7

Technology and
Livelihood
Education
SMAW NCI – Module 4
Evaluate Hazards and Risks

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

 Table of Contents

What I Need to Know ------------------------------ 1

What I Know ------------------------------ 1
Definition of Terms ------------------------------ 3

EVALUATE HAZARDS AND RISKS

What’s In ------------------------------ 4
What’s New ------------------------------ 5
What is It ------------------------------ 6
What’s More - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 15
What I Have Learned - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 16
What I Can Do - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 17
Assessment - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 18
Additional Activities - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 19
Answer Key - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 20
References - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 22
 What I need to know?

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you identify the hazards correctly in accordance with Occupational Safety and
Health Standard.

After going through this module, specifically you are expected to:

1. Identify work hazards in the workplace.

What I know

Let us determine how much you already know about identifying

hazardous area. Take this test.

MULTIPLE CHOICE:
Directions: Read the questions carefully. Select the letter of the correct
answer. Write your answer in your SMAW activity notebook.
1. Which of the following solid harmful substance that is ground, cut or
crushed by mechanical actions?
a. dust c. mist
b. fumes d. vapor
2. Which can damage both your eyes and skin?
a. arc rays c. fumes and gases
b. electric shock d. fire and explosion

3. What kind of hazards that can cause psychological problems?

a. Biological hazards c. Ergonomics hazards
b. Chemical hazards d. Physical hazards

4. Which is not a possible route of entry of chemical hazards?

a. Absorption c. Ingestion
b. Injection d. Radiation

1
5. Which hazards that is caused by living organisms?
a. Biological hazards c. Ergonomics hazards
b. Chemical hazards d. Physical hazards
6. Which signs contain instructions that need to be complied with; constitute
an offense under law, standing orders, and company policy?
a. Mandatory Signs c. Regulatory Signs
b. Prohibition Signs d. Warning Signs
7. Which sign indicates a potential hazardous situation which, if not avoided,
could result in death or serious injury?
a. Danger Signs c. Regulatory Signs
b. Prohibition Signs d. Warning Signs
8. Which are regulatory signs that indicate that an action or activity is not
allowed?
a. Mandatory Signs c. Regulatory Signs
b. Prohibition Signs d. Warning Signs
9. The following are word signs except;
a. Caution Signs c. Fire Signs
b. Danger Signs d. Warning Signs
10. Which signs show information of a general nature in order to avoid
misunderstanding or confusion?
a. Fire Signs c. General Information Signs
b. Danger Signs d. Emergency Information Signs

2
 Definition of Terms

Ergonomics is the study of designing equipment and devices that fit

the workers.
Fatigue is a feeling of tiredness
Hazards is an agent which has the potential to cause harm to a
vulnerable target.
Hypothermia is defined as a body core temperature below 35.0 °C
(95.0 °F) in humans.
Illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve practical or
aesthetic effects.
ISO International Standard Organization
Mist is a phenomenon caused by small droplets of water
suspended in air.
Radiation is the emission or transmission of energy in the form
of waves or particles through space or through a material
medium.
Sewage is a type of wastewater that is produced by
a community of people.
Vibration the word comes from Latin vibrationem ("shaking,
brandishing").

3
 Module
Evaluate Hazards and Risks
4
Hazards and risks are always common in our work place. These are life
threatening and some take long term effect. As you proceed in this module, you
will know how to identify, observe, and prevent work place hazards.

What’s in?

Let's do it!
MATCHING TYPE
Directions: Match the correct description from Column A to Column B. Write
the letter of your choice in your activity notebook.

COLUMN A COLUMN B

1.

a. It is used for straightening,

2. bending, and deforming metals.

b. It is used to hold, cut, and twist

3. wires.

c. It is used for tightening bolts and

nuts.

d. It is used for measuring lengths

and width.
4.
e. It is used for removing slags on
weld.
5.
f. It is used to tighten screws.

4
 What’s new?

In this lesson, the learner demonstrates an understanding of the

concepts and underlying principles in Occupational Health and Safety (OHS)
procedures; identify and observe safety work habits in the workplace.

Directions: Read and analyze the sentence carefully. Choose your answers
provided in the box. Write your answer in your activity notebook.

