4VSGIHYVIJSVGSQTYXMRKXLIQSQIRXWXVIRKXL
JSPPS[MRK SJGSVI[EPP
*SV GSVI [EPPW XLI JEGXSVIH QSQIRX 1Y WLSYPH FI
GSQTYXIHMRFSXLTVMRGMTEPHMVIGXMSRW[MXLVIWTIGXXSERE\MW SJXLI[EPPQIEWYVIHJVSQXLIFEWISJXLI[EPPEXXLIJSYR
PSGEXIHMRXLIGIRXIVSJXLIWIGXMSRSJXLI[EPPMRXLIHMVIGXMSR dation to the section of interest. The effective flange width
SJMRXIVIWX TVIWIRXIH MR JSV MWSPEXIH 8FIEQW WLSYPH FI YWIH
1SQIRX WXVIRKXL JSV GSVI [EPPW WLSYPH FI GSQTYXIH EW [LIRXLILSVM^SRXEPWIGXMSRSJXLIGSVI[EPPMW8WLETIH
JSPPS[W 7LIEV{*EGXSVIH :Y WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH JVSQ
E
;LIR XLI [IF SV [IFW SJ XLI GSVI [EPPW EVI MR ZIVXMGEPPSEHWERHJVSQLSVM^SRXEPPSEHWEWMRHMGEXIHF]
compression and the flange in tension due to the flexural 8LIWLIEVWXVIRKXL :RSJXLIGSVI[EPPWLSYPHFIGSQTYXIH
QSQIRX*MKE
XLIWEQITVSGIHYVITVIWGVMFIHJSV JSPPS[MRK 3RP] XLI TPEREV [EPP GSQTSRIRXW XLEX
TPEREV[EPPWWLSYPHFIYWIHEWTVIWIRXIHMR(MQIRWMSR VIWMWXMRTPERIWLIEVMRXLIHMVIGXMSRSJXLILSVM^SRXEPJSVGIW
LGSVVIWTSRHW XS XLI PIRKXL SJ XLI [EPP MR XLIHMVIGXMSR SJ GSRXVMFYXIXSXLIGSVI[EPPWLIEVWXVIRKXL;MXLVIJIVIRGIXS
XLILSVM^SRXEP JSVGIW GEYWMRK XLIQSQIRX [(MQIRWMSRF *MKJSVWLIEVMRXLIHMVIGXMSRSJXLI\E\MWHMVIGXMSR
GSVVIWTSRHWXSXLIWYQSJXLI[MHXLWSJXLI[IFWPSGEXIHMR SRP]TPEREV[EPPIPIQIRX'GSRXVMFYXIWXSXLIGSVI[EPPWLIEV
XLI HMVIGXMSR SJ XLI LSVM^SRXEPJSVGIW GEYWMRK XLIQSQIRX WXVIRKXL ERH JSV WLIEV MR XLI ]E\MW HMVIGXMSR FSXL TPEREV
:IVXMGEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLSYPH FI HMWXVMFYXIH EW %WI ERH [EPP IPIQIRXW % ERH & GSRXVMFYXI XS XLI GSVI [EPP WLIEV
%WWEW MRHMGEXIHMR MRGPYHMRK[EPP ERHIQFIHHIH WXVIRKXL
GSPYQRZIVXMGEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXEWETTVSTVMEXIHITIRHMRKSR
XLIMVPSGEXMSRMRXLI[EPPWIGXMSR ',%48)6{38,)67869'896%01)1&)67
(b) When the web of the core walls is in tension and the flange {7XEMV[E]WERHVEQTW
in compression due to the flexural moment (Fig. 12.8.6(b)), +IRIVEP{8LI HIWMKR SJ WXEMV[E]W ERH VEQTW
MX MW TIVQMXXIH HYIXS XLI VIWXVMGXMSR MQTSWIH MRE\MEPPSEH WLSYPHFIKSZIVRIHF]MREHHMXMSRXS'LETXIVWERH
F] 7IGXMSR XS HMWVIKEVH XLI E\MEP PSEH 4Y [LIR 8]TIW SJ WXEMV[E]W ERH VEQTW{6IMRJSVGIH
computing the flexural strength 1RERHYWISRP]XLIPSRKM GSRGVIXI WXEMV[E]W ERH VEQTW GSRWMWX SJ ER MRGPMRIH WPEF
XYHMREPVIMRJSVGIQIRXSJXLIIQFIHHIHGSPYQRWMRXIRWMSREW WYTTSVXIH EX MXW IRHW [MXL WXITW JSVQIH YTSR MXW YTTIV
the flexural reinforcement to compute the required moment WYVJEGIJSVWXEMV[E]W
WXVIRKXLYWMRKXLIWEQITVSGIHYVIEWTVIWIRXIHJSV8FIEQW 8LIYRWYTTSVXIHWTERSJ EWXEMV[E]WPEFWLSYPH FI OITX
MR. The limits for effective flange of WLSYPH reasonably short. If no break occurs in the flight between
FIGSQTPMIH[MXLMRXIVTVIXMRKXLIWTERPIRKXLEWXLILIMKLX floors, intermediate beams, supported by the building’s
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
*MK{8]TMGEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXHIXEMPW
The influence of the slab slope and the slab bend on the 0SEHWXSFIMRGPYHIH{0SEHWJSVXEROWWLSYPHFI
JEGXSVIHQSQIRXGEPGYPEXMSRWLSYPHFIHMWVIKEVHIH IWXEFPMWLIHJVSQ'LETXIV0SEHWE
XLVSYKLJ
WLSYPHFI
7LIEV WXVIRKXL{*EGXSVIH WLIEV WLSYPH FI MRGPYHIH
GSQTYXIHJSPPS[MRK E
(IEH PSEHW WIPJ[IMKLX SJ XERO GSQTSRIRXW ERH EPP
7YTTSVX VIEGXMSR{7YTTSVX VIEGXMSRW WLSYPH FI HIEHPSEHWWYTTSVXIHF]XLIXEROvWXSTWPEFWYGLEWWXVYG
GSQTYXIHJSPPS[MRK tural and nonstructural elements, earth-fill over buried tanks,
(IWMKR SJ XLI WYTTSVXW{7YTTSVXMRK QIQFIVW and fixed equipment loads;
WLSYPHFIHIWMKRIHJSVVIEGXMSRWHIXIVQMRIHMR F
0MZIPSEHWJVSQXVMFYXEV]WXVYGXYVEPQIQFIVWWYTTSVXIH
'SRWXVYGXMSR HIXEMPW{9WYEP TVEGXMGI MW XS F]XLIXEROPMZIPSEHWWYTTSVXIHF]XLIXEROvWXSTWPEFERH
GSRWXVYGXWXEMV[E]W EJXIVXLI QEMR WXVYGXYVEP JVEQI[SVOSJ live loads on the surface of the earth-fill over buried tanks;
XLI FYMPHMRK LEW FIIR GSQTPIXIH 6IGIWWIW EVI PIJX MR XLI G
0EXIVEPIEVXLTVIWWYVIMRFYVMIHXEROW
FIEQWXSWYTTSVXXLIWXEMV[E]WPEFERHHS[IPWEVITVSZMHIH H
&YS]ERG]JSVGISRFYVMIHSVTEVXMEPP]FYVMIHIQTX]
XSJYVRMWLXLIRIGIWWEV]ERGLSVEKI3GGEWMSREPP]LS[IZIV XEROW
stairways are constructed at the same time as the floors, (e) Internal fluid pressure from liquid contained by the
ERH WS RIKEXMZI QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW JYVRMWLIH EX XLI XEROERH
WXEMV[E]WPEFWYTTSVXEWMRER]GSRXMRYSYWFIEQGSRWXVYG J
7IMWQMG PSEHW JVSQ XEROW WYTTSVXIH F] XLI FYMPHMRK
XMSR 7XITW EVI YWYEPP] QSRSPMXLMG [MXL XLI WPEF FYX XLI] WYGLEWEXEROPSGEXIHSRXLIVSSJSVEXER]SXLIVWXSV]SJXLI
GERFIQSPHIHEJXIVXLIQEMRWPEFMWMRTPEGI-RXLIPEXXIV FYMPHMRK2SXIXLEXEJYPP[EXIVXEROGERVIXEMREPEVKIQEWW
MRWXERGITVSZMWMSRWWLSYPHFIQEHIJSVWIGYVMRKXLIWXITXS of water and can therefore create a significant seismic load.
XLIWPEFXLVSYKLWQEPPHMEQIXIVHS[IPFEVW *EGXSVIHPSEHW{*EGXSVIHPSEHWWLSYPHFIHIXIV
QMRIHYWMRKPSEHWMRGPYHIHMRERHGSQFMRIHYWMRK
{7QEPP[EXIVXEROWJSVTSXEFPI[EXIV PSEHGSQFMREXMSRIUYEXMSRWSJ6IWYPXMRKJEGXSVIHPSEHW
WXSVEKI
WLSYPHFIMRGVIEWIHF]TIVGIRXQYPXMTPMIHF]
*SV
+IRIVEP—Section 13.2.1 provides simplified guide XEROW [MXLMR XLI WGSTI SJ XLMW KYMHI XLMW GEPGYPEXMSR MW E
PMRIWJSVXLIHIWMKRERHGSRWXVYGXMSRSJWQEPP[EXIVWXSVEKI satisfactory simplification of the ACI 350-06 detailed calcu
XEROW MRXIRHIH JSV XLI WSPI YWI SJ XLI FYMPHMRK SGGYTERXW PEXMSR JSV IRZMVSRQIRXEP HYVEFMPMX] (YI GEVI WLSYPH FI
8LIWIXEROWWLSYPHFIIMXLIVWYTTSVXIHF]XLIWXVYGXYVISV XEOIR MR HIXIVQMRMRK [LMGL PSEHW GER EGX WMQYPXERISYWP]
[LIVIWYTTSVXIHF]XLIWSMPWLSYPHEWTEVXSJEFYMPHMRKFI [MXLSXLIVPSEHW
SRXLIWYVJEGISVTEVXMEPP]SVXSXEPP]FYVMIH7IGXMSR (MQIRWMSREPPMQMXW
WLSYPHETTP]7IGXMSRWLSYPHRSXFIYWIHMRXLIHIWMKR 'SRGVIXI GSZIV{1MRMQYQ GSRGVIXI GSZIV JSV
ERH GSRWXVYGXMSR SJ KIRIVEP IRZMVSRQIRXEP ERH WERMXEV] VIMRJSVGIQIRXMRXLIXEROJSYRHEXMSRWLSYPHFIMRQQ
WXVYGXYVIW 8LMW KYMHI EWWYQIW XLI IRKMRIIV LEW PMQMXIH ERH QMRMQYQ GSZIV JSV EPP SXLIV VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR XEROW
I\TIVMIRGI[MXL[EXIVXEROWERHMWRSXMRXIRHIHXSVITPEGI WLSYPHFIMRQQ
%'- JSV XLI HIWMKR SJ WXERHEPSRI [EXIV WXSVEKI .SMRXW{.SMRXW WLSYPH FI YWIH XS PMQMX ZSPYQIXVMG
XEROW%'-MWVIGSQQIRHIHJSVXLIHIWMKRSJPEVKIV GSRGVIXI GLERKIW HYI XS HV]MRK WLVMROEKI GVIIT ERH
[EXIVWXSVEKIXEROWERHVIPEXIHIRZMVSRQIRXEPWXVYGXYVIW XIQTIVEXYVIZEVMEXMSR%PPGSRXVEGXMSRSVGSRWXVYGXMSRNSMRXW
Load definition WLSYPH LEZI [EXIVWXSTW 1E\MQYQ WTEGMRK FIX[IIR NSMRXW
WLSYPHRSXI\GIIHJXQ
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
1MRMQYQXLMGORIWWSJ[EPPWERHWPEFW{8ERO[EPPW F
'SRI TIRIXVEXMSR XIWX '48
{8LI '48 GSRWMWXW SJ
ERHWPEFWWLSYPHLEZIEQMRMQYQXLMGORIWWSJMRQQ
TYWLMRKEHIKVIIGSRISJMRQQ
FEWIEVIE
;EPPWERHWPEFW[MXLGPIEVWTERWKVIEXIVXLERJXQ
WLSYPH MRXSXLIWSMPEXEGSRWXERXVEXISJMRWQQW
8LI
LEZIEQMRMQYQXLMGORIWWSJMRQQ
JSVGIRIIHIHXSEHZERGIXLIGSRIHMZMHIHF]XLIFEWIEVIEMW
*PI\YVI XLIGSRIVIWMWXERGIUG
1MRMQYQ VIMRJSVGIQIRX VEXMS{1MRMQYQ VIMR 0SEH XIWXW{;LIVI MX MW YWIJYP MRZIWXMKEXI XLI
JSVGIQIRXVEXMS MRER]HMVIGXMSRWLSYPHFI FIEVMRKGETEGMX]SJEXIVVEMRF]QIERWSJERIPIQIRXEV]PSEH
1MRMQYQ VIMRJSVGMRK FEV HMEQIXIV{1MRMQYQ XIWXGSQTP]MRK[MXLE
XLVSYKLI
VIMRJSVGMRK FEV HMEQIXIV HF WLSYPH FI MR QQ
JSV E
8IWX WLSYPH FI GSRHYGXIH MR E TMX LEZMRK E [MHXL EX
XERO[EPPWERHWPEFWYTXSMRQQ
MRXLMGORIWWERH PIEWXXLVIIXMQIWXLEXSJXLIPSEHTPEXI
MR QQ
JSV XERO [EPP ERH WPEFW XLMGOIV XLER MR F
%JXIVIEGLPSEHMRGVIQIRXXLIGSVVIWTSRHMRKHIJSVQEXMSR
QQ
MWSFWIVZIHERHVIGSVHIH
1E\MQYQ FEV WTEGMRK{1E\MQYQ FEV WTEGMRK G
0SEHWIXXPIQIRX VIPEXMSRWLMT WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH
MRVIKMSRWSJQE\MQYQQSQIRXWLSYPHFIMRQQ
IMXLIVXSXLITSMRXSJJEMPYVISVXSEPSEHZEPYIXLVIIXMQIW
*PI\YVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXEVIE{*PI\YVEPVIMRJSVGI XLEXERXMGMTEXIHJSVWIVZMGI
QIRXEVIEWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHEWJSVWSPMHWPEFWYWMRK H
9RJEGXSVIH EPPS[EFPI WSMP GETEGMX] WLSYPH FI HIXIV
7LIEV{7LIEVWXVIRKXLWLSYPHFIGSQTYXIHYWMRK QMRIHEWEZEPYILEZMRKEJEGXSVSJWEJIX]SJJSVXLIPIEWX
WSPMHWPEFW JEZSVEFPIWMXYEXMSRSVXLEXTVSHYGMRKEWIXXPIQIRXRSXPEVKIV
'SRGVIXIMRXEROW{'SRGVIXIYWIHMRXEROGSRWXVYG XLERMRQQ
[LMGLIZIVMWPIWWERH
XMSRWLSYPHQIIXE
XLVSYKLI
I
)\TPSVIXLIWSMPFIRIEXLJSSXMRKWXSEHITXLSJXLVII
E
1MRMQYQ[GWLSYPHFI XMQIWMXWPEVKIWXWM^IXSSZIVGSQIXIWXQMWMRXIVTVIXEXMSRW
(b) Outside finish should be as smooth as practicable and 7SMPWVITSVX{8LIWSMPWVITSVXWLSYPHGSRXEMREWE
inside surface should be a broom finish to reduce slip hazard; QMRMQYQMRJSVQEXMSRVIPEXIHXS
G
1E\MQYQ RSQMREP EKKVIKEXI WM^I WLSYPH FI EW E
0SGEXMSR
TIVQMXXIHF]-XMWVIGSQQIRHIHXSYWIXLIPEVKIWXEKKVI F
7MXIXSTSKVETL]
KEXITSWWMFPIXSVIHYGIWLVMROEKI G
7XVEXMKVETL]
H
'SRGVIXIWLSYPHFIGSQTEGXIHEWWSSREWMXMWHITSWMXIH H
+VSYRH[EXIVIPIZEXMSR
MRXLIJSVQWERH I
+VSYRHWYVJEGIIPIZEXMSRERH
I
1MRMQYQQSMWXGYVMRKXMQIWLSYPHFIHE]WOIITMRK J
0SGEP GSRHMXMSRW RIIHMRK WTIGMEP GSRWMHIVEXMSR WYGL
GSRGVIXI HEQT HYVMRK XLEX XMQI 8LMW GER FI EGLMIZIH F] EW WSMP WXVIRKXL GSQTVIWWMFMPMX] I\TERWMSR TSXIRXMEP
QEMRXEMRMRK[EPPJSVQWMRTPEGI GSQQIRXWSRGSPPETWMFMPMX]PMUYIJEGXMSRTSXIRXMEPERHPSGEP
LMWXSV]SJXLITIVJSVQERGISJX]TMGEPGSRWXVYGXMSRQIXLSHW
',%48)6{*392(%8-327
{7SMPMRZIWXMKEXMSR {%PPS[EFPIWSMPFIEVMRKGETEGMX]
&SVMRKW—A properly planned field exploration and %PPS[EFPIFIEVMRKGETEGMX]JSVKVERYPEVWSMPW
laboratory investigation should be conducted by a qualified 7XERHEVH TIRIXVEXMSR XIWX{8LI EPPS[EFPI
KISXIGLRMGEP IRKMRIIV [LS LEW I\TIVMIRGI MR XLI PSGEXMSR FIEVMRK GETEGMX] UE MR PFJX O4E ?O2QA
JSV KVERYPEV
SJ XLI TVSTSWIH FYMPHMRK -X WLSYPH GSRJSVQ XS WSMPW WLSYPH FI IWXMQEXIH EW E TVSHYGX SJ XLI FPS[ GSYRX
SVFSXL 2 QIEWYVIH F] QIERW SJ XLI 748 YWMRK XLI VIPEXMSRWLMT
,ERHEYKIV{7IZIVEPX]TIWSJGYXXMRKTSMRXWEVI HIWGVMFIHF])U
EHZERGIH QERYEPP] SV F] TS[IV IUYMTQIRX 8LI HITXL SJ
XLIWILSPIWMWKIRIVEPP]PMQMXIHXSJXQ
[MXLJXQ
UE!2?UE!27-
A
FIMRKXLIQSWXGSQQSR
4IVGYWWMSR HVMPPMRK{% WXERHEVH TIRIXVEXMSR 'SRI TIRIXVEXMSR XIWX{*SV QIHMYQWM^I
XIWX748
GERFITIVJSVQIHF]QIERWSJETIVGYWWMZIXSSP KVERYPEVWSMP[LIR GSRI TIRIXVEXMSR HEXEEVIEZEMPEFPI
EXXEGLIHXSXLIVMK8LI748MW[MHIP]YWIHERHI\XIRWMZIP] EPPS[EFPI FIEVMRK GETEGMX] U E WLSYPH FI IZEPYEXIH F]
VIJIVIRGIH QIERWSJ)U
-RTPEGI XIWXW{1IXLSHW SJ MRZIWXMKEXMSR WLSYPH
TVSZMHIMRJSVQEXMSRVIJIVVMRKXSMXIQWMR UE!UG
ERH
4IRIXVEXMSRXIWXW{8[SX]TIWSJTIRIXVEXMSRXIWXW %PPS[EFPI FIEVMRK GETEGMX] JSV GSLIWMZI WSMPW{
WLSYPHFIGSRWMHIVIH %PPS[EFPIFIEVMRKGETEGMX]UEJSVGSLIWMZIWSMPWWLSYPHFI
E
748{8LI 748 GSRWMWXW SJ GSYRXMRK XLI RYQFIV SJ XEOIREW
FPS[W 2RIGIWWEV]XSTVSHYGIEMRQQ
TIRIXVEXMSR
SJEWXERHEVHWTPMXWTSSRMRXSXLIWSMP7XERHEVH[IMKLXYWIH UE UY!WY E
MRXLIXIWXMWPFOK
ERHMXMWHVSTTIHJVSQEWXERHEVH
LIMKLXSJMRQQ
ERH ;LIR 748 HEXE EVI EZEMPEFPI XLI VIPEXMSR I\TVIWWIH MR
)UF
WLSYPHFIYWIHJSVSFXEMRMRKEPPS[EFPIFIEVMRK
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
*MK{0SEHWEGXMRKSRJSSXMRKW
*MK{8]TIWSJWTVIEHJSSXMRKW
1MRMQYQ JSSXMRK EVIE{1MRMQYQ JSSXMRK EVIE 1MRMQYQ JSSXMRK XLMGORIWW{*SSXMRK HITXL
%J WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH EW XLIKVIEXIV EVIE SFXEMRIH JVSQ EFSZI FSXXSQ VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLSYPH RSX FI PIWW XLER MR
)UE
SV)UF
QQ
E
*SVQE\MQYQZIVXMGEP YRJEGXSVIH PSEH4ZI\GPYHMRK 7PSTIHSVWXITTIHJSSXMRKW{-RWPSTIHSVWXITTIH
PEXIVEPPSEHW[MRHSVWIMWQMG
SZIVXYVRMRKIJJIGXW JSSXMRKWERKPISJWPSTISVHITXLERHPSGEXMSRSJWXITWWLSYPH
WEXMWJ]HIWMKRERHHMQIRWMSREPPMQMXWEXIZIV]WIGXMSR7PSTIH
SVWXITTIHJSSXMRKWHIWMKRIHEWEYRMXWLSYPHFIGSRWXVYGXIH
E
XSIRWYVIEGXMSREWEYRMX*MKYVIWLS[WXLIX]TIWSJ
WTVIEHJSSXMRKW[MXLMRXLIWGSTISJXLMWKYMHI
F
*SVQE\MQYQZIVXMGEPYRJEGXSVIHPSEH4SZMRGPYHMRK *SSXMRKWWYTTSVXMRKGMVGYPEVWLETIHGSPYQRW{
PEXIVEPPSEHW[MRHSVWIMWQMG
SZIVXYVRMRKIJJIGXW *SV PSGEXMSRW SJ GVMXMGEP WIGXMSR JSV QSQIRXW WLIEV ERH
HIZIPSTQIRX SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR JSSXMRKW GMVGYPEVWLETIH
Pov GSRGVIXIGSPYQRWWLSYPHFIXVIEXIHEWWUYEVIGSPYQRW[MXL
Af = F
XLIWEQIEVIE
(1.33qa e qo )
6IMRJSVGIQIRXHIXEMPW
+IRIVEP{6IMRJSVGIQIRX X]TI ERH GLEVEGXIVMW
*EGXSVIH WSMP VIEGXMSR{*EGXSVIH RIX WSMP VIEGXMSR XMGWMRWTVIEHJSSXMRKWWLSYPHFIEWHIWGVMFIHMR
UYRWLSYPHFIGSQTYXIHF]HMZMHMRKXLIPEVKIWXJEGXSVIHE\MEP 0SGEXMSR SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX{6IMRJSVGIQIRX
PSEHEXXLIGSPYQRSV[EPPFEWI4YFF]XLIJSSXMRKEVIE8LI WLSYPHFITVSZMHIHMRXLIPS[IV TEVXSJWTVIEH JSSXMRKWMR
JSSXMRKEVIEWLSYPHGSRJSVQXSERH FSXLHMVIGXMSRW6IMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHFIPSGEXIHEWGPSWIXS
(MQIRWMSREP PMQMXW{*SSXMRK HMQIRWMSRW WLSYPH JSSXMRKFSXXSQEWTVEGXMGEFPIJSPPS[MRKXLIGSRGVIXIGSZIVSJ
GSQTP][MXLXLVSYKL -RVIGXERKYPEVGSPYQRJSSXMRKWVIMRJSVGIQIRXTEVEPPIP
4PERWLETI{7TVIEHJSSXMRKWWLSYPHFIWUYEVISV XS XLI WLSVXIV WMHI WLSYPH FI PSGEXIH EFSZI VIMRJSVGIQIRX
VIGXERKYPEVMRTPER TEVEPPIP XS XLI PSRKIV WMHI -R [EPP JSSXMRKWVIMRJSVGIQIRX
7]QQIXV]{7TVIEH JSSXMRKW WLSYPH LEZI XLI TIVTIRHMGYPEV XS XLI TPERI SJ XLI [EPP WLSYPH FI PSGEXIH
GSPYQR SV [EPP PSGEXIH EX XLI JSSXMRK EVIE GIRXVSMH 8LMW YRHIVXLIVIMRJSVGIQIRXTEVEPPIPXSXLI[EPP
MW[EMZIHMJMRHYGIHQSQIRXWERHEHHMXMSREPWSMPTVIWWYVI 1MRMQYQGPIEVWTEGMRKFIX[IIRTEVEPPIPFEVW{
QIIXXLIPMQMXWMR 1MRMQYQ GPIEV WTEGMRK FIX[IIR TEVEPPIP FEVW MR E PE]IV
1MRMQYQ HITXL XS FIEVMRK WSMP{1MRMQYQ WLSYPH FI XLIPEVKIWX FEV RSQMREP FEVHMEQIXIV HFFYXRSX
ZIVXMGEP HMWXERGI JVSQ XLI WSMP WYVJEGI XS JSSXMRK FSXXSQ PIWWXLERMRQQ
JSSXMRKWSMPMRXIVJEGI
WLSYPHFIJXQ
1E\MQYQ WTEGMRK{-R WTVIEH JSSXMRKW VIMR
1MRMQYQ JSSXMRK EVIE{1MRMQYQ JSSXMRK JSVGIQIRX WLSYPH FI WTEGIH RS JEVXLIV ETEVX XLER XLVII
HMQIRWMSRMRTPERWLSYPHFIJXQ
XMQIWXLIJSSXMRKXLMGORIWWRSVMRQQ
-RWUYEVI
GSPYQRJSSXMRKWERHMR[EPPJSSXMRKWVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPH
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
FIHMWXVMFYXIHYRMJSVQP]EGVSWWXLIIRXMVIJSSXMRK[MHXL-R
VIGXERKYPEVGSPYQRJSSXMRKWMRXLIPSRKHMVIGXMSRVIMRJSVGI
QIRXWLSYPHFIYRMJSVQP]HMWXVMFYXIHEGVSWWXLI[MHXLERH
MRXLIWLSVXHMVIGXMSRVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHFIJEGXSVIHF]
XLIZEPYIKMZIRMR)U
ERHYRMJSVQP]HMWXVMFYXIH
EGVSWWXLIIRXMVIJSSXMRK[MHXL
1MRMQYQVIMRJSVGIQIRXEVIE{1MRMQYQVIMRJSVGI
QIRXVEXMS QMRMRER]HMVIGXMSRWLSYPHFI
1E\MQYQ VIMRJSVGIQIRX EVIE{1E\MQYQ VIMR
JSVGIQIRXVEXMS QE\WLSYPHFIXLEXKMZIRJSVWPEFWMR
(IZIPSTQIRX SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX{6IMRJSVGIQIRX
EX GVMXMGEP WIGXMSRW WLSYPH FI HIZIPSTIH SR IEGL WMHI SJ
XLEX WIGXMSR F] IQFIHQIRX PIRKXL SV LSSO *MK
*MK{(MWXVMFYXMSRSJVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRVIGXERKYPEV
'VMXMGEP WIGXMSRW WLSYPH FI EWWYQIH EX XLI WEQI PSGEXMSRW
WTVIEHJSSXMRKW
as defined in JSV QE\MQYQ JEGXSVIH QSQIRX ERH
EX EPP SXLIV ZIVXMGEP TPERIW [LIVI WIGXMSR SV VIMRJSVGIQIRX
GLERKIWSGGYV HIZIPSTXLIERGLSVEKIHMWXERGISJ;EPPZIVXMGEPVIMR
6IMRJSVGIQIRXGYXSJJ{-RWTVIEHJSSXMRKWVIMRJSVGI JSVGIQIRXWLSYPHLEZIXLIIQFIHQIRXPIRKXLKMZIRMR
QIRXEXXLIQSQIRXGVMXMGEPWIGXMSRMRIMXLIVHMVIGXMSRWLSYPH H
-JYTPMJXMWI\TIGXIHERXMGMTEXIHXIRWMSRFIX[IIRXLI
FI QEMRXEMRIH SZIV XLI JYPP PIRKXL SJ XLI JSSXMRK MR XLEX GSPYQR ERH JSSXMRK WLSYPH FIXVERWJIVVIHF]ZIVXMGEP VIMR
HMVIGXMSR JSVGIQIRXSRP]ERH
)RH ERGLSVEKI SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX{6IMRJSVGMRK I
-JETIHIWXEPMWYWIHZIVXMGEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRGPYHMRK
FEVW WLSYPH IRH MR E WXERHEVH LSSO EX XLI JSSXMRK IHKI MJ GSPYQR VIMRJSVGIQIRX
MR XLI TIHIWXEP WLSYPH FI RSX PIWW
RIIHIHF]GEPGYPEXMSRSJXLIHIZIPSTQIRXPIRKXLEXGVMXMGEP XLERXMQIWKVSWWGSRGVIXIEVIEERHWLSYPHLEZIXMIWMR
WIGXMSR EGGSVHERGI[MXL
:EPYISJ HGERHHXSYWIMRJSSXMRK{8LIGEPGYPE 7LIEV
XMSRSJHG, distance from extreme tension fiber to the centroid +IRIVEP{*SSXMRK WLIEV WXVIRKXL WLSYPH FI
SJ XLI XIRWMSR VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLSYPH GSRWMHIV XLIGSRGVIXI GSQTYXIH YWMRK JSV XLI X[S X]TIW SJ WLIEV XLEX SGGYV
GSZIVJSVQIQFIVWGEWXERHTIVQERIRXP]I\TSWIHXSIEVXL RIEVXLIWYTTSVXIHGSPYQRTIHIWXEPSV[EPPERHEXGLERKIW
XLI FEV HMEQIXIVW YWIH ERH TIVTIRHMGYPEV VIMRJSVGIQIRX SJJSSXMRKXLMGORIWWMRWXITTIHJSSXMRKW
TPEGIHYRHIVXLIGSRWMHIVIHVIMRJSVGIQIRX E
4YRGLMRKWLIEV SV X[S[E] EGXMSR WLIEV MR GSPYQR
8LIJSPPS[MRKZEPYIWSJHGQE]FIYWIHXSGSQTYXIHEW JSSXMRKWERH
H ! LzHG*SVVIMRJSVGIQIRXTEVEPPIPXSXLIPSRKHMVIGXMSR (b) Beam-action shear that accompanies flexural moments.