Hard hat Safety Harness Safety Shoes Ear Muff

Leather glove Leather Jacket Welding Helmet

Leggings Face Shield Safety Goggles Respirator

https://www.alibaba.com/trade

1. I will prevent you from falling in high places.

2. You need me when you are grinding or cutting.
3. It is I who will protect your head from falling objects.
4. Loud noises beware I am on guard duty.
5. When you are chipping off slags you need me to protect your eyes.
6. You wear me while welding overhead position.
7. I will protect your hands from heat and burns.
8. I allow the welder to see legibly while welding.
9. When there is dust and fumes use me.
10. Wear me I will protect your feet from spatters.

5
 What is it?

ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS
1. Physical Hazards. These are due to the transfer of energy between an
object and a worker.
EXCESSIVE NOISE

Long term exposure to excessive

noise will lead to loss of hearing.

https://unsplash.com/s/photos/welding
EXTREME TEMPERATURE

Working under: extreme heat causes

heat stroke, heart burn, and cardiac
arrest
: extreme cold can cause
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
ctive_equipment hypothermia
VIBRATION

Long term exposure from using hand

held tools causes a range of
conditions and diseases.
https://unsplash.com/s/photos/constr
uction
RADIATION

Welding arcs give off radiation over a

broad range of wavelengths which
long term exposure to UV light can
https://unsplash.com/s/photos/welding produce cataracts in some persons.
INADEQUATE ILLUMINATION

Poor lighting can be a health hazard,

too much or too little light strains
eyes and may cause eye irritation
https://unsplash.com/s/photos/welding and headaches.

6
2. Chemical Hazards.
These hazards arise from inhaling chemical agents in the form of:
MIST
Examples include acid mists from
electroplating, oil mists from cutting
and grinding, or paint spray mists from
painting operations.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosol_spray

GASES
Substances in gaseous state but are
always airborne at room temperature.
Gases can contaminate the
workplace air.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas#Physical_characteristics

VAPOR
Results when substances that is liquid
at room temperature evaporate.
Vapor can also contaminate the
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporation workplace air.

DUST
Solid harmful substances are ground,
cut or crushed by mechanical actions.
The amount of dust and the kinds of
particles involved influence how
serious the lung injury will be Example:
https://unsplash.com/s/photos/dust Silicosis, Heart disease
FUMES
Fumes are very tiny solid particles
which can remain airborne, and are
formed when a heated metal has
evaporated in the air and then
https://unsplash.com/s/photos/welding condensed back to a solid form.
Fumes can occur in welding
operations.

7
 Four Possible Routes of Entry of Chemical Hazards
INHALATION
Breathing of contaminated air is the
most common way that workplace
chemicals enter the body. Example:
Tuberculosis

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhalation
INGESTION
Food and drink are most frequently
contaminated by contact with
unwashed hands, gloves or clothing,
or by being left exposed in the
workplace. Nail-biting and smoking
can also contribute to exposure.
Example: Hepatitis B infection
https://unsplash.com/s/photos/eating

ABSORPTION
Toxics pass through skin into the
bloodstreams. Skin contact with
certain organic solvents that are
absorbed through the skin may cause
dizziness and nausea.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_burn#Gallery
INJECTION
Injection is the fourth way chemicals
may enter the body. It can occur when
a sharp object (e.g., needle)
punctures the skin and injects a
chemical (or virus) directly into the
bloodstream. Example: HIV/AIDS
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injection_(medicine
)

3. Biological Hazards. Hazards caused by living organisms which include

insects, molds, fungi, viruses, and bacterial contamination; from defects in

8
sanitation and housekeeping procedures, such as in the provision of potable
water, removal of industrial wastes and sewage, food handling , and personal
cleanliness.
Agents of Biological Hazards
BACTERIA
Can be transmitted by our co-
workers. The most common fatal
bacterial diseases are respiratory
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulitis#/media infections
/File:Cellulitis3.jpg
VIRUSES

Are spread by coughing, sneezing,

and passing by hand-to-mouth
contact or in food or water.

https://unsplash.com/s/photos/covid-19

FUNGI
It thrives in moist, warm areas,
such as locker rooms. Can cause
ring worms.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_skin_con
ditions#Mycosis-related

RIKETTSIA
Rod-shaped micro organisms that
are smaller than bacteria and
depend on a host for development
or reproduction. Micro organisms
transmitted by fleas, ticks, and lice.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mount
ain_spotted_fever

9
 4. Ergonomic Hazards.

https://unsplash.com/s/photos/welding
Hazards commonly seen in the workplace, which are improperly
designed tools or work areas, improper lifting or reaching, poor visual
conditions or repeated motions in an awkward position that may be
responsible for fatigue, stress and strain and may lead to accidents in the
occupational environment.
Ergonomics is the study of designing equipment and devices that fit
the workers.