SJJSSXMRKWERHJSV[EPPJSSXMRKWHG!MRQQ
*SV 0SGEXMSR SJ GVMXMGEP WIGXMSRW JSV TYRGLMRK
VIMRJSVGIQIRXTEVEPPIPXSXLIWLSVXHMVIGXMSRSJGSPYQRJSSXMRKW WLIEV{4YRGLMRKWLIEVGVMXMGEPWIGXMSRWLSYPHFIPSGEXIHEX
HG!MRQQ
EHMWXERGIHJVSQXLIJEGISJGSPYQRTIHIWXEPSVWXITTIH
(IXEMPWJSVXVERWJIVSJGSPYQRSV[EPPPSEHWXS JSSXMRKXLMGORIWWGLERKI
JSSXMRK{0SEHWERHQSQIRXWEXXLIFEWISJGSPYQR[EPPSV 4YRGLMRK WLIEV WXVIRKXL{6IUYMVIH TYRGLMRK
TIHIWXEPWLSYPHFIXVERWJIVVIHXSXLIWYTTSVXMRKTIHIWXEPSV WLIEVWXVIRKXLMWIUYEPXSXLIPEVKIWXJEGXSVIHE\MEPPSEH4YF
JSSXMRK F]FIEVMRKSR GSRGVIXI ERH F] VIMRJSVGIQIRX 8LI EXXLIGSPYQRFEWI4YFQMKLXFIVIHYGIHF]XLITVSHYGXSJ
JSPPS[MRKWLSYPHETTP] XLIEVIEFSYRHF]XLIGVMXMGEPWIGXMSRXMQIWXLIJEGXSVIHRIX
E
&IEVMRK WXVIWW HYI XS JEGXSVIH PSEHW EX XLI GSRXEGX WSMPVIEGXMSRUYRJVSQ
WYVJEGI FIX[IIR WYTTSVXIH ERH WYTTSVXMRK QIQFIV WLSYPH 4YRGLMRKWLIEVHIWMKRWXVIRKXL{4YRGLMRKWLIEV
RSX I\GIIH GSRGVIXI FIEVMRK WXVIRKXL JSV IMXLIV WYVJEGI EW WXVIRKXL MW HIXIVQMRIH YWMRK XLI WEQI QIXLSHW EW WPEF
KMZIRMR GSPYQRW]WXIQWSJ JSVMRXIVMSVGSPYQRW
F
8LIGSPYQRGSQTVIWWMZIJSVGIXLEXI\GIIHWXLIJSSXMRK 1MRMQYQJSSXMRKHITXLEWVIUYMVIHF]TYRGLMRK
GSRGVIXIFIEVMRKWXVIRKXLWLSYPHFIXVERWJIVVIHXSXLIJSSXMRK WLIEV{%XVMEPJSSXMRKHITXLWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHJVSQ
F]VIMRJSVGIQIRX )U
G
*SSXMRKHITXLWLSYPHFIEHIUYEXIXSEPPS[XLIGSPYQR
PSRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGIQIRXXSIRHMREWXERHEVHLSSOERHXS
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
*MK{8VMFYXEV]EVIEWJSVFIEQEGXMSRWLIEV
*MK{'VMXMGEPWIGXMSRWJSVQSQIRXW
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
As Mu
bd 0.85 f y bd 2
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
{;EPPJSSXMRKW
+IRIVEP{'SRXMRYSYWJSSXMRKWYRHIV[EPPWWLSYPH
FIHIWMKRIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXLERH
7LIEV{;EPP JSSXMRK WLIEV WLSYPH GSQTP] [MXL
ERH [MXL XLI I\GITXMSRW PMWXIH MR XLVSYKL
4YRGLMRK WLIEV{4YRGLMRK WLIEV MR [EPP JSSXMRKW
WLSYPHFIHMWVIKEVHIH
&IEQEGXMSR WLIEV{4VSGIHYVIW SJ
ERH WLSYPH FI JSPPS[IH I\GITX XLEX XLI FIEQ
EGXMSR WLIEV VIUYMVIH WXVIRKXL WLSYPH FI GSQTYXIH TIV
YRMXPIRKXLSJJSSXMRKEXXLI[EPPJEGIERHJSVWMQTPMGMX]
YWMRK )U E
*MK
1MRMQYQ JSSXMRK
*MK{7SMPTVIWWYVI[MXLYTPMJX IJJIGXMZIHITXLHEWGSRXVSPPIHF]FIEQEGXMSRWLIEVWLSYPH
FIHIXIVQMRIHJVSQ)UF
B f e bw
Vu = qun E
2
qun B f e bw qun 12 B f e bw
d d (SI) F
4 fc fc
*PI\YVI{;EPPJSSXMRKWWLSYPHGSQTP][MXL
ERHE
ERHF
E
7IMWQMG^SRI[EPPFSYRHEV]IPIQIRXWXLEXLEZIERIHKI
PSGEXIH[MXLMRSRILEPJXLIJSSXMRKHITXLJVSQEJSSXMRKIHKI
WLSYPH LEZI XVERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL
FIPS[ XLI JSSXMRK XST 8LMW VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLSYPH
I\XIRHMRXSXLIJSSXMRKRSPIWWXLERXLIJSSXMRKHITXLERH
*MK{&IEQEGXMSRWLIEVMR[EPPJSSXMRKW F
;LIVI WIMWQMG IJJIGXW GVIEXI YTPMJX PSEHW MR [EPP
FSYRHEV] IPIQIRXW SV GSPYQRW XST JSSXMRK VIMRJSVGIQIRX
2 Pv WLSYPHFITVSZMHIHMRXLIWEQIEQSYRXERHWTEGMRKEWXLI
c qa e qo E
3B f aw FSXXSQVIMRJSVGIQIRX
;EPP QSQIRXW EX XLI JSYRHEXMSR{0EXIVEP PSEHW
EVIVIWMWXIHTVMQEVMP]F][EPPWXLIVIJSVIMXMWTSWWMFPIXLEX
F
*SVQE\MQYQZIVXMGEPYRJEGXSVIHPSEH4SZMRGPYHMRK [EPPSZIVXYVRMRKQSQIRXWEXXLIJSYRHEXMSRTVSHYGIIGGIR
PEXIVEPPSEHWv[MRHSVWIMWQMG
SZIVXYVRMRKIJJIGXW XVMGMXMIW SYXWMHI XLI JSSXMRKW HMQIRWMSRIH JSV ZIVXMGEP PSEH
IJJIGXWSRP]*SVPEVKIIGGIRXVMGMXMIWI\XIRHMRKXLIJSSXMRK
2 Pov YRHIV E KVEHI FIEQ WLSYPH FI MRZIWXMKEXIH *MK E
c 1.33qa e qo F
3B f aw 8LIKVEHIFIEQ WLSYPHI\XIRHW]QQIXVMGEPP]EXFSXL[EPP
IRHW -J XLI W]QQIXVMGEP I\XIRWMSR MW RSX TSWWMFPI XLMW
WSPYXMSRWLSYPHRSXFIYWIH
-JEPPS[EFPIFIEVMRKGETEGMX]MWRSXI\GIIHIHXLIZEPYISJ 7SMP FIEVMRK WLSYPH FI GSQTYXIH YWMRK [MXL
UYRWLSYPHFIGSQTYXIHYWMRK)UG
I\XIRHIHJSSXMRKHMQIRWMSRW8LIJSSXMRKWLSYPHFIHIWMKRIH
YWMRKTVSGIHYVIWSJERH8LIKVEHIFIEQWLSYPHFI
2Pu HIWMKRIHJSVJEGXSVIHQSQIRXERHJEGXSVIHWLIEVHIXIVQMRIH
qun = G
3B f aw JVSQ)UE
ERHF
YWMRKERH
-JEPPS[EFPIFIEVMRKGETEGMX]MWI\GIIHIHF]XLIIGGIR Pu H f
Mu = E
XVMG ETTPMIH PSEH GSQFMRIH JSSXMRKW SV XLI HMWXVMFYXMSR SJ 3
QSQIRXW XS KVEHI FIEQW WLSYPH FI MRZIWXMKEXIH *SV [EPP
JSSXMRKWWLSYPHETTP]
:Y!4Y F
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
6!44z6 F
*SSXMRKHIWMKR{)EGLJSSXMRKWLSYPHFIHIWMKRIH
EWEWTVIEHJSSXMRKJSVXLIVIEGXMSRWHIXIVQMRIHMR
YWMRK 4YRGLMRK WLIEV GEPGYPEXMSRW JSV IGGIRXVMGEPP]
PSEHIHJSSXMRKWWLSYPHYWIIHKIGSPYQRQIXLSHW
&IEQHIWMKR{8LIKVEHIFIEQWLSYPHFIHIWMKRIH
YWMRK ERH JSV XLI JEGXSVIH WLIEV ERH QSQIRX
HIXIVQMRIHJVSQ)UE
ERH)UF
E
[LIVI 4YGSVVIWTSRHWXSXLIQE\MQYQJEGXSVIHE\MEPJSVGI
SJXLIPIJXWMHIGSPYQR8LIVIUYMVIHQSQIRXWXVIRKXLSJXLI
*MKE{;EPPJSSXMRKI\XIRHIHF]YWISJEKVEHIFIEQ FIEQWLSYPHFIXLIRIKEXMZIQSQIRXTVSHYGMRKXIRWMSRMR
*MKF{;EPPJSSXMRKKVEHIFIEQVIMRJSVGIQIRXPE]SYX
*MK{8]TIWSJGSQFMRIHJSSXMRKW
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
XLIYTTIVTEVXSJXLIKVEHIFIEQ
XLEXZEVMIWEWWLS[RMR
*MK8LIJEGXSVIHQSQIRXXLEXWLSYPHFIYWIHMW
u
u f c F
{4MPIWERHGEMWWSRW
4MPIW ERH GEMWWSRW WLSYPH FI HMQIRWMSRIH ERH HIWMKRIH
MREGGSVHERGI[MXLXLIGSHIWERHWXERHEVHWPMWXIHMRMR
EHHMXMSRXSKISXIGLRMGEPVITSVXVIGSQQIRHEXMSRW
*MK {'SQFMRIH JSSXMRK PSEHW VIEGXMSRW ERH
HMQIRWMSRW {*SSXMRKWSRTMPIW
*SSXMRKWSRTMPIWERHTMPIGETWWLSYPHFIHMQIRWMSRIHERH
HIWMKRIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXLXLIGSHIWERHWXERHEVHWPMWXIH
MR MREHHMXMSRXSKISXIGLRMGEPVITSVXVIGSQQIRHEXMSRW
{*SYRHEXMSRQEXW
+IRIVEP{;LIRWTVIEHJSSXMRKEVIEI\GIIHWSRI
LEPJXLITVSNIGXMSREVIESJXLIFYMPHMRKJSYRHEXMSREJSYRHE
XMSRQEXWLSYPHFIMRZIWXMKEXIH3RP]JSYRHEXMSRQEXW[MXL
FIEQWEVIGSZIVIHMRXLMWKYMHI
*MKYVIEWLS[WEJSYRHEXMSRQEX[LIVIKVEHIFIEQW
EVIPSGEXIHSRXSTSJXLIWPEFMRGSRXEGX[MXLXLIFIEVMRKWSMP
and needing an additional slab for the first floor. In this case,
NSMWXWXLIWEQIHITXLEWXLIKVEHIFIEQWQE]FIYWIH*MKYVI
FWLS[WEJSYRHEXMSRQEX[MXLKVEHIFIEQWPSGEXIH
YRHIVXLIWPEFERHMRGSRXEGX[MXLXLIFIEVMRKWSMP)EGLEPXIV
REXMZILEWMXWQIVMXWJVSQGSRWXVYGXMSRERHGSWXTIVWTIGXMZIW
*MK{1SQIRXZEVMEXMSRMRKVEHIFIEQSJGSQFMRIH EPXLSYKLXLIHIWMKRTVSGIHYVIMWIWWIRXMEPP]XLIWEQIJSVFSXL
JSSXMRK GEWIW *SV XLI GEWI WLS[R MR *MK E XLI JSVQ[SVO
*MKE{*SYRHEXMSRQEX[MXLKVEHIFIEQSRXSTSJXLIWPEF
*MKF{*SYRHEXMSRQEX[MXLKVEHIFIEQWYRHIVXLIWPEF
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
*MK{6IMRJSVGIQIRXPE]SYXJSVFIEQW
used to cast the floor slab will be lost, but there is the advan HMJJIVIRXMEPWIXXPIQIRX-JIGGIRXVMGMX]I\GIIHWXLIQE\MQYQ
XEKISJLEZMRKWTEGIYRHIVMXJSVYXMPMXMIWERHHYGXW*SVXLI ZEPYIMXWLSYPHFIVIHYGIHF]EHHMRKSVVIQSZMRKETTVSTVMEXI
GEWI WLS[R MR *MK F RS JSVQ[SVO MW PSWX ERH XLI QEXWIGXMSRW
WSMPQE]FIYWIHXSJSVQXLIKVEHIFIEQWMJMXMWTVSTIVP] *EGXSVIH WSMP VIEGXMSR{*EGXSVIH RIX WSMP
GSZIVIHF]EPIERGSRGVIXI VIEGXMSR UYR WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH F] HMZMHMRK XLI WYQ SJ
Load definition and foundation mat area JEGXSVIHE\MEPPSEHWJVSQEPPGSPYQRWERH[EPPWEXXLIFEWI
0SEHWXSFIMRGPYHIH{8LIHIWMKRSJJSYRHEXMSR 4YRF]XLIQEXEVIE8LMWZEPYIWLSYPHFIYWIHJSVHIWMKRSJ
QEXWWLSYPHMRGPYHIPSEHWMRE
XLVSYKLG
XLIJSYRHEXMSRWPEFERHXLIKVEHIFIEQW
E
%PP YRJEGXSVIH HIEH ERH PMZI PSEHW ETTPMIH HMVIGXP] (IWMKRTVSGIHYVIW
XSXLIQEXWPEFTPYWXLIWIPJ[IMKLXSJXLIQEX8LIWYQSJ +IRIVEP{8LI JSPPS[MRK TVSGIHYVIW WLSYPH
XLIWIPSEHWWLSYPHFIHIWGVMFIHYWMRKUS ETTP]XSXLIHIWMKRSJXLIQEXJSYRHEXMSR8LIVIEVIWIZIVEP
F
9RJEGXSVIH E\MEP PSEHW QSQIRXW ERH WLIEV PSEHW MQTSVXERXEWTIGXWVIPEXIHXSXLIHIWMKRSJXLIQEXJSYRHEXMSR
GEVVMIH F] GSPYQRW ERH [EPPW ERH XVERWJIVVIH XS XLI QEX (a) Although mat slab layout is similar to a regular floor
JSYRHEXMSR JVSQ EPP WSYVGIW MRGPYHMRK HIEH PMZI [MRH WPEFXLISVHIVSJQEKRMXYHISJXLIPSEHWEWGSQTEVIH[MXL
WIMWQMGERHSXLIVIJJIGXWEWTVIWGVMFIHMR'LETXIVSV a typical floor slab, increases by a factor equal to the number
G
%WEREPXIVREXMZIXSF
YRJEGXSVIHE\MEPPSEHQE]FI SJFYMPHMRKWXSVMIW
SFXEMRIHJVSQYRJEGXSVIHYRMXPSEHWYWIHXSGSQTYXIJEGXSVIH F
8LI QEX WPEF EW ER] JSYRHEXMSR IPIQIRX [MPP FI
PSEHWMRGPYHMRKWIPJ[IMKLX QYPXMTPMIHF]GSPYQRSV[EPP PSEHIHKVEHYEPP]EWFYMPHMRKGSRWXVYGXMSRTVSKVIWWIW8LIWI
tributary area from all floors supported by it. Factored wind PSEHW [MPP GEYWI HIJSVQEXMSRW ERH WIXXPIQIRXW SJ XLI QEX
IJJIGXWWLSYPHFIGSRZIVXIHXSYRJEGXSVIHZEPYIWF]HMZMHMRK JSYRHEXMSRERH
JEGXSVIHZEPYIWF]ERHWIMWQMGIJJIGXYRJEGXSVIHZEPYIW (c) The loads act in the opposite direction than in floor
F]HMZMHMRKJEGXSVIHZEPYIWF] WPEFW XLIVIJSVI PSRKMXYHMREP VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR XLI QEX
1E\MQYQYRJEGXSVIHZIVXMGEPPSEH{8SSFXEMR QIQFIVW WLSYPH LEZI XLIMV PE]SYX VIZIVWIH 2IKEXMZI
XSXEPYRJEGXSVIHZIVXMGEPPSEH 4ZETTPMIHXSXLIWSMPF]XLI QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX YWYEPP] PSGEXIH MR XLI YTTIV TEVX
QEXJSYRHEXMSRYRJEGXSVIHE\MEPPSEHWGEVVMIHF]GSPYQRW of floor slabs, should be placed as bottom reinforcement
and walls, floor loads, and mat foundation self-weight should MR JSYRHEXMSR QEXW ERH QEX KVEHI FIEQW *SV XLI WEQI
FIGSQFMRIHEGGSVHMRKXSPSEHGEWIWSJ[MXLSYXETTP]MRK VIEWSR TSWMXMZI QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX YWYEPP] PSGEXIH MR
PSEHJEGXSVW8LIPSGEXMSRSJXLIVIWYPXERXYRJEGXSVIHZIVXMGEP the bottom part of floor members, should be placed as top
PSEHWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIH VIMRJSVGIQIRXMRXLIQEXJSYRHEXMSR*MK
Verification of allowable bearing capacity{ *SYRHEXMSR WPEF{8LI JSYRHEXMSR WPEF
)UYEXMSR
WLSYPHFIYWIHXSGSQTYXIWSMPFIEVMRK QIQFIVGSRXEGXMRK XLI WSMP
WLSYPHFIHIWMKRIH EWE WPEF
TVIWWYVI7SMPFIEVMRKGETEGMX]WLSYPHRSXFII\GIIHIH SR KMVHIV YWMRK 'LETXIV PSEHIH F] XLI JEGXSVIH RIX WSMP
VIEGXMSR UYR8LIWIPJ[IMKLXWLSYPHRSXFIMRGPYHIHFIGEYWI
Pv MXMWWYTTSVXIHHMVIGXP]F]XLIWSMP8STERHFSXXSQVIMRJSVGI
c qa e qo
Bf H f QIRXPE]SYXWGLIQIWSJ'LETXIVWLSYPHFIVIZIVWIH
1EXKVEHIFIEQW{1EXKVEHIFIEQWWLSYPHFI
HIWMKRIHEWKMVHIVWXLEXEVITEVXSJEQSQIRXVIWMWXMRKJVEQI
)GGIRXVMGMX] SJ ZIVXMGEP PSEHW{8LI HMWXERGI YWMRK 7IGXMSR*EGXSVIHRIX WSMP VIEGXMSRUYRWLSYPHFI
FIX[IIR XLI VIWYPXERX SJ XLI ZIVXMGEP PSEHW ERH XLI QEX YWIHEWXLIXSXEPPSEHETTPMIHHMVIGXP]XSXLIKMVHIVERHXLI
EVIE GIRXVSMH WLSYPH RSX I\GIIH XLI ZEPYI MRHMGEXIH MR XLI JSYRHEXMSR WPEF VIEGXMSRW EW XVMFYXEV] PSEHW XS XLI KMVHIV
KISXIGLRMGEPVITSVXSVMRMXWEFWIRGIWLSYPHRSXFIKVIEXIV 7IPJ[IMKLXWLSYPHRSXFIMRGPYHIHFIGEYWIMXMWWYTTSVXIH
XLERTIVGIRXSJXLIPEVKIWXTPERHMQIRWMSRSJXLIQEX,J HMVIGXP] F] XLI WSMP 8ST ERH FSXXSQ VIMRJSVGIQIRX PE]SYX
8LI I\MWXIRGI SJ IGGIRXVMGMX] MRGVIEWIW XLI TSWWMFMPMX] SJ WGLIQIWSJWLSYPHFIYWIH[MXLVIMRJSVGIQIRXVIZIVWIH
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
*MK{8]TIWSJVIMRXEMRMRK[EPPW
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
8EFPI {1MRMQYQHIWMKRPEXIVEPEGXMZITVIWWYVI /E
Unified soil (IWMKREGXMZIWSMPTVIWWYVI (IWMKREGXMZIWSMPTVIWWYVI
Description of backfill material classification PFJXTIVJXSJHITXL
O2QTIVQSJHITXL
7ERHERHKVEZIPWSMPX]TI
;IPPKVEHIHGPIERKVEZIPW{KVEZIPWERHQM\XYVIW +;
4SSVP]KVEHIHGPIERKVEZIPW{KVEZIPWERHQM\XYVIW +4
7MPX]KVEZIPW{TSSVP]KVEHIHKVEZIPWERHQM\XYVIW +1
'PE]I]KVEZIPW{TSSVP]KVEHIHKVEZIPERHGPE]QM\XYVIW +'
;IPPKVEHIHGPIERWERHW{KVEZIPP]WERHQM\XYVIW 7;
4SSVP]KVEHIHGPIERWERHW{WERHKVEZIPQM\XYVIW 74
7MPX]WERHW{TSSVP]KVEHIHWERHWMPXQM\XYVIW 71
7MPXERHGPE]WSMPX]TI
Sand-silt clay mix with plastic fines 717'
'PE]I]WERHW{TSSVP]KVEHIHWERHGPE]QM\XYVIW 7'
-RSVKERMGWMPXWERHGPE]I]WMPXW 10
1M\XYVISJMRSVKERMGWMPXERHGPE] 10'0
3XLIVWSMPX]TIW
-RSVKERMGGPE]WSJPS[XSQIHMYQTPEWXMGMX] '0
3VKERMGWMPXWERHWMPXGPE]WPS[TPEWXMGMX] 30
-RSVKERMGGPE]I]WMPXWTPEWXMGWMPXW 1,
Unsuitable as backfill Unsuitable as backfill
-RSVKERMGGPE]WSJLMKLTPEWXMGMX] ',
3VKERMGGPE]WERHWMPX]GPE]W 3,
[LIVI /E is the active earth pressure coefficient and should T! LWJSVWY PFJXO4E
E
FIGEPGYPEXIHYWMRK)UF
s
T! LWJSVPFJXO4E
"WY PFJXO4E
a F
s
F
4EWWMZI IEVXL TVIWWYVI{4EWWMZI IEVXL TVIWWYVI T! LWJSVPFJXO4E
WY G
HIZIPSTW[LIRXLI[EPPSVER]SJMXWTEVXWMWJSVGIHEKEMRWX
XLIIEVXLFERO-RXLMWGEWI 1MRMQYQWSMPPEXIVEPTVIWWYVI
1MRMQYQ EGXMZI WSMP TVIWWYVI{7SMP PSEHW MR
TT!/T ^ E
8EFPIWLSYPHFIYWIHEWPEXIVEPWSMPTVIWWYVIYRPIWW
specified otherwise in a soil investigation report. This pressure
[LIVI /T is the passive earth pressure coefficient and should GSVVIWTSRHWXSXLIEGXMZITVIWWYVI /E0EXIVEPTVIWWYVIJVSQ
FIGEPGYPEXIHYWMRK)UF
WYVGLEVKIPSEHWWLSYPHFIEHHIHXSXLIPEXIVEPIEVXLTVIWWYVI
PSEH0EXIVEPTVIWWYVIWLSYPHFIMRGVIEWIH[LIVIWSMPW[MXL
1 sin s I\TERWMSRTSXIRXMEPEVITVIWIRXEXXLIWMXIEWHIXIVQMRIHF]E
Kp F
1 sin s
KISXIGLRMGEPMRZIWXMKEXMSR
-R 8EFPI PEXIVEP WSMP TVIWWYVI MW KMZIR JSV
moist conditions for the specified soils at optimum densi
&VEGIH I\GEZEXMSRW{1SWX VIXEMRMRK [EPPW JSV XMIW %GXYEP JMIPH GSRHMXMSRW WLSYPH KSZIVR 7YFQIVKIH
WQEPP FYMPHMRKW EVI FVEGIH I\GEZEXMSRW [LIVI XLI [EPP MW SV WEXYVEXIH WSMP TVIWWYVI WLSYPH MRGPYHI XLI FYS]ERX WSMP
PEXIVEPP]VIWXVEMRIHEXXLIFEWIXLIXSTERHTSWWMFP]EXSXLIV [IMKLXTPYWXLIL]HVSWXEXMGPSEHW
PIZIPW -R XLMW WMXYEXMSR TVIWWYVI HMWXVMFYXMSR VIWIQFPIW 1MRMQYQ PEXIVEP TVIWWYVI EX VIWX{*SV VMKMH
E VIGXERKPI SV E XVETI^SMH [MXL XLI YTTIV XVMERKPI QMWWMRK [EPPW PEXIVEPP] VIWXVEMRIH XST ERHFSXXSQ PEXIVEP WSMP TVIW
L W
*SV TVEGXMGEP GEWIW HIWMKR TVIWWYVI WLSYPH FI WYVIMR8EFPIWLSYPHFIMRGVIEWIHEWJSPPS[W
IZEPYEXIHYWMRKERH
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
8EFPI {&EWIQIRXVIXEMRMRK[EPPVIUYMVIHQSQIRXWXVIRKXLTIVLSVM^SRXEPYRMXPIRKXLSJ[EPP
Wall flexural restraint 6IUYMVIHQSQIRXWXVIRKXLJSVVIMRJSVGIQIRXX]TI*MK
'EWI 8ST &SXXSQ % & '
puw n2 putw 2
puw n2 putw 2
n
E
*VII *VII Mu n
Mu
17 8 15 8
puw n2 putw 2
n puw n2 putw n2
F
6IWXVEMRIH *VII Mu Mu
17 8 24 14
ERHFSXXSQSJXLI[EPP6SXEXMSREPVIWXVEMRXMWTVSZMHIHF]
XLIWPEFEXXLIXSTSJXLI[EPPXLIFIEQEPSRKXLI[EPPPIRKXL
EWMRHMGEXIHF]ERHXLI[EPPJSSXMRK&EWIHSRXLIWI
GMVGYQWXERGIW XLI JSPPS[MRK WYTTSVX GSRHMXMSRW VIWYPX MR
XLIVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLS[RMR*MK[MXLXLIVIUYMVIH
QSQIRXWXVIRKXLTIVYRMXSJ[EPP[MHXLMRHMGEXIHMR8EFPI
E
1MRMQYQ VSXEXMSREP VIWXVEMRX XST ERH FSXXSQ{8LI
[EPP LEW RS VSXEXMSREP VIWXVEMRX TVSZMHIH F] IPIQIRXW XLEX
GSYPHTVSZMHIMX
F
6SXEXMSREP VIWXVEMRX TVSZMHIH EX XST ERH QMRMQYQ
VSXEXMSREPVIWXVEMRXEXFSXXSQ—The slab elements of the first
aerial floor have sufficient flexural stiffness to inhibit any
flexural rotation of the wall at the top, whereas the elements
XLEXTVSZMHIXLIPEXIVEPVIWXVEMRXEXXLIFSXXSQ HSRSXLEZI
flexural stiffness to inhibit flexural rotation of the retaining
[EPP
G
1MRMQYQ VSXEXMSREP VIWXVEMRX EX XST ERH VSXEXMSREP
VIWXVEMRX TVSZMHIH EX FSXXSQ{8LI WPEF IPIQIRXW SJ XLI
first aerial floor are simply supported at the wall and do not
provide any flexural stiffness to inhibit flexural rotation of
XLI[EPPEXXLIXST[LIVIEWXLI[EPPJSSXMRKSVXLIIPIQIRXW *MK {(IWMKR QSQIRXW ERH VIMRJSVGIQIRX JSV
XLEXTVSZMHIPEXIVEPVIWXVEMRXEXXLIFSXXSQSJXLI[EPPLEZI FEWIQIRX[EPPW
sufficient flexural stiffness to inhibit flexural rotation of the
[EPPFSXXSQ n n
H
6SXEXMSREPVIWXVEMRXTVSZMHIHFSXLXSTERHFSXXSQ{
The slab elements of the first aerial floor have sufficient flexural
stiffness to inhibit any flexural rotation of the wall at the 8LIWLIEVWXVIRKXLSJWSPMHWPEFWMRWLSYPHFIQIX