Effects of Ergonomic Hazards

a. low productivity
b. high rate of errors
c. material wastage and equipment

10
Health Problems caused by Ergonomics

Musculoskeletal Problems
Can arise from a sudden exertion
(e.g., lifting a heavy object).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpal_tunnel
_syndrome#Splints

Vascular Problems
Is a class of diseases of the blood
vessels, the arteries and veins of
the circulatory system of the body.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythromelalgia#/
media/File:Erythromelalgia_in_left_hand.jpg

Visual Problems
Is a decreased ability to see to a
degree that causes problems not
fixable by usual means, such
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataract as glasses.
Hearing Problems

It can create difficulties with social

interaction and at work.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearing_loss

Skin Problem
Skin infections may present as either
a superficial or deep infection of the

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyoderma_ga
skin, hair, and/or nails.
ngrenosum

Psychological Problems

Is a feeling of emotional strain and

pressure.

https://unsplash.com/s/photos/stress

11
 PREVENTION OF HAZARDS IN THE WORKPLACE
A. WELDING SAFETY
1. Electric Shock

Wear proper protective equipment,

such as rubber boots and rubber pads,
if performing arc welding in wet or high
humidity conditions.
http://www.freedigitalphotos.
2. Arc Rays

Wear welding helmet.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataract
3. Fumes and Gases

Wear appropriate respiratory protective

equipment.
Use proper ventilation and position
yourself out of the fume flow.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhalation

4. Fire and Explosion

Proper maintenance and housekeeping

required to prevent fires.

https://unsplash.com/s/photos/fire
5. Face and Eye Protection

Wear face shield when doing grinding or

cutting operations.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_injury#/
media/File:Foreign_body_in_eye.jpg

12
 Proper Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

http://www.freedigitalphotos.net/images/search.php?search=personal+protective+equipment+sign&p=2

B. BASIC SAFETY SIGNS AND SYMBOLS APPLICABLE IN A

WORKPLACE

Safety symbols are pictures sometimes called safety pictographs,

pictograms, or pictorials. They are used in place of, or as a supplement to
written words. These symbols provide warnings or alerts about a possible
hazard.
Because pictures may convey information better than words, graphic
symbols are added to precautionary labels to show major workplace dangers
like welding or cutting hazards.
The use of symbols on precautionary labels is optional, and is
recommended for the following reasons:
➢ Symbols may show and help to explain the hazards quickly.
➢ Symbols can be understood by both readers and non-readers.
➢ Symbols may be multilingual and usually translate directly into all
languages.
Welding and cutting industry has adopted standardized symbols and
uniform methods of use to avoid user confusion and to supplement and
reinforce the written message.

13
 SIGNAL WORDS
The large word at the top of the label is called the signal word. It is used
in combination with a specific colored background and combined with the safety
alert symbol to indicate the degree of seriousness of a potential hazard.
Because of its colored background, the signal word is usually the first element
that you notice when looking at a safety label. According to International
Standard Organization (ISO), there are three (3) choices for a signal word:
1. DANGER. It is used to indicate an imminently hazardous situation which, if
avoided, will result in death or serious injury. The use of this signal word should
be limited to the most extreme situations.

DANGER
2. WARNING. This indicates a potentially hazardous situation which, if not
avoided, could result in death or serious injury.

WARNING

3. CAUTION. It is used to indicate a potentially hazardous situation which, if not

avoided, may result in minor or moderate injury. CAUTION may also be used
without the safety color symbol (the triangle with exclamation mark) to indicate
property-damage-only.

CAUTION

14
 What’s more?

Cause and Effect

Directions: Given the following situation shown in the picture, what hazards
have you observed and what its effects and how to prevent. Fill in
the needed information in the table below, write your answer in
your SMAW activity notebook.

https://unsplash.com/s/photos/welding

HAZARDS EFFECTS PREVENTIONS

1.
2.
3.