XSTERHXLI[EPPJSSXMRKSVXLIIPIQIRXWXLEXTVSZMHIPEXIVEP
restraint at the bottom of the wall have sufficient flexural {+VEHIFIEQWJSYRHEXMSRFIEQW
stiffness to inhibit flexural rotation of the wall bottom. +IRIVEP
6IMRJSVGIQIRX EVIE ERH WTEGMRK WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH (IWGVMTXMSR{+VEHI FIEQW PSGEXIH YRHIV XLI
YWMRK TVSGIHYVIW SJ JSV WPEFW 'EPGYPEXMSR SJ HG XLI WYVJEGIERHEFSZIXLIJSSXMRKW*MKE
WLSYPHJSVQ
distance from extreme tension fiber to tension reinforcement E KVMH PMROMRK EPP GSPYQRW ERH [EPPW EX XLI FYMPHMRK FEWI
GIRXVSMHWLSYPHGSRWMHIVGSRGVIXIGSZIVFEVHMEQIXIVWERH *MKF
-RQEXJSYRHEXMSRWQEXFIEQWWIVZIXLI
TIVTIRHMGYPEVVIMRJSVGIQIRXTPEGIHFIX[IIRVIMRJSVGIQIRX WEQIJYRGXMSR
GSRWMHIVIHERHXLIGSRGVIXIWYVJEGI%ZEPYISJHG!MR *YRGXMSR{+VEHI FIEQW JYRGXMSRW MRGPYHI E
QQ
WLSYPHFIYWIHXSGSQTYXIHEWH ! LzHG XLVSYKLH
7LIEV{6IUYMVIH WLIEV WXVIRKXL TIV YRMX LSVM E
1EOI XLI SZIVEPP FYMPHMRK WIXXPIQIRX QSVI YRMJSVQ
^SRXEP [EPP PIRKXL JSV XLI FEWIQIRX [EPP WLSYPH FI HIXIV FIGEYWI XLI] TIVQMX VIHMWXVMFYXMSR SJ JSSXMRK PSEHW ERH
QMRIHJVSQ VIHYGIXLITSXIRXMEPJSVHMJJIVIRXMEPWIXXPIQIRXW
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
*MKE{0SGEXMSRSJKVEHIFIEQW
HMWXERGIXSXLEXGSPYQRSV[EPP*EGXSVIHWLIEVJSVXLIKVEHI
FIEQWLSYPHFIGSQTYXIHJVSQ)UF
Pu
Vu = F
80
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
I
'SRGVIXIGSZIVSZIVXLIFEVW XSLSYVWEJXIV[EXIVLEWFIIREHHIHXSXLIGIQIRX,]HVE
J
5YEPMX]GSRXVSPSJVIMRJSVGMRKFEVW[LIXLIVF]XIWXMRK XMSRGSRXMRYIWXSTVSGIIHHIITIVMRXSXLIGIQIRXKVEMRWEX
EGGITXERGISJQMPPXIWXVITSVXWSVFSXL HIGVIEWMRKWTIIH[MXLGSRXMRYIHWXMJJIRMRKERHLEVHIRMRKSJ
K
'PEWW SV X]TI SJ FEV WYTTSVXW FEV TSWMXMSRMRK ERH XLIQEWW-RSVHMREV]GSRGVIXIXLIGIQIRXMWTVSFEFP]RIZIV
KIRIVEPEVVERKIQIRXSJFEVWYTTSVXWERH GSQTPIXIP]L]HVEXIH8LIKIPWXVYGXYVISJXLILEVHIRIHTEWXI
(h) Concrete finishes. WIIQWXSFIXLIGLMIJVIEWSRJSVXLIZSPYQIGLERKIWGEYWIH
A carefully prepared project specification should minimize MRGSRGVIXIF]ZEVMEXMSRWMRQSMWXYVIWYGLEWXLIWLVMROEKI
XLIRIIHJSVPIRKXL]HIXEMPIHRSXIWSRXLIHVE[MRKW'IVXEMR SJ GSRGVIXI EW MX HVMIW *SV GSQTPIXI L]HVEXMSR SJ E KMZIR
RSXIWEP[E]WKSSRXLIWXVYGXYVEPHVE[MRKWFIGEYWIXLI]EVI EQSYRX SJ GIQIRX ER EQSYRX SJ [EXIV IUYEP XS EFSYX
fundamental, such as the specified strength of concrete, even TIVGIRXSJXLEXSJGIQIRXF][IMKLXMWRIIHIHGLIQMGEPP]
if the information is included in the specification. %REHHMXMSREPXSTIVGIRXWLSYPHFITVIWIRXLS[IZIV
XSTVSZMHIQSFMPMX]JSVXLI[EXIVMRXLIGIQIRXTEWXIHYVMRK
',%48)6{'327869'8-32 XLIL]HVEXMSRTVSGIWWWSXLEXMXGERVIEGLXLIGIQIRXTEVXMGPIW
{-RXVSHYGXMSR 8LMW QEOIW JSV E XSXEP QMRMQYQ [EXIVGIQIRX VEXMS [G
+IRIVEP{'SRGVIXI MW E GEVIJYPP] TVSTSVXMSRIH SJXSF][IMKLX8LMWGSVVIWTSRHWXSXSKEP
QM\XYVISJGIQIRXWERHERHKVEZIPSVSXLIVEKKVIKEXIERH XS 0
SJ [EXIVTIVPF OK
WEGO SJ GIQIRX
[EXIVLEVHIRIHMRJSVQWSJXLIWLETIERHHMQIRWMSRWSJXLI XLI QSVIGYWXSQEV][E] SJI\TVIWWMRK [G;EXIVGIQIRX
HIWMVIHWXVYGXYVI VEXMSW MR GSRGVIXI EVI KIRIVEPP] GSRWMHIVEFP] PEVKIV XLER
Most concrete material consists of fine and coarse aggregate. XLMW QMRMQYQ XS TVSZMHI XLI RIGIWWEV] [SVOEFMPMX] SJ XLI
'IQIRXERH[EXIVMRXIVEGXGLIQMGEPP]XSFMRHEKKVIKEXITEVXMGPIW GSRGVIXIQM\XYVI%R]EQSYRXSJ[EXIVEFSZIXLITIVGIRX
MRXSEWSPMHQEWW%HHMXMSREP[EXIVSZIVERHEFSZIXLEXRIIHIH GSRWYQIH MR XLI GLIQMGEP VIEGXMSR TVSHYGIW TSVIW MR XLI
JSVXLMWGLIQMGEPVIEGXMSRMWRIGIWWEV]XSKMZIXLIQM\XYVI GIQIRX TEWXI 8LI LEVHIRIH TEWXI WXVIRKXL HIGVIEWIW MR
the workability that enables it to fill forms and surround the MRZIVWITVSTSVXMSRXSXLIJVEGXMSRSJXLIXSXEPZSPYQISGGYTMIH
IQFIHHIHVIMRJSVGMRKWXIIPFIJSVILEVHIRMRK'SRGVIXITVST F] TSVIW 8LMW MW [L] XLI GIQIRX TEWXI WXVIRKXL HITIRHW
IVXMIW HITIRH SR XS E WYFWXERXMEP HIKVII QM\XYVI TVSTSV TVMQEVMP] SR ERH HIGVIEWIW HMVIGXP] [MXL MRGVIEWMRK [G
XMSRWXLIXLSVSYKLRIWW[MXL[LMGLXLIZEVMSYWGSRWXMXYIRXW 8LI GLIQMGEP TVSGIWW MRZSPZIH MR WIXXMRK ERH LEVHIRMRK
EVIMRXIVQM\IHERHLYQMHMX]ERHXIQTIVEXYVIGSRHMXMSRWMR PMFIVEXIWLIEXORS[REWLIEXSJL]HVEXMSR-RPEVKIGSRGVIXI
[LMGLXLIQM\XYVIMWQEMRXEMRIHJVSQXLIQSQIRXMXMWTPEGIH QEWWIW XLMW LIEX MW HMWWMTEXIH ZIV] WPS[P] ERH VIWYPXW MR
MRXLIJSVQWYRXMPMXJYPP]LEVHIRW8LITVSGIWWSJGSRXVSPPMRK E XIQTIVEXYVI VMWI ERH ZSPYQI I\TERWMSR SJ XLI GSRGVIXI
LYQMHMX] ERH XIQTIVEXYVI GSRHMXMSRW MW ORS[R EW GYVMRK HYVMRKL]HVEXMSR[MXLWYFWIUYIRXGSSPMRKERHGSRXVEGXMSR
8STVSXIGXEKEMRWXYRMRXIRXMSREPTVSHYGXMSRSJWYFWXERHEVH 8S EZSMH WIVMSYW GVEGOMRK ERH [IEOIRMRK XLEX QE] VIWYPX
GSRGVIXIELMKLHIKVIISJWOMPPJYPGSRXVSPERHWYTIVZMWMSRMW JVSQXLMWTVSGIWWWTIGMEPQIEWYVIWWLSYPHFIXEOIRJSVMXW
RIGIWWEV]XLVSYKLSYXXLITVSGIWWJVSQXLITVSTSVXMSRMRKF] GSRXVSP
MRHMZMHYEPGSQTSRIRX[IMKLXXLVSYKLQM\MRKERHTPEGMRK %KKVIKEXIW{1E\MQYQ EKKVIKEXI WM^I WLSYPH
YRXMPXLIGSQTPIXMSRSJGYVMRK easily fit into the forms and between the reinforcing bars
'IQIRX{% GIQIRXMRK QEXIVMEP LEW XLI EHLIWMZI
8LI YWI SJ PMKLX[IMKLX EKKVIKEXIW MW FI]SRH XLI
ERHGSLIWMZITVSTIVXMIWRIGIWWEV]XSFSRHMRIVXEKKVIKEXIW WGSTISJXLMWKYMHI-RSVHMREV]WXVYGXYVEPGSRGVIXIEKKVI
MRXSEWSPMHQEWWSJEHIUYEXIWXVIRKXLERHHYVEFMPMX] KEXIW SGGYT] EFSYX XS TIVGIRX SJ XLI ZSPYQI SJ XLI
*SV QEOMRK WXVYGXYVEP GSRGVIXI L]HVEYPMG GIQIRXW EVI LEVHIRIHQEWW8LIVIQEMRHIVGSRWMWXWSJLEVHIRIHGIQIRX
YWIHI\GPYWMZIP];EXIVMWRIIHIHJSVXLIGLIQMGEPTVSGIWW TEWXI YRGSQFMRIH [EXIV [EXIV RSX MRZSPZIH MR GIQIRX
L]HVEXMSR
MR [LMGL XLI GIQIRX TS[HIV WIXW ERH LEVHIRW L]HVEXMSR
ERHEMVZSMHW8LIPEWXX[SHSRSXGSRXVMFYXIXS
MRXSSRIWSPMHQEWW3JXLIZEVMSYWL]HVEYPMGGIQIRXWXLEX GSRGVIXIWXVIRKXL-RKIRIVEPXLIQSVIHIRWIP]XLIEKKVIKEXI
LEZIFIIRHIZIPSTIHTSVXPERHGIQIRXMWXLIQSWXGSQQSR GER FI TEGOIH XLI FIXXIV XLI WXVIRKXL [IEXLIV VIWMWXERGI
Portland cement is a finely powdered, grayish material that ERH IGSRSQ] SJ XLI GSRGVIXI *SV XLMW VIEWSR XLI KVEHE
GSRWMWXW QEMRP] SJ GEPGMYQ ERH EPYQMRYQ WMPMGEXIW 8LIWI XMSRSJXLITEVXMGPI WM^IWMRXLIEKKVIKEXIXSTVSHYGI GPSWI
EVIKVSYRHFPIRHIHJYWIHXSGPMROIVWMREOMPRGSSPIHERH TEGOMRKMWMQTSVXERX-XMWEPWSMQTSVXERXXLEXXLIEKKVIKEXI
ground to the required fineness. The material is shipped in LEZIKSSHWXVIRKXLHYVEFMPMX]ERH[IEXLIVVIWMWXERGIXLEX
FYPOSVMRFEKWGSRXEMRMRKPFOK
SJGIQIRXMRXLI MXW WYVJEGI FI JVII JVSQ MQTYVMXMIW WYGL EW PSEQ WMPX ERH
9RMXIH 7XEXIW ERH PF OK
SJGIQIRX MRQSWXSXLIV SVKERMGQEXXIV[LMGLQE][IEOIRXLIFSRH[MXLXLIGIQIRX
GSYRXVMIW;LIRGIQIRXMWQM\IH[MXL[EXIVXSJSVQEWSJX TEWXIERHXLEXRSYRJEZSVEFPIGLIQMGEPVIEGXMSRXEOIWTPEGI
TEWXI MX KVEHYEPP] WXMJJIRW YRXMP MX FIGSQIW E WSPMH 8LMW FIX[IIR XLI GIQIRX TEWXI ERH XLI GIQIRX 2EXYVEP EKKVI
TVSGIWWMWORS[REWWIXXMRKERHLEVHIRMRKXLIGIQIRXMWWEMH gates are generally classified as fine and coarse. Fine aggre
to have set when it has gained sufficient rigidity to support KEXISVWERHMWER]QEXIVMEPXLEXTEWWIWEWMIZI[MXLMR
an arbitrarily defined pressure, after which it continues for (6 mm) openings. Material coarser than this is classified
E PSRK XMQI XS LEVHIR ERH KEMR JYVXLIV WXVIRKXL ;EXIV MR EW GSEVWI EKKVIKEXI SV KVEZIP ;LIR JEZSVEFPI KVEHEXMSR
XLI TEWXI HMWWSPZIW QEXIVMEP EX XLI WYVJEGIW SJ XLI GIQIRX MWHIWMVIHEKKVIKEXIWEVI WITEVEXIHF]WMIZMRK MRXSX[SSV
KVEMRW ERH JSVQW E KIP XLEX KVEHYEPP] MRGVIEWIW MR ZSPYQI XLVIIWM^IKVSYTWSJWERHERHWIZIVEPWM^IKVSYTWSJGSEVWI
ERHWXMJJRIWW8LMWPIEHWXSEVETMHWXMJJIRMRKSJXLITEWXI
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
EKKVIKEXI8LIWIGERXLIRFIGSQFMRIHEGGSVHMRKXSKVEHMRK XLIGSRGVIXIWXVIRKXL*SVEKMZIR[GXLIQMRMQYQEQSYRX
GLEVXWXSVIWYPXMREHIRWIP]TEGOIHEKKVIKEXI SJGIQIRXF][IMKLXXLEX[MPPWIGYVIXLIHIWMVIH[SVOEFMPMX]
%HQM\XYVIW{-REHHMXMSRXSXLIQEMRGSQTSRIRXW WLSYPHFIWIPIGXIH
of concrete, admixtures are often used for specific purposes. 'SRGVIXI WLSYPH FI TVSTSVXMSRIH XS TVSZMHI ER EZIVEKI
8LIVIEVIEHQM\XYVIWXSMQTVSZI[SVOEFMPMX]EGGIPIVEXISV GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL JGV XLEX QMRMQM^IW XLI JVIUYIRG] SJ
VIXEVH WIXXMRK ERH LEVHIRMRK EMH MR GYVMRK MQTVSZI HYVE WXVIRKXLXIWXWFIPS[JG (IXIVQMREXMSRSJJGV WLSYPHFIFEWIH
FMPMX]EHH GSPSVERH MQTEVXSXLIVTVSTIVXMIW;LIVIEW XLI SRHE]EKIXIWXWSRTEMVWSJG]PMRHIVWQEHIERHXIWXIHEW
beneficial effects of some admixtures are well established, HIWGVMFIHMR-REHHMXMSRGSRGVIXIQEXIVMEPTVSTSVXMSRW
XLIGPEMQWSJSXLIVWWLSYPHFIZMI[IH[MXLGEYXMSR WLSYPHFIIWXEFPMWLIHXSTVSZMHI
6IMRJSVGIQIRX{8LIVIMRJSVGIQIRXX]TIWGSZIVIH E
;SVOEFMPMX]ERHGSRWMWXIRG]XSTIVQMXGSRGVIXIXSFI
MRXLMWKYMHIEVIHIJSVQIHVIMRJSVGMRKFEVWTPEMRFEVWERH [SVOIHVIEHMP]MRXSJSVQWERHEVSYRHVIMRJSVGIQIRXYRHIV
[IPHIH[MVIVIMRJSVGIQIRX
XLITPEGIQIRXGSRHMXMSRW[MXLSYXWIKVIKEXMSRSVI\GIWWMZI
*SV QSWX IJJIGXMZI VIMRJSVGIQIRX EGXMSR MX MW RIGIWWEV] FPIIHMRK
that sufficient bond exists between the two materials so that F
6IWMWXERGIXSERXMGMTEXIHI\TSWYVIWERH
VIPEXMZIQSZIQIRXFIX[IIRXLIWXIIPFEVERHXLIWYVVSYRHMRK G
'SRJSVQERGI[MXLWXVIRKXLXIWXVIUYMVIQIRXW
GSRGVIXIHSIWRSXSGGYV8LMWFSRHMWTVSZMHIHF]XLIVIPE 'SRGVIXI TVSTSVXMSRW MRGPYHMRK [G WLSYPH FI IWXEF
XMZIP] PEVKI GLIQMGEP EHLIWMSR XLEX HIZIPSTW EX XLI WXIIP lished based on field experience, trial mixtures, or both, with
GSRGVIXIMRXIVJEGIF]XLIREXYVEPVSYKLRIWWSJXLIQMPPWGEPI XLIQEXIVMEPWXSFIYWIH
SJ LSXVSPPIH VIMRJSVGMRK FEVW ERH F] XLI GPSWIP] WTEGIH (YVEFMPMX]
WYVJEGI FEV HIJSVQEXMSRW [LMGL TVSZMHI E LMKL HIKVII SJ +IRIVEP{8S SFXEMR ETTVSTVMEXI GSRGVIXI
MRXIVPSGOMRKSJXLIX[SQEXIVMEPW HYVEFMPMX]EQMRMQYQEQSYRXSJGIQIRXWLSYPHFITVSZMHIH
*SVQ[SVO—Forms should result in a final structure F] YWMRK [G below specified values and by specifying a
XLEX GSRJSVQW XS XLI WLETIW PMRIW ERH HMQIRWMSRW SJ XLI QMRMQYQGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLJSVXLIGSRGVIXI8LMWKYMHI
members indicated by the design drawings and specifications. LS[IZIV HSIW RSX TVSZMHI QM\XYVI VIGSQQIRHEXMSRW JSV
Forms should be substantial and sufficiently tight to FYMPHMRKW[MXLWTIGMEPHYVEFMPMX]GSRGIVRW
TVIZIRXQSVXEVPIEOEKI8LI]WLSYPHFITVSTIVP]FVEGIHSV 'EPGYPEXMSRSJ[G{;EXIVGIQIRXVEXMSWWTIGM
XMIHXSKIXLIVXSQEMRXEMRTSWMXMSRERHWLETI*SVQWERHXLIMV fied in 16.2.2 should be calculated using water weight in
WYTTSVXWLSYPHFIHIWMKRIHWSEWRSXXSHEQEKIETVIZMSYWP] GSRGVIXI PF]H OK TIV Q
HMZMHIH F]XLIGIQIRX MR XLI
TPEGIHWXVYGXYVI*SVQ[SVOHIWMKRWLSYPHGSRWMHIVXLIVEXI GSRGVIXIQM\XYVIMRPF]HOKTIVQ). The use of fly ash,
ERH QIXLSH SJ TPEGMRK GSRGVIXI ERH GSRWXVYGXMSR PSEHW TS^^SPERWWPEKERHWMPMGEJYQIMWFI]SRHXLIWGSTISJXLMW
MRGPYHMRKZIVXMGEPLSVM^SRXEPERHMQTEGXPSEHW KYMHIERHMJYWIHWLSYPHFIMREGGSVHERGI[MXLVIJIVIRGIH
WXERHEVHWSJ'LETXIV
{'SRGVIXIQM\XYVITVSTSVXMSRMRK *VII^MRKERHXLE[MRK I\TSWYVIW{'SRGVIXI
+IRIVEP{8LMW KYMHI HSIW RSX MRXIRXMSREPP] I\TSWIHXSJVII^MRKERHXLE[MRKSVHIMGMRKGLIQMGEPWWLSYPH
EHHVIWW GSRGVIXI GSRXEMRMRK WYTTPIQIRXEV] GIQIRXMRK FIEMVIRXVEMRIH[MXLETIVGIRXXSXEPEMVGSRXIRXJSVWIZIVI
materials (SCM) including fly ash. It is recognized that in I\TSWYVI ERH TIVGIRX JSV QSHIVEXI I\TSWYVI 8SPIVERGI
many countries, like the United States, that fly ash and other SREMVGSRXIRXMRJVIWLGSRGVIXIWLSYPHFITIVGIRX%MV
7'1 EVI YWIHMR SZIV TIVGIRX SJ EPP GSRGVIXI QM\XYVIW IRXVEMRQIRX WLSYPH RSXFI YWIH JSV GSRGVIXI WYVJEGIW[MXL
ERH EVI VSYXMRIP] HIPMZIVIH F] GSRGVIXI WYTTPMIVW EW GSRWXMXY specified hard trowel finish.
IRXW SJ X]TMGEP QM\XYVIW 8LMW KYMHI SRP] QEOIW VIJIVIRGI XS 7TIGMEP I\TSWYVI GSRHMXMSRW{*SV I\TSWYVIW
GSRGVIXIHIWMKRWXVIRKXLEWMXMWTVMQEVMP]HMVIGXIHXSIRKMRIIVW KMZIR MR 8EFPI GSRGVIXI WLSYPH GSRJSVQ XS XLI
[MXLPMQMXIHI\TSWYVIXSQEXIVMEPWXIGLRSPSK]ERHXVEMRMRK*SVE GSVVIWTSRHMRK QE\MQYQ [G and minimum specified
complete definition of proportions, the weight of cement, water, GSRGVIXIGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXL
WERHERHGSEVWIEKKVIKEXIWLSYPHFITVSZMHIH 7YPJEXI I\TSWYVIW{;LIR [EXIVWSPYFPI WYPJEXI
:EVMSYW QM\XYVI GSQTSRIRXW EVI TVSTSVXMSRIH WS XLEX XLI 73
MWTVIWIRXMRWSMPERHLEWEGSRGIRXVEXMSRKVIEXIVXLER
VIWYPXMRKGSRGVIXILEWEHIUYEXIWXVIRKXLTVSTIV[SVOEFMPMX]JSV TIVGIRXF][IMKLXSVMWTVIWIRXMR[EXIV[MXLQSVIXLER
TPEGMRKERHPS[GSWX8LIPEXXIVGEPPWJSVYWMRKXLIQMRMQYQ TEVXWTIVQMPPMSRTTQ
GSRGVIXII\TSWIHXSXLIWI
EQSYRXSJGIQIRX{XLIQSWXGSWXP]GSQTSRIRX{XSEGLMIZI WYPJEXIGSRXEMRMRKWSPYXMSRWSVWSMPWWLSYPHLEZIE[GPIWW
adequate properties. Concrete attributes are generally influenced XLERSVIUYEPXSF][IMKLXERHEQMRMQYQGSQTVIWWMZI
EWMRHMGEXIHMR8EFPI8LIFIXXIVXLIEKKVIKEXIKVEHEXMSR WXVIRKXL JG SJTWM14E
8LIYWISJWYPJEXIVIWMW
XLIWQEPPIVXLIZSPYQISJZSMHWERHXLIPIWWGIQIRXTEWXIMW XERXGIQIRXMWVIGSQQIRHIHMJEZEMPEFPI'EPGMYQGLPSVMHI
needed to fill these voids. Water is required for hydration and EWEREHQM\XYVIWLSYPHRSXFIYWIHMRGSRGVIXII\TSWIHXS
RIIHIHJSV[IXXMRKXLIEKKVIKEXIWYVJEGI%W[EXIVMWEHHIH WYPJEXIW
TPEWXMGMX]ERHJPYMHMX]SJXLIQM\XYVIMRGVIEWIWERH[SVO 'LPSVMHIMSRI\TSWYVI{*SVGSVVSWMSRTVSXIGXMSR
EFMPMX]MQTVSZIWFYXWXVIRKXLHIGVIEWIWFIGEYWIJVII[EXIV SJVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRGSRGVIXIQE\MQYQ[EXIVWSPYFPIGLPS
GVIEXIWEPEVKIVZSPYQISJZSMHW8SVIHYGIJVII[EXIV[LMPI VMHI MSR GSRGIRXVEXMSRW MR LEVHIRIH GSRGVIXI EX EKIW JVSQ
VIXEMRMRK [SVOEFMPMX] GIQIRX WLSYPH FI EHHIH 8LIVIJSVI XSHE]WGSRXVMFYXIHJVSQMRKVIHMIRXWMRGPYHMRK[EXIV
EWJSVGIQIRXTEWXIXLI[GMWXLIQEMRJEGXSVXLEXGSRXVSPW
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
8EFPI {)JJIGXWSRGSRGVIXIEXXVMFYXIWHYIXSERMRGVIEWISJER]WMRKPIQM\XYVIGSQTSRIRX
%XXVMFYXI 'IQIRX *MRIEKKVIKEXI 'SEVWIEKKVIKEXI ;EXIV )RXVEMRIHEMV 1M\MRK %KI
7PYQT z z
'SLIWMSR z z
;SVOEFMPMX] z
7IKVIKEXMSR z z z z
7IHMQIRXEXMSR z z z z
;IXGSRWSPMHEXMSR z z z z
&PIIHMRK z z z z
)RXVEMRIHEMV z z
(YVEFMPMX] z z z
7XVIRKXL z z z
)PEWXMGQSHYPYW z z z
*VII^IVIWMWXERGI z z z
;IEVVIWMWXERGI z z
'LIQMGEPVIWMWXERGI z z
4IVQIEFMPMX] z z z z z
;IXI\TERWMSR z z z z z
(V]WLVMROEKI z z z
(IRWMX] z z z
Form finish z z
8EFPI {'SRGVIXITVSTIVXMIWJSVI\TSWYVIGSRHMXMSRW
)\TSWYVIGSRHMXMSR 1E\MQYQ [GF][IMKLX 1MRMQYQ JG TWM 1MRMQYQ JG 14E
'SRGVIXIMRXIRHIHXSLEZIPS[TIVQIEFMPMX][LIRI\TSWIHXS[EXIV
'SRGVIXII\TSWIHXSJVII^MRKERHXLE[MRKMREQSMWXGSRHMXMSRSVXS
HIMGMRKGLIQMGEPW
*SVGSVVSWMSRTVSXIGXMSRSJVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRGSRGVIXII\TSWIHXS
GLPSVMHIWJVSQHIMGMRKGLIQMGEPWWEPXWEPX[EXIVFVEGOMWL[EXIV
WIE[EXIVSVWTVE]JVSQXLIWIWSYVGIW
EKKVIKEXIW GIQIRX ERH EHQM\XYVIW WLSYPHRSX I\GIIH XLI ERH IRGSQTEWW XLI VIUYMVIH EZIVEKI WXVIRKXL JGV
PMQMXWSJ8EFPI 8VMEPQM\XYVIWWLSYPHFIHIWMKRIHXSTVSHYGIWPYQTW[MXLMR
%ZIVEKIGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXL{%ZIVEKIGSQTVIW MRQQ
SJXLIQE\MQYQTIVQMXXIH*SVIEGL[G
WMZI WXVIRKXL JGV JSV GSRGVIXIWLSYPH FI TWM 14E
EXPIEWXXLVIIG]PMRHIVWWLSYPHFIQEHIERHGYVIHMREGGSV
greater than specified concrete compressive strength JG 8LMW HERGI [MXL %781 ''1 ERH XIWXIHEX HE]W
I\GIIHWXLI%'-VIUYMVIQIRXSJTWM14E
MREGGSVHERGI[MXL%781''1*VSQXLIVIWYPXW
FIGEYWISJEREWWYQIHPS[IVUYEPMX]GSRXVSPMRVIQSXIEVIEW SJXLIG]PMRHIVXIWXWEGYVZIWLSYPHFITPSXXIHWLS[MRKXLI
4VSTSVXMSRMRK XLI GSRGVIXI QM\XYVI{8LI GSRGVIXI VIPEXMSRWLMTFIX[IIRXLI[GERHXLIGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXL
mixture proportions should be established from field experience A field-experienced concrete producer should have
TVSHYGIVSVXVMEPQM\XYVIWYWMRKGSQFMREXMSRW SJQEXIVMEPW WXVIRKXL XIWX VIGSVHW RSX QSVI XLER QSRXLW SPH ERH
JSVXLITVSTSWIH[SVOYWMRKEXPIEWXXLVIIHMJJIVIRX[GXLEX E WEQTPI WXERHEVH HIZMEXMSR WW WLEPP FI IWXEFPMWLIH 8IWX
GSQTP] [MXL HYVEFMPMX] WPYQT PMQMXW JVSQ 8EFPI VIGSVHWJVSQ[LMGLWWEVIGEPGYPEXIHWLEPP
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
WLSYPHFIWYTTPIQIRXIHF]XLIPEXXIV[LIVIREVVS[JSVQWSV
SXLIVSFWXEGPIWQEOIMQQIVWMSRMQTSWWMFPI
4VITEVEXMSRSJIUYMTQIRXERHTPEGISJHITSWMX{
4VITEVEXMSRFIJSVIGSRGVIXITPEGIQIRXWLSYPHMRGPYHI
E
)UYMTQIRX JSV QM\MRK ERH XVERWTSVXMRK GSRGVIXI MW
GPIER
F
(IFVMW ERH MGI MW VIQSZIH JVSQ WTEGIW XLEX [MPP FI *MK {'SRWXVYGXMSR NSMRXW MR WPEFW KMVHIVW ERH
SGGYTMIHF]GSRGVIXI FIEQW
G
*SVQWEVITVSTIVP]GSEXIH
(d) Masonry filler units that will be in contact with concrete
EVI[IPPWEXYVEXIH 6IXIQTIVMRKGSRGVIXI{6IXIQTIVMRKGSRGVIXIMW
I
6IMRJSVGIQIRXMW XLSVSYKLP]GPIER SJ MGISV SXLIV RSXTIVQMXXIHERHGSRGVIXIXLEXLEWFIIRVIQM\IHEJXIVMRMXMEP
HIPIXIVMSYWGSEXMRK WIXWLSYPHRSXFIYWIH
J
;EXIVMWVIQSZIHJVSQTPEGISJHITSWMXFIJSVIGSRGVIXI (ITSWMXFSYRHEVMIW{;LIRGSRGVIXMRKFIKMRWMX
MWTPEGIHYRPIWWEXVIQMIMWXSFIYWIHERH WLSYPHFIEGSRXMRYSYWSTIVEXMSRYRXMPTPEGMRKSJETERIPSV
K
%PP PEMXERGI ERH SXLIV YRWSYRH QEXIVMEP EVI VIQSZIH section, as defined by its boundaries or predetermined joints,
FIJSVIEHHMXMSREPGSRGVIXIMWTPEGIHEKEMRWXLEVHIRIHGSRGVIXI MWGSQTPIXIHI\GITXEWTIVQMXXIHSVTVSLMFMXIHF]
1M\MRK 8STWYVJEGIW{8STWYVJEGIWSJZIVXMGEPP]JSVQIH
+IRIVEP{%PP GSRGVIXI WLSYPH FI QM\IH YRXMP PMJXWWLSYPHFIPIZIP
XLIVI MW YRMJSVQ QEXIVMEPW HMWXVMFYXMSR XLEX MW HMWGLEVKIH 'SRWSPMHEXMSR{'SRGVIXI WLSYPH FI XLSVSYKLP]
GSQTPIXIP]FIJSVIXLIQM\IVMWVIGLEVKIH GSRWSPMHEXIH F] WYMXEFPI QIERW HYVMRK TPEGIQIRX ERH
6IEH] QM\IH GSRGVIXI{6IEH] QM\IH GSRGVIXI XLSVSYKLP] [SVOIH EVSYRH VIMRJSVGIQIRX ERH IQFIHHIH
WLSYPH FI QM\IHERH HIPMZIVIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL %781 fixtures, as well as into form corners.
''1 'SRWXVYGXMSRNSMRXW
.SFQM\IHGSRGVIXI{;LIRGSRGVIXIMWQM\IHSR +IRIVEP{'SRWXVYGXMSRNSMRXWYVJEGIWWLSYPHFI
WMXIMXWLSYPHFIQM\IHMREGGSVHERGI[MXLXLIJSPPS[MRK GPIERIHERHPEMXERGIVIQSZIH-QQIHMEXIP]FIJSVITPEGMRK
E
1M\MRKMWHSRIMREFEXGLQM\IV RI[GSRGVIXIEPPGSRWXVYGXMSRNSMRXWWLSYPHFI[IXXIHERH
F
1M\IV MW VSXEXIH EX QERYJEGXYVIVvW VIGSQQIRHIH WXERHMRK[EXIVVIQSZIH'SRWXVYGXMSRNSMRXWWLSYPHFIQEHI
WTIIH ERHPSGEXIHWSEWRSXXSMQTEMVXLIWXVIRKXLSJXLIWXVYGXYVI
G
1MRMQYQQM\MRKXMQIMWQMRYXIJSVQM\IVWSJRSX 4VSZMWMSRW WLSYPH FI QEHI JSV XVERWJIV SJ WLIEV ERH SXLIV
QSVI XLER ]H Q
GETEGMX] [MXL ER EHHMXMSREP PSEHWXLVSYKLGSRWXVYGXMSRNSMRXW
WIGSRHWJSVIEGLEHHMXMSREP]HQ
1M\MRKGERFI -RWPEFW{'SRWXVYGXMSRNSMRXWWLSYPHFIPSGEXIH
GSRXMRYIHJSVEGSRWMHIVEFPIXMQI[MXLSYXEHZIVWIIJJIGX [MXLMRXLIQMHHPIXLMVHSJWTERWSJWPEFWFIEQWERHKMVHIVW
H
1M\MRKMWGSRXMRYIHJSVEXPIEWXQMRYXIWEJXIVEPP *MK
.SMRXWMRKMVHIVWWLSYPHFISJJWIXEQMRMQYQ
QEXIVMEPWEVIMRXLIHVYQERH HMWXERGISJX[MGIXLI[MHXLSJMRXIVWIGXMRKFIEQW
I
%HIXEMPIHVIGSVHWLSYPHFIOITXXSMHIRXMJ] -R FIEQW KMVHIVW ERH WPEFW WYTTSVXIH F]
2YQFIVSJFEXGLIWTVSHYGIH GSPYQRW SV [EPPW{'SRGVIXI WLSYPH RSXFI GEWX SVIVIGXIH
4VSTSVXMSRWSJQEXIVMEPWYWIH YRXMPGSRGVIXIMRXLIZIVXMGEPWYTTSVXQIQFIVWMWRSPSRKIV
(3) Approximate location of final deposit in structure; TPEWXMG
ERH -R FIEQW KMVHIVW LEYRGLIW HVST TERIPW ERH
8MQIERHHEXISJQM\MRKERHTPEGMRK GETMXEPW{'SRGVIXI MR FIEQW KMVHIVW LEYRGLIW HVST
'SRZI]MRK{'SRGVIXI WLSYPH FI GSRZI]IH JVSQ TERIPW ERH GETMXEPW WLSYPH FI TPEGIH QSRSPMXLMGEPP] [MXL
QM\IV XSTPEGISJ JMREP HITSWMX F] QIXLSHWXLEX TVIZIRX XLIWPEFW]WXIQ
WITEVEXMSRSVPSWWSJQEXIVMEP'SRZI]MRKIUYMTQIRXWLSYPH
FIGETEFPISJTVSZMHMRKEWYTTP]SJGSRGVIXIEXXLIWMXISJ {'SRGVIXIWXVIRKXLIZEPYEXMSR
TPEGIQIRX [MXLSYX WITEVEXMSR SJ MRKVIHMIRXW ERH MRXIVVYTXMSRW +IRIVEP{'SRGVIXIWLSYPHFIXIWXIHMREGGSVHERGI
XLEXGEYWIPSWWSJTPEWXMGMX]FIX[IIRWYGGIWWMZIMRGVIQIRXW [MXL
(ITSWMXMRK 'SRGVIXI TVSTIVXMIW EVI EJJIGXIH F] QER] JEGXSVW XLYW
4PEGISJHITSWMX{'SRGVIXIWLSYPHFIHITSWMXIH W]WXIQEXMG UYEPMX] GSRXVSP WLSYPH FI MRWXMXYXIH EX XLI
as nearly as practical in its final position to avoid segregation GSRWXVYGXMSRWMXI'SQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLMWXLIQEMRQIEWYVI
from rehandling or flowing. SJXLIWXVYGXYVEPUYEPMX]SJGSRGVIXI8IWXWJSVXLMWTVSTIVX]EVI
(ITSWMX VEXI{'SRGVIXMRK WLSYPH FI GEVVMIH SR QEHISRG]PMRHVMGEPWTIGMQIRWSJLIMKLXIUYEPXSX[MGIXLI
at a rate that concrete is plastic during discharge and flows HMEQIXIV\MRF]QQ
SV\MR\
VIEHMP]MRXSWTEGIWFIX[IIRVIMRJSVGIQIRX mm). Impervious molds of this shape are filled with concrete
4EVXMEPP] LEVHIRIH GSRGVIXI{'SRGVIXI XLEX during the placement operation as specified by ASTM C172/
LEWTEVXMEPP] LEVHIRIH SV FIIR GSRXEQMREXIH F] JSVIMKR '1']PMRHIVWEVIQSMWXGYVIHEX*'
QEXIVMEPWWLSYPHRSXFIHITSWMXIHMRXLIWXVYGXYVI JSV HE]W EGGSVHMRK XS %781 ''1 ERH XLIR
tested in the laboratory at a specified loading rate as required
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
F]%781''1'SQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLHIXIVQMRIH {'SRGVIXIGYVMRK
JVSQWYGLXIWXWEWXLIEZIVEKISJX[SG]PMRHIVWGEWXXLIWEQI +IRIVEP{'SRGVIXIWLSYPHFIGYVIHF]QEMRXEMRMRK
HE]JVSQXLIWEQIGSRGVIXIMWXLIG]PMRHIVWXVIRKXLJG 8LI it above the temperatures specified and in a moist condition
GSRGVIXIEWJYVRMWLIHWLSYPHFIMRWEXMWJEGXSV]EKVIIQIRX[MXL JSVXLITIVMSHMRHMGEXIHMR8EFPI
the specified strength value. Fresh concrete gains strength rapidly during the first
*VIUYIRG]SJXIWXMRK JI[ HE]W ERH [IIOW 7XVYGXYVEP HIWMKR MW KIRIVEPP] FEWIH
2YQFIVSJWEQTPIW{7EQTPIW JSVWXVIRKXLXIWXW SR HE] WXVIRKXL EFSYX TIVGIRX SJ [LMGL MW VIEGLIH
SJIEGLGPEWWSJGSRGVIXITPEGIHIEGLHE]WLSYPHFIEXPIEWX at the end of the first week after placing. Final concrete
X[SG]PMRHIVWJSV\MR\QQ
SVXLVIIG]PMR WXVIRKXLHITIRHWKVIEXP]SRXLIGSRHMXMSRWSJQSMWXYVIERH
HIVWJSV\MR\QQ
RSXPIWWXLERSRGIEHE] XIQTIVEXYVI HYVMRK XLMW MRMXMEP TIVMSH 8LI QEMRXIRERGI
SV PIWW XLER SRGI JSV IEGL ]H Q
SJ GSRGVIXI SV SJ TVSTIV GSRHMXMSRW HYVMRK XLMW XMQI MW ORS[R EW GYVMRK
PIWWXLERSRGIJSVIEGLJXQ
SJWYVJEGIEVIESJ 8LMVX]TIVGIRXSVQSVISJXLITSXIRXMEPWXVIRKXLGERFIPSWX
WPEFWSV[EPPW%WEQTPISJX[SG]PMRHIVWJSV\MR F]TVIQEXYVIHV]MRKSJXLIGSRGVIXIWMQMPEVEQSYRXWQE]
\QQ
SVXLVIIG]PMRHIVWJSV\MR\QQ
FI PSWX [LIR GSRGVIXI XIQTIVEXYVI HVSTW XS * '
WLSYPHEXPIEWXFIXEOIRSJXLIGSRGVIXISJXLIGSPYQRWSJ or lower during the first few days, unless the concrete is
each floor. A sample of two cylinders for 6 x 12 in. (150 x QEMRXEMRIH GSRXMRYSYWP] QSMWX JSV E PSRK XMQI XLIVIEJXIV
QQ
SV XLVII G]PMRHIVW JSV \ MR \ QQ
*VII^MRKSJJVIWLGSRGVIXIQE]VIHYGIWXVIRKXLF]EWQYGL
WLSYPHEXPIEWXFIXEOIRIZIV]FEXGLIWSJGSRGVIXI EW TIVGIRX 8S TVIZIRX WYGL HEQEKI GSRGVIXI WLSYPH
7QEPP NSFW{3R E KMZIR TVSNIGX MJ XLI XSXEP FITVSXIGXIHJVSQQSMWXYVIPSWWJSVEXPIEWXHE]WERHYT
GSRGVIXIZSPYQIMWWYGLXLEXXIWXMRKJVIUYIRG]MRHMGEXIHF] XS HE]W 'YVMRK GER FI EGLMIZIH F] OIITMRK I\TSWIH
16.5.2.1 would provide less than five strength tests (average WYVJEGIW GSRXMRYEPP] [IX XLVSYKL WTVMROPMRK TSRHMRK SV
SJX[SG]PMRHIVW
SJEKMZIRGPEWWSJGSRGVIXIXIWXWWLSYPHFI GSZIVMRK[MXL[IXFYVPET;EXIVYWIHJSVGYVMRKWLSYPHFI
made from at least five randomly selected batches or from RSQSVIXLER*'
HMJJIVIRXMRXIQTIVEXYVIXLERXLI
each batch if fewer than five batches are used. GSRGVIXIWYVJEGIFIMRKGYVIHXSTVIZIRXXLIVQEPWXVIWWIWERH
Definition of strength test{%WXVIRKXLXIWXWLSYPHFI GVEGOMRK 3XLIV QIXLSHW MRGPYHI YWMRK GYVMRK GSQTSYRHW