15
 What I have learned

Directions: Read each sentence carefully. Choose your answer in the given
options below. Write your answers in your SMAW activity
notebook.

Inhalation Protection Bacteria Electric Shock

Warning Face Shield Fire Danger
Ventilation Fungi Infrared Arc Rays

1. The most common and dangerous route of toxic is ______.

2. Ricketsia is a rod shaped that are smaller than ______ and depend on a host
for development or reproduction.
3. Holding fractured wire cable can cause ________.
4. A word sign which signifies potentially hazardous situation which, if not
avoided, may result in death or serious injury is called ___________.
5. The _______ protects the eyes while grinding.
6. The ______ sign word warns of hazard or hazardous condition is likely life-
threatening.
7. Improper maintenance and housekeeping can cause _________.
8. The main purpose of wearing eye and face protection is to provide adequate
______ against hazards.
9. A wave that is felt as heat is called _______ .

10. The bigger diameter of the electrode, the more ______ is required.

16
 What I can do

Directions: What correct preventive measure you are going to do based on the
picture shown below. Pick your answers provided in the box. Write
your answer in your SMAW activity notebook.

Wear rubber boots and pads Wear face shield. Wear gloves
Wear safety harness Wear welding helmet Maintain cleanliness
Put ventilation Wear safety helmet Wear a respirator
Wear safety shoes

1 2 3

Inhalation of smoke Man falls from building Hand injury

4 5 6

Blur eyesight dirty work area confined space

7 8 9

Eye injury Head injury Foot injury

1
0

Electric shock

17
 Assessment

Directions: Read the questions properly and pick the correct answer from the
list of hazards and preventions in the box. Write your answers in
your SMAW activity notebook.
Absorption Respirator Ergonomics Fungi
Electric shock Hearing problems Caution Danger
Face Shield Safety Harness Ingestion Dust
Welding Helmet Safety symbols Virus Welding spats

_____1. It is a solid harmful substance ground, cut or crushed by mechanical

actions.
_____2. It is a process which toxic passes through gastro intestinal organ.
_____3. This will prevent you from falling in high places
_____4. A signal word used to indicate an imminently hazardous situation.
_____5. It allows the welder to see legibly while welding
_____6. It is a biological hazard that thrives in moist, warm areas, such
as locker rooms.
_____7. What type of health problem that can create difficulties with social
interaction and at work?
_____8. It is the study of designing equipment and devices that fit the
workers.
_____9. An injury that is associated with all electrical equipment.
_____10. This equipment protects your feet from spatters.
_____11.This equipment must be worn when doing grinding and cutting
operations.
_____12. A signal word that indicates property damage only.
_____13. It protects you from dust and chemical fumes.
_____14. It is a process when toxics pass through skin into the bloodstream.
_____15. What sign provides warnings or alerts about a possible hazard?

18
 Additional Activities

Directions: Read and understand the specific instructions. Match the pictures
in Column A with the correct description in Column B. You write
the letter of your answers in your SMAW activity notebook.

Column A Column B

a. Improper lifting of heavy objects.

1
b. Health problem caused by
Ergonomic hazard.
c. Skin problem caused by fungi.

2 d. It is a result by chemical
absorption.
e. A skin problem caused by
bacteria.
3
f. It is caused by ingestion of
toxics.

Congratulations! You did a great job! Rest and

relax a while then move on to the next lesson.
Good luck!!!!!!!!

19
Answer Key

20
Answer Key

21
 References

Books:
1. TESDA (2016) K-12 Basic Education Curriculum TLE Learning Module
in Shielded Metal Arc Work (SMAW) Grade 7 and 8

Internet Sources:
1. Wikepedia
The Free Encyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health
2. Unsplash
Photos for everyone
https://unsplash.com/s/photos/welding
3. Canadian Centre for Occupational Health & Safety, 1997-2020
https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/how_chem.html
4. AMPCO Safety Tools
https://www.safetytools.com/
5. Alibaba.com
https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/High-quality-auto-lock-tape-
measure
6. Freedigitalphotos.net
http://www.freedigitalphotos.net/images/search.php?search=hand+injur
ies

22
Printed in the Philippines by

Department of Education – Region 10

Office Address: Zone 1, DepEd Building, Masterson Avenue, Upper Balulang,
Cagayan de Oro City
Contact Number: (088) 880 7072
E-mail Address: region10@deped.gov.ph