XLIEZIVEKISJXLIWXVIRKXLWSJX[SG]PMRHIVWJSV\MR XLEXJSVQZETSVFEVVMIVWERH[EXIVTVSSJTETIVW-REHHMXMSR
\QQ
SVXLVIIG]PMRHIVWJSV\MR\QQ
QEHI XS MQTVSZIH WXVIRKXL TVSTIV QSMWX GYVMRK TVSZMHIW FIXXIV
JVSQXLIWEQIWEQTPIERHXIWXIHEXHE]W WLVMROEKIGSRXVSP8STVSXIGXGSRGVIXIEKEMRWXPS[XIQTIVE
%GGITXERGISJGSRGVIXI XYVI HYVMRK GSPH [IEXLIV QM\MRK [EXIV ERH SGGEWMSREPP]
1EOMRK XIWX WTIGMQIRW{']PMRHVMGEP WTIGMQIRW EKKVIKEXIWEVILIEXIHXIQTIVEXYVIMRWYPEXMSRMWYWIH[LIVI
\ MR \ QQ
SV \ MR \ QQ
TSWWMFPIERHWTIGMEPEHQM\XYVIWTEVXMGYPEVP]GEPGMYQGLPSVMHI
should be cast in impervious molds of this shape and filled EVIYWIH;LIREMVXIQTIVEXYVIWEVIZIV]PS[I\XIVREPLIEX
with concrete during the placement operation as specified by QE]LEZIXSFIWYTTPMIHMREHHMXMSRXSMRWYPEXMSR
%781'1 'YVMRK XMQI{'SRGVIXI WLSYPH FI QEMRXEMRIH
'YVMRKERHXIWXMRKWTIGMQIRW{']PMRHIVWWLSYPH EFSZI*'
ERHMREQSMWXGSRHMXMSRRSXPIWWXLERXLI
FIQSMWXGYVIHEX*'
JSVHE]WERHXLIR XMQIKMZIRMR8EFPI
XIWXIHMRXLIPEFSVEXSV]EXEPSEHMRKVEXIEWVIUYMVIH%781 'SPH [IEXLIV{%HIUYEXI IUYMTQIRX WLSYPH FI
''1 TVSZMHIH JSV LIEXMRK GSRGVIXI QEXIVMEPW ERH TVSXIGXMRK
%GGITXERGI SJ GSRGVIXI{7XVIRKXL PIZIP SJ ER GSRGVIXI HYVMRK JVII^MRK SV RIEVJVII^MRK [IEXLIV %PP
MRHMZMHYEP GPEWW SJ GSRGVIXI WLSYPH FI GSRWMHIVIHWEXMWJEG concrete materials and reinforcement, forms, fillers, and
XSV][LIRFSXLSJXLIJSPPS[MRKEVIQIX KVSYRHXLEXGSRGVIXIGSQIWMRGSRXEGX[MXLWLSYPHFIJVSWX
E
8LIEZIVEKISJER]XLVIIGSRWIGYXMZITEMVWJSV\MR JVII*VS^IRQEXIVMEPWSVQEXIVMEPWGSRXEMRMRKMGIWLSYPHRSX
\QQ
SVXLVIIG]PMRHIVWJSV\MR\QQ
FIYWIH
should be at least equal to the specified design strength JG ERH ,SX[IEXLIV{(YVMRKLSX[IEXLIVEXXIRXMSRWLSYPH
FI KMZIR XS MRKVIHMIRXW TVSHYGXMSR QIXLSHW LERHPMRK
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
TPEGMRKTVSXIGXMSRERHGYVMRKXSTVIZIRXI\GIWWMZIGSRGVIXI H
'SRXVSPSJGSRGVIXITVSTSVXMSRMRK
XIQTIVEXYVIW SV [EXIV IZETSVEXMSR XLEX GSYPH MQTEMV E I
-RWTIGXMSR SJ FEXGLMRK QM\MRK GSRZI]MRK TPEGMRK
QIQFIVvWSVWXVYGXYVIvWHIWMKRWXVIRKXLSVWIVZMGIEFMPMX] GSQTEGXMRKERHGYVMRKERH
J
7YTIVZMWMSR SJ WTIGMQIR TVITEVEXMSR JSV PEFSVEXSV]
{*SVQVIQSZEP XIWXW
*SVQW WLSYPH FI VIQSZIH WS EW RSX XS MQTEMV WEJIX] %HHMXMSREPP] MRWTIGXSVvW HYXMIW MRGPYHI MRWTIGXMSR SJ
ERH WIVZMGIEFMPMX] SJ XLI WXVYGXYVI ;LIR VIQSZMRK JSVQ JSYRHEXMSRW JSVQ[SVO VIMRJSVGMRK WXIIP TPEGIQIRX SXLIV
WYTTSVXW XLI STIVEXMSR WLSYPH TIVQMX GSRGVIXI XS XEOI MXW TIVXMRIRXJIEXYVIWSJXLIKIRIVEPTVSKVIWWSJ[SVOOIITMRK
WLEVI SJ XLI PSEH KVEHYEPP] ERH YRMJSVQP] 'SRGVIXI XS FI MRWTIGXMSR VIGSVHW ERH TVITEVMRK TIVMSHMG VITSVXW 8LI
exposed by form removal should have sufficient enough MQTSVXERGI SJ XLSVSYKL MRWTIGXMSR XS XLI GSVVIGXRIWW ERH
WXVIRKXL XS EZSMH HEQEKI HYVMRK XLI VIQSZEP STIVEXMSR quality of the finished structure cannot be overemphasized.
'SRGVIXI [MXLMR XLI WGSTI SJ XLMW KYMHI YWYEPP] EXXEMRW
TIVGIRXSJJG EJXIVHE]W8LIVIJSVIETWM14E
',%48)6{6)*)6)2')7
GSRGVIXI WLSYPH FI EX PIEWX TWM 14E
EX HE]W {6IJIVIRGIHWXERHEVHWERHVITSVXW
&EWIHSRXLMWIWXMQEXMSRXLIQMRMQYQVIQSZEPXMQIKMZIR
F]8EFPIEWLSYPHFIYWIH%PPS[IEVPMIVVIQSZEPSJXLI %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI
forms when the concrete strength tested, using field-cured 6 +YMHI JSV 3FXEMRMRK 'SVIW ERH -RXIVTVIXMRK
G]PMRHIVWLEWEGLMIZIHWXVIRKXLWKMZIRMR8EFPIF 'SQTVIWWMZI7XVIRKXL6IWYPXW
6 +YMHIXS)ZEPYEXMSRSJ7XVIRKXL8IWX6IWYPXWSJ
{-RWTIGXMSR 'SRGVIXI
7]WXIQEXMG SFWIVZEXMSR ERH MRWTIGXMSR IRWYVIW GPSWI Specifications for Structural Concrete
correspondence between plans and specifications and the &YMPHMRK 'SHI 6IUYMVIQIRXW JSV 7XVYGXYVEP
finished structure. A competent architect/engineer, preferably 'SRGVIXIERH'SQQIRXEV]
XLI HIWMKR IRKMRIIV SV SRI VIWTSRWMFPI XS XLI HIWMKRIV &YMPHMRK 'SHI 6IUYMVIQIRXW JSV 6IMRJSVGIH
WLSYPHSFWIVZIXLIWXVYGXYVEPW]WXIQJSVGSRJSVQERGIXSXLI 'SRGVIXI
approved construction document at significant construction 'SHI 6IUYMVIQIRXW JSV )RZMVSRQIRXEP )RKM
WXEKIWGSQTPIXMSRSJXLIWXVYGXYVEPW]WXIQERHGSQTPIXMSR RIIVMRK'SRGVIXI7XVYGXYVIWERH'SQQIRXEV]
SJGSRWXVYGXMSR -47 )WWIRXMEP 6IUYMVIQIRXW *SV 6IMRJSVGIH
%HHMXMSREPMRWTIGXMSRWLSYPHFITVSZMHIHF]ERMRHITIR 'SRGVIXI&YMPHMRKW
dent qualified inspector. The inspector’s main functions for 74
%'-(IXEMPMRK1ERYEP
QEXIVMEPWUYEPMX]GSRXVSPEVI
E
7EQTPMRK %QIVMGER7SGMIX]SJ'MZMP)RKMRIIVW
F
)\EQMREXMSR %7') 1MRMQYQ(IWMKR0SEHWJSV&YMPHMRKWERH3XLIV
G
*MIPHXIWXMRKSJQEXIVMEPW 7XVYGXYVIW
8EFPI F{'SRGVIXIWXVIRKXLJSVWEJIJSVQVIQSZEP
1MRMQYQGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXL
Structural classification TWM14E
'SRGVIXIRSXWYFNIGXIHXSETTVIGMEFPIFIRHMRKSVHMVIGXWXVIWWRSVVIPMERXSRJSVQWJSVZIVXMGEPWYTTSVXRSV
PMEFPIXSMRNYV]JVSQJSVQVIQSZEPSTIVEXMSRWSVSXLIVGSRWXVYGXMSRSTIVEXMSRWWYGLEWZIVXMGEPSVETTVS\MQEXIP]
ZIVXMGEPWYVJEGIWSJXLMGOWIGXMSRWSVXSTSJWPSTMRKWYVJEGIW
'SRGVIXIWYFNIGXXSETTVIGMEFPIFIRHMRKHMVIGXWXVIWWSVFSXLERHTEVXMEPP]VIPMERXSRJSVQWJSVZIVXMGEPWYTTSVX
7YFNIGXXSZIVXMGEPPSEHSRP]WYGLEWZIVXMGEPSVETTVS\MQEXIP]ZIVXMGEPWYVJEGIWSJXLMRWIGXMSRWSVYRHIV
WMHIWSJWPSTMRKWYVJEGIWWXIITIVXLER
7YFNIGXXSHIEHERHPMZIPSEHWWYGLEWGSPYQRW
'SRGVIXIWYFNIGXIHXSLMKLFIRHMRKWXVIWWIWERH[LSPP]SVEPQSWX[LSPP]VIPMERXSRJSVQWJSVZIVXMGEPWYTTSVX
such as roof or floor slabs and beams, or undersides of slopping surfaces flatter than 1:1.
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
''1 8IWX 1IXLSH JSV &YPO (IRWMX] 9RMX ''1 Specification for Blended Hydraulic
;IMKLX
ERH:SMHWMR%KKVIKEXI 'IQIRXW
''1 4VEGXMGI JSV 1EOMRK ERH 'YVMRK ' Specification for Expansive Hydraulic
'SRGVIXI8IWX7TIGMQIRWMRXLI*MIPH 'IQIRX
''1 Specification for Concrete Aggregates '1 Specification for Chemical Admixtures
''1 8IWX1IXLSHJSV'SQTVIWWMZI7XVIRKXL JSV9WIMR4VSHYGMRK*PS[MRK'SRGVIXI
SJ']PMRHVMGEP'SRGVIXI7TIGMQIRW ''1 Specification for Mixing Water Used
''1 Specification for Ready Mixed MRXLI4VSHYGXMSRSJ,]HVEYPMG'IQIRX
'SRGVIXI 'SRGVIXI
''1 8IWX 1IXLSH JSV 7PYQT SJ ,]HVEYPMG
'IQIRX'SRGVIXI -RXIVREXMSREP'SHI'SYRGMP
''1 Specification for Portland Cement -RXIVREXMSREP&YMPHMRK'SHI-&'
''1 4VEGXMGI JSV 7EQTPMRK *VIWLP] 1M\IH
'SRGVIXI %44)2(-<%{'314%6-7323*%'-6
''1 4VEGXMGI JSV 1EOMRK ERH 'YVMRK 83%'--&'%2(%7')
'SRGVIXI 8IWX 7TIGMQIRW MR XLI 8EFPI%WIVZIWEWEKYMHIXSPSGEXMRKXLIGSVVIWTSRHMRK
0EFSVEXSV] XSTMGWMRXLIWYTTSVXMRKGSHIWERHWXERHEVHW%'-
''1 Specification for Air-Entraining -&' ERH %7')
PMWXIH MR 7IGXMSR 7SQI
%HQM\XYVIWJSV'SRGVIXI VIGSQQIRHEXMSRWEVIQSVIGSRWIVZEXMZIMRXLMWKYMHIXLIVI
''1 Specification for Lightweight Aggre JSVI HMJJIVIRGIW FIX[IIR XLIQ ERH XLSWI TVIWIRXIH MR XLI
KEXIWJSV7XVYGXYVEP'SRGVIXI WYTTSVXMRKGSHIWERHWXERHEVHWWLSYPHFII\TIGXIH7IZIVEP
''1 Specification for Chemical Admixtures VIGSQQIRHEXMSRW HS RSX LEZI HMVIGX GSVVIWTSRHIRGI
JSV'SRGVIXI %TTIRHM\%MWTVIWIRXIHJSVMRJSVQEXMSRSRP]
' 7XERHEVH8IWX1IXLSHJSV(IXIVQMRMRK
(IRWMX] SJ 7XVYGXYVEP 0MKLX[IMKLX
'SRGVIXI
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
8EFPI %{+YMHIF]WIGXMSRXSGSVVIWTSRHMRKXSTMGWMRWYTTSVXMRKGSHIWERHWXERHEVHW
7IGXMSRMR%'-6F]WIGXMSR %'- -&' %7')
'LETXIV{+IRIVEP
'LETXIVWERH
'LETXIV
Chapter 2—Notation and definitions
'LETXIV{0SEHW
ERH
'LETXIV{+IRIVEPVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXIMRJSVQEXMSR
%TTIRHM\)
XS
'LETXIV
%TTIRHM\&
%TTIRHM\&
'LETXIV{*PSSVW]WXIQW
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK
+9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7%'-6
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK